rffilil
; D I D D Chapter 4 D -- D FI Significant Differences 41 Ben\-een 1900 and f, 2000 in America I E Ir p 'lrwi.zt be br conditiot ed r( to rcspect neu)ness, I wbataner it costs tbem." ta Updike, -John I fromA tlontb of SundaJts, 1975 I ''[ines I don't change. ]Ien tlo.,, lE. l _Sam Levenson, you fram Don't Hatte To ra Be in . Who's Wbo To Know What's What,1979
lil
n December 27,1999, u.,r. Neu,s o wortrt j1 Report pubrished a speciar issue of the magazine in *-hich thernamed the Man of the zoth century (itwas uncle sam...who els e ? ) and also r oo ke d ar trie differences befiveen r 900 and 2 000 in several key areas. Theqe comnari:or. :lr8 incredibrv rerearing and iilustrative or rro* rting, lr;u; ll changed rn thrs qrear rand of ours rn a hundred 1.., ,r,.lri.rpr.Lu", .i:,rrir. ,n*., j -+. lies, I guess, itr the er e: of rhe beholder, .1 i. jb. 1. Adults completing high school: 1900: 15 percent; 2000: g3 , percenr. l Average annual income (in 1999 dollars): 1900: $g,620; ZOOO, $Z3,StZ. ). Average size 18. ofhousehold: 1900: 4.76 persons; 2000: Z.6|persons. 4. Average work week: 1900: 60 hours; 2000: 44 hours. 39' ). Beer consumption: 1g00: 58.8 galrons per aduitr 2000: J1 6 gailons per adurt. +0. 6. Biggest source of immigrants: 1900: .\r-rstria_Hungan: 1000: Ilesico. Birthrate: i9r1r1; .32 i brrths per 1,r)t)(.): li-)i)il: 1+ l births per 1,000. 41. 8. Books published: 1.lr r o..tir., ,,r,r tri,sllrll q Cancer deathst r , r:,-i ,rr. ri,r i t., 1 l l(_)U0 -100 per 100,000. \0urce 10. Cars produced in the t nired srares: li)00' i.000; 2000: 5,500,000. 11. Cigarenes produced: .. , -+ .:iliron: 1000: 720 billion. 12. Citr sith rhe mosr millionaires per capita: 1900: Buffalo: N.y; 2000: 13. Dailv Seattle: Wa. newspapers: :: l,ll6l 2000: 1,1g9. 14. Deaths in childbirrh: )lt tn 9 in 1,000; 2000: l in 10,000. *32*" 41 Signfficant Dffirences Betueen 1900 and 2000 inAmerica t i1
I i- tteaths per year from industrial accidents: 1900: 35,000; 2000: 6,100. 1{i. Defense expenditures (in 1999 dollars): 1900: $4 billion; 2000: $258 billion. 1-. Divorced men: 1900: 0.3 percent; 2000: 8 2 percenl. 18. Dir.orced women: 1!00: 0.5 percent; 2000: 1l i p:rcenr 19. DowJones Industrial Average: 1900: bS 1 I I - - t0. [arm population: 1900: 29,8'5.000: ]t,u ' - - I t1. Federal budget outlay (in 1999 dollarsl: lc' ! - : --- - - :1 trillion. 22. Highwayfatalities:l900:36per100mrL1:ii:-:..' '- ,2 Homes with electricit!: 1900: E percel: : -.t ' .-: - )i Immigrant population: lillit) 1r 1;:-::.. - percent. 'ect fiewness, 25. Life expectancy for men: 1900: +6.3 years;2000: costs them." 73.6years. iohn Updike, 26. Life expectancy for women: 1900: 48.3 years; 2000: tttdo.t,s, 1975 79.7 years. 27. Median age: 1!00: 22.)years old;2000:35.7 years old. ie. .llen do." 28. Miles of paved road: 1900: 10 miles; 2000: :m levenson, 4,000,000 miles. ire To Be in. 29. Most popular song: 1!00: "Good-Bye ll"ltat,1979 Dolly Gray" (Harn' Nlacdonough ) : 2 000 "Believe" (Cher). l .10. National debt (in 1999 dollars): \l 1900: $24.8 billion; 2000: $5 trillion. ssue of the 31. Number ofbison: 1900: 400; 2000: Sam...w-ho 200,000, j ker.areas. 32. Number of farms: 1900: 5,740,000; 2000: 2,191,510. .hings have f,J, Number of millionaires: 1900: 3,000; 2000: 3,500,000 rese figures 34. Passenger autos registered in the United States: 1900: 8,000; 2000: 130,000'000 35. Patents granted: 1900 24,656; 2000: 147,500. 36. Per Capita national debt (in 1999 dollars): 1900: $325;2000: $23,276. 37. Population of Los Angeles: 1900: 102,479\ 2000: 3,800,000' 38. Price of a First Class postage stamp (in 1999 dollars): t900: 59 cents; 2000: 33 cents. 39, United States population: 1900: 75,994,575; 2000: 273,482,000. 40. Urbanvs. ruralpopulations: 1900:40percenturban:60percent rural1'2000:75 percent urban: 25 Percent rural. 41. Voter turnout: 1900: 73.7 percen;2000:48.9 percent,
(Source: U.S. News I World Reporl [December 27,1999))
Ia.
,Urp,-.- Tru Dlct
studebak( the moniker ol Chapter 5 TM LST This carr to^re American / Car \ames entirely differt Tnn Nut
This was market. (Goo "Except theAmerican n)omcfl, notbing intffis th ey of tfufutwican rwu, Irore than the afiomobil4 ot seans so ifirpo?tant to him, Tur Ro as an object afaesthetic appreciation.,, This l'a: H. Barr , plane crash "The automobile is tecbnically -A. more sopbisticated than the bundling board, but tbe human '; rs discontir motdues in tbeir uses are sometimes tbe same.,, -Charles M. Allen
Tnr fuirRrc.t\ Cuocourr ,,,. rr. :. _,,,,,111::Lll,j.::1 -r,,_;r. t. t::i:,rrh 1q,,)b rrgotirsnamefromthefacrtharirwas uulll lll J IJi..fr lIil ].: .1.:L-l:.:_:r: -]..-..::c
THr Avnnqcr Nfrr's AuroMoerr This was built by a long-forgotten car manufacturer in Kansas that also made vehicles named "Everybody's" and "people's." obviously, ,,average their marketing strategy was to appeal to the (Guess man.,, womel weren't buying cars back ihen, eh?) since they are but a footnote in automotiye history, we can assume their campaign didn,t work.
THn Brooo
The Michigan Automobile Compan.v made this automobile from 1903 through 1908. Looking back, u.e cannot help but wonder, what were they thinking? Todali wirh vehicular accidents and road rage u tous facets of modern American hfe. a car named the "Blood" would be avoided like the plague. per- haps backthen, the connotation u,as different. How_ eve! fiIro years after the Blood rr.as discontinued, the company came 0ur lirh .inother organically_ named" model: "The Kidner, \\'og,
* 34*- 7 ln 7 Strange America,n Car lt'anes )\
Tm Drcreron
Srudebaker made this car in 1927 .ltwastheir lowest-priced model. Its name was meant to play ofi :. noniker of their most expensive Studebaker, thel called "The President." Iru LSD i This car was built during the 1920s before those three innocoou-< lefifrs cilDe to mean something :.tuely different.
Tne NuctEoN
This was Ford Motor Company's early protot)?e for a nuclear-powered car. It never made it to the narket. (Good thing, too, considering how expensive a gallon of plutonium is these days') in iltore than the uportant to bim TUE Rocrxn r-' rtppreciation.', This was a l93Z Studebaker named for Notre Dame football coach Ihute Rockne, who had died in -4, H. Barr , :lane crash on 1931. Sentiment for a lost hero was not enough to sell cars, however, and the Rockne but the human , .rs discontinued in 1933. (shen it $as being manufactured. a Rockne sold for $585.) intes tbe same.,' -r-harles M. Allen
e facr that it was
ehicles named a\ erage man.,, ',tt1e llistonl we Chapter 6 F
L rntnbutions to u.s. culture |3Nadve Amencrrn I
"lt is painfully clear that the L'nriei !.-;.',, '..'..;, :.: !ridrtns and their culture. A society increasingly bomogenized and mechani:ed-i t,(ii:., l.tended tousrd enthill confurmity and depersonalized liuing-desperately needs tbe /e-i.rrri-t oj'a culture that has a deep reuerencefor nature, and t,alues the simple. the authentic, and the humane." Udall, -Stewart from American Way, May, 197 |
:.1-.;iit-:i.-r.:a:-.:.t.::l:..a:: r,:ranalnc,:lturer Fromfoodtotoys.Manyoftheir -:.:--.::.-t j :r: :i- :::, : ::--, -t: -t- Ihe Lmied States todar. Imaginewhattheywould :-i: i i, :,:ir: -:i J, i r,trr:c.r rl tierr rrce had been aLlou ed t0 thrile. -\ndres.0 poirto Curare. used as aparal.vzing agentin surgery. 1 The 1i, Igl}e 2, The su'eet potato. 1+. Ipecac, used to induce vomiting. Hor Corn. 15. Tents-the military's Sibley tent was 3. hurricalt 4. Tomatoes. directly inspired by the teepee. in 19i3 r 5. Beans. 16. Igloos. Luo. Ha 6. Artichokes. 17. Pueblos. tfl1 7. Squash. 18. The hammock. ro altern 8. Turke.rr 19. The toboggan, Tht The parka, !. Maple sugar. 20, ldest re1 10. Vanilla. l1 The poncho. 11. Coca, used to make novocaine ll \loccasins. 12. Quinine, used to treat malarir l-1, Snowshoes.
*35* G F
t Chapter 7 tI l flaricoaeNames *l }SRedred II
'/re. A society 'nformity and ret erence for :he huntane." ;:;:::r:#:"::,i' HoPkins :res'art Udall, ManleY -Gerard "Heaven-Haven" a.t .llav, 1971
or maybe erhaps it,s a superstitious fear of tempting fate, maybe it's a sense of decorum, does maior damage to an arcz, that it's iust clericai convenience. But when a hurricane names used to identiff maior storms \lanv of their l name is retired from the rotating list of hurricane ru thev would each year. a Hurricane So, because of this, there will never again be a Hurricane Bob' Or 0r a Hurricane Gloria. r in surgery -:r$. by those storms' I quess being able to say that means a lot to the people living in the areas devastated weatherman started the ctlstom of naming ,as Ho$' did this narning business begin? An Australian Thelist :ritnesearlyintheZOihcenturyIn1953,Americanureteorologistsbeganusingthlscustom Gi1da. Hazel, Irene, Katherine, . ;.1 $.as as iollows: Alice, Barbara, Carol, Dollr,, Edna, Florence, Jill, vickie, and vallis. (orpha?) . \1abel, Norma, Orpha, Patsy, Queen, Rachel, Susie, Tina, Una, organization and agteed 1n 1g77, the Uniterl States attended a meeting of the vorld Meteorological , i.rnete male and female names for hurricanes' being the Ihe following iist details the 28 retired hurricane names, with 1992's Hurricane Andrew . :): Ietilee.
*37* F i"t
38 / Tnn U.S.A. Boori oF Lrsrs
Ynen Hunarcrrr Srerns furnctno 1954 Carol Northeastern United States. 1954 Hazel North Carolina and South Carolina (also, the Antilles). r955 Connie North Carolina. 1955 Diane Mid-Atlantic United States and the \ortheastern United States. C 1955 Ione North Carolina. 1957 Audrey louisiana and Northern Teres. 1960 Donna Florida andt{eEastern l:niled Srates (also, tte Bahamas). I 196t Cafla Texas. 1954 Cleo Southeastern Florida I zlso. 6e lerser -lntilles, Haiti, and Cuba) . 1964 Dora fonheasrern floride_ 1954 EiIda touisime- 1965 Betsy Texas. 1955 Inez The Florida Keys (also, the Iesser Antilles, Hispaflola, and Cuba) 1967 Beulah Southern Texas (also, the Antilles and Mexico). 1969 Camille louisiana, Mississippi, aad Nabama. 1970 Celia Southern Texas. 1972 Agnes Florida and the Northeastern United States. r974 Carmen Central Louisiana (also, Mexico). r97 5 Eloise Northwestern [lorida and Alabama (also, the Antilles). 1979 David Florida andthe Eastern United States (also, ..:i !l.lici the lesser Antilles and Hispaflola). i'r,,1!C! Frederic dabama and lflississippi. il:-t'd ill AIlen Southern Teras ( also. the .tntilles and Mexico). : -- !a [r-.r t AIicia -\orthern leras. -- ::1t1. s Dlene Mississippi and elabama- ::.: nlLI1101 -:: Gloria North Carolina :i: lleti aod the Northeastern United States. Hugo L: South Carolina (also, rhe Antilles). Ihis Bob North Carolina l:::10D1] and the Northeastern United States. Andrew Southeastern Fl otj,rda andsoutheastern louisiana (also, the Bahamas). \t-rl.lrt
1. Tht ::lhourr r-r.ii In\e .;.1fllilCP [rsrir 2. Mo Leutenant I saw one wt minutes, thr Chapter 8
40uro Sidhtinss Made by u.S. Militaq Personnel
n March 1952, Project Blue Bookwas begun by the U.s. Government to investigate IIFO reports. Project Blue Boo,t's stated goals were as follows: To find an expla:ration for al1 the reported sighting(s) of lJFOs, to determine if the LTO posed an-v securit-r threar to the United States, and to determine ifllFos exhibit(ed) any adranced technology that the Lnited States could utilize. project Blue Book investigators chronicled and investigated more thao 12,000 IIFO reports and explained more than 11,000 of these sightings. (Or "explained them away," as many have suggested.) 0f the close to 600 that were officially declared as unexplained, 218 were made by the military's own trained personnel: sober-minded, serious, alert,andobseruant men. These are the men the U.S. Government ipent millions training and educating in order to be able to make the kind of accurate assessments and l reports needed in these cases. This list looks at 40 especially intriguing tffO sightings in the United States made by military professionals between 19 47 afi 1967 .
AresAMA
1. Thursday, August 28,1952 at9z30 p.m at Chickasaw and Brookley Air Force Base. For t hour and 15 minutes, Air Force control tower operators, an officer from the Air Force Olfice of Special Investigations, and several others saw six obiects, varying from fiery red to sparkling diamond appeurafice,hover and fly erraticallyup and down.
-\r,tst *39* 40 / THEU.S.A. Boori or Lrsrs Aruzor.r 3. Tuesday, October 14, 1947 at I2 noon. I 1 miles north-northeast of Cave Cre-ek. [or '.\ about+ito60seconds,ex-ArmvAirForcefighterpilc,r.TL Clark,civilianpilotAnderson,andathird mansawone3foot"flyingwing-shaped"object TLt l rcr|,okedblackagainstthewhitecloudsand red against the blue sky. , .: It flew straight at approl::::;-, .: \ n p h . at g-l0,000 feet, from the northwest to the southeast. :- Anrel,rs,ts I 1,1vt 4. Thursdar'. 1l 1r 8' Friday, 1b october 31, 1952 at7:40 p.m. in Fayetteville. Air Force LieutenantJames Allen i r- watched for I minute as an orange, blimp-shaped oblect, b0 feet long and 20 feet high, flew at treetof level, crossed over hls cat and then - .-- : climbed iway at a 45-footaltitude and at tremendous speed. when - the object passed over l1len,s car. his car radio stopped plaling ilt{R' Heurur IJ 9' Tbesday *. 19+9 at 2 p'm. Januan at Hickam [ield. .dr Force pilot captain paul storey saw =econ& a flat white, elliptical oblect r,.:rh .1 .nire :,:)p circle r-,r.erhead. oscillating ,o ,t . .ight and left before edges. r speeding away. IoeHo \lrs: 10' wednesday'July 19*- 1t 9. at 1l:1- p.m, in ]Ieridian. For more than l0 seconds, former ArmyAirForceB-2!pilotDale.[oh:,::iii.ii,..1ckdisc.u'hichstoodoutagainstthecloudsandwhich .. : .\1 was seen from an Idaho Air \arir)nii t,-iii r,T'1,, nrrke a half-roll and theria stair-step climb. ._-:.. ll ' 40 UFO Sightings Made by Military Perclttilel +1 n-irrors Betz sas heast of Cave Creek. For 1 l. Saturday, May 9,1964 at l02A p.m. in Chicago. L s District Court reporterJ.R. -rrlot .hderson, and a thhd . reesecondsthreelight-green,crescent-shapedobiects,.rbr,uih:rlftheapparentsizbofthemoon,flr. telnsr the white clouds and , l.rstiltightformationfromeasttowest,oscillatingtnsr:ell;: l.rforthedurationofthesighting. ',,, feet. from the northwest .e.Betzwasnotmilitarypersonnelbutisincludedherebcc;-..i.:irl':rillthellnitedStatesc0urt r.rflt xtdr thus, his credibility can reasonablv be taken 3S '1 r1'' rr' L.mmut rr llajor and a Lieutenant 12.Wednesday, July23,1952at1l:35p.n.inSodtd-ForuinemirufieqltirForcePilot erhead u,ith a low angular one Yeered oft tLe Captain H .V. Kloth watched as twp bright blue-white oblects ftr togetiler. The rear t conclusion ofthe sighting. --' Ifulrses ;e. For a total of l5 to 30 13. Tiresday, 29, 1952 at 12:35 p.m. in Wichita. lor five minutes, Air Force shop Colonel 4 miles away, saw July employees Douglas and Hess at Municipal Airport watched as one bright white circular obiect with a flat neke a 90 degree turn in bottom flew very frrt ubor. the airpori. It then hovered for 10 to 15 seconds over the Cessna Aircraft plant. IfuNrucKY seconds, Colorado State ,recr ex-liawradar in the sky with a fat 14. Sunday,June 15, 1952 at 11:50 p.m. in louisville. For 15 minule$, a blunt front, lit sides, arLd'ated .n reduced ils angle to a technician Edward Duke watched as altge,cigar-shaped obiect with stern, maneuvered in a leisurely fashion. Lousmxl For 25 minutes,Captain 15. Friday, February 27, Lg53 at 11:58 a.m. in shreveport. For four minutes, an Air Force n'rfe n.atched as a cigar- (who private piloO watched as five yellow discs made circular turns and fluttered before jou.s. alrman was also a threw sparks, the sighting. de- three of them vanished. The other trro discs then flew erratic turns for the remainder of q \fuNn at 6:22 p.m. in Portland. For 20 minutes, the creri' of a LreutenantJames 16. Monday, September 16, 1952 Allen At the same time, \ar-v P2V Neptune patrol plane watched visually (and by tadar) agroup of five lights' :et high, flew at treetop e long, thin blip was being tracked on radar. :mendous speed. When MenvmNo station. For 20 to 30 17. Itresday, June 30, 1959 at8:2] p.m. at Patuxent River Naval Air obiect with sharp iut Captain paul Storey seconds, Navy Commander D. Connolly watched as a gold, oblate-shaped, metallic sighting. :e right and left before edges, nine times as wide as it was thick, flew straight and level for the duration of the MessecHusETTS Nalry fighter 1g. Sunday, february 5,1950 at 5:10 p.m. in Teaticket. For five minutes, former ,n l0 seconds, others, former pilot Marvin Odom, Air Force Lieutenant Philip loushee, a pilot from 0tis Air Force Base, and two ;he clouds and which together. They iatched as two thin, illuminated cylinders (one ofwhich dropped a fireball), maneuvered r-siep climb. then disappeared high and fast. 42 / Tun U.S.A. Boor, or Lrsrs Mtcurcrr 19. Sundar. Jul1, 27, 1952 fuom 10:05 a.m. to l0:20 a.m. at Selfridge Air Force Base. Three B-l'l bomber crewmen on the ground watched as menr. r,,r.,ri1. r hlre ob,ects flew straight and level lndieryfast.Thisbeganu,ithtwoatl0:05,thenoneat1r) 1 .,: rheroneatl0:l5,andafinaloneat 1 Lt :10. MnvNnsore 20. Saturday, November 24, lg5l al Sl5]- p-a. et ltanlato. For five seconds, Air Force or Air National Guard pilots W.H. Fairbrother and D.E. Stesrfi in P-il ilustangs watched as a milky white object shaped Iike a \orthrop flsing sing flry straidr rnd lnel. It had a broad, slightly swept-back wing c'ith no fuselage or uil aad an esrirn,rrrd &'fo.a,: rprl Mrsussrppr 21. Wednesday,Nlay 7, L95Z atlZ:15 p.E. d Keesler Air Force Base. For five to 10 minutes, Captain Morris, a Master Sergeant, a SlaffSergeant, and an Airman First Class all watched as an aluminum or silver cylindrical object darted in aod out of the clouds 10 limes. Mrssouru 22. Satttday, July 26, l95Z at lZ;15 a.m. in Kansas City. For one hour, Air Force Captain H.A. Stone and the men in the control towers at Fairfax Field and Municipal Airport watched as a greenish light with red-orange flashes descended in the northwest fron 40 a.gt.ri elevation to l0"degrees eler-ation. Mo-rulu 23. frursdey. ltorember 13. lgi.? at Z:4j a-m. at Glasgow. For 20 seconds, U.S. Weather Bureau obserrer Earl oksend-hl warched as 6re oval_shaped objects vith lights all around them flew in a Y-formation. Each object seemed to change position vertically by climblng or diving as if to hold formation. The forrnation came from the northwest, made a9a degree turn over-head, andihen flew away to the southwest. (,Uole: As was the case with Court reporter Betz in the Illinois sighting, 0ksendahl is noi military personnel, but his credibility can likeu,ise be taken for granted.) NnsRAsKA Z4.Tharsday,June 5, l95Z at 1l p.m. at OffuttAir Force Base in Omaha. For 4.5minutes, Strategic Air Command top secret control officer and former oSI agent Second lieutenant W.R. Soper, and two other persons watched as a bright red object remained statiomry before speedin g u*uy *ih u visible short tail. Nnveoe 25. Thursday,July 2+. i95l at .1 rli) l,m. in the air over Carson Sink. ['or three to four seconds, Air Force Lieutenant col,.ii,..: \l-,:-..:. -.. ; Brrron, flving in a B-25 bomber, watched three \ silver,delta-shapedobjects,eachu.rtit:ir,-.r., :.:,:irtr.ip.clossinfroltof andabovetheB-25athigh speed. -rr7 7 I 40 UFO Sightings Made bltMilitary Personttel il \r"ln llrMpsnrns ir Force Base. 15. Tuesday, Jaly 24, l95l at approximately 7:10 a.m. in Portsmouth. For 2p seconds, ri.ilqht and level :"ilrcom Air Iorce Base Operations Officer Captain Cobb, and Corporal Fein watched as a 100- to 200- -.d r final one at ::.:'; long tubular obiect (that was five times long as it was ride)" s-ith fi-ns at one end, and with many :;ck and grey spots, flew 800 to 1,000 m.p.h. at an altirude of t.000 to 2.000 feet. leaving a faint swath :rhhd it. .!r Force or Air \sw Jrnsnv , .r millq'u'hite 27.Ffiday, lrpril 14, 195A d2:3O p.m. at Fott llonooulh. For three to fourminulcs" lrmr ; ept-back wing llaster Sergeant James watched as four rect ngular, amber obiects, about three by four feet itr size, ;hanged speed and direction rapidly. Thegloup ofobjects rose and fell during the sighting. \rw Mnxrco For five to 10 28. Tiresdal', October 7 , 1952 at 8:30 p.m. in Alamagordo. For four to five seconds, Air Force lratched as an . r,rrtenant Bagnell rvatched as a pale blue oval, with a long vertical axis, flew straight aud level, covering . ,ciegrees during the sighting, l{nw Yom Force Captain 2).Ifiday,Jlne 1,1951 at 4:2A a-m. in l\iiagara Falls. For 30 to {0 secolds, Masiler furgeant I as a greenish H.E. Sweeney and two enlisted men watched as a glowing yellow-oraoge, saucer-shaped obiect with arc- lo 10 degrees shaped wings, flew straight up into the slry. Nonru Crnorrxe 30. Friday, June 20, 1958 at ll:05 p.m. at Fort Bragg. For l0 minutes, Battalion Communi- L:.S. Weather cation Chief Seaman First Class A. Parsley watched as a silveq circular obfect hovered, then oscillated I them flewin slightly, before finally moving al great speed. The lower portion of the obiect was seen through a as ^way if to hold qreen haze. hen flew away iendahl is not 0uro 31. Thursday,July 17, 1952 at 11 a.m. in Lockbourne. For three hours. several .dr \ational Guard emplo.vees watched as a light like a big star appeared from nowhere. Howevet, the light disap- peared when at aircrafl approached it. This object was also seen by Air National Guard personnel on the 4.5 minutes, nights of July 20,22, and 2J the same .vear. t W.R. Sopeq laway with a Pnl,$tsyrvm,lu 32. Vednesday, July 23, 1952 at 12250 p.m. in Altoona. For 20 minutes, the two-man crews oftwoAirForceF-!4fetinterceptors,flyrngat35,000to 46,000feetaltitude,watchedasthreecylindri- cal objects in a vertical stack formation flew at an altitude of 50,000 to 80,000 feet. hree to four rtched three &25 athigh Souru Derorn 33. Wednesday, July 9, 1952 at 3235 p.m. at Rapid City Air Force Base. For five seconds, Staff Sergeant D.P. Foster and three other persons watched as a single white, disc-shaped obiect sped by three times, flying on a straight and level trajectory. I 44 / Tu,U.S.A. Boor or Lrsrs I Tnuunssnn 34' sanday, November 20, 1,955 at 5:20 p.m. in Lake city. For four to l5 minutes, Oilera- tions officer captain B.G. Denkler and five men the of Air Force 563rd AC&w squadron (as well as many others ir the vicinity) watched as two oblong, bright- orange. semi-tratrsparent oblects flew ercaticilly at terrific speed toward,andawayfrom each other. t_ ,f Tnxes dl / 35' sattttday, J,une 2_1, 1952 at 1,2:3o gt-t. i. orer I ( 1le f,elly Air Force Base. For only a second or so, B-29 bomber flight rngineer "it Jl] rechrrcd Sergealt Howa.i Davis, flying at g,000 feet altitude, saw aflt.x-hite oblea *-ith a sharph pumed fuosl. rounded rear. dark blue center, and red rim. Its trail sparked a_s it dore pa.l rhe &lq fi , ;**r* c,f 50tr feet- Vnnuour 35' Thursdar' rprit 2*- 1952 fr' . 5 a-n. iq tte eir over B€lleyue HilL For three to four minules' the crtr o{en -{ir Force c-12{ tra$port plane watched as three circular, bluish objects Ioose "fingertip- in a formation flew parallel to the C_tZ4 fwice. I Vrncmm 37 ' Monday, aptil 14 1958 at 1 p.m. in the - - air over Lynchburg. For four seconds, Air Force MajorD'G'Tilley,flyingac'4Ttranspott,ibserved agray-blackri.turgut#obj.crrotatingveryslowlyon its horizontal axis. Wesuncrol+ 38' sundag March. 23, lgl'z x 6:55 p.m. and 7 p.m. in the air over yakima . tor 45 secoads' the pilot and radar.opelarg of 1. Th F-i+iet interceptor watched as a stationaryred fireball increased in brightness and then faded at both^ t. td times srghting . e*irri ato, nook status Report #7 (May 3t, r95z) says the targer :ithe dn was arso rracked by ground iadaiatzi tnots (90 m.p.h.) altemately and at 22,500 feet and 25 ,000 feet in altitude. Tal tht Wnsr VrnclNm Co Gr 39' Tiresday, september 24, rg5z at j:30 AI p.m. in the air over chadeston. For 15 minutes, the crew of an Air Force B-2p bomber de watched as miny bright, metallic parti.1", ,t .u*.d p astrheB-z9. These particles were up to three feet in length. l. Tt PI Wrscolrsru {. Tt 5. Tl 40' Monday, February 20, 7967 at 3:10 a-m. in oxford. For two minutes, Air Force veteranl 5. Tl truck driver stanron summer watched as an orauge-red object flew paraner to fus truck. TI 8. Tl 9. Tl t: 10. I 11. I I mlnutes, 0pera- r es \\,ell as many :ieu erratically at t,hapter ! I I to see inwashinSon, D.c- : Base. Ior only 64sights Ils ar 8,000 feet flg rer, and red rim. "t "I went to Washington as nerybody goes there, prepared to see euerything done witb some ,r three to four furtiue intention, but I was disappointed-pleasantly ddsappointed"" rsh obiects in a whitman, 1888 -walt rnds. Air Force I r en'slowly on orinformationondirectionstoanvoftheselocales alonSr'i;1iimissi'rtprties' hours, and contact details, I recommend The Rough Gurde to llashingtott D.C. (distributed by Penguin). 0r you can visit the Federal Web locator Web site (wwu.law.uill.edu/Fed-Agency/fedwebloc.btml) for addresses for home pages for almost any governmental branch or agency. kima. For 45 of Transportation' 1 The Arlington Memorial Bridge. 12. The Department r red fireball (in- r3. The Department of the Interior. itotus 2 Arlington National Cemetery I Report cluding the Iwo Jima Memorial, the r4. The FDR Memorial. , m p,h.) and Taft Grave, the Kennedy Gravesites, 15. The Federal Aviation Administralion' the Tomb of the Unknowns, the 16. The Federal Bureau of Investigation. Confederate Memorial, l'Enfant 17. The Food & Drug Administration. and Grave, the USS Maine Mast, 18. Ford's Theater and the Petersotr Arlington House, the former resi- : 15 minules, House. dence of Robert E. [ee). ra-sr the B-29. r9 The Francis Scott Key Memorial and 3. The Bureau of Engraving Bridge. Printing. 20 The Frederick Douglass National 4. The Capitol Reflecting Pool. Historical Site. 5. The D,C, War Memorial. 21. The Grant Memorial. rce veteran/ 5, The Department of Agriculture. 22. The Hirshorn Museum. 7. The Department of Commerce. ?3. The Internal Revenue Service' 8. The Department of Bducation. 24. TheJefferson Memorial. The Department of Housing and 9. 25. The John Ericsson Statue, Urban Development. 26. The John Paul Jones Memorial. 10 The Department of Justice. 27. TheJoseph Henry Statue. 11 The Department of State. 28. The Kennedy Center. *45*. 46 / Tun Li.S.A. Boor< or Lrsrs 29. The I,,orean \I ar Veterans Memorial. 46. The Naly Museum. 30. The Lrbran- of Congress. 1t, The Peace Memorial. 31. Ihe Lncoh Memorial. J 48. Ihe Pentagon. I 32. \-{s.\. +9. The Reflecting pool at the lincoln J), The National Academy of Sciences. -\{emorial. 34. The NationalAir and Space Museum Ihe Sackler Gallery ffi 35. The Tne 5 trncrsr r\D 6 Mosr-vlsnuo ZoosrN THE L vrro Srurs Tur LlncEsr peRxs Zooroclcg rx Aunruca rN 1999 1. Ihe San Diego WiId Animal park, 2,200 acres. 2. The Minnesota Zoo in Apple Valley, 500 acres. ,. The Columbus Zoo and powell, Aquarium in Ohio,404 aues. 4. Ihe Miami Metrozoo, 300 acres. ). The Bronx yo Zoo in New rkCity,265 acres. * *. Tnr lflosr.-VrsrrEo Zoorocrc.u ptRxs lr 1. The San Diego Zoo. -1,5 milljon arrendance. FlE ' ^Irf :& 2. The \ational i Zoo rn Wa-shingtou, D.C. and the :r ftr iur Gardens in Chicaeo. borh ried al -t mjllion in -_E:iul 3. The St. touis Zao, million 2.9 attendance. {. IhE Str 4. The Bronx Zaa, million 2.2 artendznce. t iht 5rr ). Ihe Denver Zoo. 1.7 million a$endance. : eItI]1. rm0rial L t Pool at the lincoln dI"ry. Chapter 10 ian Institution. Court. rrial. Roosevelt Memorial L9/xi.tnu*.,,t 39r tes Holocaust enlll. rI. )bservatory. bnen's Memorial. Iincoln said in his homely ta.|thot l:e trntiie,i : .:,. ' terans Memorial. I l.,n:, ., ,:- . t Monument. ional Cathedral. bmplex. e. Iorld War II ome people get no respect. This truism seems to affect America's presidenis as \\.ell. ls this list of presidential nicknames illustrates. i I\ THE Some of these nicknames refer to the manner in which the president assumed office (for example, John $er was called "His Accidencli" as was Millard Fillmore, Aldrerv Johnson, Chester A. Althur, and Grover Cleveland). Some refer to a president's Pirvsical r.arance()ohnAdamswas"HisRotundity";TheodoreRooseveltwas"FourE.ves"). TheiSthcertun - , ,.l'ist William Ilazlitt once wrote, "A nickname is the heaviest store that the devil can thron' rt I m'.tll. " 9 R . r\.iew of these often unflattering sobriquets would seem to bear him out. *'oirldn't rott str'? Gnoncn W,tsHtucrox Jom Aorus The American Fabius. 10. The Atlas of Independence. - The Farmer President. I l. The Colossus of American Independence. - The Father of His Countnt 12. The Duke ofBraintree. 199 . The OId Fox. : 13. His Rotuldity >E The Sage of Mount Vernon. The Savior of His Countn. - }iln The Surveyor President. Tuours Jnnrnnsolt . The Sword of the Revolution. 14. The Father of the Declaration of The Stepfather of His Country Independence. 15. lottg Tom. 16. The Pen of the Revolution. *47*" I 48 / TrxU.S.A. Boor or fusrs 17. The Philosopher ofDemocracy. 18. The Srge of ]1onticello. Jomr Tyrnn +9. The {ccidental President. J.r,rrs Mounon 50 His .\ccidenqi ':E: 19. The "Era of Good Feelings" President. Jrrrrs K, Pou< 20. The lost Cocked Hat, 51" The First Dark Horse. 51. The \apoleon of the Stump. Jomr Qunvcv Aoeus r5" lbung Hickory. 21. Tlret.t : . : lr ,, :1, -' Zrcmny TAyr,on i+. Oid Rougt and Readr: fuonsw Jrcrsox 5i. Z.agh. 23. The Hero ofNew Orleans. 2-r, Krng.Mdreri the First. Iftu-rro Fnruoru 25. Mischie-Andy:, 5(r. The .\rnerican louis Philippe. 26. OldHickory. 57. His Accidency. 27. ThePointedArrow. ,, -,tt_, 28. The Sage of the Hermitage. Bucuenrnl i1 f. 29. The Sharp Knife. Jeuns 58. The Bachelor Presrdent Menrnr Verv Bunsu 59. 01d Buck ,. , Tl . , ,lJ P:bh,- FLrnt lionan. 30. The Regena. -{Ibanr ,: 1 Ii-r :lie of \\ heatland, 31. The Talhrand. -{merican r,.l Tcr-(,enr Timmr, The Enchenter. 32. r,,-. Ilt Squrre 33. Ihe Fox. '{Er 34. ftnderhookFox. ASRAIL{M lncorr 35. King Martin the First. 35. the Little Magician. 64. TheAncient. 37, LittleYan. 65. the Emancipation president. 3 8. Machi evell ian B elshazzar. 66. Father Abraham. 39, The Mistletoe Polirician. 6l . lhe Great Emancipator. 40. Petticoat Pet. 68, Greatheart. -E:T 41. The Red Fox, 69. Honest Abe. irl" ,utl 42. The Sage oftindenwald. 70. The Illinois Baboon. i'l-1. Ihe 43. whiskeyVan. 71. Old Abe. I "rr. The 72, The Raiisplitter, ir.16- His 73. The Sage ffinmu Hnmy llenrusoN ofSpringfield. 10b. Our 74. The Sectional President. ltl-. Frn 41. The Farmer Presidelt. 45. The Log Cabin Candidate, Anonrw L1;i 46. oldGrannr. Joulrsor,r r\ 75. The Daddr,of the Baby 47. Tippecanoe. ' : -, 48. The Washington ol the \I est, 76. The I'ather of the Homestead. -lFl|tlrt;till 197 Nicknames of 39 Presidents ' +9 - - --,.:ldrrtc\. 111 The Dunrb Prophet. ' : : iitclr. 1 12 . Hi: \ccidencl,. I' nt .: itO, 11.i Tr; \l;n of Destiny. 11+ (-)i;,-r:.:l . -\ rsES s. Gnexr 11: --,:' 11,: l:.=::1:'::.-:.. ^re Butcher from Galena. .:re Great Hammerer. l1: -... :1:':l ,: rmp. - le Hero of Appomattox. - _:' :1ug Grant. , -iSS. -L i I I nc,e -l'"mrr -, j Ihe Man on Horseback. tlld Three Stars. - Teras. Bnxleuru Hennrsou ' L'ncle Sam. 122. Baby McKee's Grandfather. I nconditinnal Surrender. 123. Chinese Harrison. E Ihe Unifrrnieri Sqldier. 124. The Grandfather's Hal jppe l nited Si-.es. 125. Kid Gloves. - L'seless. 126. Little Ben. RrrHnnroRD B. Herrs \\irrrrrr IIcKrrrEt Ihe Dark Horse. I i I ha l.larl 11 ( );11' , - tlianny Hayes. 128 The \rpolrun oi Proteclron. n. ' llis fraudui..ircir I2). Prosperlti"s Advance Agent. 01d Eight-to-Seven. - 130. The Stocking-Foot 0rator. PresidentDeFacto. 131 . Iflobbly Willie. J.luns A. Genrmro Tunooonr Roosnvnrr : The Canal Bo.v. 132. The Bull Moose. I The Marfyr President. 133. The Driving Force. nl. The Preacher. l3+. The Dvnamo of Pou'er. L The Teacher President. 135. Four Eves. 135. The Great \!hite Chief. Csnstnn A. Antuun 137. The Happywarrior. I 38. Haroun-al-Roosevelt. I Arthur the Gentleman. 139. The Hero of SanJuan Hill. i The Dude. 140. The Man on Horseback. r. The First Gentleman of the Lald, l4l. "fhe 01d Lion. i. His Accidency. 142. Old Rough and Ready. rr. Our Chet. 143. The Roughrider. -, Prince Arthur. 144. Telescope Teddy. 145. Theodore the Meddler. Gnovsn CrnvnreNo 146. TR. ! Big Beefhead. 147, The Trust-Buster. n. The Buffalo Hangman. 148. The Tvpical American. ,. i TheClaimant. 149. The Wielder of the Big Stick. 50 / Tm U.S.A. Boor on Lnrs 1 Sfirnn-lt Hov,enn T,trr Dwcur D. ErsnuHovER 150. Big Bill 176. Ike \triooonow Wrrsou JoHr E Ifuuunoy 151. The Big One ofthe Peace Conference. 1-- -.f.; F -: 152. ThePhrasemaker. - rFli 153. TheSchoolmaster. 154. Voody. Lrrnor B. Joumsorv WenrsN G. Hrnnnc 1-9. BigDaddy. I 8&--Iasdslide Lyndon. 155. the Shador of Blmming Crote- 181. rBJ. : Ceruu Coorncu Rmeno M. NxoN 156. SilentCal. 182. Gloomy Gus. l. 183. The Iron Butt, Hnnnnni C. Hoovnn 184. The New Nixon. , 185. TrickyDick. 157. The Chief. 3. Gnnero R. Fono L Fnm,.mrm D. RoosEyElI 5. 136. Jerry. 158 The Boss. 1i;r Drlictr .i' L 1r , FDR J*ms E. Cenrnn, JR. 101 Tle Fea::;r:.s:r:,,: [)d:atai: 1E- Timmv. Counn. 161 The Gallanr Leader, Roxero W. Rnrcex 163. Houdini in the Whte House. 164. The Kangaroosevelt. 188. The Defender. 165. The Man in the White House. 189. Dutch. 165. Mr. Big. 190. The Gipper. 167. TheNewDealer. l9l. The Great Communicator. 168. The RawDealocrat. 192. The Oldest and the Wisest. 169. Roosocrat. 193. The Teflon President. 170. The Sphinx. 171. The Squire ofHvde Park. Gnoncn H. W. BusH 172. ATrtitor to His Class. 194. Poppie, H,tnnv S Tnrmr-r Mnuu J. Crrr.rrou 173. Give'Em Hell Harn'. 19i. BiU. 174. The Haberdasher. 196 Bubba. 175. HighTaxHarry 19- Slick Willie. )VTR Chapter 11 5 *"^rBig American Desens 1. The Chihuahuan Desert: 140,000 square miles, covering parts ofTexas, New Mexico, Arizona (and Mexico). 2. The Sonoran D€s€rt: 70,000 square miles, covering parts of southwestern Arizona and southeastern California (ertending into northri.est \lerico), 3. The Moiave Desert: 15,000 square miles. cor.enne part oi:outhern ciljf,lrr-a 4, Death Yalley: 3,300 square miles covering pans of Caldornrr md \erada 5. The Painted Desert: A 150-mile section of high plateau in nonhern ,{nzona. miles (.yole: The world's largest desert is the Sahara desert, which covers 3.5 million square in North -{frica and extends westward to the Atlantic Ocean.) *51 * f : * t t Chapter 12 * * Hrri * r-.- The Alma l{aters , L S. Presidents L9 * ttti f i ,:,r * Lr nL 'tfu a.vitf anirersilr is to maheyounggentlemen * li.r.i as unlike tbeirfatbers as possible.,, vilsoa, princeton, -Toodrow Class of 1g79. * 'A muttonbead, afier an education at West point_ * l.m or Haruard_is a muttonbead still.,, * Rlr Roosevelt, Haward,Class of lgg0. -Theodore * ircr * ; ll his chapter look ar u-here 29 of our chief executires went to college. The rist of schoors runs the gamur from rhe mosr prestigious institutions of higher leuiniog io hr*ble local colleges. ?Y (second John -{dams president) Han.ard iClass of 1-5 jJ, * Thomas Jefferson (third president): conege of wiriam and Mary (crass of 1762). * James Madison (fourth president): conege of NewJersey (now princeton) (class of t77t). * John Quincy Adams (sixth president): Harvard (Class of 17g7). * John Tller (rOth president): college ofwilliam and Marv (crass of 1807). * James K. polk (1lth president): t{' Universitv of North Carolina (Class of l8l8). * Franklin pierce (14th president)r : trowdoin College (Class of 1EZ-r), \; * James Buchanan (151h president): Dickinson Coilege (C1ass of 1809) -t, * ulysses s' Grant (igth president) L S ]fihtan'-\cademr (er \\'esr pornt. Ny) (Class Pr of I 8+j ) . " * Rutherford B. Hayes ( 19th presidenr): t fier\rrn college rciass of 1g+2); Harvard (Class Iaw School of igr5 r * James A. Garfield (2Oth president) \\rlLim: r_o11ege iClass of 1g56). * Chester A. Arthur (21st presidenr ) l:ji,n Coliege (Class of lg4g). * Beniamin Harrison (23rd president) \r:amr L'nnersih (in oxford, ohio) (class of t85Z). ,k52* Tbe Alma Maters of 1! U.S. Presidenls / jl -: Theodore Roosevelt (26th president): Han'ard rClass of 1880). -i William Howard Taft (27th president): Yale rCh:: ,rl 18"8). -.- Woodrow Wilson (281h president): Princeror.l , .,,.. . 1\-q). ]. Wamen G. Harding (29th president): Ohro r r-:-- - I r.. of 1882). -i Calvin Coolidge (30th president): .\mlirr:: L. ...-. -. : r< Herbert C. Hoover (3lst presidenl ). St;:.. :.- ..:, - : '< Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd pre:ident, ..- ,'. University law School (Class of 19t t- -iDwightD.Eisenhower(3+thpresidentl:\l-:.--:- NY) (Class of 1915) t John F. Kennedy (35th presidenr) Hlnrrd , Llr:: ui 1.rl :t Lyndon B.Johnson (36th president): Sourhriest Texas Srate Teachers College :nlg geiltlemen ( Class of I 9J0). "s os possible.', rY Richard NI. Nixon (37th president): Whittier College (Class of 1934); Duke Universitv law School (Class of 1937). Class of 1879. ?t Gerald R. Ford (38th president): University ofMichigan (Class of 1935),yale 'Vest Point- Law School (Ciass of 1941). tonbead still." ]< Jimmy Carter (39th president): U.S. Naval Academy (Class of 1916). (Class Class of 1880. ,i Ronald Reagan (40th president)r Eureka College of 1932). t George Bush (41st president): \ale (C1ass of 1a-+8), ,+< Bill Clinton (42nd president): Georger.run Llirrr..r, rt-i:i:! : 1.-rr..: l:,.j r.t University, England (Rhodes Scholar. i9b6 1q-t) i: \.lle Li,,i Sci. , . r--:s: : - -.. **rk The following American presidents never graduated from college. (Some of them did attend college ,.isl of schools ind then dropped out for a variety of reasons, including illness and entering the military.): humble local George Washington (first president), James Monroe (fifth president), AndrewJackson (seventh lresident) , Martin Van Buren (eighth president), William Henry Harrison (ninth president) , Zachary trar1or (l2th (13th president), Millard Fillmore president), Abraham lincoln (16th president) , Andrew Iohnson (l7th president), Grover Cleveland (22nd,24th president), William McKinley (25th president), rnd Harry S Truman (33rd president). Class *** The following are schools lhalhave educated more that one president: * Harvard (5): John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy. * Yale (4): William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George Bush, Bill Clinton. * College of William and Mary (2): Thomas Jefferson, John T!,ler. * Princeton (2): James Madison, Woodrow Wilson. (at (2): rrd * U.S. Military Academy West Point, NY) Ulysses S. Grant, Dwight D. Eisenhower. ,15 ) - r#L Chapter t3 ,or*er!- "Gq-" ) r.S. r,ocales ffi r':"...:::; r-ii'rninqchangesor.erthelears.Andthereisprobablynowordfor nh;cn ir'-s ': rruer rhan the,*ord -gr1," No*riu;1t is downright odd to watch an old ;;;;;;',;;s about h Jw,, g,y,, h.,, ;;#tL:lX: f; ::T,lliffi1tu,.ao,o i;, r"".ry Iho locares in America were ress than thrilred took steps with the word,s new meaning to distance themselyes from the ,,r.rir.A and .ort.rt,,;rfri ,p.rt, of the word. .a Gev Counr, f,A Vrmm, Carn. rhe residenr of this 56ss1 s-tnt to their cih'council and requested an official name of the ner meaning of the word' change because n" o" .r..*.4 afreo ana cay court officially became Bayberry court. Gey Mounren, N.C. j q.Ed The landowners on this m,untain had the same complaint authorities as the residents of Gay court. 'tfl;!L:z;!{ again agreedand the *ourtuirl, civic ,ur.ia, ,triciuuy changed to Misty Mountain. Orunn cAy rocArES the follou,rng U.S, cities have not changed *r,Oll;fi1,,J,*;i1r*n, their name (even rhough some town * Dike. Ter, * Gay,Ky. * D.vke. \-a. *' Gay, Mich. ' -Jl'I * Fer4,sburg, -\{ich * GaysCreek, Ky. * Fort Gali \!\.0, * Gays Mills, Wis. *' Iruirland, Md. * Gays, II. * Iruitvale, Idaho, * Gaysville,Vt. * Gay,Ga. * Gayville, S.D. (source: lauender lists bt'h.nne I uri:ucir Flercher ;ind -{drien publications, saks. Alyson 1gg0.) ;t j+ ;k -r7 I I F Chapter 14 1 0 American Nobel PraeWinners for literaure :obablv no word for idd ro watch an old he Nobel Prize for literature is, in manv wavs. a superior accolade to the Pulitzer " ler hg It to a lovely Prize, since the )iobel is ari'arded for a bodv of l'ork instead of a single book. Ten Americans have t'on this august honor since 1tl-10 Iollovlnq the \,rbei ',1 :n:.tri r: l and rec r-r rLne;i d e d r' :, r k. ' neu'meaning and brief list of some of the n'riter's most notabie rd 1930: Snvcwn lnws Babbitt (1922, novel) , Amowsmith (1!25, novel) , Elmer Gantry (1927, novel), Dodswortb ne change because (1929, novel). re Bavberry Court. 1936: Eucnun O'Nnrrr Anna Christie (1)22, play) , The Hairy Ape (1923 , play) , Desire Under the Elms (1)2J , play) , rf Gav Court. Civic .llourning Becomes Electra (1931, play), Ab, Wilderness! (L933, play), Tbe lceru,an Cometh )untain. 0946, play) , A long Day's Journey Into Nigbt (1956, phy) . 1938: Pnenr Bucr :hough some town Tbe G ood Earth ( I 93 l, novel), Sons (1932, novel), A House Diuided ( I 935, novel), Dragon (1956, Seed (1942, novel) , My Seueral woilds (1954, autobiography), Imperial woman novel) . 1949: Wrrrmu Feurmvnn The Sound and the Fury 0929, novel), As I tray Dying (1930, novel), Sanctuary (1931, rcvel), Iight in August (1932, novel), Absalom, Absalom! (1936, novel), Intruder in tbe Dust (1948, novel), Collected Stories (L950, short story collection-National Book Award), Requiem for a Nun (l95t,play),A Fable (1954, novel), The Town (1957, novel), The Mansion (1959, novel): :tions, 1990.) *55* T 56 / TunU,S.A. Boor or Lnrs 1954: Enunsr Hnurvcwey 6 sun Ako yti=',?;ff'1:l::,;i,-;"!;il,:':;;:Y;,,r!e Rises (t)26, novet), Men without trgsz,"oinctio^)",'ii.ir,*neuoilng,rrlr.;;::":K.::l;:;#;2;:;il!,;Wti;; nonficrion), ToHaueandHaueNot(1932-ri'J, rao,ntrr**"iliain1o*nronr_nroestories (t939, play and shorr srory collecriont. For ,U"* ,y (t940,nor.g, ti1"tlrrll,Wpuhtzerpize.t..t_vqre,cobi"^r,rqe*.y:ltotts Tbe Otd Man and tbe *"*ri)-,,,riot)ismtbesneam(rg70, ffi 1952: Jorn' Srm,trcE {# fortik Fb r lg-di- mti " ta frr"blout tuttte.ilr-T TbeGrq@ofFdrrlg-;g-umd,.i*";;;r-r,9_t_.shortoo.r.ott".tionorel). Of Uice and Men (t937,novella), #?.ri";Z?;i;m,*fffif *i;r*ri,q-.;;'J:i),T,ru*.(le5z,novet),rben),TbeMoonisDown 1976: Srrr Bzuov Tfu A&tetttarcs of Augie tttarcb (rg53, tbe nover), Henderson tbe Day (res6, nou"tu); Rain King ,g5g, novel), fi:r* ir*iiir,tiirr, ,r,"ririrrr".rri seize Narional B o ;;,;;;. ok Aw ar d), rrt^r s o Herzog (1e64, novet_ * * tq r i t n'r, o,novel_Narion i i ii al B 0975, novel_putirzer prirrl, roj"rrJlr* ook o*rro,, Hunbotdr.s Gift )ri *ro(I976, nonficfiorr. 1980: Czrsrew Mnosz Tbe Captiue Mind (t953, essays), Tbe Seizure of power (-1955, novel), The Issa Valley (1955, ii;li:{::,ii:';;,';;:;:,:fji,liiiii"!i"i"i-"r|,,li,Lii1il,'ii*n,r n,tt, il iiini) ( 1987: Josmn Bnoosry \_., t:ch i poems (1973, .selected poerry), A parl :i,m l. centary- tuse,po.t'y),'r,'oi,iiitr;:;',"y*y:;::;;::r;:,,t:yli,y:,:;rr.,t,reof st Twentieth r,x det ::.,i int 1993: Tomr Monrusoru =-i{Enn The Bruest -{tr Eve (Ig70, novel), sura (rg73, novel), song of soromon (tg77,nover), rhich r nover), Beroued (r987, nover-;;;:r;;'ii11rl,n Tar Baby wb i e praying :ocrip '98r't ne s s a n d t b e L nover). i t e r a I m ag i n 1.trg9z, in rbe Dari: ry a t i o)-i r'gi r,, tU *ary cri ri ci sm) . ?,0rtrcr rt Ix k nbTeu Ix ribrarir Ix k obieos I I norel), Men Without ,entl.t irt the ffternoon : Htlls ofAfrica (1935. : r s I Fortl -Nine Stories Chapter 15 , Tl.te Old Man and the , itt the Stream (.1970, The *ru Devastating American Earthquaka 9 ' tlen (.1937,novella), ': . Ilte,lloon is Down en t1952,novel),The "All things haue second birth; The earthquake is not satisfied at once." t 19i9. Wordsworth, The Prelude novel), Seize -William ,:og (1964, novel- :dt. Hurnboldt,s Gift even of nine earthquakes in America in the past 115 years ranking 5.2 or higher on the ,e Issn Valle! (1955, Richter Scale have taken place in California. In these seven quakes, close.to 1,000 n\ t . Bells of Winter people died along with billions of dollars in property damage and lost business. (These facts, however, do not seem to bother many California residents,) The intensity of the earthquakes is expressed in magnitude using the Richter Scale which indicates the severity of the quake and its subsequent damage, The scale uses numbers varying from 1.5 to 10. The Richter Scale was developed in 1935 byAmerican seismologist Charles Richter. It 7 of the Twentietb was designed to be logarithmic in nature, meaning that each successive whole number represents a 10- s ). fold increase in power and intensity. It is still used today by seismologists to express an earthquake's magnitude. Another system used to describe earthquake intensity is the Mercalli Earthquake Intensity scale, Although now obsolete, the -, which was developed in 1902 by Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli. novel), Tar Bab1, descriptions ofthe 12 levels of earthquake effects in populated areas as codified by Mercalli accurately i_rittg in the Dark; portray the damage at varying levels of intensity. The Mercalfi scale is as follows: Level I: Generally not felt by people, but detectable by seismologists, Level II: Felt by a few people. Some objects, such as hanging baskets or lamps, may swing if suspended. Level III: Felt by a few people, but mostly indoors. This level has been described as feeling like the ribrations of a passing truck. Level N: Feltbymanypeopleindoors, butveryfewpeople outdoors. Vindows, dishes, and doors rattle. Level y: Felt by nearly everyone both indoors and outdoors. Sleepers awaken, small unstable oblects may fall and break, and doors move. *57* 58 / Trn U.S.A, Boox or Lrsrs Level YI: Felt by everyone. Some heavy furniture may move, people walk unsteadily, windows break, dishes fall and break, bools fall off shelves, and bushes and trees visibry shake. Level YII: It is difficult to stand and there is moderate to heavy damage to poorly co_nstructed buildings. Plaster, tiles, loose brichs, and stones fall. There are s4all landslid.s along slopes. Water becomes opaque as sediment is stirred up. Level YIII: It is difficult to steer cars. There i5 dzmzge to chirnngys, monuments, and towers. Elevated tanks fall, tree branches crack, acd steep slopes creck. Level IX: There is extensive dam*ge to buildinp. masonrsis seriously damaged, foundations crack, I there is serious dzmageto reservoirs. md underground pipes break. Level X: Most masonrr. fuase *rucmro- rad foundaions are destroyed. There are numerous large landslides, waJer is hurled ooto &e bm-h o{ riren and lakes. and railroad tracla bend in some place*s. Ievel [: Fr buildiugs nat' cf bnck tre ]d *rnding. Railroad track bend severely, many bridges are destroye4 and undergrod pipr*iffi rre complaeh inoperathe. Level EI: Nearly total desrncfion. IrrF mck messes rre displacd as objects are thrown violently into the air. IN cHnoNorocrcAr oRDER Date Location Magnitude (Richter Scale) August 31, 1886 Charleston, S.C. 6.5 April 18-19, 1906 San Francisco, Calif. 8.3 March 10,1933 long Beach, Calif. 6.2 March27,l)54 Alaska 92 Februan.g 19-1 San Fernando Yalley, Calif. 6.6 UCIODeI I I qra San Francisco Bq aru"Cahl. 7.1 lE. lqql -June Southero Caiifornia .) & O.b Januan'1-. 199+ lior$ridge, Calif. 5.8 October 16. 1999 Southern California 7.0 Ix onoER oF rNTENSrry T Date Location Magnitude (Richter Scale) March27,1964 Alaska 9.2 April 18-19, 1906 San Francisco, Calif. 8.3 28, Jme l99Z Southern California 7.5 & 6.5 October 17,1989 San Francisco Bay area,Calif.. 7.t October 16,1999 Southern California 7.0 Janvry 17,1994 Northridge, Calif. 6.8 August 31, 1886 --l Chadeston, S.C. 6.6 t- Eebrury 9, l97l Saf, Fernando Valley, Calif. 6.6 March 10,1933 Long Beach, Calif. 6.2