For the Led Zeppelin musician, see John Paul Jones During his next voyage aboard the John, which sailed (musician). For other uses, see John Paul Jones (disam- from port in 1768, young John Paul’s career was quickly biguation). and unexpectedly advanced when both the captain and a ranking mate suddenly died of yellow fever. John man- aged to navigate the ship back to a safe port and, in reward John Paul Jones (July 6, 1747 – July 18, 1792) was a Scottish American sailor and the ' first well- for this impressive feat, the vessel’s grateful Scottish own- ers made him master of the ship and its crew, giving him known naval fighter in the American Revolutionary War. [3] Although he made both friends [1] and enemies among 10 percent of the cargo. He then led two voyages to the America’s political elites, his actions in British waters West Indies before running into difficulty. during the Revolution earned him an international repu- During his second voyage in 1770, John Paul viciously tation which persists to this day. As such, he is sometimes flogged one of his sailors, a carpenter, leading to accusa- referred to as the “Father of the ” (an tions that his discipline was “unnecessarily cruel.” While epithet he shares with John Barry). He later served in the these claims were initially dismissed, his favorable rep- Imperial Russian Navy, subsequently obtaining the rank utation was destroyed when the sailor died a few weeks of rear admiral. later. John Paul was arrested for his involvement in the man’s death, and was imprisoned in Kirkcudbright Tol- booth but later released on bail.[4] The negative effect of this episode on his reputation is indisputable,[3] although 1 Early life and education the man’s death has been linked to other causes as the physician of a ship where the carpenter traveled home Jones was born John Paul (he added “Jones” in later witnessed in the court. This man was not a usual sailor life as some think to hide from any would-be law en- but an adventurer from a very influential Scottish fam- forcement chase (there was not one) after winning a ily. Leaving , John Paul commanded a London- spontaneous duel during a dispute over wages though he registered vessel, a West Indiaman mounting 22 guns, could change his Flemish and Scottish Highlander sur- named Betsy, for about 18 months, engaging in commer- name on a Scottish Lowlander/English one more suitable cial speculation in Tobago.[5] This came to an end, how- for life in colonial America where they were loyal to the ever, when John killed a member of his crew, a muti- Protestant House of Hanover) on the estate of Arbigland neer named Blackton, with a sword, in a dispute over near Kirkbean in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright on the wages.[6] Years later, in a letter to de- southwest coast of Scotland. His father, John Paul, Sr., scribing this incident, he claimed it was in self-defense, was a gardener of Flemish origin at Arbigland, and his but because he was not willing to be tried in an Admiral’s mother was named Jean McDuff (1708–1767). His par- Court again, where the family of his first victim had been ents married on November 29, 1733 in New Abbey, influential, he felt compelled to flee to Fredericksburg, Kirkcudbright. Living at Arbigland at the time was Helen Province of , leaving his fortune behind. Craik (1751–1825), later a novelist. Paul’s older brother William Paul had married and settled in Fredericksburg, He went to Fredericksburg to arrange the affairs of his Virginia, the destination of many of the youngster’s early brother, who had died there without leaving any other voyages. John Paul started his maritime career at the age family; and about this time, in addition to his original of 12 as an apprentice of John Younger, a Scottish mer- surname, he assumed the surname of Jones. There is a chant shipper.[2] He reached Viriginia for the first time long tradition held in the state of North Carolina that John Paul adopted the name “Jones” in honor of Willie Jones in the age of 13 sailing out of Whitehaven in the north- [7][8] ern English county of Cumberland, as apprentice aboard of Halifax, North Carolina. Friendship under Captain Benson. His sentiments became even more in favor of America. For several years John sailed aboard a number of different From that period, as he afterwards expressed himself to British merchant and slave ships, including King George Baron Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol, America be- in 1764 as third mate, and Two Friends as first mate in came “the country of his fond election.” It was not long 1766. In 1768 he abandoned his prestigious position on afterward that John Paul “Jones” joined the American the profitable Two Friends while docked in Jamaica. He navy to fight against Britain. found his own passage back to Scotland, and eventually obtained another position.

1 2 2 CAREER

2 Career 2.2.2 Command of Ranger

2.1 The American Colonies Despite his successes at sea, upon arrival in on December 16, 1776, Jones’s disagreements with those in authority reached a new level. While at the port, he be- Sources struggle with this period of Jones’s life, especially gan feuding with Commodore Hopkins, who Jones be- the specifics of his family situation, making it difficult to lieved was hindering his advancement and talking down historically pinpoint Jones’s exact motivations for emi- his campaign plans. As a result of this and other frustra- grating to America. Whether his plans for the plantation tions, Jones was assigned the smaller command, the newly were not developing as expected, or if he was inspired by constructed USS Ranger, on June 14, 1777 (the same day a revolutionary spirit, is unknown. the new Stars and Stripes flag was adopted).[11] What is clearly known is that Jones left for After making the necessary preparations, Jones sailed for shortly after settling in North America to volunteer his on November 1, 1777 with orders to assist the services to the newly founded , precur- American cause however possible. The American com- sor of the United States Navy. During this time, around missioners in France, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams 1775, the Navy and Marines were being formally es- and Arthur Lee, listened to Jones’s strategic recommen- tablished, and suitable ship’s officers and captains were dations. They assured him the command of Indien, a in great demand. Were it not for the endorsement of new vessel being constructed for America in Amsterdam. Richard Henry Lee who knew of his abilities, Jones’s po- Britain, however, was able to divert L'Indien away from tential would likely have gone unrecognized. With help American hands by exerting pressure to ensure its sale from influential members of the , to France instead (who had not yet allied with America). however, Jones was to be appointed as a 1st Lieutenant Jones was again left without a command, an unpleasant of the newly converted 24-gun USS Alfred in the reminder of his stagnation in Boston from late 1776 until Continental Navy on December 7, 1775.[9] early 1777. It is thought that it was during this time Jones developed his close friendship with Benjamin Franklin, whom he greatly admired. In 1778, he was accepted, to- 2.2 Revolutionary War command gether with Benjamin Franklin, into the Masonic Lodge “Les Neuf Sœurs”. 2.2.1 Early command On February 6, 1778, France signed the Treaty of Al- liance with America, formally recognizing the indepen- Jones sailed from the in February 1776 dence of the new American republic. Eight days later, Alfred aboard on the Continental Navy’s maiden cruise. Captain Jones’s Ranger became the first American naval It was aboard this vessel that Jones took the honor of vessel to be formally saluted by the French, with a nine- hoisting the first U.S. ensign over a naval vessel. Jones gun salute fired from captain Lamotte-Piquet's flagship. actually raised the , not the later and Jones wrote of the event: “I accepted his offer all the more familiar Flag of the United States. The fleet, which more for after all it was a recognition of our indepen- had been expected to cruise along the coast, was ordered dence and in the nation.” instead by Commodore to sail for The Ba- hamas, where Nassau was raided for its military supplies. Finally, on April 10, 1778, Jones set sail from Brest, On the fleet’s return voyage it had an unsuccessful en- France for the western coasts of Britain. counter with a British packet ship. Jones was then as- signed command of the sloop USS Providence. Congress had recently ordered the construction of thirteen 2.2.3 Ranger attacks the British for the American Navy, one of which was to be com- manded by Jones. In exchange for this prestigious com- After some early successes against British merchant ship- mand, Jones accepted his commission aboard the smaller ping in the , on April 17, 1778, Jones persuaded Providence. During this six week voyage, Jones captured his crew to participate in an assault on Whitehaven, the sixteen prizes and inflicted significant damage along the town where his maritime career had begun.[12] Jones later coast of Nova Scotia. Jones’s next command came as a re- wrote about the poor command qualities of his senior of- sult of Commodore Hopkins’s orders to liberate hundreds ficers (having tactfully avoided such matters in his official of American prisoners forced to labor in coal mines in report): "'Their object,' they said, 'was gain not honor.' Nova Scotia and also to raid British shipping. On Novem- They were poor: instead of encouraging the morale of ber 1, 1776, Jones set sail in command of Alfred to carry the crew, they excited them to disobedience; they per- out this mission. Although winter conditions prevented suaded them that they had the right to judge whether a the freeing of the prisoners, the mission did result in the measure that was proposed to them was good or bad.”[13] capture of Mellish, a vessel carrying a vital supply of win- As it happened, contrary winds forced the abandonment ter clothing intended for General 's troops of the attempt, and drove Ranger towards , causing in Canada.[10] more trouble for British shipping on the way. 2.2 Revolutionary War command 3

grounded by the low tide. However, in the twilight, one of the crew slipped away and alerted residents on a harbour- side street. A fire alert was sounded, and large numbers of people came running to the quay, forcing the Americans to retreat, and extinguishing the flames with the town’s two fire-engines. However, hopes of sinking Jones’s boats with cannon fire were dashed by the prudent spiking.[15] Crossing the Solway Firth from Whitehaven to Scotland, Jones hoped to hold for ransom the Earl of Selkirk, who lived on St Mary’s Isle near Kirkcudbright. The Earl, Jones reasoned, could be exchanged for American sailors impressed into the . When the Earl was dis- covered to be absent from his estate, Jones claims he in- tended to return directly to his ship and continue seeking prizes elsewhere, but his crew wished to “pillage, burn, and plunder all they could”. Ultimately, Jones allowed the crew to seize a silver plate set adorned with the fam- ily’s emblem to placate their desires, but nothing else. Jones bought the plate himself when it was later sold off in France, and returned it to the Earl of Selkirk after the War. Although their effect on British morale and allocation of John Paul Jones by Moreau le Jeune, 1780 defense resources was significant,[16] the attacks on St. Mary’s Isle and Whitehaven resulted in no prizes or prof- its which under normal circumstances would be shared On April 20, 1778, Jones learned from captured sailors with the crew. Throughout the mission, the crew, led by that the Royal Navy sloop o' war HMS Drake was an- Jones’s second-in-command Lieutenant Thomas Simp- chored off , Ireland. According to the diary son, acted as if they were aboard a privateer, not a war- of Ranger’s surgeon[14] Jones’s first intention was to attack ship. the vessel in broad daylight, but his sailors were “unwill- ing to undertake it” (another incident omitted from the official report). Therefore, the attack took place just af- 2.2.4 Return to Ireland ter midnight, but the mate responsible for dropping the anchor to halt Ranger right alongside Drake misjudged Nevertheless, Jones now led Ranger back across the Irish the timing in the dark (Jones claimed in his memoirs, the Sea, hoping to make another attempt at the Drake, still man was drunk), so Jones had to cut his anchor cable and anchored off Carrickfergus. This time, late in the after- run. noon of April 24, 1778, the ships, roughly equal in fire- The wind having shifted, Ranger recrossed the Irish Sea power, engaged in combat. Earlier in the day, the Ameri- cans had captured the crew of a reconnaissance boat, and to make another attempt at raiding Whitehaven. Jones Drake led the assault with two boats of fifteen men on April 23, learned that had taken on dozens of soldiers, with the intention of grappling and boarding Ranger, so Jones 1778, just after midnight, hoping to set fire to and sink Drake all Whitehaven’s ships anchored in harbour (numbering made sure that did not happen, capturing after an hour-long gun battle which cost the British captain his between 200 to 400 wooden vessels), which consisted of Drake a full merchant fleet and many coal transporters. They life. Lieutenant Simpson was given command of for the return journey to Brest. The ships separated dur- also hoped to terrorize the townspeople by lighting further Ranger fires. As it happened, the journey to shore was slowed by ing the return journey as chased another prize, the still-shifting wind, as well as a strong ebb tide. The leading to a conflict between Simpson and Jones. Both spiking of the town’s big defensive guns to prevent them ships arrived at port safely, but Jones filed for a court- being fired was accomplished successfully, but lighting martial of Simpson, keeping him detained on the ship. fires proved difficult, as the lanterns in both boats had Partly through the influence of John Adams, who was run out of fuel. To remedy this, some of the party were still serving as a commissioner in France, Simpson was therefore sent to raid a public house on the quayside, but released from Jones’s accusation. Adams implies in his the temptation to stop for a quick drink led to a further memoirs that the overwhelming majority of the evidence delay. By the time they returned, and the arson attacks supported Simpson’s claims. Adams seemed to believe began, dawn was fast approaching, so efforts were con- Jones was hoping to monopolize the mission’s glory, es- centrated on a single ship, the coal ship Thompson, in the pecially by detaining Simpson on board while he cele- hope that the flames would spread to adjacent vessels, all brated the capture with numerous important European 4 2 CAREER

dignitaries.[17] invasion fleet approached England, he provided a diver- sion by heading for Ireland at the head of a five ship Even with the wealth of perspectives, including the Alliance commander’s,[13] it is difficult if not impossible to tell ex- squadron including the 36-gun USS , 32-gun USS Pallas, 12-gun USS Vengeance, and Le Cerf, also accom- actly what occurred. It is clear, however, that the crew felt Monsieur Granville alienated by their commander, who might well have been panied by two privateers, HMS and . When the squadron was only a few days out of Groix, motivated by his pride. Jones believed his intentions were Monsieur honorable, and his actions were strategically essential to separated due to a disagreement between her the Revolution. Regardless of any controversy surround- captain and Jones. Several Royal Navy warships were sent towards Ireland in pursuit of Jones, but on this oc- ing the mission, Ranger’s capture of Drake was one of the Continental Navy’s few significant military victories dur- casion, he continued right around the north of Scotland into the North Sea, creating near-panic all along Britain’s ing the Revolution, and was of immense symbolic impor- tance, demonstrating as it did that the Royal Navy was far east coast as far south as the Humber estuary. Jones’s main problems, as on his previous voyage, resulted from from invincible. By overcoming such odds, Ranger’s vic- tory became an important symbol of the American spirit insubordination, particularly by Pierre Landais, captain of Alliance. On September 23, 1779, the squadron met and served as an for the permanent establish- ment of the United States Navy after the revolution. a large merchant convoy off the coast of Flamborough Head, east Yorkshire. The 50-gun British frigate HMS Serapis and the 22-gun hired ship Countess of Scarbor- ough 2.2.5 Bonhomme Richard placed themselves between the convoy and Jones’s squadron, allowing the merchants to escape. Shortly after 7 p.m. the Battle of Flamborough Head be- gan. Serapis engaged Bonhomme Richard, and soon af- terwards, Alliance fired, from a considerable distance, at Countess. Quickly recognizing that he could not win a battle of big guns, and with the wind dying, Jones made every effort to lock Richard and Serapis together (his fa- mous, albeit possibly apocryphal, quotation “I have not yet begun to fight!" was uttered in reply to a demand to surrender in this phase of the battle), finally succeeding after about an hour, following which his deck guns and his Marine marksmen in the rigging began clearing the British decks. Alliance sailed and fired a broadside, doing at least as much damage to Richard as to Serapis. Engraving based on the painting Serapis Action Between the and Meanwhile, Countess of Scarborough had enticed Pallas Bonhomme Richard by Richard Paton, published 1780 downwind of the main battle, beginning a separate en- gagement. When Alliance approached this contest, about an hour after it had begun, the badly damaged Countess surrendered. With Bonhomme Richard burning and sinking, it seems that her ensign was shot away; when one of the officers, apparently believing his captain to be dead, shouted a sur- render, the British commander asked, seriously this time, if they had struck their colours. Jones later remembered saying something like “I am determined to make you strike,” but the words allegedly heard by crew-members and reported in newspapers a few days later were more like: “I may sink, but I'll be damned if I strike.” An at- tempt by the British to board Bonhomme Richard was thwarted, and a grenade caused the explosion of a large The "John Paul Jones flag" was entered into Dutch records to quantity of gunpowder on Serapis 'slower gun-deck. help Jones avoid charges of piracy when he captured the Serapis under an “unknown flag.” Alliance then returned to the main battle, firing two broadsides. Again, these did at least as much damage to Richard Serapis In 1779, Captain Jones took command of the 42-gun USS as to , but the tactic worked to the ex- Alliance Bonhomme Richard (or as he preferred it, Bon Homme tent that, unable to move, and with keeping well Richard),[18] a merchant ship rebuilt and given to Amer- out of the line of his own great guns, Captain Pearson of Serapis ica by the French shipping magnate, Jacques-Donatien accepted that prolonging the battle could only kill Le Ray. On August 14, as a vast French and Spanish the British prisoners on the board of Bonhomme Richard. 5

placement for the wrecked Le Magnifique. As a result, he was given assignment in Europe in 1783 to collect prize money due his former hands. At length, this too expired and Jones was left without prospects for active employment, leading him on April 23, 1787 to enter into the service of the Empress Catherine II of Russia, who placed great confidence in Jones, saying: “He will get to Constantinople.” He was granted name as a French sub- ject Павел де Жовес (Pavel de Zhoves, Paul de Joves).[19] Jones avowed his intention, however, to preserve the con- dition of an American citizen and officer. As a rear ad- miral aboard the 24-gun flagship Vladimir, he took part in the naval campaign in the - Liman (an arm of the Black Sea, into which flow the Southern Bug and Dnieper rivers) against the Turks, in concert with the Dnieper Flotilla commanded by Prince Charles of Nassau-Siegen. Jones (and Nassau-Siegen) repulsed the Ottoman forces from the area, but the jealous intrigues of Nassau-Siegen (and perhaps Jones’s own inaptitude for Imperial politics) turned the Russian commander Prince Grigory Potëmkin against Jones[20] and he was recalled to St. Petersburg for the pretended purpose of being trans- ferred to a command in the North Sea. Another factor “Paul Jones the Pirate”, British caricature may have been the resentment of several ex-British naval officers also in Russian employment, who regarded Jones as a renegade and refused to speak to him. Whatever One of prisoners had escaped, came on board of Serapis motivated the Prince, once recalled he was compelled and explained to Pearson that Jones had been completely to remain in idleness, while rival officers plotted against crazy and would kill his crew and all prisoners by pro- him and even maliciously assailed his private character longing the battle. He persuaded Captain Pearson to be through accusations of sexual misconduct. In April 1789 a gentleman contrary to Jones and to save the souls of Jones was arrested and accused of raping a 12-year-old British prisoners and of crews of both ships. This is why girl named Katerina Goltzwart.[21] But the Count de Se- Pearson surrendered. Most of Bonhomme Richard’s crew gur, the French representative at the Russian court (and immediately transferred to other vessels, and after a day also Jones’ last friend in the capital), conducted his own and a half of frantic repair efforts, it was decided that personal investigation into the matter and was able to con- the ship could not be saved, so it was allowed to sink, and vince Potëmkin that the girl had not been raped and that Jones took command of Serapis for the trip to neutral (but Jones had been accused by Prince de Nassau-Siegen for American-sympathizing) Holland. his own purposes;[22] Jones, however, admitted to pros- In the following year, the King of France Louis XVI, hon- ecutors that he had “often frolicked” with the girl “for a small cash payment,” only denying that he had deprived ored him with the title "Chevalier". Jones accepted the [23] honor, and desired the title to be used thereafter: when her of her virginity. Even so, in that period he was able Narrative of the Campaign of the Liman the Continental Congress in 1787 resolved that a medal of to author his . gold be struck in commemoration of his “valor and bril- On June 8, 1788, Jones was awarded the Order of St. liant services” it was to be presented to “Chevalier John Anne, but he left the following month, an embittered man. Paul Jones”. He also received from Louis XVI a decora- In 1789 Jones arrived in Warsaw, Poland, where he be- tion of “l'Institution du Mérite Militaire” and a sword. By friended another veteran of the American Revolutionary contrast, in Britain at this time, he was usually denigrated War, Tadeusz Kościuszko. Kościuszko advised him to as a pirate. leave the service of the autocratic Russia, and serve an- other power, suggesting Sweden. Despite Kościuszko’s backing, the Swedes, while somewhat interested, in the 2.3 Russian service end decided not to recruit Jones.[24]

Further information: Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)

In June 1782, Jones was appointed to command the 74- gun USS America, but his command fell through when Congress decided to give America to the French as re- 6 4 LEGACY

John Paul Jones and John Barry, honored on U.S. Postage, Navy Issue of 1937

John Paul Jones Memorial in Washington, D.C.

3 Later life and death John Paul Jones’s marble and bronze sarcophagus at the United In May 1790, Jones arrived in Paris, where he remained States Naval Academy in retirement for the rest of his life cut short, although he made a number of attempts to re-enter the service in the Russian navy. In June 1792, Jones was appointed U.S. the United States decide to claim his remains, they might Consul to treat with the Dey of Algiers for the release of more easily be identified.” Porter knew what to look for in American captives. Before Jones was able to fulfill his ap- his search. With the aid of an old map of Paris, Porter’s pointment, however, he was found dead (aged 45) lying team, which included anthropologist Louis Capitan, iden- face-down on his bed in his third-floor Paris apartment, tified the site of the former St. Louis Cemetery for Alien No. 19 Rue de Tournon, on July 18, 1792. The cause [25] Protestants. Sounding probes were used to search for lead of death was interstitial nephritis. A small procession coffins and five coffins were ultimately exhumed. The of servants, friends and loyal family walked his body the third, unearthed on April 7, 1905, was later identified by four miles (6 km) for burial. He was buried in Paris at a meticulous post-mortem examination by Doctors Cap- the Saint Louis Cemetery, which belonged to the French itan and Georges Papillault as being that of Jones. The royal family. Four years later, France’s revolutionary gov- autopsy confirmed the original listing of cause of death. ernment sold the property and the cemetery was forgot- The face was later compared to a bust by Jean-Antoine ten. The area was later used as a garden, a place to dispose Houdon. of dead animals and where gamblers bet on animal fights. Jones’s body was ceremonially removed from interment in a Parisian charnel house and brought to the United States aboard the USS Brooklyn (CA-3), escorted by 4 Legacy three other cruisers. On approaching the American coast- line, seven U.S. Navy battleships joined the procession In 1905, Jones’s remains were identified by U.S. Ambas- escorting Jones’s body back to America. On April 24, sador to France Gen. Horace Porter, who had searched 1906, Jones’s coffin was installed in Bancroft Hall at the for six years to track down the body using faulty copies United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, fol- of Jones’s burial record. Thanks to the kind donation of lowing a ceremony in Dahlgren Hall, presided over by a French admirer, Pierrot Francois Simmoneau, who had President Theodore Roosevelt who gave a lengthy tribu- donated over 460 francs, Jones’s body was preserved in al- tary speech.[26] On January 26, 1913, the Captain’s re- cohol and interred in a lead coffin “in the event that should mains were finally re-interred in a magnificent bronze 7

• and marble sarcophagus at the Naval Academy Chapel Bibliography of early American naval history: John in Annapolis.[27] Paul Jones • John Paul Jones Cottage Museum, birthplace of Jones in Scotland 5 In popular culture • John Paul Jones House, residence in New Hamp- • The 1824 novel The Pilot by James Fenimore shire during construction of America Cooper contains fictionalized accounts of Jones’s • USS Paul Jones (DD-10), a Bainbridge-class maritime activities.[28] Alexandre Dumas's Captain destroyer, commissioned in 1902, decommissioned Paul, a follow-up novel to The Pilot, was published in 1919. in 1846.[29] • • USS Paul Jones (DD-230), a Clemson-class In Herman Melville's Israel Potter (1855), the main destroyer, commissioned in 1921, decommissioned character met John Paul Jones, who is negotiating in 1945. with Benjamin Franklin. Later on Israel joins him • in several of Jones’ attacks and sea battles. USS John Paul Jones (DD-932), a Forrest Sherman- • class destroyer of the US Navy. Commissioned In 1923, Franklin Delano Roosevelt wrote a screen- 1956; decommissioned 1982. play about John Paul Jones and sent it to Paramount • Pictures founder Adolph Zukor, who politely re- USS John Paul Jones (DDG-53), an Arleigh Burke- jected it. In 1983, the TV show Voyagers! used that class destroyer in active service in the US Navy as fact as part of an alternate history where Roosevelt of 2015. Commissioned in 1991. has become a successful movie director.[30] • John Paul (Jones) appears as a largely true-to-history character in the Revolutionary-era novel Richard 7 References Carvel by American author Winston Churchill, (not the British Prime Minister of the same name), pub- This article incorporates text from a publication now lished in 1899. in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica • (11th ed.). Cambridge Univer- Jones was portrayed by actor Robert Stack in the sity Press. 1959 film John Paul Jones, directed by John Farrow. • Nicholas Nicastro wrote two historical novels about [1] Morison, 1959 pp.91(John Hancock), 120-121(Benjamin Franklin) Jones and his times, The Eighteenth Captain (1999) and Between Two Fires (2002), published by Mc- [2] John Paul Jones, a US naval officer] Books Press. [3] John Paul Jones Timeline, SeacoastNH.com • The John Paul Jones Junior High School in Philadelphia was added to the National Register of [4] “1770 Extract of Warrant for the arrest of John Paul (Jones)", Virtual Vault - Court Records (Scottish Archive Historic Places in 1988.[31] Network (SCAN)), retrieved 22 October 2012 • The story of Jones’s attack on Whitehaven Harbour [5] Brady, 1906 pp.10, 164 features in Dan Chapman’s 2012 novel Looking for Lucy.[32] [6] “Biography - Captain John Paul Jones”. History.navy.mil. Retrieved 2014-04-22. • In David Weber's Alternate history story “The Cap- tain from Kirkbean”, when John Paul was twelve his [7] Cotten, Elizabeth. The John Paul Jones-Willie Jones Tra- father had been able to secure for him a position as dition Charlotte: Printers, 1966 a Midshipman on a Royal Navy ship, leading to an [8] Old Halifax, Ambistead C. Gordon illustrious naval career culminating with his becom- ing Captain Sir John Paul, using all his abilities in [9] Morison, S.E. (1999) John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biogra- fighting for King George of Britain and against the phy. Naval Institute Press,ISBN 1-55750-410-5, p. 52 American rebels. [10] Morison, Samuel Eliot (1959). John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biolgrarphy (1964 ed.). New York: Time, Inc. p. 78. 6 See also [11] Morison, Samuel Eliot (1959). John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biolgrarphy (1964 ed.). New York: Time, Inc. p. 101. • Armada of 1779 [12] Paullin, 1906 p.293 8 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[13] Jones, John Paul (1785), Extracts from the Journals of my 8 Bibliography Campaigns, retrieved 2007-10-27

[14] Green, Ezra (1875), Diary of Ezra Green M.D., retrieved This article incorporates text from a publication now 2007-10-27 in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge Univer- [15] “news report from Whitehaven”, Cumberland Chronicle, sity Press. April 25, 1778 • [16] Seitz, Don (1917), Paul Jones: His Exploits in English Seas Boudriot, Jean (1987), John Paul Jones and the during 1778–80, retrieved 2009-03-06 Bonhomme Richard (technical study of the ship), Collection archeologie navale française, ISBN 2- autobiography part 2, 'Travels, and [17] Adams, John (1778), 903178-20-8. Negotiations’, Historical Society, retrieved • 2007-10-27 Bradford, James C, ed. (1986), The papers of John Paul Jones (35 mm) (10 microfilm reels), Cam- [18] Log of the 'Bon Homme Richard', 1779 (PDF), John Paul bridge, UK; Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey. Jones Cottage Museum, retrieved 2007-10-27 • Guide to the microfilm edition of the [19] Kravtsevych-Rozhnetsky, V. Сидір Білий і Чорний ——— (1986), Корсар. Як козаки із засновником ВМФ США воювали papers of John Paul Jones, 1747–1792, Alexandria, (Sydir Bilyi and the Black Corsair. How Cossacks with the VA: Chadwyck-Healey. founder of USN battled) . Ukrayinska Pravda. March 30, • Commodore Paul 2011. Brady, Cyrus Townsend (1906). Jones. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 482 pp; orig- [20] Martelle, Scott (2014). The Admiral and the Ambassador: inal from Univ. California. One Man’s Obsessive Search for the Body of John Paul • Jones. Chicago Review Press. pp. 102–106. ISBN 978- Cotten, Elizabeth H (1966), The John Paul Jones- 1613747308. Retrieved March 4, 2015. (English) Willie Jones Tradition, Charlotte: Heritage Printers, ASIN B0007F8TO2. [21] John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biography - Samuel Eliot Mori- • son. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-04-22. de Koven, Reginald (Mrs) (1913), The Life and Let- ters of John Paul Jones, London: Werner Laurie, 2 [22] Jaroslav Poleschuk, http://www.webpro.cimis.com.ua vols. (2014-04-16). “J.Paul Jones”. For.lib.kherson.ua. • Retrieved 2014-04-22. Frost, John (1845), The Pictorial Book of The Com- modores; Comprising Lives of Distinguished Com- [23] Charles King, Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams (W. W. Norton & Company, 2011; ISBN 0-393- manders In The Navy of The United States, New 07084-0), p. 47. York: Nafis & Cornish. • [24] Alex Storozynski (January 2011). Kosciuszko Ksiaze Gilkerson, William, The Ships of John Paul Jones chlopow. W.A.B. pp. 189–191. ISBN 978-83-7414-930- (technical study), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute 3. Retrieved 2 January 2013. Press, ISBN 0-87021-619-8 . • [25] John Paul Jones House at uswarmemorials.org Goodheart, Adam (April 2006), “Home is the sailor”, Smithsonian Magazine: 32–46. [26] Roosevelt, Theodore Dedication speech, Annapolis (24 • April 1906)- via theodore-roosevelt.com “John Paul Jones”, Harper’s Magazine (New York, [27] USNA Traditions U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Associa- NY: Harper & Bros) 11 (62), 1855: 145–70. tion • Morison, Samuel Eliot (September 1999) [1959]. [28] “James Fenimore Cooper: Sea Tales”. The Library of John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biography. US Naval In- America. Retrieved 2012-11-28. stitute Press Bluejacket Books. Raisz, Erwin, charts and diagrams. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co. [29] “Paul Jones, or, The son of the sea [electronic resource]". ISBN 1-55750-410-5. LCC E207.J7 M6. Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved 2012-11-28. • Paullin, Charles Oscar (1906). The navy of the [30] “Recipe for Success, by Jane West Walton”. The Coronet, American Revolution: its administration, its policy February 1947. Retrieved 2014-12-01. and its achievements. Iowa: The Burrows Broth- [31] “National Register Information System”. National Regis- ers/Republican Printing., 549 pp. ter of Historic Places. . 2010-07-09. • Purcell, L Edward (1993), Who was Who in the [32] Chapman, D. (2012), Looking for Lucy, UK: Concept American Revolution, New York: Facts on File, ISBN 978-1-4701-2860-9 ISBN 0-8160-2107-4. 9

• Thomas, Evan (2003), John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy (popular biog- raphy), Waterville, ME: Thorndike Press, ISBN 0- 7862-5875-6.

8.1 Further reading • Brown, Charles Walter (1902), John Paul Jones of naval fame: a character of the revolution, MA: Donohue & co, 271 pp. • Callo, Joseph (2011), John Paul Jones: America’s First Sea Warrior, Naval Institute Press, 289 pp. • Sherburne, John Henry (1825). The Life of Paul Jones: From Original Documents in the Possession of John Henry Sherburne. London: John Murray. 320 pp. • ——— (1851). The life and character of John Paul Jones:a captain in the United States navy. During the revolutionary war. New York: Adriance, Sherman & co., 408 pp.

9 External links • John Paul Jones, US: Navy. • FAQ, US: Navy. • Excerpts form the Journals of my Campaign – John Paul Jones • John Paul Jones Museum • Official report by Jones from aboard Serapis in Hol- land (1779) • The Best Quote Jones Never Wrote • John Paul Jones and Asymmetric Warfare • Battle of Flamborough Head • John Paul Jones’s attack upon Whitehaven, as re- ported in Lloyd’s Evening Post, 1778 • “John Paul Jones”. Find a Grave. Retrieved May 7, 2015. 10 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text

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