JAXA’s Earth Observation Program

HIRABAYASHI Takeshi Director of EROC, JAXA PI workshop Plenary, Jan. 18, 2021 JAXA’s Satellite Development and Operation Schedule

JFY 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

National Security ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 Disaster ALOS-3 (Optical) ALOS-3 Follow-on Land Monitoring ALOS-4 (SAR) ALOS-4 Follow-on Climate Change GCOM-W/AMSR-2 GOSAT-GW/AMSR-3 Water Cycle GPM/DPR Precipitation GCOM-C/SGLI Vegetation Aerosol EarthCARE/CPR Earth Observation Clouds GOSAT/FTS

GHG GOSAT-2/FTS-2 GOSAT-GW /TANSO-3(MOE joint Mission)

Technology SLATS: Super Law Altitude Test Satellite Demonstration

WINDS: Wideband InterNetworking engineering test & Demonstration Satellite JDRS: Japanese Data Relay System Communications ETS-9: Engineering Test Satellite No.9

QZSS#1 Navigation QZSS#5 - #7 System QZSS#2 - #4 (CAO Mission) QZSS#1 Follow-on

* JAXA develops mission payloads under a contract by CAO

Extended Life Period On Orbit Development Study Current JAXA Earth Observation Satellites

Climate Change Disaster Risk Management Land Monitoring GOSAT GOSAT-2 GCOM-C

ALOS-2

Launched: Launched: 2009 Cloud/ Launched: 23 December 2017 Aerosols/ Greenhouse 29 October 2018 Vegetation Gases

GCOM-W GPM

Launched: 2014 DPR: Precipitation Dual Frequency Land Surface Radar Disaster/Forest

Launched: 2012 Water Launched: 2014 Courtesy of NASA Cycling 3 Cryosphere Monitoring by GCOM-W & GCOM-C

GCOM-W/AMSR2 Sea Ice GCOM-W SMMR SSM/I AMSR-E AMSR2 Concentration on 13 Sep. 20 WindSat

Water Cycle

Second minimum extent in Daily Arctic Sea Ice Extent during 1978-2020 the record in 2020, and thinning of sea ice thickness

GCOM-C 30-year Trend of Snow Covered Period : Snow Cover Extent in N. H. Shorter period in western Eurasia

Water Cycle

Reduced snow area & shorter Reduce trends in all seasons snow cover period in recent SGLI Snow Cover decades during 7-14 Apr. 2018 4 Extreme Heavy Rainfall and Drought by GSMaP Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP)

GPM GCOM-W • "JAXA Climate Rainfall Watch", which provides information about extreme heavy rainfall and drought over the world, is now available. – Easily monitor global extreme weather and climate by displaying accumulated rainfall in some temporal scale (daily, pentad, weekly, 10-days and monthly), Water Cycle indices related to Extreme heavy rainfall (percentiles) and Drought index (SPI). Monthly mean Rainfall by GSMaP in Dec. Drought index in Dec. 2019 2019

Drought in Australia in Dec. 2019

https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP_CLM/ 5 Terrestrial Hydrological Simulation System “Today’s Earth (TE)” https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/water/ Today’s Earth (TE) is the global hydrological simulation system developed by JAXA & The University of Tokyo. River Discharge TE-Global Estimates of Vietnam Flood (Oct. 2020 )

• In mid to late October, 4 typhoons (Typhoons 15-18) made landfall in Vietnam from the South China Sea.

• TE-Global's river discharge Global System Regional (Japan) System estimates (top) represent a [TE-Global] [TE-Japan] Risk Index of River Discharge [yr] dynamic flow change brought Horizontal Resol. Land: 1/2 deg. 1/60 deg. by typhoons. River: 1/4 deg. Temporal Resol. 3hourly hourly • By looking at the risk index (i.e. Latency About 3days Realtime* return periods) (bottom), users *Prediction data is also available can extract the areas that were only for research purpose. actually at high risk of flooding. Satellite Data Used GSMaP, Terra/Aqua MODIS, SRTM30, NOAA AVHRR, (GSMaP, in the System SRTM30, NOAA AVHRR, (AW3D, Himawari-8, ALOS HRLC) GCOM-C) （in prep.) TE-Global's estimate of daily average river Products About 50 variables (river discharge, soil moisture etc.) and discharge in October 2020 (top) and its recurrence period (bottom) over time. their risk indices 6 A-decade-long GHG observation by GOSAT series Carbon Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) & GOSAT-2 & Material Cycle CO2 Observation CH4 (upper) & CO (lower) Observation GOSAT 2009-Now

2018-Now GOSAT-2 XCO [ppm]

0.12

0.09

0.06

0.03

0.00

Analyzed by JAXA/EORC

Global CO2 concentrations observed by GOSAT and GOSAT-2, CH4 and CO (September 2019) 7 Global Forest Change Monitoring by L-band SARs JICA-JAXA Forest Early Warning System in the Tropics (JJ-FAST)

JJ-FAST website （http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/jjfast//jj_index.html）

Data ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 (ScanSAR mode) source Monitoring Tropical forests in 77 countries

Target area 77 countries

抽出した森林変化域 Red indicates the latest Deforest Point Update Every 1.5 months Yellow indicates all Deforest Point 8 Earth Observation Satellite Data for SDGs

Goals Indicators

6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality 6.6.1 Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time 11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate 14.3.1 Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations 15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable forest management 15.3.1 Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area

99 Supporting SDG Goals (1/2) Save Tropical Forest Reduce Flood Damage Broad Ground Surface Observation by Global satellites grasp the situation Radar Capable of Penetrating Clouds on water level of International cross- border rivers. Manage forest sustainably using satellite data of Global Satellite Mapping of monitoring forest changes Precipitation (GSMaP) Warning Message JJ-FAST Coverage Area: 77 Countries Latest deforest point

In-situ & Model Partner: Partners: Supporting SDG Goals (2/2)

Support Health from Rice Crop Monitoring Atmospheric Pollution for Early Warning Rice crop condition and early warning of crop Himawari and GCOM-C data enables to failure is reported based on agrometeorology improve forecast on arrival of aerosols (Yellow information (precipitation, soil moisture, solar dusts, PM2.5, etc.) in Asia-Oceania region. radiation, land surface temperature) monitored from space 宇宙から大気汚染物質を監視 健康被害の防止へ貢献

Fukuoka

Jeju Island Nagasaki

Aerosol Optical Thickness JAXA-ESA-NASA cooperation in response to COVID-19

• Trilateral collaboration to analyze the changes in the global environment and socio-economic activities before and after the COVID-19 pandemic using EO satellite data from the three agencies • Collaboration activities based on the Working Groups: Air quality, Climate, Economic activity, Water quality and Agriculture. https://eodashboard.org • Launched websites on June 25, 2020: • “Earth Observing Dashboard”: trilateral-colaboration results • “JAXA for Earth on COVID-19”: A special web page introducing analysis results of JAXA’s Earth observation data on COVID-19 https://earth.jaxa.jp/covid19/

City scale GHG monitoring by GOSAT Tokyo Average monthly abundances of CO2 in the lower troposphere for the past 4 years and 2020

2016-19 2016-19

Jan Feb Mar Apr Jan Feb Mar Apr

2000 2000 Tokyo Beijing Beijing Jan Feb Mar Apr Jan Feb Mar Apr Analyzed by JAXA/EORC Analyzed by JAXA/EORC

The difference in CO2 density in the upper and lower troposphere is smaller in 2020 compared to 2016-2019 in Tokyo. Future Earth Observation Missions in JAXA

2021(TBD) 2022(TBD) 2022 2023

ALOS-3 ALOS-4 EarthCARE GOSAT-GW

EarthCARE

(JAXA Mission) ALOS-3 Water (Optical) Disaster/ Cloud/Aerosol/ Cycle Mapping (ESA-JAXA Radiation Budget joint mission)

ALOS-4 GOSAT-GW (Radar) Disaster/ Greenhouse Forest gases (MOE Mission) 13 Future ALOS series Missions: ALOS-3 Optical (2021) & ALOS-4 L-band SAR (2022) To be launched To be launched Same orbit as ALOS-2 ALOS-3 simulation Altitude: 628 km at the equator in JFY2021 image in JFY2022 Orbit Inclination angle: 97.9° Local sun time at Desc.: 12:00 +/- 15 min Revisit time: 14 day (15-3/14 rev/day) Disaster/ - PALSAR-3 (Phased Array type L-band Disaster/ Instruments Synthetic Aperture Radar-3) Mapping Forest - SPAISE3 (SPace based AIS Experiment 3) ALOS-3 ALOS-4 Satellite Mass Approx. 3 tons at launch (Optical) (Radar) Designed lifetime 7 years

Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent Altitude: 669 km at the equator Orbit ② Wider observation Local Sun Time at Desc: 10:30 am +/- 15 min 3 ▼ ▼ ALOS-4 Coverage Revisit time: 35 days (Sub-cycle 3 days) ALOS-2 ALOS-4 (Hawaii island) Instruments - Wide-swath and high-resolution optical imager (2014-) (2022-) - Dual-frequencies Infrared sensor (hosted payload) 50 km swath 200 km swath (ALOS-4) Ground Sampling - Panchromatic band (Pa): 0.8 m (ALOS-2) Distance (GSD) - Multispectral band (Mu): 3.2 m (6 bands) Resolution (m) Resolution Quantization 11 bit / pixel 10 ALOS ▼ Swath width 70 km at nadir (2006-2011) Mission data downlink Direct: Ka and X-band; via. Data Relay Satellite Satellite Mass Approx. 3 tons at launch 16 JERS-1 ▼ Duty 10 mins / recurrent (1992-1998) Designed lifetime 7 years 14 50 70 75 200 Swath (km) Future Missions for Climate & Water: EarthCARE (2022) & GOSAT-GW (2023) To be launched • Europe-Japan joint mission To be launched • Carrying two instruments, AMSR3 in JFY2023 in JFY2022 • Targeting to measure three- and TANSO-3. dimensional global distributions • AMSR3 (JAXA) will succeed AMSR Water series observations adding new of cloud and aerosol to contribute Cycle EarthCARE GOSAT-GW high frequency channels (166 & Cloud/ to precise understanding of Green- 183 GHz) for snow fall retrievals Aerosol/ climate change house and water vapor analysis for gases Radiation • JAXA and NICT provides the numerical weather prediction. Budget world's first satellite-based cloud AMSR3 for both snow & rain • TANSO-3 (led by Ministry of vertical motion by the Clod Environment in Japan) uses Profiling Radar (CPR) with 94 GHz imaging spectrometer technology with Doppler Capability at 0.8 km to measure CO2, CH4 and NO2 spatial resolution. globally with medium and locally with high spatial resolution. Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent orbit Sun-synchronous sub-recurrent orbit Altitude: approx. 400km Altitude: approx. 666km Orbit Inclination angle: 97.05° Orbit Inclination angle: 98.06° Local Sun Time at Desc.: 14:00 Local Sun Time at Desc.: 1:30 +/- 15 min Revisit time: 25 days Revisit time: 3 days - Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) by NICT & JAXA - Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 3 (AMSR3) - Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID) by ESA - Total Anthropogenic and Natural emissions mapping Instruments Instruments - Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) by ESA) SpectrOmeter-3 (TANSO-3) (for Ministry of Environment in - Broad-Band Radiometer (BBR) by ESA Japan (MOE)) Mass Approx. 2.2 tons at launch Mass Approx. 2.6 tons at launch Designed lifetime 3 years Designed lifetime 7 years 15 Satellite and Model Collaborations toward Earth Environment Predictions

with JMA, MRI, Severe Weather Alert for with U. Tokyo, RIKEN Kyushu Univ., NIES Heavy Rainfall, Public Health Flood

Aerosol Model Satellite Data Atmospheric Model Ocean Model Land/River Model

Fishery, Flood, Drought, Ocean Transport, with JAMSTEC, RIKEN, Water-related Climate with U. Tokyo Hazard Nagoya Univ. 16 Summary

• Contribution to water cycle and climate studies, disaster mitigation, and various operational applications, including weather forecast, fishery, and agriculture, is a big target of JAXA’s Earth observation program.

• For this purpose, JAXA currently operates six EO satellites/missions on orbit, and will continue these contributions by launching ALOS-3, ALOS-4, ESA-JAXA joint EarthCARE and GOSAT-GW in the near future.

• We also collaborate with various model communities to utilize satellite data in their models to enhance predictions and contribute to science and society.

• We recognize calibration/validation activities, algorithm development, and application research are important to achieve our goals.

We expect PIs to create cutting-edge scientific achievements that can contribute to solving various social and global issues such as Natural Disaster, Global Warming, Climate Change, SDGs etc. 17 For Our Sustainable Future Thank you for your attention.

Images of the Earth about 340,000 km from the center of the Earth took by the Hayabusa2 after the swing-by on December 4, 2015.

Australian continent on the upper right, and Antarctica on the lower right. 18