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JAXA's Earth Observation Program JAXA’s Earth Observation Program HIRABAYASHI Takeshi Director of EROC, JAXA PI workshop Plenary, Jan. 18, 2021 JAXA’s Satellite Development and Operation Schedule JFY 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 National Security ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 Disaster ALOS-3 (Optical) ALOS-3 Follow-on Land Monitoring ALOS-4 (SAR) ALOS-4 Follow-on Climate Change GCOM-W/AMSR-2 GOSAT-GW/AMSR-3 Water Cycle GPM/DPR Precipitation GCOM-C/SGLI Vegetation Aerosol EarthCARE/CPR Earth Observation Clouds GOSAT/FTS GHG GOSAT-2/FTS-2 GOSAT-GW /TANSO-3(MOE joint Mission) Technology SLATS: Super Law Altitude Test Satellite Demonstration WINDS: Wideband InterNetworking engineering test & Demonstration Satellite JDRS: Japanese Data Relay System Communications ETS-9: Engineering Test Satellite No.9 QZSS#1 Navigation QZSS#5 - #7 System QZSS#2 - #4 (CAO Mission) QZSS#1 Follow-on * JAXA develops mission payloads under a contract by CAO Extended Life Period On Orbit Development Study Current JAXA Earth Observation Satellites Climate Change Disaster Risk Management Land Monitoring GOSAT GOSAT-2 GCOM-C ALOS-2 Launched: Launched: 2009 Cloud/ Launched: 23 December 2017 Aerosols/ Greenhouse 29 October 2018 Vegetation Gases GCOM-W GPM Launched: 2014 DPR: Precipitation Dual Frequency Land Surface Radar Disaster/Forest Launched: 2012 Water Launched: 2014 Courtesy of NASA Cycling 3 Cryosphere Monitoring by GCOM-W & GCOM-C GCOM-W/AMSR2 Sea Ice GCOM-W SMMR SSM/I AMSR-E AMSR2 Concentration on 13 Sep. 20 WindSat Water Cycle Second minimum extent in Daily Arctic Sea Ice Extent during 1978-2020 the record in 2020, and thinning of sea ice thickness GCOM-C 30-year Trend of Snow Covered Period : Snow Cover Extent in N. H. Shorter period in western Eurasia Water Cycle Reduced snow area & shorter Reduce trends in all seasons snow cover period in recent SGLI Snow Cover decades during 7-14 Apr. 2018 4 Extreme Heavy Rainfall and Drought by GSMaP Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) GPM GCOM-W • "JAXA Climate Rainfall Watch", which provides information about extreme heavy rainfall and drought over the world, is now available. – Easily monitor global extreme weather and climate by displaying accumulated rainfall in some temporal scale (daily, pentad, weekly, 10-days and monthly), Water Cycle indices related to Extreme heavy rainfall (percentiles) and Drought index (SPI). Monthly mean Rainfall by GSMaP in Dec. Drought index in Dec. 2019 2019 Drought in Australia in Dec. 2019 https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP_CLM/ 5 Terrestrial Hydrological Simulation System “Today’s Earth (TE)” https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/water/ Today’s Earth (TE) is the global hydrological simulation system developed by JAXA & The University of Tokyo. River Discharge TE-Global Estimates of Vietnam Flood (Oct. 2020 ) • In mid to late October, 4 typhoons (Typhoons 15-18) made landfall in Vietnam from the South China Sea. • TE-Global's river discharge Global System Regional (Japan) System estimates (top) represent a [TE-Global] [TE-Japan] Risk Index of River Discharge [yr] dynamic flow change brought Horizontal Resol. Land: 1/2 deg. 1/60 deg. by typhoons. River: 1/4 deg. Temporal Resol. 3hourly hourly • By looking at the risk index (i.e. Latency About 3days Realtime* return periods) (bottom), users *Prediction data is also available can extract the areas that were only for research purpose. actually at high risk of flooding. Satellite Data Used GSMaP, Terra/Aqua MODIS, SRTM30, NOAA AVHRR, (GSMaP, in the System SRTM30, NOAA AVHRR, (AW3D, Himawari-8, ALOS HRLC) GCOM-C) （in prep.) TE-Global's estimate of daily average river Products About 50 variables (river discharge, soil moisture etc.) and discharge in October 2020 (top) and its recurrence period (bottom) over time. their risk indices 6 A-decade-long GHG observation by GOSAT series Carbon Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) & GOSAT-2 & Material Cycle CO2 Observation CH4 (upper) & CO (lower) Observation GOSAT 2009-Now 2018-Now GOSAT-2 XCO [ppm] 0.12 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.00 Analyzed by JAXA/EORC Global CO2 concentrations observed by GOSAT and GOSAT-2, CH4 and CO (September 2019) 7 Global Forest Change Monitoring by L-band SARs JICA-JAXA Forest Early Warning System in the Tropics (JJ-FAST) JJ-FAST website （http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/jjfast//jj_index.html） Data ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 (ScanSAR mode) source Monitoring Tropical forests in 77 countries Target area 77 countries 抽出した森林変化域 Red indicates the latest Deforest Point Update Every 1.5 months Yellow indicates all Deforest Point 8 Earth Observation Satellite Data for SDGs Goals Indicators 6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality 6.6.1 Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time 11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate 14.3.1 Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations 15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable forest management 15.3.1 Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area 99 Supporting SDG Goals (1/2) Save Tropical Forest Reduce Flood Damage Broad Ground Surface Observation by Global satellites grasp the situation Radar Capable of Penetrating Clouds on water level of International cross- border rivers. Manage forest sustainably using satellite data of Global Satellite Mapping of monitoring forest changes Precipitation (GSMaP) Warning Message JJ-FAST Coverage Area: 77 Countries Latest deforest point In-situ & Model Partner: Partners: Supporting SDG Goals (2/2) Support Health from Rice Crop Monitoring Atmospheric Pollution for Early Warning Rice crop condition and early warning of crop Himawari and GCOM-C data enables to failure is reported based on agrometeorology improve forecast on arrival of aerosols (Yellow information (precipitation, soil moisture, solar dusts, PM2.5, etc.) in Asia-Oceania region. radiation, land surface temperature) monitored from space 宇宙から大気汚染物質を監視 健康被害の防止へ貢献 Fukuoka Jeju Island Nagasaki Aerosol Optical Thickness JAXA-ESA-NASA cooperation in response to COVID-19 • Trilateral collaboration to analyze the changes in the global environment and socio-economic activities before and after the COVID-19 pandemic using EO satellite data from the three agencies • Collaboration activities based on the Working Groups: Air quality, Climate, Economic activity, Water quality and Agriculture. https://eodashboard.org • Launched websites on June 25, 2020: • “Earth Observing Dashboard”: trilateral-colaboration results • “JAXA for Earth on COVID-19”: A special web page introducing analysis results of JAXA’s Earth observation data on COVID-19 https://earth.jaxa.jp/covid19/ City scale GHG monitoring by GOSAT Tokyo Average monthly abundances of CO2 in the lower troposphere for the past 4 years and 2020 2016-19 2016-19 Jan Feb Mar Apr Jan Feb Mar Apr 2000 2000 Tokyo Beijing Beijing Jan Feb Mar Apr Jan Feb Mar Apr Analyzed by JAXA/EORC Analyzed by JAXA/EORC The difference in CO2 density in the upper and lower troposphere is smaller in 2020 compared to 2016-2019 in Tokyo. Future Earth Observation Missions in JAXA 2021(TBD) 2022(TBD) 2022 2023 ALOS-3 ALOS-4 EarthCARE GOSAT-GW EarthCARE (JAXA Mission) ALOS-3 Water (Optical) Disaster/ Cloud/Aerosol/ Cycle Mapping (ESA-JAXA Radiation Budget joint mission) ALOS-4 GOSAT-GW (Radar) Disaster/ Greenhouse Forest gases (MOE Mission) 13 Future ALOS series Missions: ALOS-3 Optical (2021) & ALOS-4 L-band SAR (2022) To be launched To be launched Same orbit as ALOS-2 ALOS-3 simulation Altitude: 628 km at the equator in JFY2021 image in JFY2022 Orbit Inclination angle: 97.9° Local sun time at Desc.: 12:00 +/- 15 min Revisit time: 14 day (15-3/14 rev/day) Disaster/ - PALSAR-3 (Phased Array type L-band Disaster/ Instruments Synthetic Aperture Radar-3) Mapping Forest - SPAISE3 (SPace based AIS Experiment 3) ALOS-3 ALOS-4 Satellite Mass Approx. 3 tons at launch (Optical) (Radar) Designed lifetime 7 years Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent Altitude: 669 km at the equator Orbit ② Wider observation Local Sun Time at Desc: 10:30 am +/- 15 min 3 ▼ ▼ ALOS-4 Coverage Revisit time: 35 days (Sub-cycle 3 days) ALOS-2 ALOS-4 (Hawaii island) Instruments - Wide-swath and high-resolution optical imager (2014-) (2022-) - Dual-frequencies Infrared sensor (hosted payload) 50 km swath 200 km swath (ALOS-4) Ground Sampling - Panchromatic band (Pa): 0.8 m (ALOS-2) Distance (GSD) - Multispectral band (Mu): 3.2 m (6 bands) Resolution (m) Resolution Quantization 11 bit / pixel 10 ALOS ▼ Swath width 70 km at nadir (2006-2011) Mission data downlink Direct: Ka and X-band; via. Data Relay Satellite Satellite Mass Approx. 3 tons at launch 16 JERS-1 ▼ Duty 10 mins / recurrent (1992-1998) Designed lifetime 7 years 14 50 70 75 200 Swath (km) Future Missions for Climate & Water: EarthCARE (2022) & GOSAT-GW (2023) To be launched • Europe-Japan joint mission To be launched • Carrying two instruments, AMSR3 in JFY2023 in JFY2022 • Targeting to measure three- and TANSO-3. dimensional global distributions • AMSR3 (JAXA) will succeed AMSR Water series observations adding new of cloud and aerosol to contribute Cycle EarthCARE GOSAT-GW high frequency channels (166 & Cloud/ to precise understanding of Green- 183 GHz) for snow fall retrievals Aerosol/ climate change house and water vapor analysis for gases Radiation • JAXA and NICT provides the numerical weather prediction. Budget world's first satellite-based cloud AMSR3 for both snow & rain • TANSO-3 (led by Ministry of vertical motion by the Clod Environment in Japan) uses Profiling Radar (CPR) with 94 GHz imaging spectrometer
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