Palmerston North Māori Community Profile

Home , Awatapu College, Freyberg High School, Longburn, Palmerston North, Palmerston North Central, Papaioea

November 2011

DMS #581638

This Palmerston North Māori Profile is the latest in a series of sector profiles prepared by the Palmerston North City Council. Information here is drawn from a variety of government and non-government sources. The Palmerston North City Council thanks all those agencies who have contributed to this picture of Māori in the City.

For further information please contact Todd Taiepa, Principal Māori Advisor, or Peter Crawford, Economic Policy Advisor, Palmerston North City Council (email: [email protected] or [email protected]).

Published by: Palmerston North City Council Private Bag 11034 Palmerston North

Phone: 06 356 8199 Fax: 06 355 4115 www.pncc.govt.nz

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 4

INTRODUCTION ...... 5

ENVIRONMENT AND MANA WHENUA ...... 7

DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ...... 9

IWI AFFILIATION ...... 12

WORK AND LABOUR FORCE...... 13

HOUSING STATUS ...... 17

EDUCATION ...... 19

CULTURAL PARTICIPATION ...... 24

HEALTH STATUS ...... 28

SOCIAL COHESION AND PARTICIPATION IN DEMOCRACY ...... 31

SAFETY AND CRIME ...... 34

CONCLUSIONS ...... 38

APPENDIX ONE: Selection of indicators ...... 39

APPENDIX TWO: Population measures………………………………………………..40

APPENDIX THREE: Population projections…………………………………………….44

APPENDIX FOUR: Retention rates and school leaver data…………………………..45

APPENDIX FIVE: Enrolments in Licenced Early Childhood Services………………..46

APPENDIX SIX: Post-school qualifications for Māori…………………………………..47

Acknowledgements

He tuku mihi ki a koutou i tautoko mai i tēnei mahi rangahau, hei kohikohi, whakawhāriki i ētahi kōrero mō te āhua o te noho o ngāi Māori ki Papaioea. Ko te tumanako ka taea ēnei tuhingā te āwhina i ō tātou mahi ki roto i te iwi, i ngā hāpori katoa e noho nei ki Papaioea puta noa i te rohe whānui.

The sector profiles for Palmerston North have been developed by the Palmerston North City Council to provide a better understanding of our community. The assistance of the wider community and government agencies is most appreciated.

Todd Taiepa Peter Crawford Principal Māori Advisor Economic Policy Advisor City Future Unit City Future Unit

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. It is estimated that 12,400 Māori were resident in Palmerston North as at 30 June 2006 making up 15.8% of the population compared to 14.9 % for all of New Zealand. This is forecast to increase to 18% in the next 10 years.

2. The rapid growth in the Māori population and the number of Māori entering the workforce in the future mean increased positive education outcomes will contribute to the future economic success of Māori. In the future, Māori will make up a significant proportion of the city workforce and will be significant contributors to the local economy.

3. Overall, indicators of Māori wellbeing and participation in Palmerston North are better than the national averages for Māori, but many Māori social and economic indicators still lag behind those of the total population. A concerted effort needs to be made to reduce the disparities. Having an understanding of the nature of disadvantage as it affects Māori people is important.

4. Sectors such as education and health have been transformed in recent decades, especially in terms of responding to Māori aspirations and needs. This has had a positive impact on Palmerston North, which now has two kura kaupapa Māori and eight kōhanga reo, as well as a number of bilingual units within several mainstream schools.

5. Palmerston North has some specific Māori health providers and the awareness and responsiveness of mainstream providers to Māori needs has also increased dramatically. Within the MidCentral Health region, Palmerston North has the best health status in terms of Māori. However the services based in the City do serve and provide leadership on Māori health across the wider region, and are similarly impacted by the costs of Māori ill health regionally. Research demonstrates that Māori people have some of the worst health outcomes in the City.

6. While disparities continue, tremendous improvements have been made in recent decades. Māori have developed and implemented strategies that meet their cultural requirements and this has greatly contributed to these improvements.

7. The Māori community in Palmerston North demonstrate particular strengths in traditional Ngā Toi Māori and Kapa Haka. They also engage in significant levels of volunteering, including representation on School Boards.

INTRODUCTION

“All Māori people want to have good health, be well educated, live in a healthy environment, have adequate housing, have access to meaningful employment, feel secure, and have the knowledge and capacity to participate fully in society.”1

The Palmerston North Māori Community Profile brings together a wide range of information to give a picture of the extent to which Māori in Palmerston North are able to achieve the aspirations expressed above. The report is a snapshot of information related to Māori wellbeing, but also aims to give some analysis to represent some of the trends and dynamics of the community.

Māori have a unique culture and language which are indigenous to New Zealand and recognised by the Treaty of Waitangi. The Treaty also recognises a range of collective rights related to the environment. Some of these relate to localised relationships for Māori, who have the status of mana whenua. Others are more universal in nature and can be characterised as mana tangata rights, or obligations of the government to support the capacity of Māori to participate fully in New Zealand society.

This Profile is one of a number of profiles which will assist the Council in its prioritisation and planning for how the City can engage more effectively with the community to continue building a City that meets the needs and aspirations of its citizens. However the document is also intended to support other organisations and sectors of the community to strengthen their own planning and responsiveness in relation to Māori in the City.

Māori currently make up approximately 15% of the Palmerston North population, and this is forecast to increase to 18% in the next 10 years. Importantly, although not a primary focus for this Profile, Māori institutions and communities in the districts surrounding the City are an important part of the context for Māori within the City. For example, many of the key services that work alongside the Māori community operate on a district or regional basis. Therefore statistics based solely on the demographics of Māori within the City boundaries may not align with the actual capacity of these services.

The Profile is intended to provide a focus on the City and promote more connected responses to Māori community development in that context. It is recognised that Palmerston North is a key base for many Māori people and is the social, cultural and economic hub for the region. While focusing on Māori living in Palmerston North it is important to acknowledge that this community has strong connections with the rural districts around the City. They are connected though whānau ties, mobility, culture and politics.

The Treaty of Waitangi

The Treaty of Waitangi is New Zealand’s founding document and reflects an ongoing commitment to recognise, protect and promote mana whenua (local iwi or tribal communities) as kaitiaki (customary guardians). By implication, the Treaty also acknowledges the ethos embodied in tikanga or Māori philosophy and practices. Local government and other bodies are required by legislation to take these into account to give effect to government intent to protect Māori Treaty rights. The way

1 Te Puni Kokiri (2007). Quality of Life Indicators Report.

5 we engage with Māori, and the information we use to inform that engagement, is crucial in giving effect to these rights and obligations.

Intended Outcomes of this Profile

It is hoped that this profile will assist the current focus around Whānau Ora that is strengthening in the City and region. Whānau Ora focuses on how best to provide integrated services to whānau, not on the administrative requirements of separate agencies and service providers.

While the City Council does not have a major role as a direct provider of hands-on social services, it does have a facilitative role in promoting the wellbeing of the community. The data provided by this profile is intended to be a contribution towards this. From a Council perspective, one of the important roles the Profile will play is to provide additional background for the development of a Māori responsiveness strategy.

Outside of the mainstream indicators, this report has also identified indicators used by other organisations or projects in an effort to provide a consistent perspective across the City. For example the Youth Task Force, which includes considerable representation from Māori, has generated measures that are meaningful to this sector. The aim is to bring some of these indicators into future versions of the Profile when they have been collated.2

At a local level, the MidCentral Health Board’s Te Anga Aroturuki Hauora Māori - the Māori Health Responsiveness Framework has a strong focus on indicators oriented to Māori priorities. Indicators include an emphasis on: access to and maintenance of traditional cultural knowledge; health of the home and wider ecological health of an area; Māori representation and leadership throughout the health sector and in the wider community, and participation in education, employment – in particular where there is a strong recognition of Māori identity and positive Māori development.

The Council endorses the development of such indicators and will endeavour to support and promote these by including them in future versions of this Profile.

2 See Appendix 1: Selection Indicators.

ENVIRONMENT AND MANA WHENUA

Māori perspectives, particularly those practices and philosophies of kaitiakitanga provide a key element for the development of a wider sustainability practice in New Zealand. Kaitiakitanga can be translated as guardianship or stewardship, and as intergenerational responsibility. Kaitiakitanga provides a framework based on culturally defined obligations and duties of care. Central to this framework are Māori values, a strong sense of cultural identity, and the retention, development and use of Māori knowledge. While Māori have diverse perspectives on the practice of kaitiakitanga there is a shared cosmology that links all parts of the earth and nature. People exist in a relationship with the non-human world and are connected by whakapapa or geneology. All interactions with our environment evoke these relationships whereby environmental, social, economic and spiritual values are interconnected and inter- dependent. Kaitiakitanga provides an alternative to the more ‘effects based’ approach to sustainable development promoted widely within the Western world. Kaitiakitanga measures progress through a number of culturally defined indicators which include improved Māori wellbeing and standards of health, increased human and social capacity, strength of cultural identity, sustainable management of natural resources, and culturally appropriate strategies for achieving economic self-sufficiency for communities. There is a need to engage with Māori and their cultural world views, and to understand that these beliefs and values represent important aspects of sustainable development in New Zealand. This need is reinforced by legislative requirements in the Local Government Act (2002) (LGA), the Resource Management Act (1991) and other legislation which informs and impacts upon local government roles. This legislation reflects the importance of including local iwi and hapū views, as well as Māori perspectives from within communities, as an integral part of resource management processes. Rangitāne o Manawatū Rangitāne O Manawatū are mana whenua for an area that encompasses the City of Palmerston North. The City Council works closely with them in matters related to their cultural and spiritual relationships with the environment. The wider Māori community who have made their home here also share some of the values and perspectives of Rangitāne, but these perspectives are anchored in other contexts, other places, and other environments.

The roles and aspirations of both mana whenua and taurahere need to be better understood, so as to fully meet the needs of all Māori in Palmerston North and the surrounding districts. Many of the broader Māori aspirations outlined above are shared by Rangitāne. It is important to note that it is Rangitāne who maintain an ancestral connection to this area and therefore provide leadership in terms of tikanga and kaitiakitanga. This role has been significantly undermined by past actions of the Crown. The Government and Rangitāne are currently in a negotiations process to resolve historic Treaty claims. One of the Rangitāne aspirations in the claims process is for much greater recognition and a more active role in decision-making in the region, particularly in resource management issues.

The LGA has strengthened the role of local government in terms of promoting Māori community participation. Following on from the more specific requirements of the Resource Management Act 1991 to consult with tangata whenua over environmental matters of importance to them, the LGA has more emphasis on wider participation in decision-making.

The Palmerston North City Council adopted a Sustainable City Strategy in 2010. This is a high-level ‘route map’ that points the future direction to achieving sustainability. The Strategy emphasises the importance of the Treaty of Waitangi and the recognition and participation of Rangitāne o Manawatū as mana whenua, and the wider Māori community. The Strategy gives an overview of the context of Māori within Palmerston North and creates a framework to ensure Māori are considered within all strategic planning in the future.

Some of the specific areas of interest that Rangitāne have highlighted include: Environmental health related to land and water quality; Cultural heritage, including issues associated with the protection of sites of significance, and the contemporary expression and interpretation of heritage; Statutory obligations (such as those imperatives in the Resource Management Act 1991); Issues that have implications for iwi development, especially where this relates to social and economic development; Cultural and spiritual consultation, including ceremony (powhiri, blessings which include the opening of buildings, and other issues related to indigenous custom or tikanga); Forums and meetings involving matters of significance to the wider Māori community of Palmerston North. This also encompasses meetings with overseas dignitaries, with an emphasis on those involving other indigenous peoples.

As well as the City Council other organisations with key environmental mandates have also been working actively with Rangitāne and iwi across the region. Horizons Regional Council has a key role in managing waterways, regional parks and reserves, land transport planning and resource management. The role of the Regional Council is complementary to the work of local district councils and the City. Horizons has a memorandum of understanding with a number of iwi in the region including Rangitāne. These agreements provide clarity to relationships and strengthen the ability to give effect to iwi imperatives and aspirations.

In terms of the Crown the Department of Conservation also works very closely with Rangitāne to give effect to Treaty principles and more recently to facilitate the resolution of historic Treaty claims. The resolution of the Claim will be a key opportunity to lift Council’s level of engagement with Rangitāne as the iwi seeks a much greater role in protecting and developing key ancestral sites and to provide more emphasis on the iwi history and interpretation of these sites.

The Council has just co-signed the Manawatū River Accord with local government, community and other iwi partners. This is a major commitment for the long-term for what is one of the most important resources of our region. Ideally it will lead to a number of opportunities to collaborate with Rangitāne and iwi from across the region.

DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

This section contains background information about the size and characteristics of the Māori population in Palmerston North. This provides context for the following sections of this report.

Unfortunately many key indicators for Māori are based on 2006 Census data, which is the latest data available. Updating this Profile when Census 2013 data is available is important because of the rate of change which is occuring in the Māori population in New Zealand and in Palmerston North.

It is estimated that 12,400 Māori people were resident in Palmerston North as at 30 June 2006, making up 15.8% of people in Palmerston North compared to 14.9 % for all of New Zealand. The Māori population in Palmerston North is growing significantly faster than the overall City population, increasing by 24.0% between 1996 and 2006. The total City population increased by 4.0% over this period. The Māori population growth was also significantly faster than national Māori population growth of 9.0% over this period.

While Māori in Palmerston North account for 15.8% of the overall City population, they accounted for 27.4% of the City population aged under 15 years and just 3.3% of the City’s population aged 65 years and over.

The Māori population aged 0 – 14 years increased by 1,389 between 1991 and 2006; an increase of 52%. In 1991 Māori accounted for 18% of the total Palmerston North population aged 0 – 14 years, but by 2006 this had increased to 26% (See Figure 1).

Figure 1

Source: Statistics New Zealand

The City’s Māori population ranked 17th in size out of the 73 districts in New Zealand at the time of the 2006 Census. Around 2% of New Zealand’s Māori population usually live in Palmerston North City.

The median age of Māori in Palmerston North (the age where half were younger and half were older, than this age) was estimated to be 21.7 years, compared with a median of 22.9 years for all Māori in New Zealand.

In 2006, 2.4% of Māori in Palmerston North were aged 65 years and over, compared with 4.1% of New Zealand’s Māori population. Those under 15 years of age comprised 34.7% of Māori in Palmerston North, compared with 34.5% for all Māori in New Zealand.

Māori Population Distribution

Map 1 highlights census data from 2006 regarding where the Māori population resides within the City boundaries. The data shows that Linton Village has the highest proportion of Māori resident in that community. Highbury, Awapuni North, Cloverlea, Roslyn, Kelvin Grove, Massey University and Ashhurst are also areas with high numbers of Māori residents.

Map 1- Distribution of Palmerston North Māori Population by mesh block (Insert Ashhurst)

Source: Statistics New Zealand 11

IWI AFFILIATION

The following figures are from the 2006 census where participants were asked ‘Do you know the name/s of your iwi?’

Within Palmerston North City Ngāti Raukawa had the most common iwi affiliation with 13.7%. A significant minority of Māori did not know their iwi (17.8%) but this was down a significant amount (8%) since the previous census in 2001. This is similar to Māori nationally. Other common iwi affiliations were Ngāti Porou (13.3%), Ngāti Kahungunu (12.7%) and Ngā Puhi (10.7 %). Many of the iwi in Palmerston North have experienced significant increases since 2001 at levels which are significantly greater than natural population growth. One of the reasons is that high numbers of Māori people migrated to Palmerston North between 2001 and 2006. Rangitāne was the 10th most common iwi affiliation for Māori in Palmerston North and is the mana whenua for the City. This affiliation includes those who identify with the Manawatū as well as those from other Rangitāne rohe.

Table 1 Iwi (Total Responses) of 10 Most Common Iwi for People of Māori Descent in Palmerston North, 2006 Iwi Number % of Māori popn % Change in 2006 between 2001- 2006 Ngāti Raukawa3 1,791 13.7% 24% Ngāti Porou 1,737 13.3% 26% Ngāti Kahungunu 1,659 12.7% 25% Ngā Puhi 1,398 10.7% 27% Ngāti Tūwharetoa 951 7.3% 42% Ngāi Tahu/ Kai Tahu 825 6.3% 38% Te Atiawa Grouping 633 4.8% 44% Ngāti Maniapoto 627 4.8% 53% Rangitāne4 621 4.8% 18% Don’t know 2,322 17.8% -8%

3 Ngāti Raukawa affiliate to several other areas in New Zealand. There were 1,218 people (or 9.3% of local Māori) who cited a connection to Horowhenua/Manawatū. 4 Rangitāne affiliate to several other areas in New Zealand. There were 330 people (or 2.5% of local Māori) who cited a connection to the Manawatū region.

WORK AND LABOUR FORCE

Employment has an important role in social wellbeing; providing people with the means to meet their basic needs, to train and build skills and experience, as well as other broader benefits such as social contact, the discipline of a consistent daily routine and intangible benefits such as a sense of contribution and pride. There are also improved health and education outcomes associated with people having employment and higher incomes.

In 2006 the Māori labour force participation rate in Palmerston North was 73.2% compared with 68.7% for the wider Palmerston North City population, and 69.3% for the national Māori population.

However, despite the higher level of participation in paid employment, Māori in the City also recorded a much higher rate of unemployment than the total City population. In March 2006, 546 Māori were recorded as unemployed, giving an unemployment rate of 10.3%, and accounting for 25% of the total number of unemployed people in the City.

In March 2006, 3,726 Māori in Palmerston North were in full-time work (51% of the Māori population aged 15 years and over), and a further 1,050 (14% of the Māori population aged 15 years and over) were employed part-time, giving a total of 4,776 people in employment (66% of the Māori population aged 15 years and over).

The City unemployment for Māori was significantly higher than the total City wide unemployment rate of 5.3% but was lower than the national Māori unemployment rate of 11%.

Table 2 Work and Labour Force Status for the Usually Resident Population Count Aged 15 Years and Over, Census 2006 Total New Palmerston North Total Palmerston New Zealand Zealand Māori North Population Māori Population (% (% (% (% (Number) (Number) (Number) (Number) share) share) share) share) Employed Full-time 3,726 51% 29,607 49% 175,545 48% 1,531,017 48% Employed Part-time 1,050 14% 9,540 16% 49,812 14% 454,758 14% Total Employed 4,776 66% 39,150 65% 225,357 62% 1,985,778 63% Unemployed 546 8% 2,196 4% 27,873 8% 106,497 3% Total Labour Force 5,322 73% 41,346 69% 253,230 69% 2,092,275 66% Not in the Labour Force 1,944 27% 17,634 29% 112,176 31% 961,785 30% Work and Labour Force Status Unidentifiable - 0% 1,236 2% - 0% 106,308 3% Total Population Aged 15 7,269 60,213 365,406 3,160,374 years and over Labour force participation 73.2% 68.7% 69.3% 66.2% rate Unemployment rate 10.3% 5.3% 11.0% 5.1% Source: Statistics New Zealand 2006 Census

Level of Māori Personal Income

The median income for Palmerston North Māori aged 15 years and over was lower than for the Palmerston North City population. However, the annual median income of $21,800 for Māori aged 15 years and over in Palmerston North in 2006 was higher than for the national Māori population ($20,900), while the median income for the total Palmerston North population ($23,100) was lower than the national median ($24,400).

In Palmerston North in 2006, 46.7 % of Māori aged 15 years and over had an annual income of $20,000 or less, compared with 48.3% of Māori throughout New Zealand. In comparison, 44.9% of people aged 15 years and over in Palmerston North City had an annual income of $20,000 or less (compared with 43.2% of people for New Zealand as a whole).

In 2006, 8.9% of Māori aged 15 years and over in Palmerston North City had an annual income of more than $50,000, compared with 10.2% of all Māori in Zealand (Table 3).

Table 3 Personal Income for the Usually Resident Population Count Aged 15 Years and Over, Census 2006 Palmerston North Total Palmerston New Zealand Māori North Population Māori

(Number) (% share) (Number) (% share) (Number) (% share)

$5,000 or Less 1,011 15.2% 7,872 14.1% 50,601 15.6% $5,001 - $10,000 657 9.9% 4,932 8.9% 31,968 9.9% $10,001 - $20,000 1,425 21.5% 12,180 21.9% 73,755 22.8% $20,001 - $30,000 1,257 18.9% 9,018 16.2% 58,431 18.1% $30,001 - $50,000 1,692 25.5% 13,134 23.6% 75,603 23.4% $50,001 or More 591 8.9% 8,565 15.4% 33,072 10.2% Not Stated 633 9.5% 4,512 8.1% 41,982 13.0% Total 7,269 60,216 365,406

Median Income $21,800 $23,100 $20,900 Source: Statistics New Zealand 2006 Census

Sources of Income

Census 2006 data shows marked differences in the sources of income for Māori compared with the overall Palmerston North City population. This, in part, reflects the young age profile for the Māori population, with only 4.2% of Māori receiving New Zealand Superannuation or the Veterans Pension compared with 14.0% of the total city population. In contrast, 5.5% of Māori in Palmerston North were receiving income from student allowance compared with 4.3% of the total city population.

The importance of the tertiary education sector to the City is also seen in the sources of income data, with the City accounting for 3.8% of Māori receiving the student allowance nationally, while the City accounts for only 2% of the total New Zealand Māori population.

The proportion of Māori in Palmerston North receiving income from salary and wages was 70.1%, significantly higher than for the total City population (65.7%) and for New Zealand Māori (63.7%). However, in contrast, the proportion of Māori in Palmerston North receiving income from self-employment (5.3%) was significantly lower than for the total city population (11.2%) and for New Zealand Māori (8.3%). The proportion of total Palmerston North people who received income from self-employment (11.2%) was significantly lower than the 16.6% figure for the national population. This reflects the high share of government employment in the City and the young age profile for the City.

In 2006 the proportion of Māori in Palmerston North receiving benefits from Work and Income New Zealand was higher than for the overall Palmerston North population. The percentages for the Unemployment, Sickness and Invalid’s benefits for City Māori were lower than for the total New Zealand Māori population (Table 4). However, the percentage of Palmerston North Māori receiving the Domestic Purposes Benefit was the same as for the total New Zealand Māori population at 9.8%.

Table 4

Personal Income for the Usually Resident Population Count Aged 15 Years and Over, Census 2006

New Zealand Palmerston North City

Māori Total Population Māori Total Population

% % % % Number Number Number Number share share share share Wages, Salary, Commissions, Bonuses etc Paid 221,760 63.7% 1,775,340 59.9% 4,911 70.1% 37,899 65.7% by Employer

Self-employment or Business 28,899 8.3% 492,024 16.6% 372 5.3% 6,468 11.2% Interest, Dividends, Rent, Other Investments 25,896 7.4% 714,732 24.1% 504 7.2% 13,593 23.6% Transfer payments - ACC, NZ superannuation, Unemployment, Sickness, Domestic Purposes, 136,227 39.2% 995,589 33.6% 2,547 36.4% 19,755 34.3% Invalids, and other government benefits Student Allowance 10,149 2.9% 64,284 2.2% 387 5.5% 2,472 4.3% Other Sources of Income, Including Support 7,602 2.2% 66,411 2.2% 213 3.0% 1,893 3.3% Payments from People Living in Other Households No Source of Income 24,840 7.1% 175,680 5.9% 462 6.6% 3,111 5.4% Total People - Income Source Stated 347,943 100.0% 2,962,236 100.0% 7,005 100.0% 57,660 100.0% Income Source Not Stated 17,466 198,138 258 2,553 Total People, Personal Income Sources 365,406 3,160,374 7,266 60,216 Note: percentage share based on total where income sources were stated Source: Statistics New Zealand 2006 Census.

Share in Highly Skilled Occupations

The proportion of the employed Māori population aged 15 years and over in highly skilled jobs is significantly lower than the overall workforce in Palmerston North. In 2006, 18.5% of employed Māori in the City were in highly skilled employment compared with 28.4% of the wider Palmerston North population who were in employment.

The percentage of Māori employed in low skilled occupations was 55.2% compared with 43.6% for the wider Palmerston North population.

In terms of these definitions there was no significant difference between the distribution of Māori employment in Palmerston North and Māori employment nationally.

Figure 2

Source: Statistics NZ Census 2006 / Department of Labour.

Economic status can also be expressed geographically, as in the National Deprivation Index5 figures. There is a strong correlation between the location of areas of high deprivation in the City with areas with a high Māori population.6 It is important that this is not viewed as a guide to what the potential or actual outcomes are for whānau in areas which are high on this Index. However it does provide a risk profile for the community and indicates additional challenges that individuals and whānau may face.

5 This measure combines income, housing quality, crime figures and health educational outcomes. 6 Refer map on p. 11 regarding Māori population distribution in Palmerston North.

HOUSING STATUS

Housing is a fundamental necessity to wellbeing and the costs of renting or servicing a mortgage are typically the major expenditure for households in New Zealand. Therefore, housing costs have a major impact on overall living standards.7

It is clear from the wider literature and the qualitative field work that the Māori experience of housing must be understood in the context of Māori cultural practices and their relationship with the prevailing commercial housing model. The qualitative interviews and focus groups who were involved in the 2006 report Māori Housing Experiences: Emerging Trends and Issues8, consistently identified connection with whānau as a crucial determinant of where people would prefer to live and the uses to which their houses were put. For example, it is typical for Māori households to be used to accommodate visiting whānau for purposes linked to cultural practices.

The study found that Māori households are generally larger than other New Zealand households and have a younger average age. This is supported by census data which clearly show that Māori have higher representation in households with more than one family, more than one person, and in one family households in which there are children. Māori have particularly high representation in sole parent households.

Barriers to home ownership for low income Māori whānau identified in the report included rising house prices and difficulties raising a deposit.

Older Māori involved in the Study in Palmerston North were well housed, however they explained that they felt isolated and lacking whānau support.

Today home ownership is difficult for many New Zealanders and this trend is exaggerated for Māori. Between 1991 and 2006, home ownership rates declined. While this was true for all ethnic groups, home ownership rates have been declining at a greater rate for Māori (by 13.4%) than for Europeans (by 9%), but similar to Pacific peoples (by 14.5%).9

Māori currently have a young and growing population. In the medium term then, Māori will form a larger part of the workforce and consequently shoulder a large part of the burden of caring for an aging population. For Māori, many of whom are already caring for older whānau members, the additional strain on financial resources means that home ownership may not be an achievable aspiration.

Sole parents and families with young children figure predominantly amongst those renting, bringing unique demands to the services necessary to grow these families. Suburbs like Highbury, Takaro, Roslyn, Kelvin Grove, and Awapuni have high concentrations of young families and single parent families in low-cost state rental homes.

The Maori Housing Experiences study showed that Palmerston North did not have the severe housing supply and condition issues experienced in other regions. Housing New Zealand did note, however, that it was not uncommon for them to

7 Palmerston North Housing Needs Assessment (2011). 8 Charles Waldegrave, Peter King, Tangihaere Walker, and Eljon Fitzgerald (2006), The Family Centre Social Policy Research Unit, Research Centre for Māori Health and Development, Massey University. 9 Michael Flynn, Sherry Carne, Ma’anaima Soa-Lafoa’i (2010), Māori Housing Trends 2010, Housing New Zealand Corporation.

17 receive feedback that finding adequate housing was difficult for Māori householders. Concerns raised with Housing New Zealand Corporation’s staff by Māori tended to be focused on issues that were associated with housing, rather than access to housing. These issues included the rising costs of keeping warm if insulation was inadequate, and access to efficient forms of heating.

Any future expansion in Government housing policy that results in a significant change of landlord from the State to private providers may have a disproportionate effect on Māori households. This is because of the relatively high proportion of Māori people in state housing.10 There may also be opportunities for some Māori collectives to become landlords and develop new models of housing ownership and tenancy to facilitate more positive outcomes for Māori in housing.

A key aspect of a healthy community is that those living within them remain connected to their neighbourhood. As rented houses become more multi- generational for Māori whānau, with several generations who are born and grow in the same house, then support for these families from those around them is critical.

10 At June 2011 Housing New Zealand identified 561 tenancies in the Manawatū (which includes Fielding) where the tenant has stated they are of Māori ethnicity. This was out of a total of 1660 tenancies.

EDUCATION

Knowledge and skills enhance people’s ability to meet their own needs, widen their range of career options and enable them to make choices about their lives. The following section provides a brief overview of Māori and education from early childhood education through to participation in tertiary education in Palmerston North.

Participation in Early Childhood Education

Palmerston North has a very high participation rate in Early Childhood Education (ECE). The participation rate for Māori is also very high, but slightly down on the average for all other ethnic groups in the City. Average hours of attendance in licensed early childhood services in Palmerston North are also higher than the national average.

Ministry of Education data (Figure 3) for the percentage of year one students who had attended ECE services show that 95.1% of year one Māori students in Palmerston North had attended ECE services, compared with 89.4% of all New Zealand year one Māori students. There was a much smaller difference in participation between all year one students in Palmerston North (96.9%) and New Zealand (94.5%).

Figure 3

Source: Ministry of Education

Figure 4 gives an indication of the distribution of students in ECE and which services they attend. It reflects that those attending kōhanga reo in the City are a relatively small percentage of the overall early childhoon education institutions, and shows that the majority of Māori children are attending mainstream ECE services.

There are 166 tamariki attending kōhanga reo in Palmerston North in 2011. There are seven kōhanga in the City: Mana Tamariki, Te Ao Mārama, Te Āwhina, Te Uru

Karaka, Te Whānau Mana Kākano, Te Kōhanga Reo o Tūmatauenga, and Te Reo Tupua o Awapuni. Kōhanga play an important role as a provider of te reo Māori and tikanga Māori educational opportunities. However mainstream schools, where most Māori children are educated, are also required to be responsive to the needs of Māori whānau.

Figure 4

Source: Ministry of Education

The number of Palmerston North Māori children enrolled in licensed ECE services has increased from 691 in 2000 to 965 in 2010, an increase of 40%.11 This is significantly higher than the city-wide increase of 22% for all ethnic groups but is likely to, in particular, reflect the high rate of growth in the Māori population in the 0 - 4 age group. In 2010, 24.2% of enrolments in licensed early childhood services in Palmerston North were for Māori, compared with 21.2% in 2000.12

Māori Medium Education – Primary and Intermediate

New Zealand schools are governed by Boards of Trustees elected by the school community. Teaching in Maori-medium settings must adhere to Te Marautanga o Aotearoa (the New Zealand Curriculum’s partner document). This curriculum statement sets out the goal of developing successful, competent, and confident learners, who are effective communicators in the Māori world, healthy of mind, body and soul and secure in their identity, and sense of belonging. It aims for them to have the skills and knowledge to participate in and contribute to Māori society and the wider world.13

11 Educationcounts.govt.nz. See Appendix 5. 12 Data on average weekly hours in attendance in licensed early childhood services is available by age and by local authority but is not published for ethnic groups at a local authority level. 13 Ministry of Education. (2011). http://www.minedu.govt.nz/Parents/YourChild/WhatTheyLearn.aspx

There are two kura kaupapa in Palmerston North, and these provide environments fully immersive in te reo me nga tikanga Māori. These are Mana Tamariki (years 1-13) and Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Manawatū (years 1-8). In 2011 Mana Tamariki had 45 students and Te Kura Kaupapa o Manawatū had 126 students. 14

The Ministry of Education highlights five primary/intermediate schools in the category of Māori Medium Education, which have programmes ranging from immersion streams within a mainstream school to bilingual streams. Takaro Primary School and Monrad Intermediate have immersion programmes.

The bilingual streams retain a strong focus on English but also utilise te reo Māori to various degrees. The aim is to attain a high degree of fluency in both languages, but there is a much stronger emphasis on English than kura kaupapa. Bilingual programmes are offered at Central Normal and Takaro Intermediates’ as well as Russell Street, College Street, West End, Terrace End and Our Lady of Lourdes primary schools.

Māori Student Enrolments in Secondary School

The following table shows the numbers and percentages of Māori students enrolled in secondary education in Palmerston North compared to total enrolments.

Table 5 Ethnicity of Palmerston North Secondary School Students based on ERO Review Data Pakeha/ Total roll Māori European Māori Pacific Other Number Number Percentage share Awatapu College 752 218 51% 29% 6% 14% Freyberg High School 1,427 442 60% 31% 3% 6% Longburn Adventist 294 35 64% 12% 12% 12% Palmerston North Boys High 1,687 253 63% 15% 3% 19% Palmerston North Girls High 1,202 204 64% 17% 3% 16% Queen Elizabeth College 233 77 31% 33% 8% 27% St Peters College 600 90 69% 15% 4% 12% Tu Toa 23 22 0% 96% 4% 0% Whakatipuria Teen Parent Unit 31 18 39% 58% 3% 0% Total 6,249 1,360 60% 22% 4% 14% Source: Education Review Office School Reviews

Māori School Leavers with NCEA

Palmerston North Māori have better than average NCEA achievement levels compared with the national average for Māori. Average achievement levels for Māori in the City are still lower than the averages for the citywide population. This gap widens for NCEA level 2 and University Entrance, both important qualifications for access to ongoing tertiary study and training options.

14 www.educationcounts.govt.nz

Ministry of Education data for retention rates at secondary schools in Palmerston North shows a higher retention rate at age 17½ for Māori in Palmerston North compared with the national average for Māori, even though the average retention rate across all ethnic groups in the City is lower than the national average. However the average retention rate of 55.5% for Māori students in Palmerston North (over 2008 and 2009) is still below the average of 67.9% for all ethnic groups.15

School-leaver data also shows a similar pattern, with a higher proportion of Māori school leavers in Palmerston North achieving NCEA Levels 1 and 2 and University entrance compared with the national average for all Māori school leavers. However, across all levels, the achievement rate for Māori school leavers is lower than the average for all school leavers in the City. This achievement gap is smallest for NCEA Level 1 and progressively widens for NCEA Level 2 and University entrance.

Over the period from 2007 to 2009, 74% of Māori school leavers in Palmerston North had achieved NCEA Level 1, well ahead of the 66.7% average for all Māori in New Zealand, but below the 84.1% for all school leavers in Palmerston North.

Ministry of Education data shows the gap between Māori school leavers in Palmerston North and the average for all school leavers widened from 10% for NCEA Level 1 (74% for Māori and 84% for all Palmerston North school leavers) to a gap of nearly 20% for university entrance (22% for Māori and 41.3% for all Palmerston North school leavers).

Participation in Tertiary Education

There are several tertiary providers who have significant strengths in Māori language and tikanga Māori in terms of courses, curriculum, and teaching staff and environment. These are Massey University, Te Wānanga o Aotearoa, and the Universal College of Learning (UCOL). There are also a range of community providers which offer courses in te reo. These include Te Whare Akonga – Open Learning Centre and Te Ataarangi.

Palmerston North Māori are more likely to have a bachelor’s degree compared with the wider New Zealand Māori population. However, Māori in Palmerston North are less likely to have a bachelor’s degree compared with the average for the overall Palmerston North population.

In 2006, 16% of the Māori population aged 20 years and over had a post-school qualification compared with 12.0% of all New Zealand Māori. The biggest difference in qualification levels was in bachelor degrees, with 6% of the Māori population aged 20 years and over in Palmerston North with a bachelor’s degree compared with 4% of all New Zealand Māori.

Young Māori in New Zealand are more likely to have a tertiary qualification than older Māori, showing a significant increase in participation in tertiary education in New Zealand across all ethnic groups over the past 35 years. This is reflected in a significant decline in the proportion of the Māori population with no qualification.

An exception to this trend in Palmerston North is for bachelor degrees, where the 40 – 44 year Māori population is the most likely age group to have a degree. This may reflect Māori entering university at a higher average age than the general population and/or the attraction of qualified Māori to Palmerston North for

15 See Appendix 3.

22 employment. As noted earlier, a significant gap in University Entrance achievement levels for Māori school leavers means access to university is more likely to be delayed for Māori students.

CULTURAL PARTICIPATION

Māori cultural values reflect a unique worldview. Māori language, art and spiritual and cultural perspectives serve as a means of transferring of cultural values between generations and they instil an individual and collective identity.

While many of the Māori people in Palmerston North are not from this region, Māori culture provides a bond that ties the wider Māori community together.

Tikanga Māori, or Māori philosophies and practices, shape standards and behaviour and because of this access to culture can positively influence the lifestyles of whānau and contribute to social wellbeing and, more broadly, to social cohesion.

Proportion of Māori able to speak te reo

In Palmerston North in 2001, 24.4% of the Māori population responded positively to the statement “they could hold a conversation about everyday things in Māori” and in 2006 the measure was 23.4%. This was only slightly below the figure for the whole Manawatū-Wanganui Region where there were positive responses from 24.9% in 2001, and 23.8% in 2006.

For Māori nationally the percentage of those who could hold a conversation in Māori was 25.2% in 2001 and 23.7% in 2006 (Table 6).

At the 2006 census, te reo Māori was spoken fluently by 4.5% of the total New Zealand population.

Table 6 Māori language speakers in Palmerston North 0-14 15-29 30-49 50-64 65+ Total Census Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % 1996 Māori 663 20.1 759 23.7 546 26.3 201 39.0 63 36.8 2,232 24.1 Total 798 5.3 1,038 4.7 684 3.5 258 3.1 81 1.1 2,856 3.9 2001 Māori 693 19.9 789 26.0 555 26.1 198 33.7 72 36.9 2,304 24.4 Total 813 5.3 1,074 5.6 741 3.8 261 2.7 105 1.3 2,994 4.2 2006 Māori 708 17.5 912 26.1 696 25.8 225 28.8 114 38.0 2,649 23.4 Total 783 5.1 1,125 5.6 870 4.3 306 2.8 153 1.7 3,234 4.3 The number of Māori who can hold a conversation about everyday things in Māori, as a proportion of the Māori population, and the total number of Māori speakers as a proportion of the total population. Source: Statistics New Zealand

The 0-14 group in the City have potentially had access to initiatives like kōhanga reo, kura kaupapa, bilingual streams of education, or have accessed te reo in some mainstream contexts. However, only 17% of the age group could converse in te reo. There were higher numbers of Māori with conversational te reo in the 15-29 and 30- 49 age groups in 2006 (see Table 6).

Looking at the census figures for 1996, 2001 and 2006 there is a pattern of decline or little change in the percentage of Māori language speakers across the period. This decline is consistent with the findings of the Wai 262 Claim Te Reo Māori Chapter.16 This report was pre-released in 2010 in order to contribute to the Government’s

16 Waitangi Tribunal (2011), Ko Aotearoa Tēnei – Wai 262 Report. Ministry of Justice, Wellington.

24 review of the strategy and infrastructure of the Māori Language sector. The approach taken is to ensure the programmes and expenditure across the whole of government are responsive to iwi/Māori aspirations. The Tribunal identifies a number of indicators that suggest a recent decline in the health of te reo. The response promoted is a shift in emphasis towards supporting learning in the home and community, rather than primarily in formal educational institutions.

Kapa Haka

Kapa haka is very strong in the City and wider region. Major kapa haka events that take place regularly (at least once every 2 years) are Pae Tamariki (non-competitive primary / intermediate schools regional event that was first held in 1993), Pai Taiohi (competitive high schools regional competition) and the senior regional kapa haka competition. The latter event is to decide the groups who will go through to the Te Matatini Festival. For the Manawatū this is facilitated by Te Mata Waiora Rangitāne Incorporated. In 2011 the group that represented the region was Te Whānau o Te Kura.

In 2010, 20 teams from 16 schools performed at Pae Tamariki, with over 2000 people attending the two day event. In 2011 there were 14 schools that actively participated. The whānau of the performers make up the majority of the audience.

The first Mokotini, an event for kōhanga reo in the City, was held in 2010 and the second of these annual events held in 2011.

In 2011 the new primary / intermediate schools competitive event, Ko Whiri Tika Mai, was held at the Regent Theatre with seven schools represented from Palmerston North.

2005 and 2007 were major milestones for kapa haka, with Palmerston North hosting Te Matatini, the national kapa haka competition. Te Matatini is the foremost Māori Arts Festival, and the summit of achievement for those taking part in competitive Kapa Haka. Some 29 groups, comprising around 1,200 performers, reached the finals in 2007.

In 2008 local group Te Piringa competed against 35 other teams to win the national secondary schools kapa haka. In 2006 and 2010 the group came 3rd. These results are an exceptional achievement, and show the strength of kapa haka in Palmerston North and the wider region.

Marae in the City

Within the City itself there is Te Hotumanawa o Rangitāne o Manawatū Marae in Awapuni, St Michaels in Highbury, and Te Kupenga o te Matauranga and Turitea at Massey University. There is also a whānau marae, called Huatau, in the Kahuterawa Valley.

Outside of the City, but still very much a part of the Māori community here, are a number of rural marae. These include Aorangi, Kauwhata, Kereru, Motuiti, Paranui, Parewahawaha, Poupatate, Taumata o te Ra, Te Ahu a Turanga, Te Hiiri, Te Rangimarie, Te Tikanga and Wehiwehi.17

17 www.naumaiplace.com can be a useful starting point for contact information regarding marae in the region.

There is also a range of formal and informal sites and spaces, whānau rooms in schools and other educational institutions, that are dedicated for Māori purposes and which provide support for te reo, tikanga and a range of kaupapa related to their communities of interest.

Local / Regional Media

Bilingual radio station Kia ora FM provides an important local and regional service that is owned and operated by Tānenuiarangi Manawatū Incorporated and is based at Te Hotumanawa Māori o Manawatū.

Nga Toi Māori – Māori Arts

Māori perspectives of the arts are broad and encompassing. Toi Māori can refer to both traditional and more contemporary artistic expression. Some of the more prominent types of toi Māori are kapa haka, whakairo (carving), mahi rāranga (weaving), whakaahua (painting) and other visual art forms, waiata (song) and other vocal expression including whaikōrero (formal oratory), whiti (poetry) and tuhituhi (writing). Some Māori art forms are associated with ancestral knowledge and are primarily shared and maintained within whānau, hapū and iwi. There are a range of groups and organisations that teach Toi Māori. Marae are key centres for Māori learning and the handing down of traditions.18

The City Council works with Rangitāne, as mana whenua, who provide leadership on matters related to the indigenous heritage in the Palmerston North area. As the City is built on the customary territory of Rangitāne, the City Council has an important role, as the territorial authority, in the recognition and expression of that cultural heritage. This could be in terms of the use of public spaces and reserves for whakairo or other sculptural symbols, or by working with institutions strongly supported by the City Council, such as Te Manawa, who have a critical role in the conservation, protection and profiling of Rangitāne and other iwi heritage items and tāonga from the wider region.

For the wider Māori community, the City Council also provides significant resourcing for major kapa haka events and festivals in which Rangitāne have a major role. The City Council does, on occasion, advocate to arts sector organisations to include representation from Rangitāne.

Formal educational institutions are strongly supportive of te reo and tikanga from Kōhanga Reo (pre-school) Kura Māori (intermediate and secondary school), and mainstream through to tertiary education. Kura Māori and kōhanga are particularly focused on the integration of te reo and tikanga across their programmes. These are the foundation for learning and reflecting on all aspects of knowledge and learning.

The tertiary education sector includes distinct programmes of study around Māori arts. Both Massey University and Te Wānanga o Aotearoa offer Māori arts courses. Current and past staff and students actively contribute to the community profile of Nga Toi Māori through, for example, high profile art exhibitions and events in the City and wider region.

18 Some of these are very connected to local iwi like Rangitāne and Ngāti Kauwhata, while others like St Michaels Marae and Church, or Te Kupenga o Te Mātauranga, have been responses to the contemporary situation of Māori living in an urban centre.

There are a number of other key institutions that foster, support or provide opportunities for the expression of toi Māori. Te Manawa has a critical role in this regard with functions such as protection and restoration of Māori heritage objects and kōrero, as well as permanent and temporary displays and activities around the Māori arts and Māori culture and heritage. An important role is also played by public libraries, in terms of accessing literature and online resources, archival services, and many events with a Māori focus.

Local Arts Funding – Creative Communities New Zealand Scheme

This scheme is an important source of local funding for the arts community. The aim of the scheme is to increase participation in the arts at a local level and increase the range and diversity of arts available to communities. This scheme is a partnership between Creative New Zealand and the Palmerston North City Council.19 A Committee including two Tangata Whenua representatives has been established to review the applications to this fund.

Criteria for projects include: Having an arts or cultural focus; Benefit to local communities; The project will support the diverse arts and cultural traditions of local communities.

There are two specific funds under the scheme: Community Arts Palmerston North, which considers applications up to $2,000; Palmerston North City Council, which considers applications up to $5,000.

A review of applications over 2011, where an affiliation with Māori is indicated, either personally or specifically, shows that: Community Arts Palmerston North had one application from Māori out of a total of 35 applications considered, and this application was declined. The Palmerston North City Council had 6 applications from Māori out of a total of 58 applications considered, with 3 approved.

These figures suggest that more active promotion of this opportunity to Māori is required.

19 Search ‘Creative Communities Funding’ from www.pncc.govt.nz

HEALTH STATUS

Within the MidCentral Health region, Palmerston North has the best health status in terms of Māori. However the services based in the City do serve and provide leadership on Māori health across the wider region, and are similarly impacted by the costs of Māori ill health regionally. Research demonstrates that Māori people, along with Pacific peoples and more broadly socio-economically disadvantaged people have the worst health outcomes in the City.20

Palmerston North has specific Māori health providers and the awareness and responsiveness of mainstream providers to Māori needs has increased dramatically in recent years.

There are some significant structures that provide critical strategic and operational leadership in health. For example, Manawhenua Hauora is a consortium of iwi who have manawhenua status in the Manawatū, Horowhenua, Tararua and Ōtaki districts. Manawhenua Hauora was established to advance iwi Māori health and works together with MidCentral DHB's Board to improve health outcomes for Māori people residing in the region.

A national Whānau Ora Leadership Group was developed in 2010 to provide coordination, support and advocacy in health delivery. It aims to make improvements in such areas as Māori access to health, ensuring an appropriately trained workforce and culturally appropriate assessments, and health and wellness planning that is tailored to the needs of Māori. Whānau Ora, in particular, encapsulates proactive approaches that aim to strengthen the resilience of whānau, such as the promotion of healthy lifestyles and healthy homes.

The 2011 Regional Māori Health Action Plan – Ka Po, Ka Ao, Ka Awatea (2011- 2016) is a critical strategic document for the City and region. It has been developed by a diverse group of health professionals throughout the region, after wide and lengthy consultation in predominantly primary health care settings, general practices, community groups, and with other key stakeholders. Ka Pō, Ka Ao, Ka Awatea spans five years and features an 18-month action plan that focused on improving and enhancing health care for Māori throughout the region. The aim is to ensure consistency across primary health services in the region. Ka Pō, Ka Ao, Ka Awatea is linked closely to national, regional and sub-regional health strategies and plans, encompassing Māori health action plans previously developed by Tararua, Ōtaki, Manawatū, Horowhenua, Wairarapa and Kapiti Primary Health Organisations. Some of the immediate benefits of Ka Pō, Ka Ao, Ka Awatea include sharing best practice models between general practice teams in the region.

In terms of indicators of health, MidCentral Health Board’s Te Anga Aroturuki Hauora Māori: the Māori Health Responsiveness Framework is an important framework and aspirational document. Under this framework there is a focus towards measuring the responsiveness of services and health support to Māori. A key component is the identification of what is important and what indicators can then measure this effectively and meaningfully.

20 For indicators related to youth, including comparative figures for Māori youth see the Palmerston North Youth Sector Task Force, Result Card: Health http://www.familyservices.govt.nz/my- community/making-things-happen/planning/territorial-local-authorities/palmerston-north/priority-focus- areas-result-cards.html

Comparative Life Expectancy at Birth

Statistics New Zealand collates statistics related to life expectancy. While there is information about Māori life expectancy at a national level, this is not available either regionally or locally. This gives an overall context as to how a number of socio- economic and other factors affect Māori health across the Country.

Based on the period 2007-2009, the average life expectancy for males was 78.4 years, and 82.4 years for females. In 2005–2007, male life expectancy at birth was 79 years for non-Māori and 70.4 years for Māori, a difference of 8.6 years. Female life expectancy at birth was 83.0 years for non-Māori and 75.1 years for Māori, a difference of 7.9 years.

The pace of improvement in life expectancy has also varied dramatically. For non- Māori, there was a fairly steady increase in life expectancy at birth over the period from 1985–1987 to 2005–2007, with males gaining 7.6 years and females 5.6 years. For Māori, there was little change during the 1980s, but a substantial improvement in the 10 years to 2005–2007 (a gain of 3.8 years for both sexes). This exceeded the improvement for non-Māori over the same 10 year period (3.6 years for males and 2.4 years for females). However, the overall gain in Māori life expectancy from 1985– 1987 to 2005–2007 (5.5 years for males, 4.6 years for females) was still less than that for non-Māori.

Smoking Rates

The following table shows the number of people who indicated they were smokers at the last census in 2006. Māori are 37.7% of the smoking population and this reflects an extremely high smoking rate compared with other ethnicities in the City.

Within the Māori figures there is also a significant distinction between Māori women, who have a much higher rate of smoking (41.5%) than do Māori men (33.4%). In the total population the distinction between men and women, 21.7% and 20.3% respectively, is less pronounced.

It is important to note that there have been many interventions that have taken place in the last five years. However, anecdotal discussions with local health providers would indicate that the proportion of Māori smoking continues to remain high compared with other ethnic groups.

Table 7 The age-standardised prevalence (%) of cigarette smoking by ethnicity (2006 Census)

European Māori Pacific Asian Other Total

Sex Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %

Male 3,735 21% 1,179 33% 273 32% 366 17% 693 17% 5,667 22%

Female 4,107 20% 1,572 42% 231 25% 105 4% 558 15% 5,748 20%

Total 7,839 21% 2,751 38% 510 29% 486 11% 1,263 17% 11,409 21% Source: Statistics New Zealand

Hospital Discharges

Table 8 outlines the number of hospital discharges by cause in Palmerston North over the 2007/2008 year. Of note is the very high percentage share of discharges for Māori patients related to respiratory illness. This is no doubt a reflection, in part, of high rates of smoking. It may also reflect the high percentage of Māori in homes that are not well insulated or heated.21

Table 8 Publicly funded hospital discharges, Palmerston North TLA, Māori and non- Māori 2007/2008 Māori Non- Māori Number % share Number ALL CAUSES * 2,406 17.1% 14,078 Diseases of the circulatory system 91 7.7% 1,182 Diseases of the respiratory system 229 27.1% 844 Diseases of the digestive system 124 13.4% 924 Injury, poisoning and certain other 241 19.8% 1,217 consequences of external causes * excluding external causes

21Palmerston North City Council (2011), Palmerston North housing needs assessment.

SOCIAL COHESION AND PARTICIPATION IN DEMOCRACY

Social cohesion is the capacity of a community to ensure the well-being of all its members and where all groups have a sense of belonging, participation, inclusion, recognition and legitimacy.22 It is also about reducing isolation, exclusion, non- involvement, rejection and illegitimacy, as these are expressions of the absence of cohesion. These are aspirations that are very consistent with the notions of whānaungātanga and with intergenerational relationships and obligations.

Volunteering is a concept and practice that also reflects levels of cohesion in a community. It is useful to note that for Māori, the concept of volunteering can be quite different from some other New Zealand ideas about volunteering. ‘Mahi aroha’ is a term that closely translates to the concept of voluntary work. Mahi aroha is the unpaid activity performed out of ‘duty’ and caring for others in accordance with the principles of tikanga to maintain mana and rangatiratanga.

Participation in democracy is about having the opportunity to participate in an equitable way, and then having the motivation to act meaningfully on that opportunity. Participation in democracy includes Māori people voting, but also standing for office to ensure Māori perspectives are incorporated into decisions that affect Māori. This could be at their local school, for their marae, a community organisation, or for local or central government.

Māori Involvement in Unpaid Work

The census collects information about all unpaid activities (See Table 9). Compared with the total City population, Māori in Palmerston North are more likely to be involved in unpaid activities involving people who are not members of their households, or in unpaid care of a child who is a member of their own household.23

The difference in unpaid work between Māori and the citywide population is greater for Māori women, but there are also significant differences in involvement in unpaid activities between Māori men and the wider male population. The differences were most marked for “looking after a child who is a member of own household” and “looking after a child who does not live in own household”. There was little difference in participation in unpaid work between Māori living in Palmerston North and all New Zealand Māori.

22 Spoonley, Peace, Butcher, O’Neill (2005), Social cohesion: A policy and indicator framework for assessing immigrant and host outcomes, Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, Issue 24, March 2005. 23 The source of this information is the 2006 Census.

Table 9

Summary Unpaid Activities - % share of Total Total Total Population Aged 15 Years and Over Māori Population Māori Population (2006) New Zealand Palmerston North City

No Activities 10.3% 10.2% 10.7% 10.3%

Own Household Household Work, Cooking, Repairs, Gardening, etc, 77.3% 77.4% 79.4% 79.7% for Own Household Looking After a Child Who is a Member of Own 39.4% 28.4% 40.5% 27.9% Household Looking After a Member of Own Household Who is Ill 11.4% 7.0% 10.4% 6.9% or Has a Disability

Outside Own Household Looking After a Child Who Does Not Live in Own 22.4% 14.6% 24.6% 15.9% Household Helping Someone Who is Ill or Has a Disability Who 10.9% 8.2% 10.3% 8.4% Does Not Live in Own Household Other Helping or Voluntary Work for or Through Any 17.6% 13.8% 15.6% 14.1% Organisation, Group or Marae Total People Stated 91.0% 90.0% 93.3% 92.2%

Total People, Not Elsewhere Included 9.0% 10.0% 6.7% 7.8% Total People, Unpaid Activity 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Source: Statistics New Zealand

Board of Trustees Membership

The table below shows that there has been a steady and significant increase in Māori membership of School Boards of Trustees in Palmerston North. From less than 10.0% in 1998 membership rose to over 15% in 2010.

Figure 5

Māori Electoral Participation

There is no statistical information on Māori participation in either national or local body elections for Palmerston North. A report for the Electoral Commission highlights some of the issues for Māori nationally which will have some relevance for Palmerston North.24 Sixty-nine respondents from the Best Outcomes for Māori: Te Hoe Nuku Roa household survey were specifically interviewed for this research.

The voting patterns of 400 kaumātua/older Māori were also reported. The main findings of this survey are:

The profile of Māori who do not vote: Age and standard of living were the two main variables affecting voting: i.e. younger Māori with a less comfortable living standard were least likely to vote. Cultural identity i.e. the level of involvement in Te Ao Māori had less effect on participants’ propensity to vote than their age, level of education or standard of living.

Participation in the electoral system: For Māori, participation in the electoral system involves two steps- choosing an electoral roll and then voting in a general election; Cultural identity appears to influence voting behaviour and participants’ views of politics, in particular, cultural identity was significant in the selection of electoral roll.

Older Māori: A study of 406 older Māori undertaken in 2006 confirmed the findings of the earlier study; 79% of these respondents preferred the Māori electoral roll, 20% general, and 1% reported they were not enrolled; 92% of these respondents reported they had voted in the last General Election.

24 Māori Electoral Participation - A Report Produced for the Electoral Commission (2007), Eljon Fitzgerald, Brendan Stevenson, and Jacob Tapiata, School of Māori Studies, Massey University, Palmerston North.

SAFETY AND CRIME

The 2009 New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey measured the nature and extent of crime experienced by New Zealand residents 15 years of age and over in 2008. The results show that in 2008, 36% of New Zealanders experienced crime. Of the people who experienced crime, 6% experienced 54% of all crime. Young people, Māori, minority ethnic groups, students, unemployed people, and people living in urbanised or deprived areas are amongst some of the groups most at risk. Likewise, some people are more at risk of committing crime than others.

Some people are more at risk of victimisation than others and Palmerston North has some characteristics that potentially make it prone to crime and victimisation occurring. Palmerston North is home to proportionally more young people than New Zealand as a whole. The City has 10% of young people aged 20-24 years compared with 7% nationwide. Statistically, young men are more likely to commit crime than are young woman.

The City has an ethnically diverse community with 17% of the population born overseas. Diversity is likely to increase in the future, as the City is part of the Refugee Resettlement Programme. Like other centres, the City has some areas of high deprivation.

One common measure applied to assess and compare deprivation in different places is the Social Deprivation Index. This measure is a census-based index using deprivation variables selected specifically to give a meaningful representation of deprivation. The index correlates highly with themes such as mortality, hospital discharges, lung cancer registrations and childhood immunisation status. The index highlights that Highbury, Palmerston North Central, Awapuni North and Roslyn are areas of high deprivation in Palmerston North. These suburbs are areas where many Māori people live, so these whānau are exposed the risks associated with living in communities that have high deprivation.

The Palmerston North City Council undertakes a biennial residents’ survey (Communitrak). This survey provides valuable insight into residents’ perceptions, including perceptions of safety. The following questions are asked about safety:

Satisfaction with the level of safety residents feel for themselves, their family and their home where they live now.

Satisfaction with the level of safety residents feel when in public places at night in and around Palmerston North.

In 2010, 2% of European/ Pākehā residents were disappointed with their level of safety, compared with 12% of Māori. This means that Māori residents were six times more likely than European/ Pākehā residents to be disappointed with the level of safety felt for themselves, families and homes.25

25 For indicators and programmes related to youth see the Palmerston North Youth Sector Task Force, Result Card: Safety http://www.familyservices.govt.nz/my-community/making-things-happen/planning/ territorial-local-authorities/palmerston-north/priority-focus-areas-result-cards.html.

The Safety Advisory Board and Safe City Strategy

The Safety Advisory Board provides information and guidance in the formulation and implementation of the joint Palmerston North City Council and Ministry of Justice Community Crime Prevention Plan. The Board includes representation from Rangitāne.

The overall goals of the Plan include assisting the City Council, central government agencies and the wider community to set strategic direction; provide advice; facilitate partnerships and funding for initiatives; and to develop and monitor collaborative responses to crime and crime prevention.

Adult offending

Figure 6 shows statistics from the New Zealand Police for Palmerston North City. For the purposes of their statistics, the Police define adult as being over 16 years of age.

Figure 6

Source: New Zealand Police

Figure 6 shows that Māori are significantly over-represented in these figures, which range from 40%-44% when Māori make up just under 16% of the population of Palmerston North.

The number of adult Māori apprehensions has been relatively static from 2005-2010. However over this period the Māori population had risen fairly dramatically. So relative to the number of Māori people in the City there has been a reduction in the proportion of Māori adult apprehensions relative to their share of the total population.

Youth Crime

The tables below are statistics from the Police for the Palmerston North area.

For the purposes of its statistics, the New Zealand Police defines youth as all children up to and including 16 years of age.

The City has experienced a dramatic and consistent reduction in crime committed by youth overall, as shown in the table below.26 This includes a steady decrease in Māori youth offending, although Māori are still over-represented in offending statistics.

A number of factors need to be taken into account when looking at this data: young people with mixed ethnicity, but including Māori, are recorded as Māori only; recidivist or multiple offending will push overall numbers of offences up, even if the number of offenders does not change.

The Ministry of Justice’s Youth Offending Strategy 2002 continues to have a focus on reducing Māori and Pacific offending in the City. The Palmerston North Youth Offending Team has its own strategy to reduce and prevent Māori youth offending, with a commitment to engage iwi in this work.

Figure 7

Source: New Zealand Police

26 For more details see the Palmerston North Youth Sector Task Force, Result Card: Crime http://www.familyservices.govt.nz/my-community/making-things-happen/planning/territorial-local- authorities/palmerston-north/priority-focus-areas-result-cards.html.

Figure 8 shows the total number of offenders and proportion of total youth apprehensions where the offender was identified as Māori. While youth offending overall is actually reducing significantly in the City, and the number of Māori youth offending is reducing, Māori youth offending as a proportion of overall youth offending is increasing. This is a result of very dramatic reductions in the offending of other ethnic groupings over the time period.

Figure 8

Source: New Zealand Police

CONCLUSIONS More agency collaboration with Māori to improve measures of positive Māori development could provide further insight into the dynamics of the local Māori community. Current data collection locally sometimes doesn’t collect information that includes ethnicity, and when this data is collected it may not be focusing on information that Māori would find meaningful. Sometimes all that may be required is the reframing of current data to reflect an emphasis that Māori would find more relevant.

The Profile highlights that a focus on labour force preparation and support for ameliorating pressing housing issues could make positive differences in enhancing the economic circumstances and social prospects of Māori.

The health and resilience of Māori whānau remain important issues requiring continual monitoring. However, a focus on Māori capability and potential will build on the positive aspects for future Māori development. These could include economic development and business leadership, where the measures of success are not limited to mainstream financial models but also include recognition of the distinct contributions made by Māori. Aspirations of self-determination then, include a desire for an economic future where Māori business enterprise flourishes. This may then provide appropriate and effective responses for those who are currently marginalised, unemployed or underemployed, or working in sectors of the economy that are highly volatile.

The government’s recent Whānau Ora initiative offers an important opportunity to integrate the services of a number of agencies around the whole whānau, and not to isolate individuals where problems may have more systemic and holistic causes. The Māori social, health and disability sector is hopeful that the Whānau Ora programme signals an important change in service co-ordination to whānau. Whānau themselves expect that they will increasingly be able to shape the services they receive and have increased autonomy over their lives. It is important for the City Council and other agencies to take the initiative and adopt Whānau Ora Task Force recommendations.

The information in this profile suggests that special efforts should be placed on initiatives that respond to the circumstances of Māori youth in the City. Urban Māori service initiatives that emphasise equitable access to services for youth are critical, as is addressing wider whānau issues and safe whānau and community environments for children.

Government and community agencies can play a constructive role by fostering intercultural understanding between Māori people and the wider community, and by supporting urban Māori service providers as they attempt to learn from each other and build their capacity.

It is also important to highlight that the Māori population is not uniformly disadvantaged or affected by deprivation. The population has increasing levels of education and the emergence of a strong middle class. This means that we need to think about the focus of positive Māori development in an urban context as focusing on more than poverty and social dislocation.

APPENDIX ONE

Selection of Indicators

Many of the statistics that inform the analysis in this profile do not necessarily identify what is really important to Māori people, or alternatively, may point out the glaringly obvious. The selection of certain information can reinforce negative stereotypes and can be misleading if they do not take account of a Māori world view.27 More importantly, mainstream measures can undermine the identification of real solutions that focus on capability and Māori potential.

In a presentation to Treasury in 2006, Mason Durie discusses the distinctions between generic (universal) indicators and Māori-specific measures of wellbeing. He highlights that both have relevance for Māori, that they are intertwined, and that achieving best outcomes for Māori results from advances across both spheres. In articulating some of the differences, Durie highlights that universal indicators tend to provide the basis for comparative analysis between Māori and other population groups. He further argues that it is just as important to look at comparisons over time, to see how Māori statistics and experiences compare with those of the past. This report predominantly uses those generic indicators. However it has also sourced measures that focus on those issues of importance to Māori, and where possible tries to identify trends. There is clearly much more work required in the future to strengthen these aspects of monitoring and reporting.

To assist us in this we have taken guidance from the 2007 Quality of Life Indicators Report.28 The report identified what it called ‘Lead Indicators’ (approximately 20) and then a larger number of sub-indicators. The lead indicators are a mix of common mainstream measures, as well as indicators that can reflect iwi, hapu and Māori priorities. For example, including indicator ‘use of te reo’ fits into the latter category. Approaches to the identification of these indicators are well articulated in the report.

The current measures or indicators used in this profile are primarily from the New Zealand census.29 It is hoped that the report might also provoke discussion and feedback regarding additional or alternative indicators for future editions that strengthen the overall aim of supporting positive Māori development in the City.

In making this type of information readily available it is difficult not to draw comparisons with other sectors of the Palmerston North community. The distinctions can be a useful measure of how readily Māori are able to access a range of services and their ability to take up opportunities available in the City in areas such as housing, health and education. These distinctions are well known by those working in each sector, who have generally completed their own demographic studies and needs assessments to improve their service practice with Māori. This Profile aims to improve understanding of this information across sectors in the City and assist in identifying further opportunities to collaborate and align the actions of these sector interests.

27 Research led by Manuka Henare, Adrienne Puckey, Amber Nicholson (2011), He Ara Hou: The Pathway Forward, Getting it right for New Zealand’s Māori and Pasifika children, Commissioned by Every Child Counts, Mira Szaszy Research centre, The University of Auckland. 28 Te Puni Kokiri, Ministry of Māori Development. 29 Appendix Two outlines some of the matters that need to be considered in regards to population data.

While these indicators can be useful in providing a snapshot of the Māori community, and to a certain extent comparative analysis of how Māori fare compared with other ethnic groups within the City, they do not necessarily assist in identifying the reasons behind any differences or provide solutions for how those disparities might be addressed.

More importantly, by referencing Māori development to that of the community as a whole, this can mask what is in fact a continuous Māori narrative and experience. For example, Māori have achieved very significant improvements in health and wellbeing over time as a distinct collective experience. This includes the notion of collective Māori experience as being based on common cultural tenets and philosophy, as well as values around community and a person or family’s inter-relationships. There is also a very important notion of wellbeing associated with a sense of continuity in terms of indigenous connections and relationship to place.

APPENDIX TWO

Population measures

The Statistics New Zealand population measures used in this profile are the census usually resident population count and the estimated resident population.

The census usually resident population count of an area in New Zealand is a count of all people who usually live in that area and are present in New Zealand on a given census night. This count excludes visitors from overseas, visitors from elsewhere in New Zealand, and residents temporarily overseas on census night.

'Usual residence' is the meshblock of the dwelling where a person considers himself or herself to usually reside. Usual residence is self-defined. Guide notes instruct tertiary students to put their term-time address as their usual address. In 2001 a significant number of tertiary students reported a usual address that differed from their census night address. This affected the counts of usual residents for some geographic areas in 2001. An instruction was added to the question in 2006 directing students and overseas residents to the help notes for more information on how to answer.

The estimated resident population of an area in New Zealand is an estimate of all people who usually live in that area at a given date. This estimate includes all residents of that area present in New Zealand and counted by the census (census usually resident population count), residents who are temporarily overseas (who are not included in the census), and an adjustment for residents missed or counted more than once by the census (net census undercount). Visitors from elsewhere in New Zealand or from overseas are excluded.

The population counts published from the census are not comparable with the estimated resident population, so care is required when using data from both population measures. The 2006 Census was conducted on 8 March, with the following usually resident population counts:

75,540 people usually live in Palmerston North

11,316 Māori usually live in Palmerston North

The estimated resident population for Palmerston North is based on the estimated population as at 30 June 2006 and differs from the census usually resident population count:

78,500 people estimated to be resident in Palmerston North

12,400 Māori estimated to be resident in Palmerston North

The difference of nearly 3,000 people between the census usually resident population count and the estimated resident population accounts for a margin of 4% above the Census measure. The difference of nearly 1,100 between the Census usually resident Māori population count and the estimated resident Māori population accounts for a margin of over 9% above the Census measure. These margins of difference were similar in the total New Zealand data also:

Census Usually Resident Population Counts (8 March 2006)

4,027,947 people usually live in New Zealand

565,329 Māori usually live in New Zealand

Estimated Resident Population (as at 30 June 2006)

4,184,600 people estimated to be resident in New Zealand

624,300 Māori estimated to be resident in New Zealand

Limitations in the Use of Comparative Statistics

Simple comparisons between the Māori population in Palmerston North and the total city population are difficult because of significant differences between the demographic profile of the Māori population in the city and the total city population. With a median age of 21.7 years at the time of the 2006 Census, the Māori population in Palmerston North is significantly younger than the total city population, which had a median age of 32.1 years. This results in differences in data where age is a significant determinant of outcomes. This is obvious, for example, in the correlation between age and income. As a result, a simple comparison of median incomes for the Māori population in the city and the total city population is likely to show a lower median income for Māori, regardless of other determinants of average income. Median incomes nationally are highest in the 45 to 54 years age band. In Palmerston North 15.3% of the population aged 15 years and older (which is used to calculate the median income) are in the 45 to 54 years age band while 11.4% of Māori in the City are in this age band. Offsetting this is the higher proportion of the total population in the 60 years and over age bands, which have lower income levels compared with the median. Age will only explain part of the difference in median incomes because qualifications and skills are also very important determinants of income levels.

Statistics from the five-yearly census can be likened to snapshots of the local community. They are useful for providing different pictures of the population at the time, but are limited in the extent to which they can show whether dynamic change is occurring. Comparisons over successive censuses help to add to the picture of change that is occurring.

Figure 9: Age profile of the Māori and total population of Palmerston North City (2006)

Source: Statistics New Zealand

Figure 10

Source: Statistics New Zealand

For example, Figure 10 for ethnicity by five-year age group for the city population in 2006 provides a picture of the speed of ethnic change which is occurring in the Palmerston North city population. For example, the graph shows longer bars for the

43 youngest age groups, indicating there is an increased proportion of the population with multiple ethnicities for younger members of the City’s population.

The graphs also shows significant higher numbers of younger members of the population with a Māori, Pacific or Asian ethnicity.

APPENDIX THREE

Population Projections

It is appropriate to draw attention to some of the constraints that apply to these series. Firstly, these demographic projections are neither predictions nor forecasts. They represent the statistical outcomes of various combinations of selected assumptions about various dynamics of population change. These assumptions are formulated from the latest demographic trends and patterns, as well as international experiences. The assumptions used for each set of projections are outlined in each section of the publication.

Secondly, given the uncertainties about future trends in fertility, mortality and migration and their determinants, Statistics New Zealand derives a range of alternative demographic scenarios. The medium growth series has been used here (as recommended by Statistics New Zealand) in the majority of the analysis, and only brief comment is included on the high and low growth scenarios. In general, the chosen series conveys the broad features of likely future dynamics and patterns in Palmerston North.

The main prospects in the coming decades in New Zealand are continuing low fertility and slower population growth, along with further gains in life expectancy, smaller households, increasing ethnic diversity, an ageing population, an older labour force, and a further concentration of population in the northern North Island.

APPENDIX FOUR Retention rates and school leaver data for Palmerston North and New Zealand

Table 10 Retention rates at secondary school per 100 students to age 17.5

Gender Ethnic Group 2007 - 2009 Average Total European/ Female Male Māori Pasifika Asian Other Pākehā Palmerston North City 67.9 73.2 63.3 55.5 82.7 99.3 91.3 67.7 New Zealand Total 71.7 75.3 68.3 53.1 77.7 96.4 95.2 73.2 The figures in the table represent the proportion of 14.5 year-olds, as at 1 July, still enrolled at school 3 years later.

Percentage of school leavers with little or no formal attainment

Gender Ethnic Group 2007 - 2009 Average European/ Total Female Male Māori Pasifika Asian Other Pākehā Palmerston North City 5.1 4.9 5.2 10.6 x x x 3.9 New Zealand Total 5.4 4.8 6.1 11.0 6.6 3.5 10.2 3.9 Series discontinued - no data published for 2009

Percentage of school leavers with NCEA Level 1 or above

Gender Ethnic Group 2007 - 2009 Average Total European/ Female Male Māori Pasifika Asian Other Pākehā Palmerston North City 84.1 87.1 81.4 74.0 82.9 93.4 89.8 86.0 New Zealand Total 82.8 85.3 80.3 66.7 76.4 91.7 80.6 86.8

Percentage of school leavers with NCEA Level 2 or above

Gender Ethnic Group 2007 - 2009 Average Total European/ Female Male Māori Pasifika Asian Other Pākehā Palmerston North City 67.4 72.8 62.4 51.9 61.6 86.8 83.1 69.4 New Zealand Total 68.5 73.2 63.9 47.0 59.3 84.8 68.3 73.3

Percentage of school leavers qualified to attend university

Gender Ethnic Group 2007 - 2009 Average Total European/ Female Male Māori Pasifika Asian Other Pākehā Palmerston North City 41.3 47.0 36.1 22.0 29.3 74.1 39.6 44.0 New Zealand Total 41.9 48.4 35.4 19.6 22.5 65.8 42.8 47.0 x = for this category there w ere less than five 14.5 year-old and/or 17.5 year-old students. Source: Education Counts, Ministry of Education

APPENDIX FIVE

Table 11 Enrolments in Licensed Early Childhood Services in Palmerston North by Ethnic Group at 1 July Ethnic Group European/ Māori Pasifika Asian Other Pākehā Total Number of enrolments at 1 July 2000 691 135 146 48 2,236 3,256 2001 679 119 145 45 2,204 3,192 2002 708 131 147 43 2,107 3,136 2003 696 121 134 52 2,189 3,192 2004 747 130 149 47 2,295 3,368 2005 734 142 126 54 2,330 3,386 2006 800 149 139 68 2,346 3,502 2007 759 170 155 72 2,468 3,624 2008 802 150 155 100 2,405 3,612 2009 851 138 192 137 2,387 3,705

20002010 - 965 145 211 99 2,564 3,984 2010 40% 7% 45% 106% 15% 22%

Palmerston North share of enrolments by ethnic group 2000 21.2% 4.1% 4.5% 1.5% 68.7% 100.0% 2001 21.3% 3.7% 4.5% 1.4% 69.0% 100.0% 2002 22.6% 4.2% 4.7% 1.4% 67.2% 100.0% 2003 21.8% 3.8% 4.2% 1.6% 68.6% 100.0% 2004 22.2% 3.9% 4.4% 1.4% 68.1% 100.0% 2005 21.7% 4.2% 3.7% 1.6% 68.8% 100.0% 2006 22.8% 4.3% 4.0% 1.9% 67.0% 100.0% 2007 20.9% 4.7% 4.3% 2.0% 68.1% 100.0% 2008 22.2% 4.2% 4.3% 2.8% 66.6% 100.0% 2009 23.0% 3.7% 5.2% 3.7% 64.4% 100.0% 2010 24.2% 3.6% 5.3% 2.5% 64.4% 100.0% Source: Education Counts, Ministry of Education

APPENDIX SIX Post-school qualifications for Māori in Palmerston North

Figure 11

Source: Statistics New Zealand

Figure 12

Source: Statistics New Zealand

Figure 13

Source: Statistics New Zealand