The Selected Papers of John Jay, 1760-1779 Volume 1 Index References to earlier volumes are indicated by the volume number followed by a colon and page number (for example, 1:753).

Achilles: references to, 323 Active (ship): case of, 297 Act of 18 April 1780: impact of, 70, 70n5 Act of 18 March 1780: defense of, by John Adams, 420; failure of, 494–95; impact of, 70, 70n5, 254, 256, 273n10, 293, 298n2, 328, 420; passage of, 59, 60n2, 96, 178, 179n1 Adams, John, 16, 223; attitude toward France, 255; and bills of exchange, 204n1, 273– 74n10, 369, 488n3, 666; and British peace overtures, 133, 778; charges against Gillon, 749; codes and ciphers used by, 7, 9, 11–12; and commercial regulations, 393; and commercial treaties, 645, 778; commissions to, 291n7, 466–67, 467–69, 502, 538, 641, 643, 645; consultation with, 681; correspondence of, 133, 176, 204, 393, 396, 458, 502, 660, 667, 668, 786n11; criticism of, 315, 612, 724; defends act of 18 March 1780, 420; documents sent to, 609, 610n2; and Dutch loans, 198, 291n7, 311, 382, 397, 425, 439, 677, 728n6; and enlargement of peace commission, 545n2; expenses of, 667, 687; French opposition to, 427n6; health of, 545; identified, 801; instructions to, 152, 469–71, 470–71n2, 502, 538, 641, 643, 657; letters from, 115–16, 117–18, 410–11, 640–41, 643–44, 695–96; letters to, 87–89, 141–43, 209–10, 397, 640, 657, 705–6; and marine prisoners, 536; and mediation proposals, 545, 545n2; as minister to England, 11; as minister to United Provinces, 169, 425; mission to Holland, 222, 290, 291n7, 300, 383, 439, 677, 725; newspaper attacks on, 242n1; as peace commissioner, 432n11, 502, 502n1, 572, 645, 655, 656n7; and peace negotiations, 545; and plan of treaties, 571n2; received in his public character, 778, 779n2, 779n4; recommendations on receiving and sending dispatches, 88n5; relationship with Franklin, 211; and secret article in French-American treaty, 706; secretary of, 803; and separate peace, 778; settlement of accounts of, 255, 313, 315n2, 346; supporters of, 724; travels of, 34–35, 35n7, 88n1; and victory at Yorktown, 613; voyage to Europe, 88n1 Adams, John Quincy, 725n5; identified, 725n5 Adams, Samuel, 31n5, 343n39, 452n1; identified, 1:119 Adams, Thomas, 471; identified, 473n3 Adams-Lee faction, 56n1 “Address of Congress to their Constituents,” 91, 92n1 Admiralty courts, 624, 750 Aesop’s Fables: reference to, 540 Agriculture: importance of, 70n3; as source of wealth for poor, 81 Aitkin, James (John the Painter), 242n3 Albany, N.Y., 722, 784 Albemarle Court House, Va., 512 Alcide (ship), 162 Aldgate: pump at, 488 Alexander, William (Lord Stirling), 43, 45n5; identified, 1:213n5 Alexandria, Va., 325, 511 Aliens: rules regarding, 455 Alliance (frigate), 57, 61, 405 Alliances: commercial, 342n17; opposition to, 333, 342n17 Alva, duke of, 87 Álvarez de Sotomayor, Martín, 797 America (frigate), 271, 275n24, 440, 452n1 American Philosophical Society: membership in, 69, 70n1, 70n3, 216n3, 251 Ammunition: supply of, 85, 89–90, 294, 496 Amsterdam, 205, 641, 643; John Adams in, 273–74n10; John Adams’s journey to, 34–35; and bills of exchange, 35n8, 96, 188; merchants and bankers in, 59n2, 410; military supplies purchased in, 607n1; reaction to British atrocity in, 538; regency of, 695; ships from, 538, 602n32, 608n1; and Spanish loans, 99 Andalusia, Spain, 120, 744 Anderson, George, 199; identified, 199n3 André, John, 297, 373, 374n2, 786n4 Anglican Church, 75 Animals: JJ’s views on, 120–22. See also Horses; Mules Annapolis, Md., 511 Anne (ship), 477 Apalachiola River, 285n4 Appleton, Nathaniel, 6n1, 204n6 Arabet, Gautier & Manning (merchants, Barcelona), 49n1 Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, conde de: identified, 1:710, 801; information from, 187; instructions to, 793; lett of introduction to, 595; negotiations kept secret from, 88n4; negotiations with, 1, 3; as negotiator with JJ, 726n2; and Spanish aid, 138n13; and Spanish loan guarantee, 261n2, 339 Aranjuez, convention of, 109n5 Aranjuez (Aranjues), Spain, 46, 63, 66, 67, 91, 93, 110, 111, 116, 119, 127, 139, 141, 143, 144, 147, 158, 164, 179, 180, 181, 448, 449, 453, 457, 474, 475, 774, 795; armory at, 540; Carmichael at, 155, 170, 173n11, 798; conferences at, 104, 132, 139–41, 229, 267, 543, 597; court at, 125, 126n3, 131, 134, 155, 170, 591, 753, 771; dispatches to and from, 155, 177n2; Floridablanca at, 85; French minister at, 133; and invitations to JJ, 713, 773; JJ’s visits to, 87, 89, 125, 155, 729; journeys to and from, 61n6, 62, 68n3, 87, 89, 155, 159; letters written at, 524, 783; negotiations at, 782; passport obtained at, 630; praise of, 448, 729 Arbuthnot, Marriot: identified, 1:635n2; naval operations of, 47, 128n2, 216n2, 254, 289 Arms: supply of, 83, 465, 496 Army, British: arrival in America, 550; capture of, 578, 639, 650, 652; cavalry of, 513; contractors for, 427n14; defeat at Yorktown, 563, 564, 564n3, 640, 643, 644; defeats of, 214, 429, 529n1; depredations of, 465, 473n4, 496, 510, 512, 570; deserters from, 514; expense of, 627, 678; hatred of, 676; and Huddy-Asgill affair, 788; Livingston family home visited by, 193, 194n6; Loyalist support for, 627, 654; and Meschianza, 298n15; military operations of, 27, 28n3, 29, 43, 47, 127, 193, 216n2, 227, 228, 257–58, 353, 362, 365n5, 376, 412–13, 473n4, 496, 507–14, 518, 519n3, 634, 635n2, 654, 656n3; names for, 195; officers of, 66n6; as prisoners, 444, 529n1; recruits of, 78, 627; size of, 465, 496, 497, 578; slaves with, 578, 627; strength of, 76; transport of, 103n12, 496 Army, Continental: augmented by French troops, 780; and banks, 185; and bills of exchange, 549n4; casualties of, 413–14; clothing for, 83, 94, 100, 247, 257, 263, 264, 421, 450, 514, 538; condition of, 82, 676–77, 679n3, 719, 780, 781n2; congressional committee to camp of, 353; desertions in, 293; discipline of, 496; expense of, 149; foreign officers in, 229n4, 701, 702n1; and French aid, 263; hardships of, 293, 295; leave of absence from, 358, 362; location of, 13, 28, 780; military operations of, 26–27, 43, 45n5, 47, 86n4, 216n2, 223, 227, 228, 265, 295–96, 343n31, 353, 378, 412–14, 429, 446, 465, 507–14, 518, 519n4, 529n1, 578, 594, 634, 635n2, 635n3; movement of, 578, 579n3; mutiny in, 514; officers of, 460, 460n1; pay of, 421, 677; quotas for, 30, 31n7, 413; reduction of, 355n4; relations with French forces, 281, 289, 592, 653; riflemen of, 513; and siege of New York, 577–78; size of, 216n2, 227, 377–78, 420, 496, 578, 579n4, 781n2; staff departments of, 185; subscriptions for, 185, 364, 365n10; supply of, 53–55, 83–84, 86n4, 184–85, 257–58, 292, 294, 368, 378, 421, 425, 492, 496, 514, 677, 783; unpaid, 514; victories of, 214, 640, 643n1; virtue of, 293; western land interests of members of, 233; winter camp of, 644 Army, French: assistance from, 263, 666; complaints of officers of, 258; conference with Washington regarding, 354n2; costs of, in America, 626–27; cultivation of officers of, 353; foreign officers in, 229n4; impact of invasion by, 241; influence of officers of, in France, 353; at Martinique, 465; military operations of, 128n2, 187, 257–58, 259, 289, 296, 349–50, 510–11, 518n4, 519n4, 529n1, 540, 563, 564, 634, 635n3, 719; pay of, in America, 103n14; relations with American forces, 281, 289, 592, 653; and siege of New York, 577– 78; supply of, 257–58, 280, 499, 666; and terms of capitulation at Pensacola, 594–95; winter camps of, 644; and York-town victory, 578, 640, 643n1 Army, Spanish: deserters from, 605, 606; foreign officers in, 160n3; impact of invasion by, 241; Irish regiments of, 606; military operations of, 185, 473n8, 528, 634; supply of, xxiii, 265, 272n1, 499, 626, 776n27; volunteers in, xxii, 471, 621–23 (see also Littlepage, Lewis) Arnold, Benedict: aides to, 519n1, 804; amount of bribe to, 427n14, 441; compared to Silas Deane, 667; connection of James Jay to, 786n4; defection of, xxv, 786n4; depredations of, 510; early history of, 417; family of, 418n1, 418n2; fleet of, 436; guilt by association with, 479n5, 572; identified, 1:162n7; investigation and court martial of, 297; military operations of, 427, 436, 510–12; plot of, 296–97, 298n16, 373, 374n2, 374n3, 374– 75, 375n5, 463, 519n1, 522; relations with British officers, 511 Arnold, Benedict (1615–1678), 417; identified, 418n7 Arnold, Benedict (d. 1761), 417; identified, 418n2 Arnold, Hannah Waterman King, 418n1; identified, 418n2 Arnold, Margaret Mansfield, 418n7; identified, 418n1 Arnold, Margaret (Peggy) Shippen: and Arnold plot, 297, 373, 374, 375n5, 786n4; and Meschianza, 297, 298n15 Articles of Capitulation (Yorktown), 640, 646, 652, 654, 753 Articles of Confederation: ratification of, 74, 86n5, 390n4, 397, 398n1, 435n4, 564, 583; and western land claims, 311n7 Asgill, Charles (captain), 784, 785, 787n14 Asgill, Sarah (mother of Charles), 787n14 Asturias, Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Januario Serafin Diego, prince of (later Charles IV; son of Charles III), 45, 46 Asturias, Maria Luisa de Parma, princess of, 112, 115n1 Athens: history of, 429–30 Aubere, Monsieur (French consul, Barcelona), 48 Audibert-Caille, Étienne d’, 155, 159; identified, 802; letter from, 66–69; and relations with Morocco, 66–68, 68n2, 68n3, 357–58, 451 Augusta, Ga., 27, 28n2, 446, 509–10 Augusta, Va., 512, 514 Aulem, John, 669n17 Aurora (French frigate), xxi, 15, 18n1, 22, 25, 26, 42 Austin, Jonathan Loring, 260n5 Austria, 221n8, 720n3 Austrian Empire: as model, 1 Azores, 80 Babcock, Adam, 417; identified, 418n5 Bache, Richard, 16 Bache, Sarah Franklin, 16 Bahamas, 3, 497, 608n1 Baltimore, Md.: commerce of, 86n4; letters and dispatches sent from, 656, 679, 737n1, 781, 791; news from, 723; ships from, 676 Bancker, Gerardus (Gerard), 652, 652n6; identified, 1:80n1 Bancker, Mary, 652, 652n6 Bancroft, Edward: charges against, 254, 259n4; correspondence of, 278, 300; and Deane- Lee affair, 301–2n3; identified, 1:318n13, 802; relationship with Carmichael, 321, 322n2, 324, 572; relationship with Silas Deane, 245n9 Bank: plan for establishment of, in Spain, 109n3 Bank of North America: accounts kept in dollars, 100, 100n1; and Bank of Spain, 776n27; capitalization of, 372n14, 520–21, 523n8, 530n1, 738n11; establishment of, 464, 520; French support for, 521, 523n8; and paper money, 519–20; plan of, 519; plan to overturn, 784; Spanish aid sought for, 520–21, 523n8; specie for, 523n8, 523n9, 530n1; success of, 677 Bank of Pennsylvania: and Bank of Spain, 776n27; bills of exchange as collateral for, 6n1, 549n4; impact of, 251, 252; JJ’s praise of, 250; and supply of army, 185 Bank of San Carlos (Banco Nacional de San Carlos) (Bank of Spain): establishment of, 797, 797n3; plans for, 776n27, 798; purposes of, 776n27 Barbados, 162 Barbé-Marbois, François, marquis de, 364; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 310n1; correspondence of, 521; identified, 802; and instructions to JJ, 599n3; intelligence gathered by, 772; and Spanish aid, 501n15 Barcelona, Spain: merchants at, 48, 49n1 Barclay, Thomas (consul, France): cipher forwarded by, 681, 682, 682n5, 683n8, 773, 787; identified, 802; letters sent through, 657, 679 Barras, Jacques-Melchior Saint-Laurent, comte de, 579n5, 634, 635n4 Basking Ridge, N.J., 65 Battle of the Saints, 699, 699n2, 779n6, 799 Bayonne, France, 260, 317, 800 Beall, Samuel, 549n5 Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de, 101n2, 220n5, 236n11, 301n3, 623n4 Bedford, John Russell, duke of: identified, 243n9 Bedford, N.Y.: Jay lands at, 720 Bedford faction, 238, 243n9, 643 Beef, 309 Bemis, Samuel Flagg: writings of, 173n4 Benjamin, Hannah, 651 Benoît (JJ’s slave), 124, 124n4 Benson, Egbert: and care of Peter Augustus Jay, 689, 722; as congressional delegate, 579n6; correspondence of, 287, 288n17, 579n2; as executor of Peter Jay’s estate, 720, 721, 722; identified, 1:27n2, 802; on judges’ salaries, 693, 694n5; letter from, 577–79; letters to, 252–54, 650–52; as member of Commission for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies, 652n3; news from, 671 Bergen (Berghen), Norway, 153 Bermuda, 307, 541n2 Bernstorf, Andreas Peter von: memorial to, 153, 154n9, 212 Betsy (brig), 682, 683; captain of, 683 Bible: allusions to, 198, 340, 429, 434n8, 446, 788 Bilbao, Spain, 133, 146n4, 191n6, 675; and bills of exchange, 96, 188, 189, 197, 204, 205, 222, 225, 230, 344, 345n5; clothing sent from, 190; incident at, 750–51; letters and dispatches sent through, 170, 250, 341, 352, 403, 444, 445, 504; Henry Brockholst Livingston at, 373; newspapers brought to, 773; payment at, 178n3; port of, 88n5, 144, 145; prizes at, 625, 631, 750; release of Captain Hill at, 642; ships at, 34, 454, 504; and Spanish aid, 94 Bills of exchange: acceptance of, 94, 96, 100, 102n8, 103n10, 104n19, 157n7, 165, 177, 178n3, 189–90, 192n13, 192n14, 196, 197, 197n1, 209, 210, 221, 222, 225, 230, 235n2, 261– 62, 264, 319, 331, 335, 368, 371n11, 383, 409, 415, 455n7; accounts of payment of, 535; actions of notary regarding, 768–69; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 769; arrival in Spain, 157n7; and banks, 523n9, 530n1; captured by British, 549n5; cessation of congressional, 250, 264, 325, 385, 451–52, 488n3, 517, 536, 545; congressional, at 60 days’ or 2 months’ sight, 6n1, 96, 156, 157n7, 274n10, 371n12, 415, 488n2, 548; congressional, at 90 days’ or 3 months’ sight, 6n1, 231n6, 370n8; congressional, at 6 months’ sight, 2, 3, 6n1, 94, 156, 177n1, 178n3, 274n10, 488n2; congressional, on Amsterdam, 35n8; congressional, on Franklin, 130, 157n7, 279–81, 383, 488n3; congressional, on Henry Laurens, 14, 153, 176, 206, 209, 213, 231n6, 281, 488n2, 488n3; congressional, on JJ, xxiv–xxv, 14, 100, 104, 106, 143–44, 144–45, 156, 157n7, 161, 164, 165, 167, 177–78n2, 200–204, 209, 216, 221, 225, 230, 231n6, 260, 261, 262, 279–81, 283, 319, 320n3, 355–56, 366, 369, 372, 383, 408–9, 409n5, 410n7, 414–16, 418, 458, 488, 488n2, 488n3, 504, 529, 530n1, 530n2, 598, 638–39, 681, 683, 698, 699n2, 701; congressional, on JJ (illus.), 201; credit of, 15–16, 130, 683; damages on, 488n3; debts paid with, 231n6, 368, 487, 488n2, 549n4; denominations of, 6n1, 100n1, 200, 283; description of, 200–204, 356; difficulty negotiating, 638; discounting of, 89, 776n27; drawn by JJ on Franklin, 15, 128, 151–52, 154n1, 548, 577; endorsement of, 609; examples of, 204n2; holders of, xxv, 177– 78n2, 178n3, 186–87, 197, 205, 221, 222, 225, 230, 232, 235n2, 261–62, 264n8, 319, 329, 330, 331, 332, 335, 344, 409, 582, 701, 745, 755, 765, 767, 769; and illicit trade, 549n5; impact of congressional drawing of, 436, 438; JJ’s personal liability for, 755; for JJ’s salary, 794; losses on, xxiv, 188, 452, 626–27, 628; as medium of commerce, 147–48; negotiation of, in Cuba, 523n9, 530n1; paid twice, 537–38; payments due on, 548, 582, 636, 639, 639n2, 684, 701, 704n1, 709, 752, 760–63, 766–67; printing of, 200, 203; protest of, xxv, 3, 61, 97, 148, 222, 409, 415, 488, 529, 530n2, 547–48, 549n5, 577, 582, 609–10n2, 666, 681, 686n3, 698, 704, 706, 709, 743, 752, 767–69, 777n36, 796; remittances in, 80, 94, 211; sale of, 6n1, 94, 157n7; secret marks on, 200–204; sets of, 61; sinking of, 530n2; and Spanish loan, 98 Bingham, Anne Willing, 464, 465, 802 Bingham, William: as agent at Martinique, 42–43, 126; bills paid to, 15, 60, 370n8; as candidate for secretary to Franklin, 126n4, 186, 464, 465n2; classical quotations of, 44; codes and ciphers used by, 7, 9, 10; correspondence of, 673; debt to, 44n4, 231n6; identified, 1:586n2, 802; letters from, 42–45, 184–86, 464–66, 517–19; national self-reliance favored by, 517–18; news from, 325n3; payments to, 6n1; position recommended for, 126, 126n4; return from Martinique, 43, 44, 44n2, 185 Biscay, Bay of, 106, 117 Bland, Theodorick, Jr., 388 Blankets, 689, 722 Blue Ridge Mountains, 513 Board of Admiralty, 49n2, 164n1, 452n1 Board of Treasury, 6n1, 138n13, 297; and secret checks on bills of exchange, 200–204, 204n2 Board of War, 31n7 Bond, Mrs., 114 Bondfield, John, 799, 800n2 Bordeaux, France, 86n4, 799; John Adams at, 34; Silas Deane at, 256; goods shipped from, 527; JJ’s visit to, 799–800; letters sent through, 797, 798; meeting at, 545; merchants in, 59n4, 66n4, 623; report from, 177; Spanish purchases at, 105 Boston, Mass.: British recruits in, 78; clothing arrives at, 273n4; French consul at, 436, 442, 444, 454; James Jay’s arrival at, 783; letters sent through, 629, 719, 737n1; privateers from, 227; prizes brought to, 289; ship constructed at, 440, 443n12; ships to and from, 162, 325, 601n31, 780, 791; travelers from, 681 Boston Gazette, 572 Bouillé, François-Claude Amour, marquis de (governor, Martinique), 43, 45n3, 84 Bourbon, House of: American respect for, 333; and checking of British power, 85, 167; opportunities neglected by, 240; and recognition of American independence, 708; and relations between Spain and France, 88n4; war objectives of, 735; wars with Great Britain, 90 Bourbon (ship), 443n12 Bourgoing, Jean-François, baron de: and articles of capitulation at Yorktown, 646; correspondence of, 758, 782n10; identified, 803; information to, 174, 181, 183; intelligence conveyed by, 331; JJ’s relationship with, xxvi; letters forwarded by, 623; letter from, 685– 86; letter to, 686; messages conveyed by, 326; and protest of bills, 704n2, 767–68, 771; relationship with Yranda, 809; as secretary to French minister to Spain, 174, 177n1; translations by, 716n5; visits from, 334, 335–36 Bouteiller, Guillaume: identified, 66n4 Bouteiller, Henri, 65, 90, 152; identified, 66n4 Boyer, Abel, 9 Boyer’s Royal Dictionary: codes based on, 9, 30n2, 157, 229n3, 272, 274n19, 288, 385 Braganza, duke of, 138n11 Bread: contracts for, 492 Brest, France, 659; convoy from, 779n6; fleet at, 105, 118, 239–40; ships at, 246, 458n4 Bretigny, Charles-François Sevelinges, marquis de, 414 British Empire: division of, 81, 85, 90, 167; expansion of, 498–99; expense of, 304 Brochier, Monsieur (French consul, Lisbon), 537, 539n11 Brown, John (British officer), 66n6 Brown, Mary Livingston, 65; identified, 66n6 Brussels (Bruxelles), Belgium, 236, 242n1 Bryan, Gabriel (captain), 216n3 Bryden: doctrine of, 213n6 Buckles: purchase of, 533 Bunker Hill, battle of, 352n2 Burgos, Spain, 4n2 Burgoyne, John, 76, 214, 444; identified, 1:439n3 Burke, Edmund, 728n3 Burke, Thomas, 217, 218n2, 500, 501n16; identified, 1:663n2 Bute, John Stuart, earl of, 238; identified, 242n7 Butter: imported by Spain, 125 Cabarrús, Francisco (François): and articles of capitulation at Yorktown, 647; backers of, 369n4; banking plan of, 746n3, 767, 776n27; and bills on JJ, 96, 157n7, 161n1, 177n1, 372, 698, 702–3, 703n2, 709, 743, 744–46, 745; Carmichael’s cultivation of, 170–71; conferences with Spanish officials, 760, 765–66, 776n26; connections of, 216n3; correspondence of, 770–71, 775n21; financial proposals of, 370n7, 371n12, 372n14, 703, 703n2, 744–45, 746– 47n11, 758, 759, 763, 764, 766–68; financial transactions for Spain, 104n14, 369n1, 370n7, 370n10, 372, 743, 746, 746n3, 757, 770; funds advanced by, 663, 666, 668n8, 684, 685n3, 694–95, 696, 706–7, 713–14, 742, 743, 744–45, 746n3, 747, 752, 757; identified, 803; importance of, 770; JJ’s dissatisfaction with, 711–12, 713–16, 745–46, 747n13, 769–71; letters from, 684–85, 694–95, 710–12; letter to, 713–16; mail sent through, 211, 212; repayment of, 696, 697, 704, 706–7, 743–44, 746n3, 747n11, 757, 760, 776n26; as scapegoat, 747n13, 771; settlement of accounts with, 694–95, 710n4, 710n5, 710–11, 713, 760, 797, 798; and Spanish aid, 762; and Spanish loan guarantee, 344; and Spanish loans, 98, 100, 345n2 Cabarrús and Aguirre: account of, 694–95 Cadiz, Bay of, 124n2 Cadiz, governor at (Alejandro O’Reilly), 583, 589 Cadiz, Spain, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24, 36, 37, 48, 49, 51, 215, 215n1, 217, 282, 646; agent at, 356; arrival of specie at, 189, 609; Aurora arrives at, 18n1; and bills of exchange, 61, 96, 152, 188; and clothing, 267, 340, 403, 440; commerce of, 136, 137n2, 138n15; and dispatches, 127, 139n23, 251, 316; expeditions from, 609; expense at, 190; fleet sails from, 118, 135, 476, 528n4, 591; French consul at, 647; Harrison’s residence at, 33n9; JJ’s landing at, xxi, 1, 22, 25, 34, 184, 353; JJ’s stay at, 299, 317; letters and dispatches sent through, 170, 325, 361, 449, 455, 457–58, 527, 580, 581, 583, 589, 591, 642, 679, 681, 740; letters from, 57, 60, 213, 224; letters written at, 64, 114, 119, 124, 128, 194, 225, 269; merchants at, 67, 68, 159, 316, 361, 361n1, 369n4, 630; and Minorca campaign, 472, 475; passports to, 675; permission to stay at, 329; port of, 88n5, 105, 144, 145; and prizes, 58, 224; Sarah Jay’s illness at, 195; seamen at, 505, 753; shipments to, 216n3; ships at, 223, 321, 361, 524, 581, 601n31, 612, 676, 691, 701, 717, 741; travel to and from, 31, 32, 67, 68, 88n2, 119, 128n2, 138n15, 155, 471, 617, 618, 619 Cadwalader, Thomas, 114 Caesar, Julius: reference to, 378 Cagigal, Juan Manuel de (governor, Cuba; commandant general at Havana), 499, 523n8, 523n9, 530n1, 580n4 Caldwell, Hannah: death of, 193, 194n6, 363, 365n5 Caldwell, James, 365n5 Calypso: reference to, 211 Camden, Charles Pratt, earl of, 236; identified, 242n2 Camden, S.C.: defeat at, 229n4, 295, 298n8, 376; military operations at, 227, 446, 447, 509, 513, 515n2 Campo, Bernardo del, 775n12; appointed to negotiate with JJ, 563n4, 598, 657, 663n3, 726n2, 753–54; attitude toward United States, 442; and bills on JJ, 234, 235, 235n6, 262, 745, 755, 759, 767–68; and British peace overtures, 160n4, 326; and clothing, 404; conferences with, 99, 232–36, 262, 758–59; correspondence of, 448n2; documents given to, 795; as Floridablanca’s secretary, 161n9, 182, 188; Gardoqui’s residence with, 220, 331; health of, 639, 657, 752–54, 753, 763; identified, 803; information from, 404, 551, 595; instructions to, 598, 663, 676, 680, 743, 748, 754, 755, 756, 758–59, 793; and interception and inspection of mail, 159; letter dictated by, 248; letters and dispatches delivered by, 656n11, 680, 681, 682, 756–57; letter from, 680; letters to, 630–31, 675–76, 697; and mast contract, 404; meetings at office of, 649; meetings at residence of, 233, 262; meetings with Cabarrús, 765–66, 776n26; professions of friendship of, doubted, 759, 762; relationship with Carmichael, 171, 563n4, 796; relationship with Florida-blanca, 563n4; role of, 404; translation by, 188; and treaty negotiations, 171, 654, 657, 663, 726n2, 754–55, 763; unfriendly influence of, 747n13, 771; visits to, 798 Campomanes, Pedro Roderiguez, conde de, 87, 138n11, 647 Canada: attacks on frontier posts from, 376; boundaries of, 242n8; expedition against, 479n5; and French-American treaty, 307; and naval operations, 14; territorial objectives in, 388; trade through, 309–10 Canary Islands, 163, 179, 180, 589 Cannon: captured, 640 Cape Antonio, 107 Cape Clear, 117 Cape Finisterre, 127, 289 Cape François, 296 Cape Hatteras, N.C.: storms at, 30n3 Cape St. Vincent, 103n12, 291n4 Caracas, Venezuela: trade with, 676 Card games: references to, 339 Caribbean, 242n1 Carleton, Guy, Sir, 794; and British peace overtures, 784, 788–89, 791n13; identified, 1:162n6 Carleton, Joseph (paymaster, board of war), 549n4 Carlisle Commission, 182, 266, 272n8 Carmichael, William, 194, 195, 228, 377, 424, 564, 641, 708, 797n2, 797n3, 797n4; absence at Aranjuez, 136; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 171, 270; appointment by, 802; and appointment of negotiator with JJ, 563n4; and appointment of secretary to Franklin, 171, 794n2; arrival and reception at Madrid, 1, 31, 46, 46n5, 127, 131, 135, 172; and articles of capitulation at Yorktown, 646–47; and Articles of Confederation, 86n5; and bets regarding SLJ, 365n8; and bills on JJ, 95, 97, 157n7, 192– 93n15, 235n2, 235n6, 273n4, 275, 345n5, 367, 685n3, 706–7, 776n28; and British peace overtures, 181, 183, 217, 218n1, 249n4; as candidate for peace commissioner, 479n3; character of, xxii, 173n6, 174n21; as chargé d’affaires, xxvii, 171, 175, 183, 425, 726, 795, 806; codes and ciphers used by, 7, 9, 10, 21, 21n5, 32, 33, 39, 40, 46, 503; commission of, 72, 175, 182, 183; and conferences with Floridablanca, 52–54, 107, 139–41, 183, 188, 269, 326–27; confidential papers concealed from, 484; as congressional delegate, 23, 72, 169, 482; correspondence of, 59n2, 86n4, 128n1, 137n5, 139n23, 158, 159, 173n9, 220, 224n5, 273n4, 278, 281, 300, 330, 342n11, 388, 392n4, 397, 406, 410n7, 411, 412, 413, 415, 421, 442n2, 443n18, 443n19, 451, 455n7, 458, 477, 517, 572, 577, 600n7, 600n17, 601n31, 659n4, 668, 682n8, 719, 720n6, 744, 776n28; and criticism of Congress, 482; criticized by SLJ, 483–85; and Deane-Lee affair, 168–69, 302n3; death of, 172; deference to France, 173n13; dispatches delivered by, 23, 23n1; friends of, in Spain, 383; funds borrowed from, 741; funds paid to, 90; health of, 159, 798; historical appraisals of, 173n4; identified, 1:749; informants of, 181, 183; information from, 669; information gathered by, xxii, 20, 21n3, 32, 35, 39–40, 131, 137n5, 155, 159, 175, 182, 220, 331, 334, 335, 358–59; instructions to, 18– 21, 32, 34, 35, 40, 131, 137n5, 155; interception and inspection of mail of, 159; intrigues of, 59n2; and investigation of Gillon, 171, 608n1, 749; invitations to, 731, 732n2, 774, 795; journal of, 155, 176, 181; languages spoken by, 191n7; letters carried to ports by, 358; letters delivered by, 15, 40, 41, 45, 177n1, 328; letters from, 31–33, 33–35, 45–46, 127–28, 158–61, 181–83, 217–18, 219–21, 646–47, 795–97, 798–99; letters to, 18–21, 37–40, 155–56, 174–77, 183–84, 275–78; lodgings of, 330; and negotiations with Cabarrús, 757–58, 766; news of ship sailings withheld by, 524; nominations of, for membership in American Philosophical Society, 216n3; notes taken by, 139–41, 249n3, 275n26, 275–77; and peace negotiations, 477; portrait (illus.), 169; and preparation of public papers, 275n26, 484; and prints of Franklin, 213n6; and prize cases, 164n1; proposed mission to Portugal, 523n10, 791n16; and queries on American affairs, 1, 52, 54, 56n4, 71, 131, 182; quoted, 97, 137n8, 191n15, 273n4, 545n5; received at court, xxii, 774–75; records kept by, 448, 448n2; and regulation of contraband, 285n4; relationship with Edward Bancroft, 300, 301–2n3, 321, 322n2, 324, 572; relationship with Silas Deane, 301n3, 324; relationship with JJ, xxii, 137n5, 168–74, 174–77, 181–83, 275–78, 324, 475, 483–84, 524, 575–76, 608n1, 648, 794; relationship with Lewis Littlepage, 472, 474–75; relationship with Henry Brockholst Livingston, 483–85, 525; relations with European diplomats, 135, 181, 335; and relations with Morocco, 68n3; reports of, 21n3, 95, 99, 103n14, 104n19, 170, 192n6, 192–93n15, 218nn1–2, 275n26, 366–67, 371n11, 563n4, 686n3, 743, 744, 746n10, 776n27; salary of, 211, 281, 383, 687; as secretary of Spanish mission, xxii, 71, 136, 173n11; servant of, 275; and settlement of Spanish accounts, 171, 709, 710n5, 710–11, 798; social activities of, xxii, 159, 160n5, 172, 219, 766, 796; and treaty negotiations, 171, 600n17, 608n1; visits Floridablanca, 330, 334–35; writings left with, 108; youth in Scotland, 484 Carolinas, 86n4. See also North Carolina; South Carolina Carriages, 119–20, 154, 690, 690n5 Carroll, Charles, 158; identified, 160n1 Carroll, Daniel, 398n1, 529n2, 601n31 Carrollton, Md., 160n1 Casa Mayor (Casamajor) (firm), 232, 235n2, 335, 629 Cassius: reference to, 378 Castejón, Pedro Gonzalez de Castejón y Salazar, marquis de (naval minister, Spain), 109n6 Casti, Abbe, 220; identified, 221n8 Castries, Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix, marquis de (naval minister, France), 423n6, 659 Cataline: reference to, 237 Catalonia, Spain, 49n1 Catham, Conn., 443n12 Catherine II (empress, Russia): Dana’s mission to court of, 725n5, 803; JJ’s views of, 135; and League of Armed Neutrality, 397; mediation proposals of, 393, 466, 469, 502, 538; resolution sent to, 425 Catholicism: fear of, 238; laws favoring, 238, 242n6, 242n8; toleration of, 136, 137n11 Central America: expeditions to, 229n6 Chambers, Anne Van Cortlandt, 652n6; identified, 1:23n3 Charles III (king, Spain), 801, 803, 804; activities at court of, 131; aid from, 91, 148, 418, 550, 570; alliance sought with, 51, 452, 489, 490, 494, 565; American attitudes toward, 84, 147, 235, 391, 515–16, 559, 632, 645, 733–34; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 107–8, 137n7, 270, 386, 391, 452, 489, 490, 494, 550–51, 559, 567–69, 590, 737n3; and American relations with Spain, 552; and appointment of negotiators with JJ, 559, 574, 754; and appointment of consuls in Spain, 624; at Aranjuez, 753; attitudes toward United States, 136, 140, 142, 147, 230, 247, 248, 265, 267, 442, 450, 559, 760, 762, 764; and bills on JJ, 95, 96, 143–44, 144–45, 147–48, 164, 178, 179, 180, 189, 230, 247, 248, 262, 267, 698, 701; and British peace overtures, 88n4, 99, 105, 133, 140, 265–66, 450, 516, 559, 736; cedula of, 797; character of, 190, 733; and clothing, 248, 251, 267, 272n1, 273n4; colonial policy of, 582; and compensation for Spain, 558–59; and conquest of Florida, 46; conquests in name of, 765; and contraband, 391, 567; correspondence of, 88n4; credit of, 106, 110n8; documents shown to, 559; and Dutch loan, 199; enemies of, 372; Floridablanca confers with, 103n12, 546; Floridablanca’s reports to, 556, 574; flour sought by, 760; foreign officers of, 160n3; and free port on Mississippi River, 391, 569; and French-American alliance, 88n4; and French-American treaty, 269, 307, 451; Gibraltar sought by, 772; guarantee of possessions of, 498; information given to, 523–24; informed of JJ’s arrival, 34; and invitation to JJ, 731, 774; JJ’s communications with, 23, 24–25, 34, 35n2, 40, 41, 45, 92; JJ’s views on, 287, 575; and joint military operations, 219, 265; location of, 543, 753, 754; loan guarantee of, 100, 248, 251, 264, 273n10, 283, 321, 339, 344, 383, 394, 439; at Madrid, 543; mediation proposals of, 559; ordinances of, 329, 750; piety of, 127; and privateer and prize cases, 624, 641, 642; and protection of Canary Islands, 163; and queries on American affairs, 52, 54, 71; reactions to news from America, 127; reaction to Yorktown victory, 753–54; and reception of Jay and Carmichael, 45–46; and recognition of American independence, 553, 568–69, 708; regulations of, 215; repayment sought by, 760; reports to, 88n4; reputation of, 88n2, 90; residences of, 32, 125, 126n3; role in history, 552–53; and secret article, 22–22, 24–25, 269, 695, 777n36; and separate peace, 559; ships, naval stores, and naval timber sought by, 179, 180, 340, 402, 451, 498, 698, 760; and Spanish aid, 94, 105, 179n2, 189, 248, 264, 271, 450, 497, 570, 636; and Spanish control of Gulf of Mexico, 270, 581–82; and Spanish loans, 99, 267–68, 272n1; supply of forces of, 499; and territorial guarantees, 569–70; and trade with America, 498; and treaty negotiations, 333, 451, 566–72, 574, 598, 695, 737n3, 777n36; war objectives of, 103n12, 270, 582, 735 Charles IV (of Spain), 46n4. See also Asturias, prince of Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor; Charles I of Spain), 112 Charleston, S.C., 185; British capture of, 2–3, 47–48, 158n2, 186n3, 187, 191n3, 191n4, 192n14, 194, 209, 216n2, 216n3, 219, 220n3, 223, 226, 254, 257, 272n2, 295, 297, 302n4, 334; British expedition against, 28n3, 29, 30n3; British occupation of, 420, 518, 539, 578; British troops confined to, 446, 509, 540, 635n2, 699; causes of surrender of, 219; evacuation of, by British, 3, 564, 565n7, 699, 724; fleet at, 724; impact of capture of, xxiii, 158n2, 184, 186n3, 187–88, 191n2, 192n14, 194, 196, 206, 209, 214, 223, 329, 354; journey to, 30n3; march from, 513; military operations at, xxiii, 446, 531; parole of prisoners to, 3, 529n1; prisoners taken at, 302n4; siege of, 216n3, 676 Charlottesville, Va., 512, 514 Charters, colonial: and American territorial claims, 390n1 Chattahoochee River, 285n4 Chaumont, Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de, 315n3; identified, 1:665n4 Cheese: imported by Spain, 125 Chesapeake Bay: agricultural disease in, 86n11; dispatches sent to, 791; exposed position of, 510; fleet at, 14, 578; letters and dispatches sent from, 719, 737n1, 781; naval operations in, 427, 429, 442, 510–11, 583, 635n4; obstruction of, by ice, 29; vessels from, 780 Chester, Pa., 15, 113 Chevalier, Don Luis, 764 Chevillet, Juste: engravings of, 154n12 Child, Francis, 462 Children: impact of paper money on, 349; separation from, 610–11 Choiseul, Étienne François, duc de, 302n7 Church of England: clergy of, 75 Cicero: quoted, 322, 323n16, 349, 351n4 Cicero (ship), 631, 632–33, 750 Cities: military insignificance of capture of, 223 “Citizen, A” (pseudonym), 479n5 Civil list: pay of, 677 Clergy: as Loyalists, 75 Clermont: as Livingston home, 435, 438n1 Climate: impact of, 378, 446 Clinton, Catharine, 693, 694n3; identified, 435n3 Clinton, Cornelia, 693, 694n3; identified, 435n3 Clinton, Elizabeth, 694n3; identified, 435n3 Clinton, George: correspondence of, 253, 287, 288–89n17, 434, 437, 783, 786n4; identified, 803; letters to, 208–9, 434–35, 634–36, 693–94; quoted, 435n4; residence of, 435n1; as trustee of Peter Jay’s estate, 720; and Vermont controversy, 435n4; and visits to British- occupied New York, 579, 579n8 Clinton, George Washington: identified, 435n3 Clinton, Henry, Sir: agents of, 514; and Arnold plot, 297, 373, 374n2; damages to troops under, 30n3; and disaffection in Vermont, 253n2; embarkation of troops under, 27, 28n3, 29; and expected campaign against New York City, 257; and Huddy-Asgill Affair, 786n14; inactivity of, 676; military operations of, 127, 216n2, 228, 258, 289, 295, 511, 515n9; and mutiny of Pennsylvania line, 514; return to New York, 186 Clinton, Sarah Cornelia Tappan (Mrs. George Clinton), 208, 434, 435n3, 635, 693; identified, 435n3 Cloth: importation of, 82, 498; shipped by JJ, 689, 722 Clothing: captured, 110n9, 249n3, 272n4; cargo of, 538; imported by Spain, 125; payment for, 661; shortage of, 83; Spanish grant of, 321; supply of, 89, 100, 106, 110n9, 249n3, 251, 257–58, 263, 338, 340, 367, 378, 401–2, 403, 418, 440, 450, 496 Clymer, Elizabeth Meredith, 113; identified, 115n3 Clymer, George: identified, 115n3 Coaches: travel by, 621, 622 Cocoa: trade in, 498, 676 Codes and ciphers: carried by Franks, 612; of Committee for Foreign Affairs, 7, 157; deciphering of, 679; delivered by JJ, 669; destruction of deciphering of, 12, 287; errors in, 11, 719; interception and inspection of, 656n11, 657–58, 681, 682–83, 773, 782n6; keys to, 7, 13n19, 503; keywords in, 10, 36; lack of, 125, 195; modification of, 645, 646n7; problems with, 193, 787–88, 790, 791n7; stoppage of mail employing, 454; types of, 7–8, 10–11; use of, 7–13, 29, 30n2, 36, 38, 39, 40, 124, 226, 229n3, 246, 249, 254, 259, 272, 278, 279n7, 322, 408, 503, 628; XZA code, 10; YESCA code (illus.), 437 Codman, Stephen: letters and dispatches carried by, 601n31, 680–81, 683n12, 691, 691n2; passport for, 601n31, 675–76 Codman and Smith: trade of, 675–76 Coffee: price of, 563 Colic: cases of, 159 Collier, John, Sir: identified, 473n4 Collieries: as source for seamen, 497–98 Colonies, British: military operations against, 494 Commerce: British resources derived from, 149; convoys for, 628; and credit, 53, 55, 80; freedom of, 242n9; and free ports, 670; funds employed in, 492; impact of paper money on, 519, 520; impact of war on, 81; interception of, 117, 118n2; and money supply, 84; obstruction of, by ice, 29; opposition to, 421; profitability of, 626; profits on, 147; proposals regarding, 567, 571n2; protection of, 154; Rochford’s project regarding, 138n11; and specie circulation, 497; treaties of, 558, 645, 778, 779n2, 779n8 Commerce, American: obstacles to, 80; prospects for, 82; protection of, 223; revival of, 677; state of, 86n4, 256 Commerce, British: impact of war on, 239–40, 291n4; protection of, 223 Commerce (ship), 601n31 Commissaries, 185, 677 Commissioners, American, in France: Carmichael’s work for, xxii, 168; consular powers of, 536; copies of correspondence of, obtained by foreign diplomats, 341; correspondence of, 68n2, 242n1; and French-American treaty of alliance, 21–22; and interest on loan office certificates, 17n5, 178; investigation of, 281n4; and naturalization of foreigners, 536; settlement of accounts of, 255, 346; and Spanish aid, 94, 138n13; treaty negotiations of, 557 Commissioners, American Peace: appointment of, 432n11; appointment of secretary of, 432n11; commissions to, 538; discretionary powers of, 561–62; and French influence, 772; instructions to, 477, 502, 529n2, 533n1, 538, 678, 772, 777n36 Commissioners, British Peace: and British peace overtures, 76, 266; instructions to, 427n14 Commissioners for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies, 579 Commission for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies, 650, 652n3 Committee for Foreign Affairs: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 285n4; and bills of exchange on JJ, 316; codes and ciphers used by, 7, 157; copies of correspondence of, obtained by foreign diplomats, 341; correspondence of, 2, 96, 132, 137n5, 139n23, 170, 191n15, 192n6, 196, 251, 310n1, 343n39, 360, 366, 372n16, 377, 388, 442n2, 443n19, 443n22, 563n4, 600n7, 600n9, 600n17, 612; information from, 6n1, 132, 377; lack of correspondence from, 316, 318, 318n4, 535; lack of information from, 29; letters from, 5–6, 156–57, 198–99, 200–204; letter to, 356–57; members of, 26; papers sent by, 28; problems of, 198; reports to, 21n3, 170; role of, 586 Committee of Secret Correspondence, 168, 243 Commodities: shortages of, 80 “Common Sense” (Thomas Paine): publications of, 301, 302n7 Confederacy: nature of, 74 Confederacy (frigate): arrival at Philadelphia, 278; damages to, xxi, 18, 22, 25, 483; fate of, 126, 126n5; funds advanced to officers of, 288n4; letters carried on, 65; officers of, 17, 18n4, 65; repair of, 42, 43, 44n2, 227; voyages of, 8, 15, 17–18, 22, 25, 26, 184 Confederation: weakening of, 218n2 Congress, Continental, 690, 698n4, 794n2; accounts of, kept in dollars, 100n1; and accounts of agents in Europe, 346, 348, 572; acts of, 96, 393; agents of, 218n2; and alliance with Spain, 433, 489, 499, 550, 555, 590, 734; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, xxiv, 50, 51n4, 132, 137n7, 191n6, 269–70, 274n20, 284–85, 307–11, 367, 369n6, 381n5, 384, 386–90, 389n1, 390n2, 391, 433, 438, 452, 455n7, 467n1, 470n2, 489, 491n1, 494, 529n2, 550–51, 560n6, 567–69, 571n4, 580–82, 584, 587–88, 600n15, 601–2n31, 629n7, 636, 698, 717–18, 735–36, 737n3, 772; and American territorial claims, 629n7; annual election of delegates to, 76; anti-French sentiments in, 777n36; and appointment of consuls or agents in Europe, 356–57; and appointment of minister to Spain, 40, 41, 71, 109n5, 733; and appointment of secretary to Franklin, 14n3, 432n11; appoints peace commissioners, 432n11, 518, 533n1, 538; appoints secretary for foreign affairs, 539n5, 600n10, 625–26; appoints superintendent of finance, 488n1, 491; approves JJ’s conduct, 717, 720n2, 724, 736, 737n3, 780, 782n6; and argument from necessity, 349; attacks on Franklin in, 427n6; attitudes toward France, 592; attitudes toward Spain, 218n2, 645, 773; authorizes trade on public account, 506; bills drawn by, xxiv–xxv, 5, 6n1, 35n8, 100– 101n1, 200–204, 294, 319, 343n37, 530n2; bills drawn by, on John Adams, 536; bills drawn by, on Franklin, 61, 130, 153, 157n7, 279, 383, 536, 549n4; bills drawn by, on JJ, 2, 6n1, 91, 94, 96, 99, 104, 106, 111, 132, 141, 143–44, 144–45, 147–49, 149, 151, 156, 157n7, 161, 188, 193n15, 196, 197n1, 204n2, 225, 230, 231n6, 233, 248, 249n2, 250, 261, 267, 274n10, 279, 316, 325, 355–56, 366, 409, 410n7, 436, 487, 488, 488n2, 504, 536, 541, 545, 547, 549n4, 587–88, 609, 638–39, 660–61, 674, 698, 704, 741, 747, 777n36, 803, 809; bills drawn by, on JJ (illus.), 201; bills drawn by, on Henry Laurens, 6n1, 92, 132, 153, 204n2, 206, 207n1, 209, 213, 281, 359, 488n2, 536, 549n4; and boundaries, 284–85, 469, 470n2; and British capture of Charleston, 223; and British peace overtures, 76, 266, 272n1, 516, 736, 738n13, 784, 785, 788–89; and care of American seamen, 49, 134, 138n15, 196, 198–99, 282, 282n2, 299, 317, 341, 441, 451, 506; circular letters of, 254–55; and citizenship issues, 456, 458; and clothing, 440; codes and ciphers of, 274n19, 385, 502, 515; and commerce with Spanish colonies, 737n3; and commercial treaties, 645; commissions of, 175, 466–67, 467–69, 502, 543n1, 560, 627, 643, 795; committees of, 6n1, 281n4, 355n4, 529n2, 717, 719n1, 720n2; complaints about JJ’s lack of dispatches to, xxiii, 316; complaints on Pensacola capitulation terms, 528, 529n1; concessions offered to Spain, 734–36; confidence in, 379; confidence in Gérard, 26; and conquest of Florida, 501n14; correspondence of, 237, 242n5; couriers of, 451; credit of, 16, 94, 206, 260, 263, 379, 425; criticism of, 347–48, 399, 481–82; and currency emissions, 6n1, 91, 96, 178–79; and Deane-Lee affair, 243, 301, 302n3, 347, 351n3, 399–400; debates in, 193, 194n1; debt to William Bingham, 45n4; and Declaration of Independence, 76; decryption for, 9; delegates to, 36, 71, 72, 160n1, 183, 184, 193, 222, 281n4, 803, 805, 806, 807; dispatches of, 58, 152, 155, 286, 288n3, 352, 353, 359n10, 411, 425, 433, 434n7, 443n22, 449, 450, 451, 452n1, 453, 455n7, 502, 515, 544, 547, 551, 555, 565, 574–75, 580, 588–89, 591–92, 595–96, 601n31, 625, 680n16, 681, 682, 682n8, 690–91, 756–57, 787; and disposition of the America, 275n24; drunkenness in, 481; and Dutch loans, 214, 291n7; and education of son of General Joseph Warren, 352n2; and efforts to obtain release of Henry Laurens, 443n17; elects president of Congress, 515, 628; and embargoes, 272n1; enlargement of peace commission by, 545n2; and enlistment of slaves, 807; executive departments established by, 30n4, 158, 376, 535, 626, 629n2; factions in, 432n11; finances, xxiv–xxv, 59–60, 60n2, 70n5, 91–92, 95, 96, 127, 148–49, 156, 166, 178–79, 188–89, 194, 228, 292–95, 353–54, 378–79, 413, 446, 462, 464–65, 478, 491–95, 514, 530n2, 626–27, 677; and foreign aid, 501n14, 674; foreign loans sought by, 35n8; and Franklin’s request for dismissal, 535; and free port on Mississippi River, xxiv, 369n6, 391, 452, 467n1, 569, 587–88; and French-American treaty of alliance, 269, 274n18, 274n19; French influence on, 218n2, 324, 477, 806; and French influence on peace negotiations, xxvi, 389; French intelligence on, xxiii, 218n2, 772; and Gardoqui’s arrival in America, 780; and Huddy-Asgill Affair, 787n14; and illicit trade, 549n5; impact of dissension in, 86n7, 136; impact of long service on delegates of, 594; inadequate financial provisions for JJ, 125, 134–35; information conveyed to, 39, 159; information from, 132; instructions of, xxiv, xxvi, 86n9, 132, 152, 191n6, 199, 207n1, 270, 274n19, 274n20, 275n25, 284–85, 303–11, 310n1, 338, 341, 367, 369n6, 386–89, 391, 391n1, 392, 392n4, 397, 397n3, 433, 450–53, 455n7, 460–62, 469–71, 477, 491n1, 494, 502, 515–16, 528, 529n2, 531, 533n1, 543n1, 560n6, 582–83, 586–90, 597, 599n3, 600n15, 627, 629n7, 640, 643, 654, 657, 660, 667, 678, 696, 734–36, 772, 777n36, 780, 781n2; and interception and inspection of mail, 341, 356–57, 392, 453, 455n7, 504, 582, 591; investigations by, 168–69, 281n4, 608n1; and Jay-Carmichael relations, 171; JJ’s discussion of politics restricted to correspondence with, 253; and JJ’s expenses, 151–52; and JJ’s proposed resignation as peace commissioner, 654; JJ’s recommendations to, 143; and JJ’s salary, 663; and joint military operations with Spain, 46; journals of, 158, 208, 528, 583; lack of information from, xxii–xxiii, 445, 458, 535; lack of letters from, 393; lack of remittances from, xxii, 196, 210, 393, 415; lack of secrecy in, 136, 341, 358, 433, 586, 588; and League of Armed Neutrality, 396n5, 397; and leave of absence for Henry Brockholst Livingston, 358, 451; and leave of absence for JJ, 789; letters from, 466–67, 467–69, 469–71; and letters of marque against Portuguese shipping, 792, 792n1; and loyalty oaths, 455–56; and mediation proposals, 531, 534n2, 538; and military affairs, 353–54; and military operations in South, 127, 338; and Model Treaty of 1776, 342n17; mortification of, 737n9; and naturalization of foreigners, 536; and naval stores for Spain, 451; and neutrality violations, 118; newspapers sent by, 583; and office of foreign affairs, 158n1, 699, 700n3, 791n17; oaths of allegiance, 458; ordinances of, 655, 656n10; and paper money, 349; passports issued by, 456, 482; payments on debts of, 487; persons detained by, 482; and plan of treaties, 571n2; population estimated by, 73–74; power of, 564; and privateering, 632–33; and prize cases, 486, 487n3, 757; publications of, 86n7, 91, 92n1; quotas of, 682; and recognition of American independence, 332; and recognition of JJ as minister, 342n11; reduction of foreign embassies of, 789–90; and regulation of contraband, 285n4, 308, 386–87, 391; and reimbursement of James Jay, 783, 785–86n4; and relations with Morocco, 67, 68n3, 451; and relations with Spain, 418–19, 771–72; and relations with United Provinces, 283; and repayment of Spain, xxiii–xxiv, 164, 166, 248, 262, 268, 451, 558, 570; reports of, 528, 717, 719n1, 777n36; reports on, 443n9; reports to, 97–98, 276, 342n11; requisitions of, 413, 491, 501–2n17, 757; and resignation of Franklin, 531; resolutions of, 5, 6n1, 15, 18n2, 132, 157n7, 199, 200, 204n2, 208, 208n4, 211, 251, 253n4, 254, 325n10, 328, 357, 397, 425, 487n3, 494, 500, 501–2n17, 522, 523n3, 523n10, 528, 539n7, 549n5, 560, 583, 588, 645, 646n4, 678, 682, 699, 757, 780, 789–90, 791n1, 793; and salaries of foreign ministers, 125, 126, 539, 790; secrecy of, 772; and secretaries to missions abroad, 169; and secret article in Franco-American treaty, 22, 24–25, 777n36; secret journals of, 737n3; and settlement of Deane’s accounts, 400n1; and Spanish aid, 6n1, 147, 234, 344, 636, 737n3; and Spanish conquest of Florida, 13; Spanish demands presented to, 2; Spanish intelligence on, xxiii; and Spanish mission, 1; and Spanish prisoners in New York, 135, 139n18; and Spanish reception of American minister, 4n3, 34; and Spanish requests for ships and naval timber, 144, 145, 146n5, 402, 440, 451, 541, 543n6, 698; and specific supplies, 280; standing committees of, criticized, 316, 317n4, 318; supplies ordered by, 572; and supply of French forces, 272n1, 280, 666; and supply of Spanish forces, 265, 272n1; supply operations of, 58; suspension of drafts by, 99, 251, 251n1, 264, 280–81, 368, 385, 402, 488n3, 517, 598; suspension of drafts by, requested, 319, 320n5, 325; taxation by, 73; territorial objectives of, 781n2; transparency of, 73; and treaty negotiations with Spain, 588, 595–96, 601–2n31, 737n3; ultimata of, for peace negotiations, 781n2; and Vermont controversy, 28, 28n5, 208, 253n4, 434; and western lands, 253; withholding information about funds from, 670, 670n8 Congress, president of: codes and ciphers used by, 7, 9; correspondence of, 242n5, 288n3; passports issued by, 456; reports to, 170; role of, 586. See also Hanson, John; Huntington, Samuel; Jay, John, as president of Congress; McKean, Thomas Congress, secretary of: role of, 586. See also Thomson, Charles Congress, U.S.: and citizenship issues, 455–57 Connecticut: acts of, 178, 179n1, 328; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 389; delegates from, 71; land claims of, 242n8; population estimate of, 73–74 Conquest: rights based on, 304–5 Constitution, British: criticism of, 238 Constitution, U.S.: naturalization rules under, 457n8 Constitutionalist Party (Pennsylvania), 70n2, 70n3 Constitutionalists (Pennsylvania): politics of, 479n5 Consuls: appointment of, 48, 49n1, 153, 283, 451, 452n1, 802 Consuls, French: interception and inspection of mail by, 218n2, 360 Contraband: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 389n1; prevention of, 498; regulation of, 108, 132, 137n7, 308, 386–87, 391; treaty proposals regarding, 567 Conyngham, Gustavus, 58, 59n3, 102n7; identified, 1:649n1 Conyngham & Nesbitt: identified, 102n7 Cooke, Rutherford (captain), 223, 224n3, 527; identified, 418n1; notes on conversations with, 417 Cooke, Samuel: identified, 418n1 Cooke, Susanna Mansfield: identified, 418n1 Coosa River, 285n4 Copper: ships sheathed with, 163 Cordova, Spain, 472 Cordova y Cordova, Luis de (Admiral): and British peace overtures, 160n4; clothing captured by, 249n3, 273n4, 338; naval operations of, 105, 109n4, 160n4, 224, 224n5, 291n4; prizes of, 98, 103n12, 224, 440 Corn: diminished supply of, 80; exportation of, 498; as product of western lands, 309; switch to production of, 86n11 Cornwallis, Charles: correspondence of, 629n3; damages to troops under, 30n3; death of, reported, 634; defeat of, 563, 564, 564n3, 578, 613, 634, 636n10, 639, 640, 641, 643, 643n1, 644, 645, 650, 657, 662; embarkation of troops under, 27, 28n3, 43; military operations of, 227, 297, 319, 354, 412–13, 446, 507–13, 518, 519n3, 539, 540; surrender of (illus.), 614; terms of capitulation of, 646, 787n14 Cotton: price of, 563 Counterfeiting: as British war tactic, 292 Country Party: fears of, 238 Courier de L’Europe, 135, 773 Court Calendar, 679 Court of inquiry: on Horatio Gates, 295, 298n8 Court Party: and Catholicism, 238 Cowpens, N.C.: battle at, 431n1, 507, 515n4 Credit, foreign: absence of, 493 Credit, public: and bills on JJ, 408; damage to, 353–54; impact of loss of, 263; loss of, 222, 254, 255, 256, 520, 755, 768; restoration of, 547, 611, 677, 770; Spain’s lack of, xxvi; state of, 52, 54, 133, 189; support of, 91; weakness of, 627 Creditors, public: meetings of, 70 Creutz, Gustaf Filip, Graf von (Danish minister to France), 153, 154n10, 779n8 Crillon, Louis de Berton des Balbes de Quiers, second duc de: aides to, 728n1; and capture of Minorca, 473n8; and Franklin, 383; identified, 385n4; Littlepage’s service under, 471–72, 473n21, 474, 475, 616–22, 807; military operations of, 471–72, 476, 476n4, 528, 528n4, 532, 591, 621, 692, 773, 778, 779n1; politeness to JJ, 312; and siege of Gibraltar, 796 Crops: damage to, by flies, 84, 86n11; size of, 80, 84 Cross Creek, N.C., 511 Cruyat, Don Francisco (commandant, St. Louis), 765 Cuba: flour imported by, 571n2; governor of, 48n2; and joint military operations, 47, 48n4; negotiation of bills in, 530n1; and Spanish conquest of Florida, 13, 14n1; specie from, 523n8, 523n9 Culloden, H.M.S., 459 Cumberland, Richard: and British peace overtures, xxiii, 95, 98, 140, 159, 160n4, 174, 176, 181, 183, 192n14, 197n1, 217–18n1, 223, 224n5, 231n5, 249n4, 272n1, 272n5, 291n5, 302n7, 326, 327, 335, 339, 358, 584; identified, 160n4, 803; leaves Spain, 403, 441; reports of, 103n9; as spy, 220n3, 223 Cumberland (ship), 162 Cuming & Macarty (firm), 477 Currency, Continental: amount of, 91; appreciation of, 321, 349; —, blocked, 256; collapse of, xxiv, 158, 563; and congressional bills of exchange, xxiv, 5; counterfeiting of, 292; credit of, 13, 189, 219; depreciation of, 44, 59–60, 60n2, 70n5, 84, 100n1, 149, 156, 256, 257, 292–94, 349, 519, 626, 783, 785n4; devaluation of, 60n2, 273n10, 293, 349; discrediting of, 292; discussion of, 291–94; emissions of, 6JJn1, 73, 84, 91, 96, 149, 178–79, 189, 293–94, 328; excess beyond needs of commerce, 84; and foreign loans, 14n2, 44, 91–92, 158; impact of depreciation of, 494–95, 662; interest on, 178, 189; losses on exchange for, 519n1; measures to restore, 156–57; redemption of, 178, 189, 293–94, 349; substitution of bank notes for, 519–20; and taxation, 84–85, 91, 292; worthlessness of, 576n7 Currency, new emission: creation of, 60n2, 96, 294, 328; credit of, 281, 384; depreciation of, 494; failure of, 563; interest on, 328 Curry, Cecil B.: writings of, 173n4 Curtius: reference to, 421, 423n2 Dalling, John (governor, Jamaica), 228; identified, 229n6 Dalrymple, John, Sir: arrival in Spain, 62, 63, 132; and British peace overtures, 4n9, 87, 88n4, 132–33, 137–38n11, 140, 143n4; identified, 137n11 Dalrymple, Lady, 133 Dana, Francis, 34, 143, 210, 384; codes and ciphers used by, 9; congressional opinion of, 724; Deane criticized by, 422; and Dutch loan, 198; identified, 803; letter to, 222–24; mission to Russia, 425, 641; quarrels with French officials, 724, 725n5; as secretary to John Adams, 425 Dan River, N.C., 508, 513 Dartmoor (prison), 460n1 Dauphin (French): birth of, 790, 791n18 Davies, John, 637 Davis, Captain, 325 Deane, Barnabus, 351n5 Deane, Jesse, 315, 348, 351n5; identified, 315n3 Deane, Silas: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 629n7; and argument from necessity, 349; associates of, 242n3; attitudes toward France, xxv, 255, 257–59, 325n7; boarding house of, 322n7; and British trade restrictions, 245; and Carmichael’s departure from France, 168; character of, 445; charges against, 168–69, 243; codes and ciphers used by, 7, 10, 11, 246, 254, 259, 278, 279n7, 300, 302n4, 351, 351n6, 351n7, 351n10, 573; comments on American affairs, 406, 419–22, 475; as commissioner to France, 243; Congress criticized by, 530n2; as congressional delegate, 322n7; correspondence of, 243–44, 260n5, 312, 445, 504; and Deane-Lee affair, 406, 419, 783; defection of, xxv–xxvi, 243, 628, 629n7, 687–88; defense of, 648; and Dutch loans, 274n10; identified, 1:749–50; intelligence obtained by, 629n7; interception and inspection of mail of, 315; invisible ink used by, 806; JJ’s advice to, on preparing his defense, 406–8; Lee letter revealed to, 168; letters from, 246–47, 254–60, 289–91, 300–303, 345–52, 419–23, 572–73; letters to, 278–79, 313–15, 315–16, 320–23, 398–401, 406–8, 475–76, 647–48; and mast contract, 109n6, 243, 246, 279n4, 323n21, 324, 398, 400n3, 406, 419, 807; news from, 325n3; opposition to, 281n4, 325n10, 479n5; portrait (illus.), 244; publication of letters of, xxv–xxvi, 244, 245n3, 423n3, 530n2, 628, 629n7, 667, 678–79, 680n15, 687–88, 727, 728n2; recall of, 243, 278n2; relationship with Edward Bancroft, 802; relationship with Carmichael, 324; relationship with JJ, xxv–xxvi, 243, 246; relationship with Gouverneur Morris, 324; reports of, 281n4; residence of, 315n3; return to America, planned, 245; Searle criticized by, 420–21, 423n3; on secret negotiations, xxv; and separate peace, xxv– xxvi; settlement of accounts of, 243–44, 246, 255–56, 313, 345–47, 400n1, 573, 648; Spain criticized by, xxv; and stock speculation, 259n4; supply operations of, 243; supporters of, 347, 351n3; travels of, 384, 572, 573; visit to Spain proposed, 314; writings of, 348, 351n5 Deane, Simeon, 168; identified, 1:517n3 Deane-Lee affair, 56n1, 243 Debt, public: apportionment of, 73; and debt certificates, 491–92, 495; and depreciation, 626; estimate of, 79; funding of, 17n5; with individuals, 133–34; size of, 294, 491–92, 495, 626; statements of, 53, 54 Debts, foreign: inability to repay during wartime, 166 De la Lande and Finje (firm), 410 De Lancey’s corp.: depredations of, 638n2 Delap, Mr., 797, 798 Delaware: delegates of, 71, 518; population estimate of, 73–74; troops of, 295 Delaware (ship), 477 Delaware, Capes of, 689 Delaware Bay: obstructed by ice, 29 Delaware River: crossing of, 578; navigation of, 27–28; social life near, 112; voyage from, 15, 208 Delhomme, Madame (of Martinique), 44 Denmark: admission of American ships in, under French colors, 153; negotiations with, 61, 153, 212; and prizes, 118, 153; representative of, in Spain, 796 Depreciation: losses from, 256, 783, 785n4; opponents of, criticized, 421; rate of, 292; tables of, 70n5, 293–94 Destouches, Charles-René-Dominique Sochet, 510–11 Deux-Ponts, William, 635n3 Dickinson, John, 109n6, 325n9; identified, 1:750 Dickinson, Philemon, 114; identified, 1:490n12 Dickinson, Philemon, Mrs., 114 Digby, Robert, 634 Digges, Thomas, 537, 779n4; identified, 539n12 Diseases: ague, 123; bile disorder, 798; colic and lax, 159; dysentery, 593; fevers, 123, 462, 511, 593, 624n13; gout, 383, 393; nervous disorders, 139, 140; rheumatism, 671, 681, 799; whooping cough, 799 Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., 637 Dockyards: destruction of, 237, 242n3 Dohrman, Arnold Henry, 356; and care of American seamen, 138n15, 176, 198–99, 317, 441, 539n11 “Dolba”: alias, 218n1 Dollar, Continental: value of, 292 Dollars, Mexican: bills denominated in, 200, 202, 203, 204n6; value of, 283 Dollars, Spanish: accounts kept in, 100n1; circulation of, 100n1; value of, 100–101n1, 283 Dorset, duke of, 140 Dort, United Provinces, 695 Dover (cutter): captors of, 753; capture of, 161, 162, 417, 454, 486, 528; prize case regarding, 442, 589, 592, 753 Drouilhet, Étienne (Esteban), 212, 370n10, 771 Drouilhet, Étienne (Esteban) and Company, 746 Duane, James: as candidate for chancellor, 578; charges against, 254; on congressional committees, 310n1, 343n39, 452n1, 777n36; as congressional delegate, 193, 579n6; and consular appointments, 452n1; and department of foreign affairs, 158n1, 377n3; political attacks on, 479n5, 572; and Vermont dispute, 208 Dublin, Ireland: patriotic societies in, 243n10 Duer, Catherine Alexander (Lady Kitty), 195 Duer, William, 195, 249–50, 400n3, 530n2 Dunkirk, France, 153 Dupin (courier), 533, 547 Duplessis, Joseph-Siffred: paintings of, 153, 154n12 Du Simitière, Pierre Eugène: identified, 1:221n2; portrait by (illus.), 244; portraits by, 610, 671, 673n2, 728, 730n1 Duty: views on, 322, 323n20 Eastern States: cutting off of, 297 East India Company, British: attacks on ships of, 95, 144, 145–46, 146n6, 149–50, 327; client states of, 432n3 East Indies: attack on fleets trading with, 240; convoy to, 778, 779n7; military operations in, 429, 436, 442; news from, 695; ships bound for, 103n12; threat to British colonies in, 643 Education: plans for, 701 Eld, Captain: as prisoner of war, 785 El Heturno (Eleturno, Le Tourneau, Siggenake, Siggenauk), 764; as Indian chief, 776n24 Elizabeth, N.J.: James Jay at, 722, 724, 783–84; journey to, 195; Livingston family at, 724; Livingston family’s retreat from, 363; Livingston residence at, 193, 287; military operations at, 185, 361; Peter Augustus Jay at, 722 Elk River, Md., 511 Elliot, Andrew, 719, 720n4 Embargoes: removal of, 677 Enabling Act, 785, 788 England: American prisoners in, 727; American residents of, 236, 242n1, 245; Deane’s removal to, 245, 667; debating societies in, 237; desire for peace in, 349–50; elections in, 246; impact of victory at Minorca on, 692; intelligence from, 236; Jamaica fleet arrives at, 218n1; James Jay’s return to, 784, 785, 786n8; JJ’s visit to, 245; lack of allies, 294–95; politics in, 300; radical societies in, 243n10; supporters of, 77–79; travelers from, 326. See also Great Britain English Channel: naval operations in, 117, 240 English party, 77–78 Entick’s New Spelling Dictionary: codes based on, 9–10, 21n5, 33, 40, 46, 50, 324, 447, 478 Equality: principle of, in diplomacy, 21, 24 Esau: reference to, 340 Escorial (Escurial), Spain: conferences at, 344, 358; court at, 125, 126n3, 134, 322n21, 574, 574n2, 602, 605, 748, 749, 751, 752; JJ’s visits to, 323n21 Estaing, Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Henry-Hector, comte d’: and British peace overtures, 197n1; naval operations of, 47, 349; oration presented to, 251; relationship with Carmichael, 219; and siege of Savannah, 26–27; in Spain, 218n1, 332 Estates, confiscated: and public debt, 79 Etowah River, Ga., 285n4 Europe: aid from, 193n15; Americans in, 210n5; American strength underestimated by, 780, 781n2; attitudes toward America in, 290, 319, 375; bills drawn on, 206; capital markets in, 273n10; conflicts in, 138n11; cost of travel in, 580; courts of, 38; dispatches from, 47; education in, 610, 672; expenses in, 189; intelligence sent to, 392n4, 433; interest on currency paid in, 328; journey to, 9, 15, 17–18, 88n1, 156; lack of understanding of America by ministers in, 115; Lee’s departure from, 58; loans in, 44, 59–60, 158, 199– 200n4; loss of American public credit in, 254; medical education in, 69, 70n4; military operations in, xxiii; naval forces in, 115; and recognition of American independence, 553; remittances to, 17n5, 27n5, 80, 94; ship construction in, 149; shortage of specie and credit in, 189, 248; state agents in, 297, 339; trade with, 462 Eutaw Springs, S.C.: battle at, 613n3, 635n2, 657n5 Eveille (ship): prizes of, 428n2 Ewing, John, Dr., 69; identified, 70n2 Exchange rates: explanation of, 100–101n1; factors affecting, 499; and settlement of accounts, 535; variations in, 535 Executive departments: establishment of, 30n4, 158, 376, 535, 626, 629n2 Factory, arms: burning of, 511 Family Compact, 160n4 Fanning, Edmund, Col., 525 Farms: destruction of, 228 Fell, John, 193; identified, 194n1 Ferguson, Adam, 182, 183n2 Ferguson, Patrick, 376, 507 Ferrol, Spain, 88n1, 105, 127, 144, 145 “Festina lente”: policy of, 141, 143n3, 442 Feutry, Aimé Ambroise Joseph: poetry of, 154n12 Fier Roderique (ship), 219 Finance: writings on, 90, 92n1, 425, 433 Finance, Office of: codes and ciphers of, 7, 10, 11, 13n19, 477, 576. See also Morris, Gouverneur; Morris, Robert Finance, Superintendent of: appointment of, 535. See also Morris, Robert Fish: exportation of, 498; Spanish importation of, 82; supply of, 80 Fisheries: naval manpower derived from, 497–98 Fishkill, N.Y.: attack on Jay home at, 637, 638n2; burial of Peter Jay at, 721; Jay family at, 361, 363, 525 Flanders, 239 Fleas, 799 Fleming, Edward, 471, 615 Fleury, François Louis Teissèdre, marquis de, 664, 665n2; identified, 682n5 Flint River, Ga., 285n4 Florida: expedition against, 127; and financial aid, 501n14; military operations in, xxiii, 27; Spanish conquest of, 1, 6n1, 32, 46, 94, 110n13, 477, 501n14, 743 Florida, East: free port in, 498, 670; Spanish conquest of, 14, 14n1, 46–47, 285, 389n1; Spanish control of sought, 735; trade with, 498 Florida, West: boundaries of, 285n3, 303, 311n10; British conquest of, 3; claims to, 780; free port in, 303, 311n11, 581; military operations in, 781n5; posts captured in, 304; Spanish conquest of, 6n1, 14, 14n1, 285, 389n1, 759; Spanish control of sought, 735; waterways running through, 310 Floridablanca, José Monino, conde de, 797n2; account with, 660–61; Adams’s opinion of, 115; and alliance with Spain, 489, 490; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 107, 137n7, 191n6, 269–70, 327, 370n10, 386, 389n1, 391n2, 405n1, 489, 571n4, 581– 82, 589–90, 698; and American relations with Spain, 551–52; and appointment of a negotiator with JJ, 557, 559, 562, 563n4; and appointment of secretary for foreign affairs, 626; Articles of Confederation presented to, 86n5; attitudes toward United States, 427n12, 560, 571n4; and banking plan, 776n27; and bills on JJ, 2, 93n4, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 104, 132, 141, 143–44, 144–45, 161, 164–65, 165, 167, 177, 178n3, 179, 180, 186–87, 188, 192n13, 204–5, 210, 215, 216, 217–18n1, 221, 222, 225, 230, 232, 247, 261, 264n11, 267–68, 273n10, 327, 329, 331, 336, 344, 345n5, 366–69, 371n12, 372, 402, 405n1, 408, 410n7, 414– 15, 418, 439, 582, 636, 685–86, 686n3, 698, 699n2, 701, 702–3, 703n2, 707, 743, 744–45, 751, 762; and boundaries, 107; and British peace overtures, 88–89n4, 133, 140, 143n4, 160n4, 174, 192n14, 218n1, 224n5, 231n5, 265–66, 273n5, 441; and Cabarrús’s financial proposals, 712, 715–16, 763–64; and capture of Charleston, 187, 191n2, 215; and clothing, 110n9, 190, 249n3, 266, 368, 401–2, 418; and commercial affairs, 754; commissions presented to, 182, 489; complaints against American armed vessels, 632–33, 750–51; complaints against Gillon, 748; conferences with, 2, 24n3, 85n1, 94–104, 104–10, 132, 137n9, 139–41, 165, 170, 174, 181, 182, 187–93, 193n15, 229–230, 263, 265–75, 273n10, 275, 325–26, 329, 338, 344, 358, 439, 443n6, 502n18, 534, 534n1, 543, 546, 550, 556, 562, 583–90, 593, 596, 753–54, 760, 762–64; and conquest of Florida, 110n13; constitutions presented to, 86n4; conversations with Gérard, 35; correspondence of, 35, 61, 64, 79, 127, 131, 155– 56, 158, 170, 181, 182, 230, 231n4, 263, 290, 300, 332, 490, 554, 596, 600n15, 697, 748, 765; correspondence to be shown to, 502–3; and currency emissions, 370n20, 372n16; and deserters, 603–4, 604n3, 604–5, 606; dispatches communicated to, 298n19; dispatches delivered by, 515, 591; documents presented to, 433, 502n18, 579, 593; financial proposals of, 109n3;; and free ports on Mississippi River, 581–82; and French-American treaty, 450; and funds for Bank of North America, 738n11; health of, 139–40, 543, 546, 556, 557, 593, 594, 598, 639, 680, 758–59, 762; identified, 1:710, 803–4; inability to speak English, 104; information sent to, 593; information sought on, 628; instructions of, 592, 598, 680, 726n2; intelligence available to, 516, 581, 584, 588; and interception and inspection of mail, 159, 191n6, 381n8, 449, 454, 574, 582, 589; invitations of, 172, 713, 731– 32, 732n2, 771–72, 773–74, 795, 798; and JJ’s dispatches, 595–96; JJ’s relationship with, 141–42, 191n14, 560; languages spoken by, 192n7; letters from, 40–42, 52–56, 116–17, 143–46, 164–65, 179–80, 186–87, 204–5, 215–16, 218–19, 231–32, 404, 523–24, 534, 546–47, 556, 573–74, 602, 603–4, 632–33, 641–42, 642, 648, 713; letters to, 51–52, 71–86, 91–93, 110– 11, 147–51, 161–64, 165–67, 177–78, 178–79, 197, 216, 221, 222, 224–25, 247–48, 372–73, 401–2, 418–19, 486–87, 489–90, 515–17, 543–44, 550–54, 554–56, 565–66, 602, 604–5, 624– 25, 631–32, 633–34, 636, 642–43, 697–99, 701, 792; loans sought by, 263, 264n11; and mast contract, 86n9, 279n4; meetings with, 100, 366, 649, 795; meetings with Montmorin, 88n4; memorials to, 752, 753, 796, 798; as minister to negotiate with, 32, 34, 37, 131; notes on conferences with, 557–60; passports from, 630, 675; and peace negotiations, 4n9, 427n12, 798; and permission for Littlepage’s military service, 471, 618–19; permits Harrison’s residence at Cadiz, 33n9, 805; policies of, 1; portrait (illus.), 107; and prizes, 161–62, 179, 180, 329, 486, 589, 592, 624–25, 631–32, 632–33, 641–42, 750–51, 750–52; and pro-British party in America, 139n20; procrastination of treaty negotiations by, 3, 86n12, 543n3, 551–52, 560n6, 562, 590, 591, 593, 595, 597, 600n15, 663, 681, 748–50, 753–54, 763– 64, 782; proposals of, 327–28; and protest of bills, 767, 771; queries on American affairs, 1–2, 52–56, 71–86, 86n12, 131, 182, 291, 298n2, 298n19, 501n11, 515n6, 700n6; reaction to American victories, 753–54, 770; and recognition of U.S. independence, 272n1; refuses to receive JJ as minister, 2, 45, 56, 57n1, 191n6; relationship with Carmichael, 32, 33–34, 45, 172, 219, 326–27, 335, 806; relationship with Montmorin, 132; relationship with other Spanish ministers, 105–6, 109n6; and relations with France, 427n12; and relations with Portugal, 441, 599; and repayment of Spain, 267–68, 736, 760, 763; reports of, 88n4; and reports of American attacks on Portuguese shipping, 792n1; reports to, 272n4, 554n1; reputation of, 87, 88n2, 90, 137n8; rival of, 801; role in history, 552–53; ships sought by, 327, 588; as Spain’s secretary of state and foreign minister, 4n3, 23n1, 105, 110n12; and Spanish aid, 4n2, 179n2, 266, 336–37, 344, 582, 636, 686–86, 702, 703n2, 743; and Spanish control of Gulf of Mexico, 590; and Spanish loan guarantee, 266, 339, 344; and Spanish loans, 696, 706; and Spanish postal regulations, 454; and Spanish war objectives, 103n12; system of negotiations with JJ, 681; and terms of capitulation at Pensacola, 594–95; translation for, 188; and treaty negotiations, 3, 137n9, 141, 231n2, 269–70, 327, 328, 370n10, 405n1, 798, 803; and treaty proposals, 557, 559, 573–74, 574n2, 596–97, 636; views of, 56n1; visits to, 692, 798, 799n2 Floridas: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 386; boundaries of, 110n14; expeditions to, 150; joint expedition against, proposed, 46; military operations in, 2, 135; news from, 27; Spanish claims to, 781n2; Spanish conquest of, 2, 20, 110n13, 157n6, 236n9; Spanish conquest of, and financial aid, 157n6 Flotte d’Argenson, Joseph, marquis de (commander, Aurora), 25, 48; identified, 26n2 Flour: for French forces, 258; remittances in, 530n1; for Spanish forces, xxiii, 99, 265, 372n14 Floyd, William, 579n6 Forage: expense of, 623 Foreign Affairs, Department of: creation of, supported by JJ, 431; delays in information from, 613; establishment of, 29, 376, 377n3, 790; expenses of, 791n16; restructuring of, 158, 158n1; and salaries of foreign ministers, 790 Foreign Affairs, Office of: decryption by, 12; establishment of, 30n4, 392, 699 Foreign Affairs, secretary for: appointment of, 30n4, 392, 431, 433, 433n11, 539n5; candidates for appointment as, 465n2; establishment of, 376, 377n3, 586; need for, 535. See also Livingston, Robert R. “Foreigner of Distinction” (“Stranger of Distinction”; “Distinguished foreigner”): Carmichael received as, 774–75; JJ rejects status as, 1–5, 774 Forth, Nathaniel Parker, 779n3 Fort Nelson, Va., 473n4 Fort Pitt , Pa., 381 Fort St. Philip (Minorca): siege of, 609, 634, 636n5, 653; surrender of, 692, 693, 744, 758 Fort Seline, Martinique, 162 Fort Watson, S.C., 593 Foulke, John, Dr., 69, 70n4, 251; identified, 70n4 Fox, Charles: in British ministry, 779n5 France: and Adams-Lee faction, 56n1; John Adams’s att itude toward, 290; aid from, 3, 17n5, 31, 33n3, 37, 89–90, 94, 101n2, 103–4n14, 104n19, 111, 115, 211, 223, 235, 243, 263, 355, 421, 423, 423n6, 425, 439, 476, 523n9, 536, 626–27, 639, 666, 674, 709, 720n5, 738n9, 746–47n11, 755, 756, 758, 759, 762, 771; alliances of, 137n11, 429, 432n3; alliance with, xxvi, 168, 211, 234, 235, 262–63, 333, 342n17, 353, 370n10, 391, 531, 550, 565, 581, 583, 643, 648, 777n36, 788–89; alliance with Spain, xxvi, xxiii, 558, 565, 595, 755; American agents in, 243; and American alliance with Spain, 489, 490, 532; American attitudes toward, 89, 290, 533n1, 645, 724, 789, 790, 791n9; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 336, 390n1, 438, 467n1, 470n2, 581–82, 776n25; American commerce with, 235, 262, 759; American dependence on, 761; and American independence, 1, 259, 350–51; American independence of, 19; American merchants in, 154n5; American possessions guaranteed by, 306; American privateers in, 168; American relations with, 160n4, 592; American similarities with, 211; Americans in, 475–76, 476n3; and American territorial objectives, 627; and American treaty with Spain, 342n11; American vessels permitted in, 605n3; America presented to, 275n24; appointment of consuls or agents in, 356–57; appointment of resident to, 30, 31n5; appointment of secretary to minister to, 18n3, 125, 171, 186, 432n11; arrival of minister from, 432n11; attitudes of ministers of, 258; attitudes toward America in, 61, 258–59, 348; bankers from, 96; bankers in, 66n8; bank supported by, 521; behavior of Americans in, 420–22, 423n3; bills drawn on, 523n8; and bills on John Adams, 536; and bills on Franklin, 536, 549n4; and bills on JJ, 111, 211, 234, 260, 261n2, 262, 264n11, 273–74n10, 279–81, 319, 320n3, 337, 355–56, 369, 401n1, 408–9, 410n7, 415–16, 423–24, 439, 536, 545, 598, 609, 638–39, 664, 674, 701, 701n2, 705n4, 707, 742, 758, 760, 768, 777n36; and bills on Henry Laurens, 536, 666; bills payable in, 15–16, 61; and British naval supremacy, 103n12; and British peace overtures, 4n9, 20, 88–89n4, 133, 138n11, 160n4, 266, 516, 778; British support for war against, 350; change of taste in, 154; changes in ministry in, 302n7; clothing from, 267, 272–73n4, 349, 425, 440; commerce of, 309; congressional attitudes toward, 777n36; and conquest of British colonies, 274n18; conquests of, 707; consuls in, 153, 657; consuls of, 48, 437, 438n5, 442, 444, 453, 501n15, 537, 624, 647; and convoys, 117, 118n2, 265; cost of war to, 626–27; council of, 302n7; couriers from, 209, 211, 300, 383, 405, 442, 458, 660, 665, 707, 727; couriers to, 155, 410n7, 415, 415n9, 521, 601n31; court of, 89, 130, 219, 666; criticized by Silas Deane, 244, 290, 315, 325n7, 350–51, 351n7, 351n8; Cumberland travels through, 403; customs of, 153–54; and Deane-Lee affair, 399; Deane’s travels in, 572; declining support for America in, 290, 302n7; delayed entry into war with Britain, 168; desire for peace in, 350; diplomacy of, 111; disapproval of John Adams and Arthur Lee in, 255; disruption of American trade with, 80; drinking customs in, 481; and East India trade, 149–50; education in, 471, 610; efforts to detach America from, 784; embassy in, 137n11; émigrés from, 16–17n3; and escaped prisoners, 166; exchange rates in, 535; expenses in, 189; finances of, 264, 280, 403; financiers in, and Spanish loans, 98; foreign affairs office of, 384; Franklin in, xxi; and free port on Mississippi River, 467n1; Gillon’s transactions in, 749; gratitude to, 93, 674, 686, 688; impact of treaty with, 257; impact of war on, 350; impact of Yorktown victory on, 653; imports from, in Spain, 125; inability to obtain loans in, 383, 394–95; inadequacy of aid from, 257–59; influence of, 173n13; influence on peace negotiations, xxvi, 389, 467n1, 469, 470n2, 470–71n2, 477, 561–62, 654–55, 772, 777n36, 780, 781n2; influence on Spanish-American relations, 50, 51n3, 88n2; information from, 219; information sent through, 181; ingratitude toward, alleged, 258; and instructions to peace commissioners, 560–62, 654–55; intelligence conveyed to, 438; intelligence obtained by, 136, 324, 357, 358, 445, 581, 772; intelligence operations of, 218n2; intelligence received from, 535; interception and inspection of mail by, xxiii, 36, 134, 152, 176–77, 360; interception of British trade by, 240; interest on loan office certificates paid by, 17n5; interests of, 143n4; interference with Spanish loans, 248; intrigues in, 301; intrigues of, 59n2; and invasion of Great Britain, 103n12, 109n5; James Jay’s attitude toward, 784; Jefferson as minister to, xxi, 138–39n16; JJ’s attitudes toward, xxvi, 19, 89, 93, 110–11, 142, 211–12, 244, 263, 319, 322, 333, 353, 531–32, 561–62, 674, 686, 688, 709, 761, 768; JJ seeks permission to travel to, 681; as JJ’s initial destination, xxi, 15, 26, 34, 58, 113, 761; JJ’s transfer to, 171; JJ summoned to, 782; joint military operations of, 150, 185, 190, 295–96, 302n7, 531, 670; journey from, 113; journey through, 87, 221n8; journey to, 15, 17, 22, 25, 66n3, 133, 154n7; Lafayette returns to, 682; letters and dispatches from, 324, 425, 429; letters and dispatches sent through, 143, 170, 181, 193, 385; letters and dispatches to, 16, 126, 155, 411, 477; loan guaranteed by, 577n1; loan negotiations in, 200n4; loans from, xxv, xxiv, 100, 149, 207n1, 260, 264n11, 274n10, 320n3, 340, 343n37, 368, 383, 423, 455n7, 493, 678, 745; loans sought by, 261n2, 311, 394–95; loans sought in, 267, 273n10, 339, 340, 439–40; losses of merchants in, 256; losses on bills of, 628; loss of American public credit in, 254, 256; maps of, 525; masts for, 400n3, 419, 497; and mediation proposals, 531, 718–19, 720n3; merchants in, 66n3, 66n4, 94; military assistance from, 759; military expenses of, 755; military operations of, 31, 61n12, 61–62, 62n12, 185, 194, 291n5, 494; and military supplies, 83, 85, 608n2; mission in, 14n3; money of, 101n1; naturalization in, 208–9n4; naval operations of, 31, 103n12, 115, 127, 246, 755; naval support needed from, 421–22; negotiations with, 85; negotiations with Spain in, 1, 761; neutrality of, 168; news papers and journals forwarded from, 176, 352; news received in, 118; objectives of, 258–59; packet to, 377; peace sought by, 772; and peace without American independence, 778, 779n3; prints published in, 90, 211; and privateering, 603–4, 604n1; private loans in, 99, 340; private property in, 209n4; prizes of, 624, 750; and proposed American alliance with Spain, 333, 336; and protest of bills, 755, 758, 777n36; and recognition of American independence, 51n3; relations with Portugal, 441; relations with Spain, xxvi, xxiii, 19, 24, 32, 38, 50, 88–89n4, 103n14, 111, 160n4, 269, 276, 575, 591, 606, 627, 756, 761, 772, 789; repayment of, 280, 639; reputation of American commerce in, 256; rights of foreigners in, 208–9n4; rumors in, 792, 792n2; and salaries of foreign ministers, 791n17; scenery of, 799; secret article in treaty with, 269, 274n18, 333, 629n7, 667, 668n9, 695, 777n36; secret negotiations of, xxvi, 350; and separate peace, 266, 668, 688, 705, 705n7, 709, 778, 788–89; settlement of accounts in, 345–47; ships bought from, 47; ships to, 723; social life in, 425; and Spanish aid, 499, 521; and Spanish- American treaty, 591; and Spanish loan guarantee, 344; Spanish loans in, 97, 264n7, 264n11; and Spanish reception of JJ, 20; and Spanish recognition of American independence, 532; Spanish ships in ports of, 105; and Spanish territorial objectives, xxiv, 2, 781n2; and Spanish war objectives, 103n12, 336; and specie shipments, 370n7, 370n10; state agents in, 255, 281n4; supplies purchased in, 105; supply of forces of, 499; and terms of capitulation at Pensacola, 594–95; terms of treaties with, 303–4, 306–7; territorial guarantees of, 581; threat to British colonies by, 643; trade with, criticized, 421; treasury of, 98; treaties with, 641; treatment of Silas Deane by, 688; treatment of Protestants in, 208; treaty of alliance with, 21–22, 24, 77, 88n2, 89, 208, 208n4, 208–9n4, 244, 259, 275n23, 450, 469, 557, 581; treaty of commerce with, 571n2; treaty with, and stock speculation, 259n4; troops of, in America, 780; John Vaughan in, 630; volunteers from, in American forces, 606–7, 608n1; voyage to, 17; war lengthened by, 255, 258; and war of finance, 255, 340; wars of, 90; wealth of, 234; and western boundary of U.S., 3. See also Commissioners, American, in France Francy, Theveneau de, 616, 623n4 Frankenheim, baron de: identified, 473n8 Franklin, Benjamin, 237, 278, 405, 779n5, 795, 802; advice of, xxiii, 280, 666–67, 687; alliances opposed by, 726n3; and American claims to navigation of Mississippi River, xxiv, 280, 384, 390n2; appointed peace commissioner, 432n11, 645, 655, 656n7; and appointment of secretary for foreign affairs, 533; appointment of secretary to, 14, 14n3, 30, 45n7, 126n4, 153, 171, 186, 432n11, 464, 465n2, 794n2; and appointment of William Temple Franklin as secretary to peace commission, 432n11, 432n12; attacks on, 427n6; bills drawn on, 60, 61, 65, 130, 151–52, 154n1, 157n7, 288n4, 371n12, 383, 393–94, 396n1, 488n3, 539n1, 548, 577, 714–15, 798; bills drawn on, by JJ, 89, 128, 129, 409, 425, 709; and bills on JJ, xxv, 99, 221n1, 260, 261n2, 264n11, 273–74n10, 279, 312, 319, 320n3, 368, 369, 409, 415–16, 424n4, 424–25, 427n12, 439–40, 488, 488n3, 504, 535–36, 541, 545, 547, 549n4, 577, 588, 598, 638–39, 663, 664, 674, 681, 701n1, 704n2, 704–5, 705n4, 706–7, 707n3, 708–9, 740, 743, 744, 745, 747, 752, 754, 756, 760; and bills on Henry Laurens, 103n9, 206, 207n2, 488n3, 666; bills protested by, 61; and British peace overtures, 668, 778; and care of American seamen, 316, 536–37; and Carmichael’s departure from France, 168; and charges against Silas Deane, 244; codes and ciphers used by, 11; and commercial affairs, 153; as commissioner to France, 243; and commissions for privateering, 134; commissions to, 466–67, 467–69, 502, 538, 643; complaints against Gillon, 608n2; congressional instructions disregarded by, 470n2; and consular appointments, 48, 49n1; consular powers of, 456, 536; consultation with, 681; correspondence of, 16, 46, 60, 61, 62n6, 64, 65, 130, 155, 170, 173n9, 220, 224n6, 246, 288n4, 371n11, 371n12, 405, 504, 521, 572, 664, 678, 745, 756, 758, 761, 769–70, 779n1; Dalrymple’s statements on, 133, 138n12; and Deane-Lee affair, 302n3, 302n8; Deane’s residence with, 315n3; and defection of Silas Deane, 244; dispatches shown to, 601n31; dispatches to and from, 441, 502, 521, 659, 739; documents sent to, 433, 580, 609, 610n2; and Dutch loan, 214; and electrical experiments, 691; exchange of information with, 152–53; expenses of, 667; experiences in Europe, xxi; as favorite of ladies, 90; favors JJ’s departure from Spain, 666–67; and financial aid from Spain, 521; and foreign loans, 206; and French aid, 37, 355, 423, 536, 539, 666; and French loans, 3, 100, 264n11, 279–80, 340, 343n37, 368, 745; funds advanced to JJ by, 125, 211; health of, 429; and Huddy-Asgill Affair, 787n14; identified, 1:751; illnesses of, 383, 393; influence in Europe, 441; instructions to, 199, 214, 469–71, 502, 538, 643; and instructions to JJ, 310n1, 599n3; intelligence transmitted by, 135; interception and inspection of mail of, 152, 211; interposition for William Bingham, 43; JJ’s credit on, 134; JJ’s praise of, 320; and JJ’s salary, 16n2, 312, 383, 393, 416, 425, 539, 577, 598, 663, 668, 714, 741; JJ’s support for, 427n6, 441, 533, 667, 681; and League of Armed Neutrality, 397; letters forwarded by, 257, 384, 393, 396n1, 423, 444, 647; letters from, 60–62, 151–54, 279–82, 383–85, 425, 488–89, 535–40, 545, 577, 664–65, 665–669, 691–92, 704–5, 725–26, 726, 727–28; letters of recommendation of, 458; letters sent through, 226, 278, 315, 572, 573; letters to, 15–17, 64–66, 89–91, 197–98, 210–13, 260–61, 312–13, 319–20, 393–96, 408– 9, 414–17, 427, 457–59, 504, 517, 531–34, 547–49, 638–39, 660, 663–64, 674–75, 687–88, 696– 97, 706–7, 708–10; and loan office bills, 15–16, 17n5; and marine prisoners, 460–61n2, 504, 537; and mediation proposals, 538, 545; and military supplies, 608n1, 666; as minister to France, 67, 68, 169; and naturalization of foreigners, 536; negotiations kept secret from, 88n4; and oaths of allegiance, 456; opposition to, 325n10; as peace commissioner, 502n1; and peace negotiations, 3, 545, 725, 727, 746; poems about, 153–54, 154n12, 211; as president of American Philosophical Society, 178; prints of, 90, 153, 154n12, 211, 213n6; and prisoner exchange, 727; private secretary of, 804; and protest of bills, 769–70; quoted, 726n3; recall of, attempted, 432n11; recommends John Vaughan, 630; relationship with John Adams, 211, 213n4; relationship with Vaughan family, 808; and relations with Morocco, 66, 67, 451; requests dismissal, 425, 427n6, 429, 441, 533, 535; residence of, 315n3; Rochford’s plan for, 138n11; and salaries of foreign ministers, 790; Searle criticized by, 422; and separate peace, 668, 705, 727, 778; and Spanish aid, 279, 280; and Spanish territorial claims, 775n24; Story of the Harrow, 691–92; suggests JJ as his successor, 425; summons JJ to France, 725, 726, 727, 746, 782, 793, 799; and Swedish-American Treaty, 779n8; and victory at Yorktown, 613; writings of, 727, 728n10 Franklin, William, 432n12, 786n14, 804 Franklin, William Temple, 459, 660, 668, 674, 688; appointment as secretary to peace commission, 432n11, 432n12, 675, 675n6; character of, 431; correspondence of, 504, 535, 539; errands for the Jays, 425, 533, 535; identified, 154n7, 804; letter from, 640; letters of support for, 667; post sought for, 430, 432n11, 432n12, 532; and prints of Franklin, 213n6; as secretary to Franklin, 153, 430, 432n9, 432n11, 675n7 Franks, Abraham, 804; identified, 518n1 Franks, David Salisbury (Major), 525, 526, 574, 663; arrival in Spain, 541–43n1, 593, 612, 763; ciphers carried by, 515, 611, 611n4, 612, 654, 669, 773, 787; and conferences with Floridablanca, 546, 546n2, 556, 557, 594–95; as courier, 11, 521, 522, 523n5; court of inquiry on, 522; detention in France, 646, 738; detention in Spain, 543n3, 554–55, 560, 563n2, 565, 579, 595, 598, 609, 738; expenses of, 580, 738, 740, 742n7; identified, 518–19n1, 804; letter from, 659; letters and dispatches carried by, 371n14, 467n3, 477, 488n4, 517, 533n1, 541, 547, 551, 560, 574, 579–80, 593–96, 600n22, 601n31, 609, 634, 657, 680, 690, 702, 739, 742, 777n36, 793; letter to, 646; passage with Lafayette, 740; payments to, 667, 668n12; return to Spain, 659; return to United States, 544, 659, 742n9; travels to France, 544, 547, 549n2, 601n31, 609 Freeman’s Journal (Philadelphia), 479n5, 572, 648, 786n8 Freight: expense of, 628 French, Messrs. (merchants of Bordeaux), 623 French Islands, 127 French language: negotiations in, 192n7; study of, 473n2, 480, 630 Friesland: recognition by, 695, 696n1, 705 Fruit: importation of, 82, 498 Funds, English: fluctuations of, 429 Gabriel, Don (Infante) (son of Charles III), 797 Gálvez, Bernardo de: 135, 529n1, 764; identified, 804; military operations of, 99, 110n13, 155, 156n1, 389n1, 516n4; and Spanish aid, 94 Gálvez, Mathias de, 119, 135; identified, 124n3 Gálvez family: influence of, 135; as supporters of United States, 159 Gálvez (Galvaise), José de, 32, 155, 159; appointment of Rendón by, 191n6; and battle of the Saints, 799; Carmichael’s introduction to, 32, 34; correspondence of, 15, 18, 25, 37, 38, 40, 41, 49, 61, 61n6, 64, 131, 135, 182; depicted incorrectly as person to negotiate with, 37–38, 130–31; identified, 804; illness of daughter of, 220; information provided to, 700n6; letter to, 21–24; and mast contract, 398–99; meetings with, 85n1, 183; as minister for the Indies, 1, 4n3, 15, 23n1, 25, 119, 124n3; Miralles appointed by, 4n3, 113, 737n6, 807; observers sent by, 14n1; rivalry with Floridablanca, 109n6; and Spanish aid, 523n8; and Spanish peace negotiations with Britain, 4n9 Gardens: admired by JJ, xxvi, 111–12, 729 Gardoqui, Diego de (James): and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 3, 233, 387; appointed to negotiate with JJ, 3, 35n6, 97, 563n4; appointments made through, 344; arrival at Madrid, 103n10, 191n6, 217–18n1, 220, 221n7, 231–32, 247, 329, 330, 334, 335; arrival in America, 192n6, 343n25, 698; attitude toward United States, 442; and bills on JJ, 157n7, 188, 191n6, 193n15, 215, 217–18n1, 231, 232, 233, 247, 248, 261–63, 273n4, 335, 336–37, 345n5, 408, 660–61, 704n2; and British peace overtures, 191n6; brothers of, 330, 342n9; as chargé d’affaires, 191–92n6; and clothing, 272–73n4, 404; conference with, 232– 36; correspondence of, 448n2; departure of, anticipated, 584–85, 589; departure of, postponed, 191n6, 528, 599, 609, 763; depiction of JJ, xxv; diplomatic status of, 585–86; English spoken by, 330, 338; identified, 804–5; information from, 271, 448, 625, 642, 697; instructions to, 589–90, 592, 599; as interpreter, 338; introduction to, 231–32; letters from, 248–49, 404–5; letters left unsigned by, 249n4, 337; letter to, 448; and mast contract, 406; meetings with, 99; as member of Gardoqui & Sons, 342n9; messages delivered by, 336– 37; negotiations with, 4n2, 172, 191n6, 390n2; paper presented by, 266; payment requested by, 138n13; payments by, 710–11; portrait (illus.), 585; and prize cases, 624, 750; receipts requested by, 448; relationship with Campo, 442; role of, 404; secretary to, 808; and Spanish aid, 4n2, 94, 99, 248, 344; and Spanish loan guarantee, 339, 344, 366; and Spanish loans, 264n7; as Spanish representative in U.S., 343n25; as successor to Miralles, 190, 191n6, 192n6, 196, 230, 330, 334, 400n4, 442, 443n19, 454, 600n7 Gardoqui, Francisco Antonio de (cardinal), 342n9 Gardoqui, Joseph de: sons of, 342n9 Gardoqui, Joseph de, & Sons: and bills of exchange, 97, 222, 344; correspondence of, 198, 199n1, 224n3; debt to, 58, 133, 138n13; members of, 342n9; payment of, 138n13; and Spanish aid, 94, 101n2, 138n13, 191n6; supply operations of, 58, 133 Gardoqui, Joseph Joaquin, 342n9 Gardoqui, Juan Ignacio, 330, 342n9 Gardoqui, Mr., 127, 133 Gardoqui family: ability to speak English, 330; family resemblance among members of, 217, 330 Gasieda (slave): sale of, 638 Gaston, Miguel, 105, 109n4 Gates, Horatio: as commander of southern army, 185, 272n2, 295; court of inquiry on defeat of, 295, 298n8; defeat of, 300, 319, 340, 376, 507; impact of defeat of, 354; military operations of, 227, 265 Gautier, Jean Guy, 48, 49n1; identified, 49n1 General Arnold (ship): letters carried by, 325 General O’Reilly (Oriely) (ship), 656 General Washington (ship), 459 Geneva: education at, 610, 672 Geography: study of, 525 George III: address to Parliament, 291n5, 350; alienation of Americans from, 76–77; basis of authority of, 303–4; and British peace overtures, 289; and enabling act, 788; JJ’s attitudes toward, 636n7; and Loyalists, 75; and peace negotiations, 467; and prisoner exchange, 727; and prospects for peace, 209; and western lands, 303 Georgia: access to Gulf of Mexico from, 285; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 388; British forces bound to, 43; British occupation of, 305; delegates of, 27, 28n2, 71, 388; government of, 27, 28n2; loss of, 257; military operations in, 26–27, 46, 53, 55, 82, 83, 509–10, 539, 540, 699; population estimate of, 73–74; restoration of state government in, 644, 676; rivers of, 285n5, 310 Gérard, Conrad Alexandre: activities in America, 217, 218n2; advice from, 23n1, 130; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 50, 270, 336, 386, 387; behavior in Martinique, 42, 44n1, 424n1; Carmichael’s relationship with, 173n13; congressional confidence in, 26; correspondence of, 39; courier of, 19; encouraged expectations of Spanish alliance, 737n6; and financial aid, 157n6; as French minister to U.S., 1, 2; identified, 1:553n2, 805; information from, 37–38, 236n9; JJ’s praise of, 60, 93; JJ’s relationship with, xxvi, 168, 173n13; letters carried by, 15, 26, 61, 64, 65; and rights of French citizens in U.S., 208n4; in Spain, 18, 31, 35, 270; and Spanish territorial objectives, 2; successor to, 806; treaty proposals presented to, 557; voyage of, 22, 25 Gérard de Rayneval, Joseph Matthias, 60, 384, 805 Germain, George, 140, 223, 326, 427n14, 442, 643 Germany: mediation by, 466 Gerry, Elbridge, 363, 639; identified, 805; letter from, 563–65; letters to, 352, 661–62 Ghent, Belgium, 244 Gibraltar: American seamen escaped from, 134; as British colony, 109n5; and British peace overtures, 98, 160n4, 273n5, 327; British refusal to cede, 272n5; campaign against, 476, 476n4, 528, 621, 773; captivity in, 49; siege of, 160n3, 220, 220n6, 354, 370n10, 472, 643, 653, 658, 743, 744, 746n3, 777, 778, 779n1, 796–97; as Spanish war objective, 4n9, 109n5, 270, 532, 582, 717, 735, 772 Gillon, Alexander: charges against, 748–49; correspondence of, 599, 602n32, 748–49; cruising by, 608n1; and deserters, 603, 604n3, 605, 606, 608n1, 608n3; disputes of, 602n32, 603, 605, 608n1; identified, 1:665n1, 805; investigation of, 171, 563n4, 608n1, 608n3; letter to, 606–8; and military supplies, 572, 608n1, 608n2; nationality of crewmen of, 603, 606, 608n1; passengers of, 572; and purchases in Holland, 665n1, 666; as state agent, 260n5; vessels hired by, 604n1, 666, 668n4 Giradot, Haller & Company, 98 Giusti, Peter Paul, baron von (secretary of Imperial Embassy in Spain), 220, 428n1; identified, 221n8 Gloucester, Va., 578, 613, 643, 668 Gloves: purchase of, 672 God: blessings on United States, xxvii; gratitude to, 662; JJ’s views of, 253, 322, 323n20 Gold: availability of, in America, 384; losses in exchange of, 519n1; value of, 13–14. See also Specie Gordon, George, Lord, 238; identified, 242n6 Gordon Riots, 160n4, 224n5, 238, 242n8 Granby, S.C.: post at, 509 Grand, Ferdinand: as banker to American commissioners, 535; and bills of exchange, 61n9, 221n1, 273–74n10, 280, 368, 371n12, 383, 415, 425; certificates of, 61, 130; connections of, 49n1, 66n7, 727, 728n4, 809; correspondence of, 548; Deane’s accounts certified by, 346; and French loans, 394–95, 396n10; and funds for JJ, 65, 152; identified, 66n8, 805; information from, 664; letter from, 311–12; letter of introduction from, 394; and Spanish loan guarantee, 261n2 Grantham, Thomas Robinson, second baron, 87; identified, 88n4 Grasse, François Joseph Paul, comte de: conveys news of Yorktown victory, 613; defeat of, 670n6, 699n2; identified, 1:733n4; naval operations of, 501n13, 519n4, 539, 578, 579n5, 627, 629n4, 634, 635n4, 643n1, 708n1, 723, 725n3, 779n6 Graves, Thomas (Admiral), 128n2, 229n5, 254, 564, 634 Great Britain, 88n4, 220; alliances of, 138n11, 139n20; ambition of, 500; American agents in, 237, 242n3; American attachment to, suspected, 19, 571n4; American attitudes toward, 76–77, 142, 791n9; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 3–4, 307, 389n1, 717; American prisoners in, 537; and American territorial objectives, 627; and Anglo-Dutch relations, 154; anti-Catholicism in, 238, 242n1; atrocities of, 538, 540n16; attacks on colonies of, 14, 608n1, 643, 738n9; attacks on fleets of, 240; attitudes toward American independence in, 236; barbarity of, 214; and bills of exchange, 549n5, 609, 609n2, 704n2; capture of prominent persons in, 444; Carmichael’s dealings with, 173n4; cartel with, 461n2; changes in ministry of, 244, 708, 708n4, 761, 773, 777n34, 778, 779n5, 788; Charleston captured by, 158n2; claims of, 735; codes and ciphers used by, 9; commerce with, 138n12, 304, 310; commercial treaty with, 645; commissions for negotiating peace with, 502; conquest of, in America, 85, 90; consuls in, 66n3; convoys of, 117, 118n2, 265; correspondence with residents of, 65; corruption in, 238; cost of war to, 294, 494, 626–27; counterfeiting by, 292; cruelties of, 19; debating clubs in, 242n3; declares war on United Provinces, 381–82, 384, 385n9; defeat of, 436, 540; depredations of, 154, 462, 496; discrediting of opposition in, 237; disruption of trade of, 238; drinking customs in, 481; Dutch transports seized by, 32, 33n8; and East India trade, 149; emoluments of, and Loyalists, 75; enemies of, 383; European attitudes toward, 154; exclusion of, from Gulf of Mexico, 107; exclusion of, from Latin America, 735; expense of war with, 492; expenses in, 189; finances of, 238, 291n4, 350; fisheries of, 497–98; fleet from, captured, 289; fleets from, 224; and Franco-American alliance, 168; French objectives regarding, 258–59; and Gibraltar, 4n9, 98, 717; and Hussey-Cumberland mission, 736, 738n13; illicit trade with, 549n5; impact of American independence from, 147; impact of military operations of, 496; impact of Spanish-American alliance on, 567; impact of Spanish policy on, 583, 587, 590; impact of Yorktown victory on, 635, 650, 658, 662; impeachment power in, 239; and incitement of Indian wars, 19–20; increase of nations at war with, 214; independence from, 234; information conveyed to, 59n2, 181, 183; inhumanity of, 76–77, 214; injustice of, 51–52; instructions for negotiating peace with, 502; interception of commerce of, 117, 118n2, 149–50, 239; and interruption of specie shipments, 235; invasion of, 103n12, 109n5, 241; James Jay’s proposals to, 785; JJ’s attitudes toward, 635, 636n7; joint naval operations against, 190; journeys to and from, 87, 132, 140; lack of support for, in South, 510, 513–14; lands ceded to, under Treaty of Paris (1763), 285; Laurens released in, 666, 668n18; letters forwarded to, 152; loss of liberty in, 238; mail intercepted by, 530n2; manufacturing in, 238; and marine prisoners, 461n2, 504, 537; and mast contracts, 419; and mediation proposals, 403, 467n2, 534n2, 717–19, 720n3; mercenary forces of, 350; merchants tied to, 461; military expenses of, 677–78; military operations against, 494; military operations of, 335; military victories of, 2–3; ministry of, 228, 511; Minorca surrendered by, 473n8; money of, 101n1; naval operations of, 14, 15, 128n2, 326–27, 385n9; naval power of, 240; naval superiority of, 103n12, 254, 257; and naval timber, 497; negotiations with Spain, 105, 109n5; negotiations with states, 234, 236n8; news from, 774; news received in, 118; opposition to war in, 238; oppression by, 77, 214, 733; packet of, captured, 427n14; parties in, 238; party of, in America, 495–96; and peace negotiations, 3–4, 160n4, 427n12, 727, 746, 772; peace overtures of, xxiii, 4n9, 20, 62, 63, 88n4, 95, 98, 105, 133, 137–38n11, 140, 143n4, 159, 176, 181, 191n6, 192n14, 197n1, 217, 220, 223, 224n5, 231n5, 234, 248, 249n4, 262, 265– 66, 268, 272n1, 289, 302n7, 324, 326, 335, 339, 450, 516, 559, 727, 736, 778, 779n3, 784, 788, 796; peace terms of, 76, 427n14; peace treaty with, xxi; and peace without American independence, 778, 779n3; politics of, 236–39; and prisoners, 140, 162, 166, 461n2, 692; privateers of, 631; and prizes, 61, 118, 153, 486; pro-Americanism in, 237, 242n3, 242n5; prolongation of war by, feared, 777n36; propaganda of, 495–96; recognition of independence by, 4n7, 142, 761, 789; reconciliation with, 257, 629n7; recruits of, 78; reduction of power of, 420, 496; relations with, 160n2; relations with Indians, 776n24; relations with Portugal, 441; relations with Spain, 191n6, 197n1; reports published by, 220; restrictions on American trade, 245; secret negotiations of, xxiii; and separate peace, 88n4, 234, 266, 550, 587, 668, 688, 705, 709, 761, 778, 788; ships captured by, 523n9; slaves captured from, 84; sovereignty of king of, 303–4; and Spanish aid, 151; and Spanish- American relations, 142; and Spanish claims to Mississippi, 717–18; Spanish declaration of war against, 2, 6n1; Spanish negotiations with, 140; and Spanish payment of bills of exchange, 96; and Spanish recognition of American independence, 142, 532; spies of, 223; supporters of, in America, 52, 54, 56n1, 75; support for, in America, 627; support for dominion of, 77–78, 84; support for war in, 350; taxation in, 238; territories granted to, under Treaty of Paris (1763), 303–4; treaties with, 160n4; treaty negotiations with, in 1790s, 7; vices and follies of, 463; war objectives of, 626, 678; and war of finance, 255, 627; wars of, 50, 90, 123, 140; war with, and western settlement, 309; war with Spain, 109n5, 587; withdrawal of troops by, 789 Great Lakes: and commerce, 309 Greece: ostracism by, 278n2 Greene, Nathanael: as commander of southern army, 376; correspondence of, 412; and court of inquiry on Horatio Gates, 298n8; military operations of, xxiii, 343n31, 412–13, 446, 447, 447n12, 464, 507–10, 511, 518, 539, 583, 593, 613, 613n3, 634, 635n2, 644, 653, 656n3, 657n5, 658, 676, 699; reports of, 414n1 Gremios [Guilds]. See Guilds, Five Greater (Cinco Gremios Mayores), of Madrid Grenville, Thomas, 726n2, 779n5 Grimaldi, Jeronimo, marqués de, 4n2, 94, 101n2, 110n12; identified, 1:710 Guadarramas mountains, 126n3 Guadeloupe, 220n2, 417 Guevara (Gavarra), Abbe (editor, Gazetta de Madrid), 216n3 Guichen, Luc Urbain Bouëxic, comte de, 118, 128n2, 220n2, 254, 296, 298n13 Guilders (gulden, florins): value of, 101n1 Guilds, Five Greater (Cinco Gremios Mayores), of Madrid: impact of bank on, 798; loans from, 95, 98, 798; repayment of, 797 Guilford Courthouse, N.C.: battle at, 412, 414n1, 508, 515n5 Gulf of Mexico: American access to, 285; and boundaries, 107; British colonies near, 274n18; exclusion of British from, 107, 498; exclusive Spanish control of, 1, 270, 336, 388, 581–82, 582, 590, 670, 735; rivers entering, 285n4 Habeas Corpus: suspension of, 237 Hague, the, 695, 778, 785 Halifax, George-Montagu Dunk, 2nd earl of (Lord Halifax), 160n4, 803 Halifax, N.C., 512 Halifax, Nova Scotia, 14, 209, 227, 531 Hall, Thomas: identified, 471 Hamilton, Alexander, 30, 432n11, 635n3; identified, 752 “Hamlet”: quoted, 412 Hanson, John (president of Congress): correspondence of, 368, 371n11, 666, 668n13, 683n8, 743, 787, 791n14; elected president of Congress, 628, 629–30n8; letter to, 680–82; and ratification of Articles of Confederation, 398n1 Harding, Seth (captain of Confederacy), 44, 126n5, 278, 288n3, 300 Harley & Drummond, 427n14 Harrison, Benjamin, 629n7; identified, 1:752–53 Harrison, Richard, 127; and care of American seamen, 49n2, 138n15, 299, 441, 505, 598; and care of Lewis Littlepage, 471, 473n13, 615, 621; ciphers sent through, 790; and clothing, 273n4, 340, 358, 401–2, 418, 440; as consul, 33n9, 452n1; correspondence of, 158, 216n3, 453–54, 455n7, 458, 642, 643n1; identified, 805; and interception and inspection of mail, 316, 589; letters and dispatches sent to, 159, 527, 740; letters carried by, 32, 126, 135, 325, 361; letters forwarded by, 449, 453–54; letter to, 449–50; memorial of, 454, 455n4, 589, 752–53; permitted to stay at Cadiz, 215, 215n1, 329–30; praised by JJ, 440–41; sends information on ships sailing, 524; trusted by JJ, 316, 356; undertakes commissions for JJ, 449, 450n3 Hartford, Conn., 351n5 Hartford Conference, 354n2 Havana, Cuba, 46; agent at, 523n9; aid from, 105, 192n9; and bills of exchange, 189, 372n14, 523n9, 549n4, 580n4; commerce of, 82, 627–28; expedition from, 127; fleets sail to, 220n2; funds provided at, 372, 373n1, 494; information from, 108, 265; journeys to and from, 14n1, 127; loans payable at, 366; military preparations at, 29; provisioning of Spanish forces at, 628; shipments to, 99, 272n1, 463; Spanish forces at, 43, 296; specie at, 452, 628; specie from, 94, 369n7, 381, 500, 523n9, 670; supplies from, 271 Havestraw, N.J.: and Benedict Arnold’s defection, 786n4 Hawkins, Captain, 134 Hayman (Haymon), William (captain of Hope), 601n31, 656 Hazen, Moses (general), 787n14; identified, 1:225n11 Head of Elk, Md., 578 Hearts of Oak Boys (Irish Secret Society), 243n10 Hearts of Steel Boys (Irish Secret Society), 243n10 Heath, William, 28; identified, 1:293n10 Heaven: JJ’s images of, 286 Hemp, 309 Henry, John, 432n11 Hercules: references to, 378, 668, 687 Hermione (ship), 646, 656 Hessian fly, 84, 86n11 Hessians, 194n6, 446, 529 Hibernian Society, 375n7 Hill, Hugh (captain of the Cicero), 631, 632–33, 641, 642, 750–51 Hills, The (Robert Morris’s country house), 112, 195, 195n1, 250 Hillsboro (Hillsborough), N.C., 227, 508 Hillsborough, Wills Hill, 1st earl of, 160n4 Hippocrates: quoted, 240, 243n12 Hodgson, William, 728n3 Holker, John, 364, 371n14, 808; identified, 365n9 Holland: Adams’s mission to, 222, 254, 612; alliance with, 531, 583, 761, 772; Americans in, 238, 384; and Anglo-Dutch relations, 154; and bills of exchange, 153, 200, 273n10, 487, 609; British atrocities against, 538, 540n16; British declaration of war against, 381–82; commissioner to, 199–200n4; correspondence with American sympathizers through, 239; Silas Deane in, 256, 572; dispatches to, 411; and escaped prisoners, 166; financiers in, and Spanish loans, 98; French ambassador in, 640, 641n1; Gillon’s transactions in, 749; goods purchased in, 664, 665n1; intelligence on, 135; JJ seeks permission to travel to, 681; journey to, 199; Henry Laurens’s mission to, 254, 297; law books from, 483; loans in, xxiv, 35n8, 92, 97, 99, 102n3, 200n4, 214, 264n7, 267, 273–74n10, 290, 291n7, 311, 339, 340, 439, 493, 577, 664, 665n2, 666, 756; minister of, in Spain, 135; news from, 354, 538, 774; purchases in, 572, 665–66; recognition of American independence by, 778; recognition of United States by, 695, 696n1, 705; and separate peace, 705, 709, 761; Spanish ambassador in, 261n2, 339; Spanish imports from, 125; treaty of commerce with, 778, 779n2. See also United Provinces Holton, Samuel, 193; identified, 194n1 Honduras, 229n6, 735 Hood, Samuel (Admiral), 708n1 Hooe, Robert Townshend, 805 Hope (ship), 601n31, 646, 656 Hopkins, Captain, 453 Hopkinson, Francis: bills drawn by, 549n5, 609n2, 704n2; and secret checks on bills of exchange, 204n2 Horace: quoted, 44, 45n6, 412, 414n3, 446, 447n8, 464, 465n3 Horatio (in Hamlet): reference to, 412 Horses: admired by JJ, xxvi, 122; loss of, 30n3; for military service, 623; seizure of, 512; theft of, 788; trade in, 417; travel by, 622, 624n15; unavailability of, 31 Hospitals: supply of, 677 Hotel de Valentinois (Franklin’s residence), 315n3 House, Mary: boardinghouse of, 321, 322n7, 348; identified, 1:317n11 House of Commons, British, 239, 678, 705n6 Houston, William Churchill: on congressional committees, 26, 501n16; correspondence of, 158n, 186n3, 197n2, 200–204, 500; and establishment of department of foreign affairs, 158n1, 377n3; identified, 806; letters from, 5–6, 26–28, 156–57, 158 Howard, John Eager (colonel, Maryland line), 507 Howe, William, 297, 298n15; identified, 1:273 Huddy, Joshua (captain), 784, 786–87n14, 788 Hudson Highlands, N.Y., 28 Hudson River, N.Y.: Continental army encamped along, 644; crossing of, 579n3; farm on, 195; friends living near, 364; Jay family near, 669; JJ’s homesickness for, 112 Hume, David, 137n11; quoted, 464, 465n4 Huntington, Martha Devotion (Mrs. Samuel Huntington), 431 Huntington, Samuel (president of Congress): codes and ciphers used by, 9; commissions from, 466–67, 467–69; correspondence of, 251, 251n4, 356, 402, 457, 500, 527–28, 563n1, 580–581, 599n2; identified, 806; instructions from, 392, 469–71; letters from, 303–11, 376– 77, 391–92, 450–53, 502; letters to, 48–49, 49–51, 128–139, 196–97, 250–51, 317–18, 325–43, 357–59, 360–61, 385–86, 403, 428–33, 439, 453–55, 527–28, 528; letters to, quoted, 533; as president of Congress, 72; resignation of, 515, 518; successor to, 807 Hussey, Thomas: and British peace overtures, 140, 160n4, 326; identified, 160n2; intrigues of, 158–59 Hyder Ali: victory of, 432n3 Hynson, Joseph, 168 Illinois: military operations in, 764–65 Illinois River: posts on, 304 Imports: manufactures, 309; prices of, 292; by Spain, 82, 125; from Spain, 144, 145, 498; specie, 381, 523n8, 523n9, 530n1, 563, 628; by United States, 82, 498 Impressment: disadvantage of, 491 Independence, American: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 772; British acknowledgment of, 500, 727, 761, 789; British attitudes toward, 236; and British peace overtures, 160n4, 778, 779n3; confidence in obtaining, 434n8; Deane’s abandonment of support for, 243, 350–51; decline in French support for, 258–59; declining prospects for, 290; Dutch recognition of, 695, 696n1, 708, 778; establishment of, 496, 718; and French-American treaty, 469; French policy on foreign acknowledgment of, 761; French recognition of, 168; impact of, 143n4; and instructions on peace negotiations, 469; means of obtaining, 239, 241–42; and peace negotiations, 561; as precedent, 597; prevention of, 137n11; Spanish recognition of, xxi, 1, 4n7, 20, 43–44, 50, 51n3, 87, 88n2, 110n14, 141–42, 142, 191n6, 192n14, 216n2, 218n2, 220, 274n18, 274n20, 332, 389, 396n5, 482, 496, 532, 550, 597, 618, 708, 726n3, 731–32, 770; support for, 76, 77, 561 Independence, Declaration of, 76, 257 Independence Day: celebration of, 481 India: military operations in, 432n3 Indiana (frigate). See South Carolina Indians: and American claims to navigate Mississippi, 379; military operations of, 764– 65; prevention of disputes with, 305; relations with Britain and Spain, 764–65, 776n24; warfare with, 19–20; and western settlement, 309 Indies, minister of, 119. See also Gálvez, José de Indigo, 80, 223, 309 Ink, invisible, 7, 806 “Innocent passage”: right of, 308, 576n4 Inns: quality of, 122–23 Insects: infestations of, 122 Insurance: expense of, 628 Insurance Company of North America, 375n7 Interest, private: influence on politics, 44; predominance of, 184 Intrepid (ship), 719, 737n1, 781, 791 Ireland: American prisoners in, 727; armed associations in, 239; British oppression of, 77; capture of prominent persons in, 444; naval operations near, 240; patriotic societies in, 243n10; resentment in, 241 Irish: restrictions on, in Spain, 329, 375 Iron, 80, 148 Iron works: burning of, 511 Isle of Wight, 162 Italy: journey to, 140 Izard, Alice De Lancey: correspondence of, 143, 143n7, 209, 224, 224n6; identified, 209n5 Izard, Ralph: 255, 324, 325n10, 346, 427n6; identified, 1:665n6; settlement of accounts of, 255–56, 313, 315n2 Jackson, William, 602n32, 608n1, 700; identified, 476n3 Jacob: reference to, 340 Jamaica: convoy to, captured, 265; defenseless state of, 724; expeditions from, 229n6; fleet from, arrives in England, 218n1; fleets to, 224; military operations against, 135, 228, 296, 302n7, 670, 699n2, 779n6; military operations by troops from, 228; reinforcement of, 296; Spanish conquest of, 477, 497; as Spanish military objective, 532 James River, Va., 512 Jay, Anna Maricka (Nancy, sister of John Jay), 526, 637, 638, 650, 689, 720, 721, 722; identified, 1:3 Jay, Augustus (Gussey, Gussie, brother of John Jay), 638, 690, 720; identified, 1:3 Jay, Frederick (brother of John Jay), 449, 670n3, 720; and care of Jay family, 689, 721–22; and care of Peter Augustus Jay, 651; codes and ciphers used by, 7; correspondence of, 525, 526, 650, 671, 724, 725n4, 783; employment sought for, 463; as executor of Peter Jay’s estate, 721; identified, 1:3; letters from, 637–38, 721–23; letters to, 689–90; wife’s visit to British-occupied New York, 579n8 Jay, James, Sir (brother of John Jay), 362, 786n4; aligned with Lee faction, 479n5, 783; and anti-Loyalist measures, 783; attacks Gouverneur Morris, 446, 447n7, 477, 479n5; British stipend to, 786n11; capture of, 722, 724, 783–84, 794; claims of, 479n5, 783, 785– 86n4; connection to Benedict Arnold, 786n4; correspondence of, 786n11; debts of, 722; defection of, xxv, 783; in England, 785, 794; friends of, 158; funds advanced by, 783, 786n2; identified, 1:3, 806; imprisonment of, 788; inheritance of, 720; JJ’s relationship with, xxvi, 783–85; lack of correspondence with, 324, 525, 527, 650, 671, 673n7; and Marine Department, 479n5; naval invention of, 785; near Hudson River, 669, 670n3; parole of, 793; in Philadelphia, 446, 462–63; politics of, 638; pseudonyms of, 479n5; resides with Jay family in New York, 638 Jay, John, 540; accounts of, 660–61, 741, 790; advice on preparing a defense, 406–8; advice on study of law, 483; alliances opposed by, 342n17; and alliance with France, xxi, xxvi, 77; and alliance with Spain, 1, 40, 41, 489, 490, 494, 587, 734; ambition of, 125, 226; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, xxiv, 3, 99, 107, 108, 110n14, 132, 137n7, 171, 191n6, 223, 233, 235, 262, 270, 280, 284–85, 303, 307–10, 321, 324, 327, 328, 336, 370n10, 379–80, 381n5, 384, 386–90, 391, 391n2, 405n1, 438, 446, 452, 455n7, 489, 490, 491n1, 494, 529n2, 550–51, 558, 559, 560n6, 567–69, 580–82, 584, 587–88, 597, 600n15, 601n31, 629n7, 655, 670, 698, 717–18, 735–36, 737n3, 738n10, 745, 764–65, 769, 772, 776n25; American self-reliance urged by, 142–43, 250, 250n4, 324, 340, 353; and American supply of Spanish forces, xxiii, 265; and American territorial claims, 629n7; appointed minister to Spain, 18n2, 40, 41, 480; appointed peace commissioner, 432n11, 477, 518, 533n1, 572, 626, 645; appointment of negotiator with, 563n4, 574; and appointment of secretary to peace commission, 432n11, 432n12; arrival at Cadiz, xxi, 1, 58, 128; arrival at Madrid, 2, 42, 85n1, 93, 131, 270; arrival in Spain, 22, 25, 156; and articles of capitulation at Yorktown, 646–47, 653; attitudes toward France, xxvi, 38, 93, 110–11, 173n13, 211–12, 320, 322, 324, 325n7, 333, 561–62, 674, 688, 709, 772; attitudes toward Spain, 287, 439, 560n6, 575, 576n7, 709, 771; attitude toward France, 263; biblical allusions of, 286, 340, 429, 431, 434; bills drawn by, 60, 61, 65, 89, 90n2, 91n3, 368, 538, 539n1, 548, 747; bills drawn on, xxiv–xxv, 2, 3, 5, 91, 94, 96, 100, 103n10, 104, 104n19, 106, 111, 132, 141, 143–44, 144–45, 147–49, 151, 156–57, 157n7, 161, 164, 167, 177–78n2, 178n3, 188, 196, 200–204, 209, 210, 216, 221, 225, 260, 267, 279, 316, 324, 330, 344, 355, 366–72, 372, 383, 387, 389, 396n10, 404, 405n1, 414–16, 418, 423–24, 424, 433, 434n5, 436, 439, 458, 487, 504, 530n1, 530n2, 537, 541, 543n7, 545n3, 562, 582, 598, 599, 636, 637, 638–39, 660– 61, 663, 664, 681, 683, 686, 687, 698, 701, 739–41, 747, 751–52, 754–58, 809; and bills on Henry Laurens, 103n9, 176, 206, 209, 213, 359; bills protested by, xxv, 3, 548, 549n5, 577, 609, 609n2, 704, 706, 709, 716, 745, 767–69, 777n36; birth of daughters of, xxii, 97, 210, 445, 671, 693; boarding house of, 322n7; and boundaries, 558; and boundary disputes, 662; and British declaration of war against United Provinces, 381–82; and British peace overtures, 4n9, 62, 63, 87, 133, 140, 143n4, 174, 183, 192n14, 218n1, 223, 234, 249n4, 268, 324, 326, 327; as candidate to succeed Franklin, 533; and capture of James Jay, 783–84; and care of American seamen, 49, 49n2, 134, 138n15, 196, 282, 282n2, 299, 341, 441, 451, 504, 505–6, 598–99; and care of Jay family, 650–52; and care of Lewis Littlepage, 471–72, 474–75; and Carmichael mission to Portugal, 791n16; character of, 168; and charges against Gillon, 748–49; as chief justice of New York, 71; Christianity of, 286; and citizenship issues, 456, 458–59; classical allusions of, 113, 211, 213n6, 277, 278n2, 322, 323, 323n16, 349, 429–30, 639, 639n1; and clothing, 246, 321, 340, 349, 358, 367, 401–2, 405n1, 418, 440, 660–61; codes and ciphers used by, xxiii, 7–13, 21, 21n5, 29, 36, 46, 50, 124, 193, 226, 229n3, 246, 249, 272, 274n19, 276, 278, 279n7, 300, 302n4, 322, 324, 354n1, 385, 403, 405, 408, 412, 424, 433, 436–37, 438, 438n4, 447, 472, 474n23, 503, 515, 521, 529, 541, 573, 575, 580, 580n4, 611, 611n4, 612, 628, 639n9, 645, 646n7, 654, 656n11, 681, 682, 682n5, 683, 683n8, 702, 702n2, 719, 772–73, 777n36, 780, 782n6, 787–88; and commercial affairs, 753; and commissions for privateering, 134; commissions to, 71–72, 175, 182, 183, 458, 466–67, 467–69, 489, 502, 538, 540n14, 543n1, 560, 627, 643, 657; confers with Floridablanca, 2–3, 52, 54, 85n1, 94–104, 104–10, 139–41, 187–93, 265–72, 325–26, 502n18, 534, 534n1, 546, 581, 583–90, 744, 753–54, 762–64; confers with Gardoqui, 3, 99; confers with Montmorin, 85n1, 331–32, 337–38; and confidence in King Charles III, 755; confidence in obtaining independence, 434n8; congressional approval of, 287, 317–18, 447, 450, 528, 591, 717, 720n2, 724, 736, 737n3; as congressional delegate, 5, 322n7, 399; congressional instructions disregarded by, 470–71n2; and consular appointments, 48, 451; correspondence of, 59, 61, 124, 128, 128n1, 137n1, 139n23, 155, 184, 286, 361–62, 374, 376, 383, 392, 392n4, 397, 411, 423, 428, 428n6, 445, 457, 504, 671, 723, 723n2, 782n10, 783, 786n11, 794n2; and couriers, xxiii, 64, 126, 134, 433, 442, 443, 458, 519n1, 533, 577, 683, 741, 804; credit of, 16; and criticism of Congress, 482; and Deane-Lee affair, 321, 322n2, 399, 783; death of father of, 721–22, 723n2, 793–94, 794; death of mother of, 721, 723n2; debt to Cabarrús, 757; declines reception at court in private character, 774; denies reports of letters of marque against Portuguese shipping, 792, 792n1; departure for France, 171, 746, 793; departure from Spain suggested, 666–67; and deserters, 604–5, 606; diplomatic career of, xxi; and diplomatic dinners, 159, 160n5; dispatches of, xxviin7, 125, 137n5, 352, 353, 434n7, 451, 452n1, 580, 738–39, 777n36; and disposition of the America, 275n24; as “distinguished foreigner,” xxi–xxii, 1, 45; disunion feared by, 662; draft letter of (illus.), 542; and Dutch loans, 214, 283, 382, 397, 439, 687; economy in public expenditures urged by, 353; education of, 527; and efforts to obtain release of Henry Laurens, 443n17, 444; expenses of, 687; family obligations of, 125; and financial aid, xxi, 110n14, 503, 570, 582, 600n22; and free ports, xxiv, 110n14, 452, 569, 581–82; and French- American treaty, 274n18, 274n19; and French influence, xxvi, 218n2, 324; and French loan, 340; friendship with Robert R. Livingston, 124–25, 226, 286; friends of, 195, 383, 808; funds borrowed by, 666; and funds for Bank of North America, 738n11; and gardens, xxvi, 111–12; goods shipped by, 527, 689, 722; health of, 139, 525, 593, 681, 799; and hiding of dissatisfaction with Spain, xxiii, 247n1, 358, 441; historical examples used by, 77; homesickness of, xxvii, 112, 287; horses admired by, xxvi, 122; and Huddy-Asgill Affair, 787n14; imagination of, 112; impact of congressional investigations on, 742n10; impact of Deane-Lee Affair on, 278n2; impact of Spanish mission on, xxi; and independence, 110n14; inheritances of, 720–21, 721n1; instructions of, 155, 458, 600n15; instructions to, xxvi, 86n9, 199, 214, 284–85, 303–11, 310n1, 311n11, 338, 369n6, 370n10, 386, 389, 391, 391n1, 392, 392n4, 397, 397n3, 450–53, 455n7, 469–71, 477, 494, 502, 515–16, 529n2, 533n1, 538, 540n14, 543n1, 560n6, 561–62, 597, 600n3, 600n22, 627, 629n7, 643, 654, 656n5, 657, 734–36, 777n36, 780; and intelligence operations of French consuls, 218n2; and intercepted letters of Silas Deane, xxv–xxvi, 628; interception and inspection of mail of, xxii–xxiii, 36, 64, 126, 134, 135, 143, 152, 176–77, 191n6, 211, 212, 278, 299, 300, 315, 316–17, 341, 356–57, 360, 361, 381n8, 385, 389, 392, 433, 449, 453–54, 455n7, 457–58, 504, 519n1, 560n6, 574, 582, 589, 590, 591, 629, 650, 656n11, 657–58, 662, 671, 674, 681, 682–83, 723, 728, 752, 753, 773, 787; and investigation of Gillon, 608n1, 608n3; and invisible ink, 7; invitations declined by, xxii, 172, 713, 731–32, 732n2, 773–74; journey to France, 799; and law of nations, 792; literary references of, 112; and Loyalists, xxv, 783; loyalty investigations of, xxv; mail forwarded by, 90; and manumission of slaves, 362; and marine prisoners, 459–60, 460–61n2, 504, 536–37; and Massachusetts constitution, 352, 352n3; and mast contract, 243, 246, 278, 279n4, 323n21, 324, 398–99, 406, 445; mediation proposals opposed by, 531; meetings with Campo, 99; meetings with Galvez, 85n1; as member of American Philosophical Society, 69, 70n1; memorials of, 796; ministerial powers of, 456, 458; as minister to Spain, 169, 733; and Model Treaty of 1776, 342n17; motivations of, 322, 322n20; mules admired by, xxvi; nationalism of, xxi; and naturalization of foreigners, 536; nature of correspondence in Spain, xxiii; negotiates Jay Treaty, 12; negotiating strategies of, 334, 339, 588, 592, 595–96, 597, 745, 770; negotiations kept secret from, 88n4; news of, 461; nonrecognition of public character of, xxi–xxii, 218n2, 731–32; notes of, 104–10, 187–93, 229–31, 232–36, 265–75, 344, 417–18, 557–60; and oaths of allegiance, 458–59, 630; and opening of peace negotiations, 746; opposes treaty with Spain, 771; and packet boat for Spain, 451; passport for (illus.), 121; and passports, 456, 457n3, 458, 630; as peace commissioner, xxvii, 3, 468n2, 502n1; peace instructions opposed by, xxvi, 561–62; and peace negotiations, 3–4, 477, 725; permitted to leave Spain, 791n1; personal finances of, xxii, 527, 662, 741–42; personal finances of, in Spain, 15–16, 125, 134–35, 210; portrait (illus.), iv; and presentation of ships and naval stores to Spain, xxiii, 440, 443n12, 451, 452n1; as president of Congress, 2, 56, 57, 71, 243, 460; and principle of reciprocity, 14, 23; prints sent by, 291; and privateer case, 642; and private loans, 248, 260; and prize cases, 161–64, 166n1, 329, 442, 454, 486–87, 528, 589, 592, 624– 25, 631–32, 632–33, 633–34, 750, 753; and procrastination of treaty negotiations, 597, 680, 681, 734, 747; proposed resignation as peace commissioner rejected, xxvi, 654; as proposed successor to Franklin, 425; prudence of, 277; purchases of, for Jay family, 123; and queries on American affairs, 2, 52–56, 71–86, 131, 183; readiness to end mission, 571n4; and recognition of American independence, xxi, 4n7, 332; recommendation for William Temple Franklin, 430–31, 432n12; references to Dutch history, 283, 283n3; refusal to attend court, 159; and regulation of contraband, 137n7, 284–85, 285n4, 386–87, 391; relationship with Carmichael, xxii, 168–74, 174–77, 483, 524–25, 572, 575–76, 648; relationship with Silas Deane, 243–45; relationship with Lewis Littlepage, 615, 620–23, 807; relationship with Henry Brockholst Livingston, xxii, 480–85; relationship with Montmorin, 331, 337–38; relations with European diplomats, 135; and relations with Morocco, 66–68, 357–58, 451; religious views of, 322, 322n20; relocation to Madrid, 50, 51, 60; and repayment of Spain, 164–65, 165–67, 271, 570; reports of, 776n25; requests permission to leave Spain, 789, 791n14; reveries of, 435–36; salary of, 16, 125, 126, 134, 211, 281, 288n4, 319, 383, 393, 416, 425, 483, 539, 663, 668, 687, 714, 741–42, 790, 794; scenery admired by, xxvi, 220, 799; and secrecy, 174–75, 183, 341, 772; and secret article in Franco-American treaty, 706; as secretary for foreign affairs, 4, 11–12, 68n2, 138n13, 138n16, 171, 776n25; and secret checks on bills of exchange, 200–204, 204n1; seeks permission to travel to Madrid, xxi,35n2; sensibility of, 124–25; and separate peace, xxvi, 688, 709, 727; servants of, 123, 125, 799; settlement of accounts of, 244; and settlement of Deane’s accounts, xxv, 244, 345–47, 398; and settlement of Spanish accounts, 148, 171, 280, 319, 797, 798; slaves of, 124, 124n4, 449; social life of, 112–13; and Spanish aid, 148, 156–57, 247, 393, 446–47, 627, 636, 677, 681, 749; and Spanish-American relations, xxi, 142–43; and Spanish loan guarantee, 248, 344; and Spanish recognition of American independence, 141–42, 597, 627, 731–32, 755, 772; Spanish refusal to receive as minister, 1, 40, 41, 42n3, 45, 342n11; and Spanish territorial claims, xxiv, 765, 776n25, 779–80; and Spanish territorial objectives, 759; standing committees of Congress criticized by, 316, 318; and state constitutions, 86n4, 564, 661–62; and successor to Miralles, 343n25; summoned to France, 725, 746, 793, 799; and support for Bank of North America, 521– 22; support for William Bingham, 43; supports Franklin, 429, 432n8, 681; suspension of congressional bills requested by, 99, 250, 251, 264, 280–81, 319, 320n5, 325, 367, 385, 402, 451–52; suspension of congressional drafts on, 517, 548, 588; suspension of drafts on, violated, 549n4; tensions in household of, xxii; travels of, in Spain, 119–23; and treaty negotiations, 2, 40, 41, 52, 191n6, 192n13, 192n14, 269–70, 328, 370n10, 391, 391n2, 438, 560n6, 562, 563n4, 581, 583, 593, 600n15, 600n17, 601n31, 627, 655, 677, 735–36, 749, 763, 777n36, 803; treaty negotiations of, in 1790s, 7; treaty proposals of, 557, 565, 566–72, 573– 74, 574n2, 596–98, 636; and ultimatum to Spain, 687; unhappiness in Spain, xxvii, 425; and Vermont controversy, 208, 434, 435n4; and victory at Yorktown, 613, 613n4 —views on: absolute government, 730; afterlife, 286; alliances, 333; American relations with Spain, 550–53; children, 672; conduct of public business, 271–72; conflict of interest, 398; duty, 322, 323n20, 436, 560–61, 616–17; economic liberty, 80; education, 252, 672; inequality, xxvi; ingratitude of republics, 428, 429–30; inherited family traits (“blood”), 287; judges’ salaries, 693; justice, 650; liberty, xxvi–xxvii; Loyalists, 75–76; military preparedness, 339, 773; monarchies, 339–40; nature, 111–12, 729; neutrals, 75; paper money, 283, 284n5; popular government, 76, 78; the press, 648; public office, 561; public service, 125; reputation, 315, 406, 648; secrecy, 73; slavery, 253; transparency, 73; voyage of, xxi, 25, 42, 57–58; walks taken by, 275; and “war of finance,” xxiv–xxv; and western lands, 19–20; writings of, 86n8, 91, 92n1 Jay, Margaret Barclay (Peggy, Mrs. Frederick Jay), 527, 637, 689, 690n6, 722; visits British-occupied New York, 578–79, 579n8, 650, 690 Jay, Maria (daughter of John Jay): birth of, 669, 670n4, 693, 694n2; care of, 728; health of, 799; identified, 694n2 Jay, Mary Anna Van Cortlandt (mother of John Jay): death of, 721, 723n2; identified, 1:3 Jay, Peter Augustus (son of John Jay), 374; activities of, 540; and attack on Livingston home, 363; care of, 651, 723n5; education of, 525, 638, 722; funds for, 462; health of, 193, 286; identified, 753; location of, 579, 638, 638n4, 689, 722; news of, 226, 525, 612, 650, 724; separation from, xxii, 485 Jay, Peter (brother of John Jay), 612, 650, 690, 722; as counselor, 689; identified, 1:3; impact of Peter Jay’s death on, 721; robbery of, 637; treatment of, 527 Jay, Peter (father of John Jay), 578–79, 612, 690; attack on home of, 462; care of, 689; correspondence of, 693; death of, xxii, 362, 720, 721, 793, 794, 794n1; family and friends of, 672; as grandfather to Peter Augustus Jay, 651, 689; health of, 638, 721, 724; identified, 1:3; letters to, 119–124, 526–27, 527; moves from Fishkill, 637; robbery of, 650; slaves of, 362, 721; will of, 362, 720–21 Jay, Sarah Livingston, 28, 30, 33, 35, 44, 46, 59, 62, 63, 126, 127, 155, 183, 186, 220, 226, 246, 255, 278, 281, 290, 298, 301, 315, 318, 322, 324, 351, 352, 377, 384, 396, 422, 423, 424, 426, 429, 434, 444, 448, 461, 465, 476, 487, 515, 518, 539, 564, 573, 579, 612, 635, 648, 652, 653, 660, 662, 668, 669, 673n1, 688, 708, 722, 724, 778, 786n1, 786n5, 797, 799; accompanies JJ to Spain, xxii; acquaintances of, in Martinique, 44; Aranjuez praised by, 448; bet regarding, 364, 365n8; birth of daughters of, xxii, 208, 212, 671, 690, 693; care of daughter of, 728–29; correspondence of, 114, 142, 143n6, 155, 172, 194, 195, 226, 249, 323, 360, 361, 610, 650, 673, 729, 730n2; and criticism of Congress, 481–82; criticizes Carmichael, xxvii, 483–85; death of daughter of, 363, 445, 461; departure for France, 726; friends of, 195, 383, 808; goods purchased by, 672–73, 689; health of, 90, 155, 170, 226, 249, 287, 324, 330, 671; identified, 1:756; on Jay-Carmichael relationship, 524–25; JJ’s separations from, 112; letters from, 362–66, 479–85, 524–26; letters to, 540–41; prints requested by, 90, 153, 212; purchases for, 533; quoted, 172; relationship with Henry Brockholst Livingston, 362, 480–85, 525; relatives of, 66n6; rouge not used by, 364, 365n8; and Sabbath observation, 364, 365n8; unhappiness in Spain, 425, 461, 485; views on Spain, 172; voyage of, 42, 226 Jay, Susan (daughter of John Jay): birth and death of, xxii, 208, 210, 212, 286, 324, 330, 363, 365n2, 485 Jay family, 719; burial places of, 723n2; correspondence with, 123–24, 361–62, 362n1; effect of Continental currency on, 662; embarrassment of, by James Jay, 783; as Frederick Jay’s burden, 721–22; friends of, 809; goods sent to, 123–24, 450n3, 527, 541, 689, 722; health of, 799; impact of depreciation on, 526; impact of war on, xxii, 361–62, 480, 526– 27, 637–38, 690; inheritances of, 720–21; JJ’s duty to, 125; JJ’s financial assistance to, 17n5, 527; lack of news of, 525, 575, 635, 650; misfortunes of, 525; news of, 578–79, 637–38, 669, 671, 724, 793, 794; property of, 720–21; robbery of, 361, 526, 527n2, 637, 638n2, 721; slaves of, 449, 450n4, 637–38, 650, 721; and suspension of interest payments, 17n5; voyages of, 58 Jay (ship), 199 Jay Treaty: negotiation of, 12 Jefferson, Thomas: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 388; codes and ciphers used by, 7, 11–12; commissions to, 466–67, 467–69, 502, 643; expenses of, as minister to France, 138–39n16; experiences in Europe, xxi; as governor of Virginia, 573n3; instructions to, 469–71, 502, 538, 643; as minister to France, xxi, 11–12; as peace commissioner, 432n11, 502n1, 572–73, 725; and peace negotiations, 545, 546n7 Jenkins, Captain, 325 Jeremiah: reference to, 446 Jersey, Isle of: privateers of, 631 Jews: hostility to, in Spain, 575 Johnson, Catherine Nuth (Mrs. Joshua Johnson), 672 Johnson, Hugh, 549n5 Johnson, Joshua: correspondence of, 674, 683; goods sent through, 672; identified, 65– 66n3; letters and dispatches sent through, 65, 90, 740 Johnson, Thomas: as governor of Maryland, 66n3 Johnston, Samuel, 518, 519n7; identified, 519n7 Johnstone (Johnston), George (Governor), 4n9, 187; identified, 1:515n3 John the Painter: plot of, 242n3 Jones, John Paul: prizes of, 118 Jones, Joseph, 782n6 Joseph II (emperor, Austria): identified, 375n6; JJ’s appraisal of, 653; mediation by, 466, 469, 502, 531, 538; rise in power of, 375 Josiah, James (captain of Anne), 477 Joyce, Patrick and Sons: as bankers, 461; and bills on JJ, 96, 97, 102n8, 177, 177n2, 178n3, 179, 180, 186–87, 188, 190, 197, 205, 216n2, 222, 225, 230, 330, 549n5, 609, 769; considered pro-British, 188, 463n1, 769 Judges: salaries of, 693 Kalb, Johann, Baron de: identified, 229n4; wounding and death of, 227, 300 Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton Dominick, prince von: identified, 88n4 Kaunitz-Reitberg, Joseph von (comte de Kaunitz): identified, 88n4; relationship with Carmichael, 220 Kaunitz-Reitberg, Joseph von (comte de Kaunitz) (ambassador to Spain), 87 Kennedy, Mr., 679 Kings College (N.Y.): faculty of, 242n1 Kings Mountain, N.C.: battle at, 376, 377n6, 507, 515n3 Kingston, N.Y., 434 Kingston (slave): leasing out of, 638 Knox, Henry, 613n4; letter to, 652–53 Knox, William, 427n14 Knyphausen, Wilhelm, baron von: as commander in New York, 27, 28n3; identified, 28n3; military operations of, 195, 228, 343n31, 376 Labor: shortages of, 80 Laborers: clothing of, 449 Lacaze and Mallet (Philadelphia firm), 361n1 La Coruña (La Corunna), Spain, 35n7, 58, 59n4; Gillon at, 599, 602n32, 603, 608n1; investigation of Gillon’s conduct at, 171, 563n4; ships at, 604, 631, 748 Lacy, Francisco, conde de Lacy (Francis Anthony de Lacy; comte de Laci; comte de Lascy), 219, 796–97; identified, 220n6 Lady Washington (privateer), 386n11 La Fayette (Lafayette), Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roche Gilbert du Motier, marquis de: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 389n1; at battle of York-town, 653; congressional confidence in, 645; congressional instructions to correspond with, 761; correspondence of, 696, 705; cultivation of, 353; French assistance promised by, 257; identified, 1:507n1, 806; influence of, in France, 353; information from, 57n2; as interpreter, 354n2; lack of letters from, 688, 692, 693; leave of absence for, 757; letters carried by, 645, 654, 683, 697n1, 787; letters from, 707–8, 777–79; letters sent through, 612; military operations of, 539, 583; passage for Major Franks with, 740; praise for, 761; and recognition of Carmichael as U.S. envoy, 171; resolutions regarding, 646n4; return to France, 683; return to United States, 740, 742n8; and Swedish-American Treaty, 779n8; troops under, 465, 510–13 Lagoanère, Michael, 58, 59n4; identified, 59n4 Laidlie (Laidly), Archibald, 287; identified, 288n12 Laiske, Terrier de, 288n3 Lake Champlain, 376 La Luzerne, Anne César, chevalier de, 364; activities in America, 217, 218n2; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 336, 381n5, 387, 389, 467n1; and appointment of Robert R. Livingston, 612–13n1; bet of, 364, 365n8; and bills on JJ, 372n14, 374n14; at camp, 521; and candidates for secretary to Franklin, 30; and cession of east Louisiana, 781n3; codes and ciphers used by, 331; and conquest of Florida, 46; correspondence of, 217, 218n2, 342n11, 342n12, 655; discussions with congressmen, 336; entertainment by, 114; and free port on Mississippi River, 467n1; and French financial aid, 37; and French influence on peace negotiations, 389, 467n1, 471n2; as French minister to U.S., 2; identified, 806; influence on congressional delegates, 387; information conveyed to Spain by, 331, 336; information from, 336, 655, 656n6, 677; instructions to, 2; and instructions to JJ, 599n4; intelligence gathered by, 445; and mediation proposals, 467n1, 720n3; and military operations in South, 337; and negotiation of bills in Havana, 372n14; opposes congressional drafts on France, 536, 539n7; reception for, 479n5; reports of, 157n7, 443n9, 469n2, 471n2, 612n1, 629n7; residence of, 325n9; and Spanish aid, 500; and Spanish-American relations, 192n6; and Spanish territorial objectives, 2; and treaty proposals, 641n1; visits army headquarters, 501n15 La Luzerne, Chevalier de (ship), 385, 386n11 La Motte-Picquet, Admiral (Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte), 118 Land: improvement of, 492 Landais, Pierre: prizes of, 118 Landed estates: reduced value of, in Britain, 238 Landed interest: impact of war on, 239; and public debt, 294 Lands, public: and public debt, 79 Lands, western: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 233; boundaries of, 305; claims to, 253, 311n7, 311n11, 390n3; and French-American treaty, 306; independence of, 379, 388; and ratification of Articles of Confederation, 74; settlement of, 309, 379 Langro, Brigadier: and siege of Gibraltar, 797 Latin: quotations in, 240, 253, 253n3, 315, 316n1, 349, 464, 465n3, 564, 565n5, 639 Latin America: coins minted in, 100n1; disruption of trade with, 370n10; and financial aid to U.S., 193n15; inability to tap wealth from, 105; Spanish regulations regarding mail from, 589; specie from, 189; specie shipments from, disrupted, 99, 145, 267; tapping wealth of, 366; threat to, from Britain and America, 142 Laurens, Henry: and appointment of secretary to peace commission, 432n11; arrival of, awaited, 206, 207n2, 213–14, 283; bills drawn on, 6n1, 14, 92, 102n3, 103n9, 132, 153, 176, 205, 207n1, 207n2, 209, 281, 359, 369, 488n2, 488n3, 545, 545n5, 549n4, 666; British influence on, feared, 321, 323n13; capture of, 224n1, 300, 319, 340, 382; commissions to, 291n6, 291n7, 466–67, 467–69, 502, 538, 643; as congressional delegate, 297; correspondence of, 6n1, 137n7, 216n2; departure from America, 223, 224n1, 254, 281, 297; dispatches of, captured, 350; and Dutch loan, 197n2, 198, 199, 199n1, 291n7, 382, 439; efforts to obtain release of, 405, 423, 441, 443n17, 444; feared lost, 289; foreign loan sought by, 255; identified, 1:754; imprisonment of, 354, 373; instructions to, 469–71, 502, 538, 643; lack of news regarding, 196; as minister to United Provinces, 44, 254, 425; mission of, transferred to John Adams, 397; papers of, captured, 354, 373, 374, 375n4; as peace commissioner, 432n11, 502n1, 545, 573, 645; release of, 668, 669n17, 687, 725; retaliation for imprisonment of, 354, 444; ships of, 216n3, 223; sons of, 300, 302n5; voyage of, 199 Laurens, Henry, Jr.: education of, 302n5 Laurens, John: arrival in France, 423n6; and bills on JJ, 409, 416, 423–24, 424n4, 440; as candidate for secretary to Franklin, 427n6, 432n11; correspondence of, 426, 503–4; elected secretary to Franklin, 126n4; and French aid, 423, 426, 427n11; identified, 807; letter from, 423–24; letters carried by, 428n6, 444, 590; letters to, 405–6, 443–44; and military supplies, 572, 607–8n1, 665n1; mission of, 302n5, 422, 423n6, 444, 476n3; praise of, 422; resigns as secretary to Franklin, 14, 14n3, 30; return to America, 458, 458n3 Lauzun, Armand Louis de Gontaut, duc de, 640 Law: study of, 483 Law of nations: application of, 305, 308; congressional resolution on, 757; JJ’s pledge America would abide by, 792; on prisoners of war, 727; and prize cases, 161, 486; references to, 350, 575, 682; writings on, 311n9 Lawrence, Mrs. (Mama), 526 League of Armed Neutrality, 154, 290, 396n5, 397, 403 Le Couteulx, Jacques, Louis, & Laurent (Diego, Louis, & Lorenzo), & Co., 809; and care of American seamen, 49n2, 138n15, 196, 282, 299, 341; commercial connections of, 371– 72n14; correspondence of, 316–17; financial assistance from, 130; identified, 137n2, 807; and interception and inspection of mail, 299; letter from, 282; letter to, 299–300; memorial of, 649, 649n1 Le Couteulx, Jacques (Diego): letter from, 282; letter to, 299–300 Le Couteulx, Laurent (Lorenzo): letter from, 282; letter to, 299–300 Le Couteulx, Louis: letter from, 282; letter to, 299–300 Le Couteulx, Mr. (of Cadiz): correspondence of, 158 Le Couteulx and Company (of Paris), 371–72n14; identified, 137n2 Lee, Arthur: activities of, in Spain, 35; attacks on Franklin, 427n6; attitudes toward France, 255, 258; as candidate for minister to Spain, 109n5; charges of, 59n3, 259n4; as commissioner to France, 243; correspondence of, 18n2, 64, 65, 130, 168; and Deane-Lee affair, 783; departure of, 57; French distrust of, 169; identified, 1:754; letter from, 57–59; letter to, 17–18; negotiations in Spain, 4n2, 130; news of, sought by JJ, 324; opposes appointment of William Temple Franklin as secretary to peace commission, 432n12; publications of, 301, 302n8, 321; quoted, 59n1, 174n21; settlement of accounts of, 255–56, 313, 315n2, 346; and Spanish aid, 94, 101n1, 148; status of, 445; supporters of, 18n2, 281n4, 317n1 Lee, Charles (secretary, board of treasury), 202–4; identified, 1:754–55 Lee, Henry (Lighthorse Harry), Lieut. Col., 510 Lee, Thomas Sim (governor of Maryland), 360 Lee, William, 118n1, 260n5, 315n2, 346, 808; identified, 1:621n7 Lee faction: and appointment of secretary to Franklin, 432n11; and appointment of secretary to peace commission, 432n12; and Deane-Lee affair, 347; Franklin opposed by, 432n11; and JJ’s role in treaty negotiation, 432n12; malignity of, 301; politics of, 479n5 Leipzig, Germany: medical education in, 70n4 Leslie, Alexander (general), 510; identified, 1:599n2 Lewis, Benjamin, 807; and care of Lewis Littlepage, 471–72, 473n21, 616, 620; identified, 473n3 Lewis, Margaret: birth of, 286, 288n6 Lewis, Morgan, 288n6; identified, 1:71n4 Leyden, 410; education in, 242n1 Leyden (Leiden) Gazette (Gazette de Leyde) (Gazette de Layde) (Gazette de Liede): publications in, 46n5, 135, 540n16 L’Hommedieu, Ezra, 579n6; identified, 1:705n2 Libel: indictment for, 648 Liberty: views on, 239 Liberty Hall: attacks on, 193, 194n6, 195, 287, 288n11, 365n3 Limerick, capitulation of (1691), 77 Lincoln, Benjamin: appointed secretary of war, 626, 629n2; as commander of southern army, 47, 272n2; identified, 1:472n6; and military operations in South, 26, 83, 191n4, 223 L’Indien (ship), 572. See also South Carolina Linen: imported by Spain, 125 Linton (Lintot), Bernard, 417; identified, 418n4 Lippincott, Richard, 786n14, 788 Lisbon, Portugal: agent in, 199; American seamen in, 138n15, 199, 317, 537; British travelers from, 326; captivity in, 49; court at, 441, 522; information from Spanish ambassador at, 187; journeys to and from, 49n2, 62, 140; trade of, 240 Littlepage, Lewis: cipher of, 7, 472; controversy with, 472, 473n24; correspondence of, 798; expenses of, 471–72, 473n9, 473nn13–14, 473n19; funds advanced to, 797; identified, 471, 807; JJ’s relationship with, xxii, 615–23; letter from, 474–75; letter to, 615–24; military activities of, xxii, 471–72, 473n21, 475, 616; relationship with Carmichael, 168, 472 Livingston, Catharine Wilhemina: bet of, 364, 365n8; codes and ciphers used by, 7; correspondence of, 172, 193, 249, 286, 325n5, 360, 361–62, 362n1, 365n6, 365n8, 366n12, 373, 462, 527, 611n1; goods sent to, 672, 689; health of, 728; identified, 1:755; letter sent to care of, 485; letters sent through, 527; letters to, 362–66, 373–74, 524–26, 671–73; marries Matthew Ridley, 808; in Philadelphia, 669, 670n2; portrait of, 610, 728, 730n1; resides with Morris family, 195, 249, 462, 488, 728; return to New Jersey, 195; trip to Maryland, 724; writing skill of, 374, 462 Livingston, Edward (Ned), 287, 288n14; identified, 1:571n2 Livingston, Elizabeth (1761–1802): identified, 66n6 Livingston, Elizabeth Stevens (daughter of Robert R. Livingston), 126, 438; birth of, 193, 286, 288n6, 363; identified, 194n5 Livingston, Gertrude (Mrs. Morgan Lewis): birth of daughter of, 286, 288n6; identified, 1:619n1 Livingston, Henry Brockholst (colonel), 33, 35, 44, 46, 127, 155, 183, 186, 194, 220, 228, 246, 278, 290, 301, 315, 318, 322, 351, 377, 422, 448, 518, 540; capture of, 784, 788; character of, 480; codes and ciphers used by, 7; Congress criticized by, 481–82; correspondence of, 155, 519n1, 540; dispatches carried by, 601n31, 784, 788; identified, 1:755; information revealed by, 784; as JJ’s private secretary, xxii, 170, 362, 484; leave of absence of, 358, 362, 451; legal education of, 483, 784; letters and papers copied by, 484, 501; letters carried to ports by, 317, 341, 343n39, 358, 359n10, 361n2, 385, 386n9, 429; notes taken by, 275n26; parole of, 793; passport for, 601n31, 675; praise of, 463; public papers prepared by, 276; purchases for, 623; relationship with Carmichael, 168, 170, 482, 483–85, 525, 482; relationship with JJ deteriorates, 362, 480–85, 525, 600n4, 601n31; return to America, 481, 482, 484, 485, 784; translations by, 41, 42n5; travels of, 373 Livingston, Henry, Jr., 650, 651, 689; identified, 652n4 Livingston, John Lawrence: loss of, 540, 541n2; as midshipman, 195, 249, 365, 366n12 Livingston, John R., 629; identified, 1:131n5 Livingston, Margaret Beekman (mother of Robert R. Livingston), 126, 286, 287, 288n6 Livingston, Mary Stevens (Polly) (Mrs. Robert R. Livingston), 126, 363, 612, 799; identified, 1:112n2 Livingston, Peter Van Brugh, 65, 66n6; identified, 1:126n3 Livingston, Philip Van Brugh, 785 Livingston, Robert R., 794n1; absence from Philadelphia, 699, 733; affirmation for JJ, 720n2; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 601n31, 654, 717–18, 734–36, 735–36, 779–80; and appointment for William Temple Franklin, 675n6, 790; birth of daughter of, 193, 194n5, 226, 363; and British peace overtures, 788–89; as candidate for secretary to Franklin, 30, 31n5, 432n11; and capture of James Jay, 783, 784; carriage purchased by, 690, 690n2; and cession of East Louisiana, 781n3; as chancellor, 578, 579n7, 690n5; codes and ciphers used by, 7, 8–9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 30n2, 193, 226, 229n3, 287, 436–37, 438, 438n4, 612, 628, 630n9, 645, 646n7, 654, 656n11, 681, 682, 682n5, 683, 702, 702n2, 719, 772–73, 780, 782n6, 787–88, 791n7; as congressional delegate, 28, 125, 193, 286, 287, 656n5, 781n3; correspondence of, 124, 198, 225–26, 229n1, 436, 446, 608n1, 650, 700, 700n6, 743, 745, 776n26; criticizes Adams and Dana, 724; and Deane’s intercepted letters, 629n7; dispatches of, 601n31, 696, 704n2, 739–40, 756–57; French influence on, 324, 325n9, 612–13n1; friendship with JJ, 124–25, 612, 724–25; as godfather of Maria Jay, 799; identified, 1:756; and information for Spanish officials, 700n6; and instructions to peace commissioners, 654, 656n5; irritation with Spain, xxiii; and Jay-Carmichael relations, 171; and JJ’s salary, 794; letters from, 5–6, 28–31, 79–82, 156–57, 193–95, 225–29, 611–12, 612, 625–30, 644–46, 654–56, 676–80, 699–700, 717–20, 723–25, 733–38, 787–91, 794–95; and letters of marque against Portuguese shipping, 792; letters sent through, 689; letters to, 90–91, 124–26, 286–89, 435–38, 682–83, 692–93, 701–2, 747–77, 793, 799; and Louisiana purchase, 802; as member of committee for foreign affairs, 198; news from, 325n3; nominates Carmichael as secretary to Franklin, 794n2; reports death of Peter Jay, 723n2; reports shown to, 717, 719n1; reports to, 799n2; and salaries of foreign ministers, 790, 791n17; as secretary for foreign affairs, 11, 30n4, 377n3, 433n13, 539n5, 578, 600n10, 611, 612n1, 625–26, 650, 672, 682, 683, 690; sensibility of, 124; and separate peace, 736, 788–89; and Spanish recognition of American independence, 626; and Spanish territorial claims, 780 Livingston, Sarah Welles, 651; identified, 652n5 Livingston, Susan (1759–1833): identified, 66n6 Livingston, Susan (sister of Sarah Livingston Jay): attack on home of, 193, 194n6, 363, 365n3; and care of Peter Augustus Jay, 525, 722, 723n5; correspondence of, 323; visiting by, 724 Livingston, Susannah French (mother of Sarah Jay): activities of, 540; attack on home of, 193, 195; and care of Peter Augustus Jay, 193, 525; correspondence of, 226, 364; endangered by James Jay stay with, 783–84; location of, 724; religious views of, 287 Livingston, William: attack on home of, 193; correspondence of, 362, 364, 457; as governor of New Jersey, 480; health of, 28, 487; identified, 1:756; letter from, 540–41; letter to, 479–85; location of, 724; reputation of, 483; writings of, 364 Livingston, William, Jr. (brother of Sarah Livingston Jay), 364, 365n7 Livingston family: attack on home of, 195, 361; correspondence of, 457; friendship with Vaughan family, 809; health of, 28, 226; history of, 194n6; impact of war on, xxii, 480, 540, 541n2; James Jay’s stay with, 783–84; neighbors of, 365n5 Livres tournois: value of, 101n1 Livy: writings of, 423n2 Loan Office certificates: and depreciation, 70n5, 256; interest on, 15, 17n5; meetings of holders of, 70; value of, 294 Loan Officers, Continental: and bills of exchange, 6n1, 202; certificates sold by, 17n5 Loan Offices, Continental: bills of exchange issued by, 15–16, 61, 89; and Continental currency, 178; funds invested in, and depreciation, 256 Loans, domestic: limitations on, 492–93; opening of, 6n1; and public debt, 79; unavailability of, 626; use of, in America, 149 Loans, foreign: and bills of exchange drawn on Henry Laurens, 207n1; and Continental currency, 44, 59–60, 91; need for, 14, 14n2, 158, 493–94, 626, 677; prospects for, 530n2; and public debt, 79; repayment of, 262 Loans, Treasurer of: and secret checks on bills of exchange, 202, 204n2 Logwood: trade in, 498 London (slave): with Jay family, 638 London, England: accounts from, 187; alleged conspiracies in, 237; Americans in, 537; and bills on American ministers, 549n5; and British peace overtures, 339; consul in, 66n3; court at, 78, 118; debating societies in, 237; embassy in, 140, 160n2; express from, 217; intrigues in, 301; letters from, 158; medical education in, 70n4; mercantile firm in, 66n3; publications in, 351n5; reports in newspapers of, 191n3; ships of, 162; stock speculation in, 259n4 London, Tower of: Laurens in, 340, 373 Long Island, N.Y., 86n11, 223, 305 Long Island Sound: obstructed by ice, 29 Lorient (L’Orient), France, 57, 423n6, 540, 657; letters and dispatches sent through, 289, 343n39, 477, 533n1, 588, 590, 640; merchants at, 102n7, 278n1, 375n7, 477; ships at, 246, 531, 659, 738 Lothrop, Daniel, 417; identified, 418n3 Lothrop, Joshua, 417; identified, 418n3 Louis XVI (king, France), 799; alliance with, 565; and American alliance with Spain, 333, 490; American attitudes toward, 84, 516, 592, 790; American possessions guaranteed by, 306; and bills of exchange on JJ, 355–56; and British peace overtures, 88n4, 450, 516; correspondence of, 88n4; and Dutch loan, 199; financial aid from, 31; and French- American treaty, 469; gratitude to, 93; and Huddy-Asgill Affair, 787n14; JJ’s attitudes toward, 532; and mediation proposals, 466; Montmorin’s relationship with, 808; and peace negotiations, 467, 562; praise of, 280; relations with Spain, 111; rights of subjects of, 208n4; support of, for American cause, 56, 57; treaty with, 450–51, 777n36 Louisiana, 105, 108; migration to, 218n2; military operations in, xxiii; trade with, 308 Louisiana, East: cession to Spain, 780; claims to, 381n5, 387, 388, 389n1 Louisiana, governor of (Bernardo de Galvez), 764 Lovell, James: as candidate for secretary to Franklin, 14, 14n3, 30, 45n7, 432n11; as chairman of committee for foreign affairs, 317n1; codes and ciphers used by, 9, 11, 316; and congressional dispatches, 386n11; correspondence forwarded to, 58; correspondence of, 18n2, 31n5, 137n7, 197n2, 200–204, 310n1, 453, 535, 582–83, 600n9; and establishment of department of foreign affairs, 158n1, 377n3; identified, 1:756–57; influence of, in foreign relations, 30; instructions sent by, 389, 391n4; and Jay- Carmichael relationship, 169–70; letters from, 5–6, 156–57, 198–200, 392, 397–98, 411–12, 528; letter to, 316–17; mission to Europe, 44; quoted, 92n1, 137n7, 343n39; as supporter of Arthur Lee, 317n1 Low Countries: travels in, 573 Lowell, John, 777n36 Loyalism: decline of, in New York, 228 Loyalists: activities of, 78; and Arnold plot, 374n3; British abandonment of, 654; British recruitment of, 627; capture of James Jay by, 784; categories of, 75; confiscation of property of, 76, 783; depredations of, 637, 638n2; dismissal of, 70n2; exile of, xxv, 76; legislation against, 783; military operations of, 446; motives of, 75; numbers of, 496; pardon of, 78 Loyalty oaths: authorization of, 455–56; state, 70n2 “Lucius” (pseudonym), 479n5 Lumber: supply of, 80 Luxembourg, Anne Paul Emanuel Sigismond de Montmorenci, chevalier de, 604n1, 608n1 Madeira: and prizes, 162, 163 Madeira wine: price of, 563 Madison, James: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 388, 389; on congressional committees, 310n1, 343n39, 452n1, 601n31, 777n36; discussions with Barbé-Marbois, 310n1, 599n3; and instructions to JJ, 599n3; and instructions to peace commissioners, 777n36; notes of, 274n19; reports drafted by, 343n39, 576n4; resolution of, on JJ’s conduct, 782n6 Madrid, Spain, 31, 33, 45, 62, 64, 71, 87, 89, 119, 124, 128, 142, 161, 165, 174, 177, 178, 181, 187, 196, 208, 209, 210, 213, 216, 221, 222, 275, 278, 282, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 320, 323, 325, 339, 352, 353, 356, 357, 360, 362, 372, 381, 393, 397, 398, 401, 404, 405, 408, 414, 418, 427, 428, 434, 438, 443, 479, 503, 515, 525, 527, 550, 604, 609, 624, 630, 631, 633, 634, 636, 638, 642, 647, 650, 652, 657, 661, 663, 671, 674, 680, 681, 682, 684, 686, 687, 689, 693, 696, 697, 701, 704, 713, 728, 747, 782, 798; bankers and merchants in, 66n7, 177n2, 425, 682, 771; bills of exchange on, 202; and British peace overtures, 339; Carmichael’s absence from, 173n11; Carmichael’s death in, 172; Carmichael sent to, 1, 18, 31, 39; conferences at, 34, 230; couriers to, 217, 726; court at, 19, 115, 125, 126n3, 134, 184, 463, 523–24, 543, 591, 752, 753, 754, 771; credit for JJ at, 16n2; credit in, 61; Deane visit to, contemplated, 278, 279n4; dispatches to, 16, 36, 92; embassies in, 88n4; Floridablanca at, 329, 344; French officials in, 438n5; inability to obtain funds at, 379; JJ at, 36, 42, 49, 50, 51n3, 52, 71, 85n1, 93, 93n1, 115, 170, 270, 272, 276, 574n2, 602; JJ permitted to leave, 791n1; JJ’s departure from, 725, 726n2, 792; JJ’s travels from, 534; journey to, xxi, 2, 35n2, 46, 108, 119–23, 160n2; Lee denied permission to come to, 4n2, 101n2; Littlepage in, 472; mail brought to, 591; ministers at, 52, 54, 180, 181, 199; mission in, 59n2; political gossip in, 220n3; press of, 19; and prize case, 589; publication of articles of capitulation in, 753; royal residences near, 126n3; travelers to, 339 Madrid Gazette (Gazetta de Madrid): articles in, 216n3, 753, 764, 775n24, 775n25; requested by Robert R. Livingston, 679 Mahon (Port Mahon), Minorca: capitulation of, 528n4, 693; military operations against, 528; as Spanish military objective, 532 Mail: captured, 426, 427n14, 442; designed to be read by Spanish officials, 726n3; expense of, 352; interception and inspection of, xxii–xxiii, 7, 36, 64, 65, 66n5, 126, 134, 135, 152, 159, 176–77, 191n6, 211, 212, 218n2, 299, 300, 315, 316–17, 341, 356, 360, 361, 381n8, 385, 389, 433, 449, 453–54, 455n7, 504, 519n1, 530n2, 560n6, 575, 589, 591, 650, 656n11, 657–58, 681, 682–83, 726n3, 728, 773, 787, 794; publication of, 530n2; sinking of, in case of capture, 64; Spanish regulations regarding, 589 Mallet (brother of Michael Mallet), 361 Mallet, Michael, 361 Manley (Manly), John (captain), 162, 601n31, 690n1, 691, 739 Mansfield, Samuel: identified, 418n1 Manuel, wife of, 798 Manufactures: quality of, in Spain, 113 Manufacturing: prospects for American, 81 Maples Town, N.J., 540 Maps: acquisition of, 525; of JJ’s Spanish mission (illus.), 129 Maraci, Carlos Maria (Charles), 178n3, 197, 205, 216n2 Marblehead, Mass., 563, 639, 662 Marevedis de vellon: value of, 101n1 Maria Theresa (empress, Austria): death of, 375 Marine, agent of, 413, 414n4, 479n5 Marine Department, 414n4, 479n5 Marion, Francis, 296, 298n9, 446, 447, 509 Martinique (Martinico): agents at, 33n9; arrival of Spanish forces at, 185; and bills of exchange, 89, 152; Bingham’s service in, praised by JJ, 126; Confederacy at, 15, 17, 22, 25, 42, 44n2, 65; convoy arrives at, 778, 779n7; description of, 540; French fleet at, 465, 723; JJ’s stay at, 575; letters written at, 59, 60, 124, 128, 194, 225, 286, 288n3, 288n17, 288–89n2; officials of, 42–43, 45n3; privateering in, 84; questions regarding SLJ in, 365n8; reports circulating in, on American credit, 130; ships captured at, 162; slave purchased in, 124, 124n4; sums advanced at, 45n4; voyage from, xxi, 15, 25, 464; voyage to, 17, 22, 25 Mary (the elder) (slave), 638, 721 Mary (the younger) (slave), 638, 721 Maryland: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 389; continental line of, 507; crops in, 84; delegates of, 71, 72, 160n1, 529n2; French troops encamped in, 644; journey from, 86n4; legislation in, 86n5; letters from, 158; military operations in, 511, 540; and military supplies, 86n4; population estimate of, 73–74; and ratification of Articles of Confederation, 74, 86n5, 390n4, 398n1, 583; residents of, 66n3; troops of, 86n4, 295 Massachusetts: agents of, 260n5; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 389; bills sold in, 6n1; constitution of, 74, 86n4, 352–53n3, 563, 564n2, 662–63; convention of, 352–53n3; delegates of, 71, 72, 194n1; foreign loan sought by, 255; loan officers of, 204n5; population estimate of, 73–74; privateers of, 792n2; and Vermont dispute, 253n4 Masserano, Charlotte-Louise, princess de: as friend of the Jays, 383, 425; identified, 160n3; information from, 158–59; JJ’s praise of, 312–13 Masserano, Felipe Ferrero de Fiesco, prince de: household members of, 326; information from, 219; kindness to JJ, 312, 383; letters carried by, 312, 320, 727, 728n1, 777, 779n1; and siege of Gibraltar, 777, 779n1 Masts: availability in America, 148; contracts for, 109n6, 243, 246, 324, 398, 400n3, 404, 419, 445; sought by Spain and France, 189, 271, 402, 497 Mathews, John, 355n4, 432n11, 529n2, 673; identified, 673n12 Matlack, Timothy: identified, 70n3; letter from, 69–70; letter to, 251–52; as member of American Philosophical Society, 70n1; oration of, 69, 70n3, 251 Matthew, Edward: identified, 473n4 Maurepas, Jean Frédéric Phélypeaux, comte de, 302n7; identified, 1:303n10 Mazzei, Philip, 260n5 McDougall, Alexander, 28, 413, 579n6; identified, 1:757 McHenry, James, 645, 646n5; identified, 646n5 McKean, Thomas (president of Congress): as chief justice of Pennsylvania, 478; correspondence of, 581, 747, 748, 787, 791n2, 791n6; elected president of Congress, 515, 518, 528n1, 573n3, 599n1; identified, 519n7, 807; letters to, 560–563, 580–602, 609–10 McPherson, William (Major), 513 Meat: supply of, 80 Mediation: proposals for, 466, 718–19, 720n3; use of, 20 Medicine: education in, 69, 70n4 Mediterranean, 15, 80 Medusa (ship), 719 Melons: seeds of, sent by JJ, 287 Merchants: and bills of exchange, 94, 147–48, 188–89, 263, 545, 744; colonial trade of, 109n3; criticism of, 421; and currency depreciation, 292; and disruption of specie shipments, 189; endorsement of bills by, 609, 609n2; impact of war on, 239; losses of, 256; prices raised by, 292; remittances of, 17n5; and reports of attacks on Portuguese shipping, 792; and Spanish bank plan, 767; training of, 630; treaty proposals regarding, 567 Mercury: as mischief maker, 114 Mercury (newspaper) (Mercure de France): request for, 679 Mercury (ship), 224n1 Mercy & LaCaze & fils (Cadiz firm), 361n1 Meredith, Margaret Cadwalader, 195, 363, 673, 730, 731n4, 800; identified, 114; letter to, 111–15 Meredith, Samuel, 113, 673, 800, 800n2; identified, 114 Meschianza (Mischianza), 297, 298n15 Mexico: coins minted in, 100n1; French trade with, 370n7; specie from, 192n9, 370n7, 370n10, 371n14 Meyrick, James, 427n14 Military stores: captured, 84, 103n12; imported, 94; supply of, 294, 496 Militia: arms needed by, 496, 514; casualties of, 413–14; condition of, 780, 781n2; criticism of, 412–13; flight of, 227; improvement of, 496; military operations of, 83, 193, 227, 228, 265, 289, 295–96, 343n31, 376, 412–13, 446, 507, 508, 512, 514, 644; obligation to serve in, 83; reinforcement by, 719; role of, 76; in south, 27, 47; terms of service of, 446; use of, 258 Militia, Spanish, 764 Mill Prison, 459, 460, 460n1 Mills: burning of, 512 Milton, John: references to, 112 Milwaukee Indians, 776n24 Minorca: conquest of, 473n8, 744, 759, 762; expedition against, 528n4; military operations at, 370n10, 471, 476n4, 609, 634, 636n5, 643, 658, 743 Miralles y Trajan, Juan de: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 107, 137n7, 270, 386; and conquest of Florida, 13, 32; correspondence of, 127, 289, 300; death of, 3, 188, 191n5, 336, 343n25; encouraged expectations of Spanish alliance, 737n6; and financial aid from Spain, 6n1, 157n6, 236n9, 501n14; identified, 807; information from, 234, 361; intelligence regarding, 38; and mast contract, 86n9, 109n6, 279n4, 324, 400n3; and reception of American minister, 1, 4n3; relationship to Gálvez, 4n3, 113; son of, 113; as Spanish observer, 1, 14n1; successor to, 3, 188, 190, 192n6, 196, 230, 261, 272, 329, 334, 343n25, 398, 400n4, 408, 442, 501n15, 600n7, 808 Mississippi River: American claims to navigation of, xxiv, 2, 3, 50, 51n4, 86n12, 99, 107, 108, 109n6, 110n14, 132, 137n7, 171, 191n6, 193n15, 223, 233, 262, 270, 274n20, 280, 284– 85, 285n4, 303–11, 315, 321, 324, 328, 336, 342n16, 367, 369n6, 379–80, 384, 386–90, 390n1, 390n2, 390n3, 391, 391n2, 433, 438, 446, 452, 455n7, 467n1, 489, 491n1, 494, 550–51, 558, 559, 567–69, 581, 587, 597, 601n31, 629n7, 654, 698, 717–18, 734–36, 737n3, 769, 780, 781n2; as boundary, 3, 284, 303, 305; congressional debates on, 587; free port on, xxiv, 110n14, 284–85, 303, 311n11, 369n6, 389, 390n2, 391, 452, 467n1, 569; inability to sail up, 379; information on vicinity of, 699; navigation of, and financial aid, 391n3; and peace negotiations, 717–18; and regulation of contraband, 284–85, 285n4, 308; right of deposit on, 308–9; Spanish conquest of lands bordering, 1, 2, 19, 20, 29; Spanish desire for exclusive navigation of, 349; specie shipped on, 381; treaty proposals regarding, 567–69; and western settlers, 285 Mississippi Valley: conquests in, 717; importance of, 718; military operations in, 764–65; territorial claims in, xxiv, 765, 775n24, 776n25, 779–80, 781n2, 781n3 Mithon de Genouilly, Claude, 778, 779n6 Mobile, Ala., 151n3, 229n6, 270; capture of, 156n1, 160n8, 389n1 Model Treaty: terms of, 342 Mohawk River, N.Y., 376 Moll (slave): leasing of, 638 Monarchies: loan guarantees in, 711–12; pageantry of, 112 Money: exchange rates on: 100–101n1 Money, paper: attitudes toward, in Europe, 283, 283n5, 291–92; bills of exchange purchased with, 149; credit of, 127; depreciation of, 100n1, 526, 797; emissions of, 98, 797; opposition to, 98; subscriptions in, 365n10; substitution of bank notes for, 520; theft of, 637; use of, in America, 149; value of, 742. See also Currency, Continental; Currency, new emission; Vales reales Monmouth, N.J.: battle at, 213 Monmouth County, N.J., 788 Monroe, James, 802 Montbarey, Alexandre Marie Léonor de Saint Mauris, prince de, 302n7 Montfort, Julius, count de, 701, 702n1; identified, 702n1 Montgomery, Joseph, 777n36 Montgomery, Richard (general), 518n1, 804; identified, 1:162n4 Montgomery, Robert (at Alicante), 397 Montmorin de Saint-Hérem, Armand-Marc, comte de, 698, 732n2; advice from, 174, 231n7, 332, 333–34, 338, 401, 501n18, 554, 554n1, 571n4, 593, 595–96, 599, 600n15, 606n5, 681, 687, 702, 748, 749–50, 754, 755–56, 760–61, 782n10, 795–96, 797n2; and American alliance with Spain, 490, 491n1; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 381n5, 389n1, 491n1, 571n4, 581–82, 600n15, 769; and articles of capitulation at Yorktown, 647; assistance from, xxvi, 3, 31, 33–34, 35n2, 39, 85n1, 93, 98, 104n17, 368, 371n12, 427n12, 428, 439–40, 686, 745, 747n11, 755–56; and bills of exchange, xxv, 92n3, 97, 98, 111, 176, 178n3, 196n1, 207n1, 230, 273n4, 319, 320n3, 372n16, 401n1, 409, 410n7, 415–16, 418, 686, 696, 698, 702–3, 704n1, 705n4, 707, 743, 755–57, 763, 765; and British peace overtures, 4n9, 88–89n4, 138n11, 140, 160n4, 174, 181, 183, 192n14, 197n1, 217; Cabarrús’s proposals to, 711–12, 715–16; and celebration of birth of dauphin, 790; and clothing, 267, 272n4, 440; collaboration with, 451; conferences with, 754–56, 760–61; copies of documents sent to, 489, 490; correspondence of, 217, 260, 264n11, 331, 336, 342n11, 342n12, 427n12, 521, 599n4, 600n4, 600n15, 682n7, 765; couriers of, 33, 210–11, 335, 338, 401, 405, 416, 427, 547, 696, 752, 782; dinners of, 159, 160n5, 331; documents shown to, 554, 554n6, 555n1, 596; and Dutch loan, 756; and French-American relations, 592; and French-American treaty of alliance, 269; as French minister to Spain, 1, 19; and French territorial guarantees, 581; identified, 808; influence of, on Spanish-American relations, 51n3, 88n2; information from, 127, 219, 316, 338, 799; information known to, 211; information on, 772; information to, 86n12, 116, 324, 325n8, 331, 336; instructions to, 2, 56, 57, 57n2, 591, 608n2; and instructions to JJ, 599–600n4; as intermediary for JJ, 758, 759–60; and invitation to JJ, 731–32, 773–74, 774; and JJ’s dispatches, 595–96; and Lafayette, 761; letters delivered by, 93; letters from, 63–64, 702–3; letters to, 62–63, 401, 490–91, 554, 702, 731–32, 782; mail forwarded by, 210–11, 213n5; meetings with, 31, 85n1, 170, 181, 229–31, 331–34, 337–38; meetings with Floridablanca, 88n4, 331–32, 415, 685–86; messages conveyed by, 326; oration of Matlack presented to, 251; praised by JJ, 93, 428, 428n5, 439, 443n9; and proposed American alliance with Spain, 332–33; and protest of bills, 756, 767, 769, 771; and recognition of American independence, 88n2; and recognition of Carmichael as U.S. envoy, 172; relationship with Carmichael, 170, 173n13, 219; relationship with Floridablanca, 233, 270; relationship with JJ, xxvi, 110, 155, 170, 173n13, 192n14, 211–12, 261, 333, 337–38, 395–96, 409, 415, 428, 592; and repayment of Cabarrús’ advance, 757, 760; reports of, 35n2, 85n1, 86n12, 93n4, 97, 99, 109n6, 192n13, 192n14, 196–97n1, 231n8, 247n1, 272n1, 272n4, 302n7, 342n15, 370n10, 410n7, 491n1, 554n1, 560n6, 571n4, 571n7, 572n8, 599–600n4, 600n15; return to Madrid, 798; and Spanish aid, 500; and Spanish-American relations, 111, 116, 132; and Spanish loan guarantee, 273n10; and Spanish procrastination of treaty negotiations, 754–55; and Spanish recognition of American independence, 761; supports American cause, 532, 591; supports JJ’s departure from Spain, 726n2; and treaty with Spain, 571n4, 591, 606n5, 695–96; warnings of, on interception of mail, 64 Montreal: merchants at, 518n1 Morgan, Captain, 49 Morgan, Daniel: identified, 1:475n2; military operations of, 507–8; victory of, 429, 431n1, 436, 442 Morgann, Maurice (secretary to Sir Guy Carleton), 788–89, 791n13 Morocco, Emperor (Sultan) of: and American relations with Morocco, 358, 451. See also Sidi Muhammad (Muhammad ibn Abdallah) Morocco (Maroc): consuls in, 68n1; negotiations with, 66–68; treaty with, 68n2; U.S. relations with, 68n3, 357–58, 451 Morris, Gouverneur, 672; advice of, xxvi; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 379–80, 390n3, 446, 670; as assistant to superintendent of finance, 414n4, 447n4, 462, 476n5, 611, 636n8; attacks on, 447n7, 477, 479n5, 572; as candidate for secretary to Franklin, 14n3, 30, 31n5, 125, 432n11; classical allusions of, 378; codes and ciphers used by, 10, 11, 13n19, 413, 445, 478, 669; as congressional delegate, 476, 635, 636n8; correspondence of, 477–78, 533n1, 574, 576n1, 576n8, 784; and Deane-Lee affair, 351n3, 406, 419, 476; deciphering by, 541, 543n5, 777n36, 794n2; and executive departments, 447n4; and foreign loans, 14n2; and French influence on peace negotiations, xxvi; identified, 1:757; letters from, 13–14, 59–60, 377–81, 411–14, 445–47, 476–79, 669–70, 700, 793–94; letters to, 323–25, 574–76; letters written by, 501, 501n2; loss of leg, 186, 193, 194n4, 195, 250, 287, 323, 325n3, 445; in New Jersey, 463; opposes instructions to peace commissioners, 477, 533n1; papers sent by, 413; in Philadelphia, 476; portrait (illus.), 493; proposals of, 35; reports defection of James Jay, 784, 786n9; reports drafted by, 6n1, 35n8; romances of, 324, 325n4; and Spanish aid, 446, 670; views of, on finance, 501n2; visit to British-occupied opposed, 479n5; writings of, 86n7, 479n5 Morris, Mary White, 324, 375, 462, 488, 673, 730, 800; and bets regarding SLJ, 365n8; correspondence of, 193, 249, 364, 610, 611n1, 729, 730n2; friendship with Catharine W. Livingston, 363–64, 365n6; friendship with SLJ, 114, 195, 462; identified, 808 Morris, Richard: identified, 1:757–58; as state chief justice, 253, 287, 289n18 Morris, Robert, 324, 673, 800, 800n2; as agent of marine, 414n4, 629n2; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 529n2; appointed superintendent of finance, 413, 414n4, 445, 447n6, 462, 464, 491, 540, 547, 595, 629n2, 636n8; assistant to, 476n5; and Bank of North America, 372n14, 464, 519–22, 738n11; and bills drawn on American ministers abroad, 549n4; and bills on JJ, 369, 372n14, 487, 529, 541; and care of American seamen, 505–6; codes and ciphers used by, 7, 10, 11, 249, 462, 478, 503, 521, 528, 529, 541, 580, 580n4, 610, 611n4, 683, 772–73; commercial connections of, 371n14, 807, 808; commission of, 487, 488n1, 500; conducts trade on public account, 506; correspondence of, 246, 447n6, 463n2, 478, 500, 580, 580n4, 594, 595; correspondence of, to show Spanish officials, 502–3; correspondence of, translated, 579; courier of, 519n1, 646, 804; and debts to public agents abroad, 487, 488n3; discusses American financial situation, 547; dispatches to, 601n31; documents of, shown to Spanish officials, 557, 559, 593; draft letter to (illus.), 542; and Dutch loans, 664, 665n2; education of sons of, 610, 672, 728; family affairs of, 488; and financial aid, 391n3, 463, 503, 521–22, 523n8, 529n2, 558; as friend of JJ, 114; and funding plan, 17n5; goods sent through, 449, 541, 672; health of, 462; identified, 1:758; and importation of specie, 371n14; information for department under, 772; interception of letter of, 530n2; letter from, translated, 594, 595; letters from, 195, 461–63, 487–88, 490–502, 502–3, 503, 505–6, 519–23, 529–30, 610–11; letters sent through, 36, 527, 689; letters to, 249–50, 374–75, 541–43, 579–80, 580, 728–31, 738–42; and Catherine W. Livingston portrait, 671, 673n2, 728; Catharine W. Livingston stay with, 365n6; as member of secret committee of trade, 488n3; and military contracts, 492; and negotiation of bills in Havana, 372n14; news from, 363; portrait (illus.), 493; private trade of, 488n3; and queries on American affairs, 501n11; residences of, 195, 196n1, 488; and salaries of foreign ministers, 790, 791n17; social life of, 462; specie sought by, 503; and supply of Spanish forces, 265, 272n1, 463, 463n2, 571n2, 595; suspends interest payments, 17n5; wine sent to, 449n3 Morris, Robert, Jr., 610, 728 Morris, Sarah Gouverneur: identified, 479n5 Morris, Thomas (son of Robert Morris), 610, 728 Morristown, N.J.: army at, 13, 28 Motte, S.C., 509 Moylan, Arthur, 375n7 Moylan, James, 375n7 Moylan, Jasper Alexander, 375; identified, 375n7 Moylan, John, 375n7 Moylan, Mary Ricketts Van Horne: identified, 375n7 Moylan, Stephen, 375, 375n7 Moylan family: members of, 375n7 Mulattos: included in population counts, 73 Mules: admired by JJ, xxvi; purchase of, 126; sale of, 797, 799; used in Spain, 31, 120–22, 126 Munro, Eve Jay (sister of John Jay): care of, 638, 690, 720; health of, 722; identified, 1:3; mental illness of, 288n13 Munro, Henry (Harry): as Loyalist, 288n13 Munro, Peter Jay (nephew of John Jay), 123, 448, 690, 722; accompanies JJ to Spain, xxii, 480; correspondence of, 526n3, 527; education of, 480; genetic inheritance (“blood”) of, 287, 288n13; trust fund for, 720 Musquiz, Miguel de, marquez de Villar Y Ladron, conde de Garcia (Spanish finance minister), 267, 371n12; identified, 273n11 Nantes, France, 105, 154n5, 386n9, 461n2; and bills of exchange, 537; letters and dispatches sent through, 90, 152, 211, 250, 343n39, 629, 738, 742; merchants at, 278n1, 461n2, 739, 740; ships at, 531, 674, 683; travel to, 66n3, 473n2 Naquigen (Indian chief), 764, 776n24 Naturalization: meaning of, 208–9n4; procedures for, 536; rules regarding, 455, 457n8 Naval stores: availability of, 80, 82, 148; contract for, 243; exportation of, 275n24, 498; sought by Spain, xxiii, 2, 106, 275n24, 451, 452n1; and Spanish aid, 2, 95, 137n9 Naval superiority: need for: 376–77, 422, 423n5 Navarro Garcia de Valladares, Diego José: as Cuban captain general, 343n25; as governor of Cuba, 13, 14n1; and joint military operations, 47, 48n2 Navigation: obstructed by ice, 27–28 Navy, British: British occupation dependent on, 83; and convoys, 103n12, 291n4; damage to ships of, 510; defeats of, 223; departure from New York, 86n4; fleets of, 117; impact of weakening of, 240; manpower available to, 497–98; operations of, 14, 15, 47, 117, 128n2, 209, 254, 289, 349–50, 358, 427, 510–11, 627, 628, 634, 699, 699n2, 708n1, 778, 779n6, 779n7; Portuguese bases of, 80; prizes of, 126n5; protection of British trade by, 223; seamen for, 138n15, 240; size of, 578; superiority of, 296; victory of, 798–99, 799n3 Navy, Continental: cruises by ships of, 195; and defense of Charleston, 47–48; expense of, 149; officers of, 17, 460, 460n1, 541n2; quality of ships in, 82; service in, 365, 366n12; size of, 421; strength of, 53, 55, 84; supply of, 133; transport of supplies by, 144, 145 Navy, French: American seamen in, 49; assistance from, 263, 666; blocked at Rhode Island, 227, 229n5; conference with Washington regarding, 354n2; costs of, in America, 626; losses of, 793, 798–99, 799n3; and naval superiority, 354n2; and New York campaign, 227; operations of, 47, 98, 103n12, 118, 187, 190, 195, 209, 219, 220n2, 239, 254, 257–58, 289, 291n4, 296, 325n7, 349–50, 353, 358, 403, 427, 428n2, 442, 448, 465, 501n13, 510–11, 519n4, 528n4, 532, 539, 540, 563, 564, 627, 634, 670, 699, 699n2, 707, 708n1, 723, 725n3, 778, 779n6, 779n7; prizes of, 227, 427, 428n2; and protection of American trade, 223; reinforcement of, 403; size of, 578, 579n5; supply of, 499, 778; victories of, 429 Navy, Spanish: American seamen in, 49; condition of, 109n6; construction of ships for, 165–66; convoys of, 628; cost of, 105; masts for, 86n9, 109n6, 271, 402, 497; naval stores for, 53, 55, 82, 95, 106, 271, 451, 497; operations of, 14, 98, 103n12, 105, 118, 127, 135, 185, 239, 291n4, 296, 448, 528n4; ships for, 53, 55, 82, 96, 106, 109n6, 137n9, 144, 145, 146n6, 148, 271, 402; supply of, xxiii, 105, 265, 272n1, 499, 628, 776n27; timber for, 53, 55, 82, 106, 271, 402, 497 Navy Board, Continental, 49n2, 132 Necker, Jacques: loans sought by, 261n2; ministers aligned with, 302n7; peace sought by, 302n7; publication of, 403, 403n4; resignation of, 103n14; Rochford’s plan for, 138n11; and Spanish loans, 98, 103–4n14, 264n7, 337 Negroes: with British army, 578, 627, 640; captured at Yorktown, 627; included in population counts, 73. See also Slaves Nelson, Thomas, 573n3; identified, 1:241n4 Nesbitt, Jonathan, 96, 275, 278n1, 691; identified, 102n7 Neufville, John de: and bills of exchange, 153, 154n8, 176–77, 359, 409; commendation of, 451, 453n7; correspondence of, 353, 359, 393; and Dutch loans, 274n10, 382, 397, 425, 439; and goods purchased in Holland, 666, 674, 675n3; identified, 808; letter to, 381–83 Neufville, John de, & Son, 808; and bills on Henry Laurens, 207n1, 207n2; correspondence of, 283, 284n1; and Dutch loan, 214; letter from, 205–7; letters to, 213–15, 282–84; and Spanish loan, 99 Neutrality: French, 168 Neutral nations: and Spanish recognition of American independence, 142. See also League of Armed Neutrality New England: considered anti-French, 56n1; militia in, 289; prizes in, 290n3; seamen from, 196; ship construction in, 698, 760 Newfoundland: 14, 15, 224n1 New Hampshire, 218n2; delegates of, 71, 529n2; population estimate of, 73–74; sea captain from, 162; and Vermont dispute, 28n5, 253n4 New Haven, Conn.: residents of, 417, 418n6 New Jersey: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 389; capture of James Jay in, 722, 783–84; constitution of, 74; delegates of, 71, 194n1; depredations by “refugees” in, 788; Gouverneur Morris in, 463; Jay relatives in, 185, 352, 651; letters from, 526; Loyalists in, 786n14; military operations in, 185, 193, 194n6, 195, 228, 338, 343n31, 363, 365n5, 376, 578; militia of, 186, 193, 228; population estimate of, 73–74; troop movements in, 578, 579n3 New Jersey, College of: graduates of, 242n1 New London, Conn.: publications in, 351n5 New Orleans, La.: commerce of, 82, 308; Spanish government in, 119–20 Newport, R.I.: fleet at, 258, 427, 579n5, 635n4; French forces in, 350; journey to, 128n2; naval operations at, 325n7 Newspapers: information from, 61, 187, 191n3, 278, 291n4, 385, 413, 427, 442, 516, 518, 529, 535, 564, 593, 639, 642, 646, 655, 692, 786n8; political attacks in, 463, 477, 479n5; publication of articles of capitulation in, 753; publication of intercepted letters in, 373, 667; requested by Robert R. Livingston, 679; sent JJ, 158, 352, 397, 583, 679, 682; Spanish, 123 New York, 229n7; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 389; anti-Loyalist legislation in, 783; Arnold’s proposals to, 786n4; arrival of troops from, 30n3; assembly, 435n4; attacks on frontier posts of, 376; British army returns to, 186, 193; British depredations in, 637; British recruits in, 78; Carleton’s arrival at, 788; chancellor of, 578, 650; chief justice of, 253; commanders in, 27, 28n3; confiscation of Loyalist property in, 783; congressional delegates of, 578, 579n6; constitution of, 74; convention of, 223; delegates of, 36, 71, 208, 466n6, 781n3, 786n4; efforts to recapture, 14; elections in, 578, 579n6; embarkation of troops from, 27, 28n3, 29, 43, 47, 86n4; evacuation of, by British, 3; fall of, 214; finances of, 694n5; fleet at, 257; influence of, in foreign affairs, 31n5; Jay family in, 17n5; JJ’s requests for news of, 126; journey from, 30n3; judges’ salaries in, 693, 694n5; land claims of, 242n8; legislation for abolition of slavery in, 253; legislature of, 253, 578; Livingston’s visits to, 717; Loyalists in, 228, 229n7, 784; military operations in, 136, 139n21, 186, 228, 376; militia in, 194; politics of, 228, 324; population estimate of, 73–74; and prisoners 3, 135, 139n18; robberies in, 526; senate, 435n4; ships carried to, 790; and Spanish land claims, 387; troop quota of, 413; and Vermont controversy, 208, 253, 253n4, 435, 435n4; visits to British-occupied, 690; and western land claims, 208 New York Bay: obstructed by ice, 29 New York City: Arnold’s return to, 512; British expenses at, 627; British fleet at, 296, 350, 636n4; British occupation of, 229n7, 305, 578, 723n2; British vessels from, 427; campaign to recover, 127, 209, 227, 257, 296, 496, 501n13, 518, 519n4, 529n1, 531, 540, 578, 594; churches in, 288n12; Deane’s letters published in, 667; defense preparations at, 719; impact of capture of, 214; James Jay imprisoned in, 722; Jay family burials in, 723n2; Jay property in, 720; news from, 514, 518, 529; prisoners sent to, 459–60, 518, 528, 529n1, 594; refugees from, 578, 579n6; residents of, 210n5, 417; troops at, 289, 724; troops from, 510, 676, 699; Washington’s withdrawal from, 223 Nicaragua: expeditions to, 229n6 Ninety Six, S.C.: military operations at, 447, 518, 539; post at, 509–10 Nonsuch (ship): letters carried by, 646, 656 Norfolk, England, 238 North, Frederick (Lord North), 137n11, 350, 540, 705n6; ministry of, 779n3, 779n5; quoted, 525; resignation of, 708n4, 777n34 North America: naval operations in, 349–50; naval superiority in, 643 North Carolina, 218n2; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 389; constitution of, 86n4; and Continental currency, 321; crops in, 84; delegates of, 71, 518; government in, 513, 676; Loyalists in, 654; military operations in, 29, 185, 295, 507–9, 539, 627, 648; militia of, 295, 414; and paper money, 349; population estimate of, 73–74; reinforcements in, 83; reports of revolts in, 220n3; ship from, 213; terrain of, 512; troops of, 13, 27, 43, 47, 83 Northern Powers, 135 North (U.S.): military state of, 82–84. See also States, northern North River. See Hudson River Norwich, Conn., 417, 418n3 Nottoway scholars, 471, 473n4 Nova Scotia, 497–98 Oaths of allegiance, 456, 457–58, 630 “Observations on the American Revolution”: presented to Spanish government, 78–79, 86n7 O’Dunne, Humphrey, comte d’, 177n5 O’Dunne, James Bernard, comte d’: and care of seamen, in Portugal, 176, 177n5; meetings with, 182 Odyssey: reference to, 414n3 Ohio River: posts on, 304 Oil: diminished supply of, 80; importation of, 498 Oostanula River, 285n4 Oporto, Portugal: trade of, 240 O’Reilly, Alejandro, conde de, 119–20; passport signed by (illus.), 121 Osgood, Samuel, 777n36 Ostracism: JJ’s references to, 277, 278n2 Oswald, Richard: and Asgill Affair, 787n14; bail posted for Henry Laurens by, 669n17; and peace negotiations, 3–4, 726n2, 779n5; and separate peace, 705n7 Otaguos (Ottawa?) Indians, 776n24 Othello: references to, 744 Otis and Andrews: as clothiers, 783 Oznaburg (cloth): identified, 723n6; shipped by JJ, 722 Pacific Ocean: trade in, 138n11 Paine, Thomas: and Deane-Lee affair, 302n7; in France, 475–76, 476n3; identified, 1:758; writings of, 302n8 Palfrey, William (colonel): cipher carried by, 11, 654, 683n8, 787; loss of, 612, 645, 656n2, 787, 802 Paramus, N.J., 724 Pardo, the (El Pardo), Spain, 40, 41, 52, 54, 404, 680; Carmichael at, 34; court at, 125, 126n3, 134, 771; meetings at, 684, 702–3; royal residence at, 32; visits to, 692, 758, 762, 764, 766 Paris, France, 66n8, 115, 300, 419, 777; Adams in, 346; Americans in, 242n1, 243, 420; and bills of exchange, 684, 740; commerce in, 137n2; as JJ’s destination, 1, 58; JJ summoned to, 545, 782; journeys to and from, 35n7, 65, 69, 224n1, 472, 573, 645, 746; Lafayette at, 707; Laurens’s arrival at, 423n6; medical education in, 70n4; military supplies purchased in, 607n1; negotiations with Sweden at, 779n8; publication of articles of capitulation in, 753 Parish & Thomson, 545n3 Parle, Spain: post between Aranjuez and Madrid, 108 Parliament, British: addresses to, 291n5; capture of members of, 444; and cessation of offensive warfare, 770; corruption of, 238; dissolution of, 239, 246; elections for, 246; and funding for war, 291n5; impact of military operations on, 511; meeting of, 289; opening of, 650; petitions to, 242n6; and prisoner exchange, 727, 728n3; and recognition of American independence, 727; resolutions of, 709; speech to, 350 Parsippany, N.J.: Livingston house at, 363 Passports: delays in, 482; issuing of, 456, 457n3, 458, 601n31, 630, 675; for JJ (illus.), 121 Passy, France, 60, 151, 246, 254, 279, 315n3, 321, 345, 383, 423, 424, 488, 521, 535, 547, 577, 640, 664, 704, 725 Paul Greppi Azarino & Co., 67, 68 Paulus Hook, battle of, 136, 139n21 Paulus Hook, N.J., 139n21 Paz y Merino, Juan Antonio de (Corregidor of Bilbao), 642 Peabody, Nathaniel, 355n4 Peace: desire for, 209, 422, 772; impact of, 662; need for, 14, 259; prospects for, 289–90, 374, 635, 644, 648, 650, 653, 658, 678, 695; support for, 238, 302n7, 327, 348, 350, 354 Peacock (ship), 325 Peale, Charles Willson: portraits by (illus.), 293, 493 Pee Dee, S.C., 295, 507, 509 Pee Dee River: crossing of, 446 Pegasus: reference to, 213n6 Peggy (ship), 216n3 Peltry: supply of, 80 Penelope: reference to, 414n3 Penet, Pierre, 15, 16n3, 260n5 Penet and Company, 195 Penn, John (of North Carolina), 672, 673n11; identified, 1:663n1 Penn, Thomas: estate of, 196n1 Penn, William: city of, 114 Pennsylvania: abolition of slavery in, 253, 254n6; agents of, 199–200n4, 260n5, 281n4, 297; agriculture in, 70n3; assembly, 69, 70n2, 114; bills sold in, 6n1; complaint against Arnold, 297; constitution of, 74; Continental line of, 512; country estates in, 195, 196n1; delegates of, 71, 199n4; foreign loan sought by, 255; journey from, 22; loyalty oaths in, 70n2; mutiny of Continental line of, 413, 514; population estimate of, 73–74; politics of, 479n5; supreme executive council, 70n3, 297 Pennsylvania, University of: impact of revolution on, 69, 70n2 Pennsylvania Evening Post, 291n4 Pennsylvania Hospital, 70n4 Pennsylvania Packet, 529, 530n2 Pensacola, Fla.: conquest of, 3, 27, 29, 99, 156n1, 234, 265, 389n1, 516, 517n4; terms of capitulation of, 518, 528, 529n1, 594–95 Pesos: value of, 100n1 Pesos de vellon: value of, 101n1 Peters, Richard, 673, 673n12; identified, 673n12 Peters, Sarah Robinson, 673 Petersburg, Va., 511–12 Philadelphia, College of, 69, 70n2 Philadelphia, Pa., 5, 13, 26, 28, 59, 69, 70n3, 156, 158, 184, 193, 195, 197, 198, 225, 284, 291, 303, 377, 391, 392, 397, 445, 462, 466, 467, 469, 476, 487, 502, 505, 507, 519, 528, 611, 625, 644, 699, 717, 723, 733, 779, 787, 793, 794; banks in, 185, 250, 251; Bingham’s return to, 184; boarding house in, 321, 322n7; British occupation of, 70n2, 196n1; British recruits in, 78; Confederacy refitted at, 126n5; congress at, 72; country estates near, 196n1; courier to, 521; criticism of, 348; Deane’s departure from, 322n2; dispatches from, 47, 516; dispatches to, 43, 442; émigrés to, 16n3; entertainment in, 114; French intelligence from, 324; impact of capture of, 214; intelligence obtained in, 582; interception and inspection of mail in, 575; Irish immigrants to, 375n7; Izard’s arrival at, 325n10; James Jay’s activities in, 446; Jay-Carmichael relationship in, 483; JJ’s departure from, 5, 124, 125, 301, 615, 650, 689; JJ’s friends in, 324; JJ’s time in, 398; journey from, 214; journey to, 213; Laurens at, 223; letters from, 60, 331, 338, 349, 526; letters sent through, 36, 527; letters suppressed in, 347; Catharine W. Livingston’s stay in, 364, 527; Robert R. Livingston’s absence from, 699; medicine in, 70n4; merchants of, 102n7, 154n5; Meschianza at, 298n15; news from, 246, 336, 338, 360; occupation of, 298n15; persons detained at, 482; political dissension in, 114; prices in, 125, 292; public spirit in, 251–52; Searle’s departure from, 254; ship construction in, 84; ships from, 246, 453, 457, 531, 659, 683; ships to, 538, 601n31, 701; Spanish agents at, 109n6, 261 (see also Miralles y Trajan, Juan de; Rendón, Francisco de); and supply of army, 378; transfer of funds to, 783; voyage from, 224n1; weather in, 198 Philadelphia (ship), 679 Philadelphia Ladies Association: subscription of, 185, 251, 252, 364, 365n10 Phillips, William (general), 511; identified, 1:577n1 Phoebe (Phoepe) (slave), 638 Pinckney, Thomas, 432n11 Pitault, Madame (of Martinique), 44 Plater, Elizabeth Rousby, 323, 325n4 Plater, George: identified, 325n4 Plato (slave), 638, 721 Platt, Zephaniah (captain), 208, 693; identified, 1:428n1, 693 Plymouth, England: prisoners in, 504, 537 Poetry: praising Franklin, 153 Political Magazine, 242n3 Pollock, Oliver: information from, 699, 700n3; and Spanish aid, 94, 804 Population: expected growth of, 81; of states, 52, 54, 74; of United States, 52, 54, 73–74 Pork, 309 Port St. Mary (El Puerto de Santa Maria), Spain, 119, 124n2 Portsmouth, England, 14, 242n3, 537 Portsmouth, N.H., 438n5, 440 Portsmouth, Va., 510–11, 518, 519n3 Portugal: affairs in, 176; agent in, 198; alliances of, 137n11; American hostilities rumored against, 792, 792n2; American seamen in, 138n15, 176, 198–99, 441; armed vessels in ports of, 117; boycott of products of, 118; British naval ships in, 80; and British peace overtures, 339; funds sought from, 522, 523n10, 791n16; interests of, 143n4; journey from, 87, 132–33, 140; negotiations with, proposed, 599, 791n16; neutrality of, 118, 118n4, 599, 605; nobility of, 137n11; politics of, 199; ports of, closed to American ships, 118n4, 605n3; relations with, 441; reminting gold from, 370n7 Postage: expense of, 61 Post Office, director of (at Cadiz): and interception and inspection of mail, 316–17 Post office, Spanish: and interception and inspection of mail, 159, 583, 589, 657, 674, 682– 83, 752, 773; regulations regarding, 589; revenues of, and repayment of loans, 707, 716, 766; unjust charges by, 773 Potash: supply of, 80 Potawatomi (Putuatmi) Indians, 764, 776n24 Potomac River, Va.: crossing of, 511 Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 577, 637; Clinton at, 434, 435n1; Jay family at, 650, 689, 721 Pound sterling: calculations in, 100n1; value of, 101n1 Powel, Elizabeth Willing, 673, 673n12 Powel, Samuel, 673; identified, 673n12 Predestination: references to, 287, 288n12 Press: licentiousness of, 648 Prévost, Benoît Louis: engraving by (illus.), 244 Prévost (Provost), Augustine, 29 Prices: coffee, 563; cotton, 563; and currency depreciation, 292, 294, 349; of imports, 292; madeira, 563; of masts, 419; salt, 563; in Spain, 113, 122–23; sugar, 563; tobacco, 539; in United States, 125, 563–64 Princeton, N.J.: mutineers at, 514 Prisoners: appeals for, 785, 787n14; assistance to, 6n1, 296, 460, 536–37; British recruitment of, 78; capitulation agreement regarding, 518; enlisted in British navy, 598; escaped, 162; exchange of, 140, 599, 727; execution of, 786–87n14, 788; parole of, 3; provisioning of, 139n18; recognition of status as, 727; sent to New York, 518, 528, 529n1, 594; ship seized by, 161, 162; taken to England, 161, 162 Privateering, 53, 55, 563 Privateers: activities of, in France, 168; bonds of, 633; British capture of, 161, 162; commissions for, 134; naval support for, 223; numbers of, in America, 84; Quebec fleet captured by, 289, 290n3; seamen on, 149; ships captured by, 136, 227, 792n2; Spanish criticism of, 632–34; supplies obtained by, 83, 84; transport of supplies by, 144, 145 Privy Council, British: and peace overtures, 266 Prizes: arrival in Spain, 58, 59n3, 224; disputes over, 161–64; law of nations regarding, 486; ordinances on, 655, 656n10, 682; regulations regarding, 750; sale of, 58, 59n3; seizure of, 329; shares in, 59n3, 144, 146; valuation of, 163 “Pro Bono Publico” (pseudonym), 479n5 Proclamation of 1763: and boundaries, 285, 311n10; and prevention of disputes with Indians, 309; and western lands, 303–4 Prole (Prowle), John (captain of the Delaware), 477–78 Protestant Association: petition of, 242n6 Protestantism: threat to, 238 Protestants: in Spanish army, 618 Providence (Divine): JJ’s references to, 223 Providence Gazette, 291n4 Provisions: supply of, 30n3, 80, 295 Prussia, 586 Psalms, Book of: reference to, 286 Public employees: suspicion of, 347–48 Puerto Rico, 366, 372, 373n1 Pulaski, Casimir, 701, 702n1; death of, 27, 28n1; identified, 1:612n4 Purre, Don Eugenio (captain of militia), 764, 765, 776n24 Quartan, 621, 624n13 Quarter Master General: pay of, 194n1 Quarter masters: criticism of, 185 Quebec: capture of fleet to, 227, 289, 290n3, 291n4 Quebec (frigate), 601n31 Quebec Act, 238, 242n8 Quebec Constitution: as British model, 427n14 Queen of France (ship), 737n1, 781 Queneau, Augustin, 264n8 Quintin frères, Messrs., 15 Ramillies, H.M.S., 103n12 Randall family, 526, 526n8 Randolph, Edmund, 7, 777n36; identified, 1:663n2 Raritan River, N.J., 540 Rawdon, Francis (Lord), 447, 447n12, 509, 518 Rayneval: See Gérard de Rayneval Real: value of, 100–101n1 Reales de vellon: value of, 101n1 Reciprocity: JJ’s views on, 52; principle of, 23, 24, 570 Reedy Island, Del., 8, 28 “Refugees”: depredations of, 788. See also Loyalists Regulations, economic: removal of, 677 Religious Orders: influence of, 19 Rendón, Francisco: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 310n1; and bills of exchange, 372n14; correspondence of, 700, 700n6; identified, 808; and military operations in South, 338; and Spanish aid, 501n15, 523n8; as Spanish observer, 192n6, 343n25; as successor to Miralles, 501n15; and support for Bank of North America, 522, 523n8 Republics: finances of, 492; ingratitude of, 380, 428, 429–30; loan guarantees in, 711–12, 745; ostracism by, 277; principles of, 380 Resolue (ship), 458n4 Revenge (armed sloop), 162 Revolution, American: impact on Ireland, 243n10; objectives of, 76 Revolution, French: impact on Ireland, 243n10 Rhinebeck, N.Y., 36 Rhode Island: British recruits in, 78; fleet at, 403, 578, 724; French forces in, 297, 510–11; garrison at, 28; governors of, 417, 418n6; journey to, 114, 229n5; military operations in, 223, 254, 258, 289, 349–50; naval operations in, 128n2, 227; population estimate of, 73–74; prizes taken to, 162 Ribbons: purchase of, 672–73 Rice, 309 Richmond, Va.: British occupation of, 462; military operations at, 511, 512, 513, 514 Ridley, Matthew: diary of, 675n6; identified, 808; portrait carried by, 610, 671, 673n2, 728 Ridout, Thomas, 86n4; identified, 86n4 Rivington, James: identified, 1:159n1; publications of, 530n2, 564, 628, 629n7, 678 Rivington’s Royal Gazette: publications in, 245n3, 529, 530n2, 629n7 Robertson, James A. (general), 784, 788 Robinson, Loudon (Miss), 525 Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de: conference with Washington, 354n2; identified, 519n4; military operations of, 61n12, 128n2, 501n13, 519n4 Roche, chevalier de, 15, 16n3, 128 Roche, Frank Ferdinand, baron de la, 16n3 Rochford, William Henry van Zuylestein, Lord: identified, 137n11; project of, 133, 137– 38n11 Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, marquess of, 708n4, 779n5 Rockingham-Shelburne ministry: establishment of, 777n34 Roderigue Hortalez & Co., 101n2 Rodney, George Brydges: and marine prisoners, 460; naval operations of, 296, 298n14, 349, 385n9, 779n6; and plot against West Point, 297, 298n17; victory of, 699n2 Rohan, Louis René Edourd de, cardinal: sister of, 160n3 Roman Catholic Relief Act: opposition to, 242n6 Rome: history of, 421, 423n2 Romulus, H.M.S., 427, 428n3 Root, Jesse, 629n7 Ross, John: as agent of secret committee of trade, 488n3; bills of exchange paid to, 368, 487, 488n3, 545n3, 545n5, 549n4; debts to European creditors, 549n4; debt to, 211, 213n1, 487, 488n3; identified, 154n5; letters forwarded by, 152 Rougeolle, Robert (courier), 417n9 Round O: camp at, 676 Rum: captured by privateers, 84 Russia: appointment of minister to, 135, 803; Dana’s mission to, 725n5; embassy in, 220n6; mediation proposals of, 302n7, 403, 466, 469, 531, 720n3; relations with, 135, 425; representative of, in Spain, 796 Rutledge, John, 777n36; identified, 1:758–59 Rye, N.Y.: Jay cemetery at, 723n2; Jay homestead at, 720 Sabbath: observation of, 364 St. Andeira: hospital at, 196 St. Augustine, Fla.: conquest of, 14n1, 27, 29 St. Clair, Arthur, 645, 654, 656n3 St. Eustatius, 80, 385n9, 676 St. James (ship), 601n31, 659, 659n4, 690n1, 739 St. Jean (John) (messenger), 159, 181 St. Joseph, Mich., 765 St. Kitts, 707, 708n1, 725n3 St. Lawrence, Gulf of, 227 St. Lawrence River: and commerce, 309–10 St. Louis, 764–65, 776n24 St. Lucie, 465 St. Martins, 676 St. Petersburg, Russia, 695 St. Pierre, Martinique, 42 Salaia, Don Ignacias (notary): and bills of exchange, 768–69, 770 Salé, 67, 68, 68n2 Salem, Mass., 223, 227, 504 Salem Packet, 447 Salt, 450n3, 506, 563 Sandy Hook, N.J., 14, 29 San Ildefonso, Spain, 191n6, 217, 218, 219, 224, 230, 231, 232, 247, 248, 249, 251, 260, 261, 265, 522, 523, 531, 534, 541, 543, 547, 554, 555, 560, 565, 574, 580, 602; conferences at, 265– 72, 275, 543n6; court at, 97, 125, 126n3, 134, 523–24, 528, 591, 592, 630, 706, 748, 751, 753, 763, 796; detention of Franks at, 738; Floridablanca at, 329, 344; JJ’s visits to, 98, 330, 332, 528, 534, 543; letters written at, 278, 316, 325, 791; scenery of, 220 San Lorenzo (St. Laurent), Spain, 632 San Sebastian, Spain, 144, 145 Santa Cruz (St. Crouz), Tenerife, 161, 486 Santa Domingo (St. Domingo; Saint Domingue), 217, 220n2 Santander (St. Ander), Spain, 144, 145 Saratoga, N.Y.: impact of victory at, 214, 257, 259n4 Saratoga (sloop of war): cruise of, 195, 366n12; loss of, 540, 541n2, 672 Sartine, Antoine Raymond Jean Gualbert Gabriel de, 302n7 Savannah, Ga.: British confined to, 446, 540, 699; British evacuation of, 654, 656n3; British occupation of, 20n2, 510, 539, 578; military operations at, xxiii, 26–27, 28n1, 30n3 Savannah River, 30n3 Saxony, 127 Saxony, Electress Dowager of, 127 Schenck, Gysbert, 721 Schuyler, Arent, 722, 724, 784; identified, 723n3 Schuyler, Catherine Van Rensselaer (Mrs. Philip Scyuler), 36, 37 Schuyler, Philip (general), 291, 437, 723n3; and codes and ciphers, 7, 36; on committee at camp, 355n4; French influence on, 324, 325n9; letters to, 36–37, 353–55 Schuylkill River, Pa.: estate on, 196n1 Scott, John Morin, 579n6, 601n31, 783; identified, 1:759 Scull, Peter, 17, 18n3; identified, 18n3 Seamen: character of, 537; sources of supply of, 497–98 Seamen, American: captains refuse passage to, 282, 282n2, 299, 341, 537; care of captured, 49, 49n2, 176, 196, 199, 299, 341, 441; enlistment on British and neutral ships, 282; escaped from captivity, 49, 134, 138n15, 282; imprisonment of, 598; and prizes, 417, 442, 454, 486–87, 750–51; problems of, with Portugal, 118n4; shortage of, in America, 149; situation of, in Europe, 504; under Spanish colors, 95, 328; wages of, 505 Seamen, British: cost of, 627 Searle, James, 199, 599, 602n32; charges against Gillon, 608n1, 608n2, 748–49; Deane criticized by, 422; in France, 246, 254, 291n6, 384; in Holland, 289, 300; identified, 281n4; reports on American affairs, 280, 281, 281n4; sailing of, 281, 572; as state agent, 260n5, 297; statements in France, 420–21, 476 Secret Committee of Trade: agents of, 243, 488n3 Sedition: charges of, 237, 242n1 Seeds: sent from Europe by JJ, 287 Segovia, Spain, 126n3, 220 Ségur, Philippe Henri, marquis de, 302n7 Settlers, western, xxiv Seven Years’ War, xxiv Seville, Spain, 68n3, 159 Shakespeare: quoted, 412, 414n2 Sheffield, John Baker Holroyd, 1st earl of: writings of, 245 Shelaly (ship), 405, 478 Shelburne, William Petty Fitzmaurice, earl of, 779n5, 785, 791n9 Shipbuilding, 497, 498 Shippen, Edward: as Loyalist, 297 Ships: burning of, 640; captured, 788, 790; chartering of, 506; construction of, 82, 149, 150, 165–66, 189, 271, 498; cost of, 163; exportation of, 498; passes for, 67, 68; purchase of, 506; repayment of Spain with, 262, 452n1; sailing under Spanish colors, 328; sale of, to Spain, 543n6; sought by Spain, xxiii, 1, 2, 106, 109n6, 165, 271, 327–28, 402, 440, 443n12, 562, 588; and Spanish aid, 2, 95, 137n9, 144, 145, 148–49; treaty proposals regarding, 567 Ships, American: under French colors, 153; problems of, with Portugal, 118n4; and return of American seamen, 451, 504, 506; under Spanish colors, 95, 144, 145 Shoes: purchase of, 672–73 Shuker (Shucker), Thomas: memorial of, 161, 162–63, 486–87 Sidi Muhammad (Muhammad ibn Abdallah): as sultan of Morocco, 67, 68, 68n2, 68n3 Silk: importation of, 82, 125, 498; purchase of, 111, 112, 672–73; sent to Jay family, 689 Silver: availability of, 384 Simpson, James, 427n14 Slander and defamation: suits for, 648 Slavery: laws for abolition of, 253, 254n6; restrictions in Spain compared to, 482 Slaves: attitudes toward Britain, 676; captured by privateers, 84; carried off, 512; clothing for, 449; fortifications built by, 47; owned by Jay family, 362, 638, 721; purchase of, 124, 124n4 Smith (state agent), 260n5 Smith, Adam, 137n11 Smith, James: charges against, 237, 242n3; correspondence of, 237, 242n5, 373, 374n3; identified, 242n1; letter from, 236–42 Smith, Joshua Hett, 373, 786n4; identified, 374n3 Smith, Melancton, 720 Smith, Robert (agent, Havana), 523n9, 530n1, 580, 580n4 Smith, Thomas: and Arnold plot, 373, 374n3 Smith, Thomas (Continental loan officer for Pennsylvania), 6n1, 549n4 Smith, William, Dr.: as provost, 70n2 Smith, William, Jr.: identified, 1:63n5; information on James Jay, 784, 786n8; as Loyalist, 242n1, 373, 374n3; and military operations in New Jersey, 228, 229n7, 229n8 Snatch Catcher (armed sloop), 162 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel: and Loyalists, 75 Society of Free Citizens, 243n10 Society of the Cincinnati: members of, 16n3 Solano, José y Bote, 128n2, 220n2 Sotu (Sioux?) Indians, 776n24 South, the: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, xxiv; military operations in, xxiii, 16–27, 28n3, 30n3, 43, 47, 53, 55, 83, 86n4, 99, 127, 185–86, 225–27, 257–58, 265, 295–96, 338, 376, 384, 412–14, 446, 465, 496, 507–14, 517–18, 529, 540, 563, 564, 583, 635n2, 653, 676, 699; temper in, 255 South Carolina: assembly of, 47; British occupation of, 43, 305; constitutions of, 74; delegates of, 71, 388, 529n2; governor of, 47; military advantage in, 83; military operations in, 29, 47–48, 53, 55, 82, 83, 99, 226–27, 295–96, 296, 300, 376, 446, 465, 507–10, 515n9, 518, 539, 540, 578, 613, 627, 644, 648, 699; militia of, 83, 446; population estimate of, 73–74; reports of revolts in, 220n3; restoration of government in, 644, 676; suspension of civil government in, 513 South Carolina (frigate): complaints regarding, 748; cruising of, 608n1; deserters on, 605, 606; and military supplies, 607n1; as privateer, 604n1; sailing of, 538 Spain, 86n7, 720n5; accounts of, 710–11, 712n3, 775n20; activities at court of, 127, 131; aid from, xxi, 2, 3, 4n2, 6n1, 51, 52, 54, 61, 83, 85, 86n12, 90, 91, 93n4, 94, 95, 99, 101n2, 105, 106, 109n5, 115, 137n9, 144, 145, 147, 156–57, 157n6, 188, 191n6, 192n9, 192n14, 193, 207n1, 235, 236n9, 247, 262–63, 271, 272–73n4, 280, 319, 324, 339, 344, 379, 381, 387, 391n3, 393, 403, 404, 418, 424, 426, 439, 446, 450, 452, 463, 478, 493–94, 498, 501n5, 501n14, 503, 520, 523n9, 529n2, 530n1, 541, 550, 558, 559, 570, 571n7, 576, 581, 587, 597, 598, 600n22, 626–27, 639, 645, 663, 666, 670, 681, 696–97, 698, 701, 718, 719, 737n3, 737n9, 742, 747, 758, 771, 789; aid to, 146n3; alliance sought with, xxi, 1, 22–23, 25, 40, 41, 52, 54, 218n2, 233, 274n20, 305, 369n6, 387, 389, 391, 391n2, 489, 490, 491n1, 529n2, 531, 550, 553, 555, 558, 565, 567–69, 581, 583, 587, 644, 718, 734, 737n3, 737n6, 737n9, 782; alliance with France, 21, 24, 558, 565, 581, 755; allies of, 137n11, 529n1; American attitudes toward, xxiv, xxiii, 51, 84, 87, 142, 147, 232, 263, 332–33, 645, 733–36, 755, 761; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, xxiv, 2, 3, 50, 86n12, 99, 107, 109n6, 110n14, 132, 233, 235, 262, 269–70, 274n20, 280, 284–85, 285n4, 303, 307–10, 311n11, 315, 321, 324, 327, 335, 336, 340, 349, 367, 370n10, 379–80, 381n5, 384, 386–90, 389n1, 390n2, 391n2, 438, 452, 455n7, 467n1, 490, 491n1, 494, 529n2, 550–51, 558, 559, 567, 581–84, 587–88, 597–98, 600n15, 602n31, 629n7, 655, 698, 717–18, 734–36, 737n3, 737n9, 769, 772; American credit in, 15–16, 130, 133; and American independence, xxi, 1, 2, 20, 50, 51n3, 87, 88n2, 142, 191n6, 192n14, 218n2, 274n18, 274n20, 332, 339, 350, 388–89, 396n5, 410, 482, 532, 553, 597, 618, 627, 641, 645, 695, 726n3, 731, 755, 770, 772; American privateers in, 632–33, 633–34; American relations with, xxi, 90, 160n2, 160n4, 166–67, 230, 280, 337, 384, 550–53, 566, 571n4, 666–67, 678, 681, 705, 717–18, 734, 796; American seamen in, 49, 49n2, 138n15, 196; and American territorial objectives, 627; American vessels permitted in, 605, 605n3; and appointment of a negotiator with JJ, 562; appointment of consuls or agents in, 356–57; appointment of minister to, 18n2, 40, 41; attitudes toward America in, 136, 339, 340, 389; attitudes toward France and Great Britain in, 136; bankers in, xxv, 66n7, 96, 98, 461; and banks, 109n3, 464, 520, 776n27, 797; bills drawn on, 200, 202, 523n8, 549n4; and bills on Henry Laurens, 206, 207n1; and bills on JJ, xxiv–xxv, 96, 97, 99, 104–6, 147–49, 151, 196, 197n1, 211, 230–31, 247, 261n2, 264, 267–68, 280, 319, 328, 366–72, 372, 384, 387, 404, 405n1, 418, 424, 438–39, 541, 547, 639, 639n2, 660–61, 663, 683, 701, 704n1, 751–52, 768, 771; and boundaries, 303, 558; and British naval supremacy, 103n12; British party in, 789; and British peace overtures, xxiii, 4n9, 20, 63, 87, 88n4, 88– 89n4, 95, 99, 105, 109n5, 132–33, 137–38n11, 140, 159, 160n4, 174, 176, 191n6, 192n14, 197n1, 217, 220, 223, 224n5, 234, 265–66, 272n1, 273n5, 302n7, 324, 327, 335, 339, 450, 516, 584, 736; Carmichael as successor to JJ in, 425, 726; cession of Jamaica to, 477; charges against Gillon, 748; clothing from, 106, 247, 248, 249n3, 264, 266–67, 272–73n4, 280, 321, 340, 349, 358, 367, 401–2, 403, 404, 405n1, 418, 440, 449, 450, 661, 712n3; colonial possessions of, 109n3; confederation including, 137–38n11; conferences in, 183, 192n14; and conquest of Florida, 6n1, 20, 32, 46, 99, 110n13, 157n6, 236n9, 477, 759; conquests of, 717, 759, 780, 781n2; consuls in, 59n4, 452n1, 624; and contraband, 567; control of Gulf of Mexico by, 270; and convoys, 117, 118n2, 265; correspondence to be shown to ministers of, 502–3; council of state of, 776n27; and couriers in, 170, 356–57, 518, 707; criticism of, 244, 245n3, 290, 349, 384, 666; cutters of, 631; Deane journey to, 256; Deane’s suspicions of, 244, 245n3, 315; deserters in, 603–4, 605, 606, 608n3; diplomacy of, 111, 137n8; diplomatic corps in, 220, 220n6, 221n8; dispatches to, 176–77; and Dutch loan, 198n1; education in, 471, 474; embassies in, 88n4, 137n11; emissions of paper money in, 98, 100, 109n3, 283, 283n5, 366, 367, 370n10; exchange rates in, 798; and exclusive control of Gulf of Mexico, 107, 388, 581–82, 670, 735; expeditions from, 241; expense of, 125, 134, 189, 580, 741–42; exports of, 82, 498; finances, xxv–xxvi, 3, 6n1, 19, 21n3, 95, 97, 99, 100, 101n5, 102n5, 103–4n14, 104–6, 109n3, 126, 144, 145, 147, 191n15, 192n9, 232, 235, 248, 262–63, 273n10, 358, 366–72, 369n1, 369–70n7, 370n10, 429, 432n6, 541, 562, 571n7, 575, 592, 684, 685–86, 687, 772, 797; flour sought by, xxiii, 99, 760; foreign diplomats in, 358– 59; foreigners in, 329, 536; foreign ministry in, 86n9, 86n10; foreign officers in, 473n8; formality of court at, 186; Franklin’s views on, 725, 726n3; and free ports, 110n14, 369n6, 467n1, 569, 588; and French-American alliance, 24n3, 391; and French-American treaty, 24n3, 24–25, 274n18, 307, 311n8, 450–51; and French influence on peace negotiations, 780, 781n2; gardens in, xxvi, 111–12, 220; Gibraltar sought by, 4n9, 109n5, 270, 327, 532, 717, 735, 772; guarantee of possessions of, 498; harvest of, 431; hiding of dissatisfaction with, xxiii, 247n1, 358; and Hussey-Cumberland mission, 736, 738n13; ignorance of American affairs in, 136; impact of American dissensions on, 86n7, 136; impact of military victories or losses on attitudes of, xxiii, 354, 436, 752, 770; impact of policies of, 641, 755, 695; impact of war on, 109n3, 147; imports from, 144, 145, 498; inequality in, xxvi; information intended for officials of, 515n9; information on, 19, 679; information on congressional proceedings in, 136; information provided to, 669–70, 700, 700n6; information revealed by Henry Brockholst Livingston on mission to, 784; intelligence obtained by, xxiii, 356, 358, 360, 582, 584; interception and inspection of mail in, xxii– xxiii, 36, 64, 134, 135, 143, 159, 176–77, 191n6, 212, 315, 316–17, 341, 356, 360, 381n8, 389, 433, 449, 453–54, 455n7, 458, 504, 560n6, 574, 582, 583, 589, 591, 629, 674, 681, 726n3, 728, 773, 787; interception of British trade by, 239; interests of, 143n4, 159; intrigues in, 301; and invasion of Great Britain, 103n12; JJ’s attitudes toward, xxvi–xxvii, 244, 250, 287, 358–59, 431, 438, 550–53, 554n1, 575, 576, 576n7, 687, 709, 729–30, 769–73; JJ’s departure from, 666–67, 726; JJ’s descriptions of, 111–12; JJ’s return to, 172; JJ’s ultimatum to, xxiv, 681; joint military operations of, 2, 14n1, 47–48, 48n4, 141, 150, 185, 219, 220n2, 265, 295, 296, 302n7, 608n1, 670; journeys to and from, 22, 88n4, 140; kingdoms within, 310n3; lack of freedom in, xxvi, 730; lands ceded by, under Treaty of Paris (1763), 285; laws of, 101n1; loan guarantee of, 261n2, 266–67, 273n10, 311, 312n2, 321, 366, 439; loans from, xxv, 336–37, 367, 371n11, 372, 478, 594n4, 627, 677, 678, 696, 697, 706–7, 716n2, 742; loans sought by, 97, 105, 220, 248, 264n7, 264n11, 273n10, 337, 345n2, 367, 372n16; loans unavailable in, 319, 394; and mast contract, 243, 246, 399, 400n3, 406, 419; masts sought by, 109n6, 271, 402, 497; mediation by, 770; and mediation proposals, 717–19, 720n3; melons of, 287; merchants in, 49n2, 59n4, 67, 68, 94, 215n1, 375n7; military aid to, 137n9; military assistance from, 43–44; military objectives of, 32; military of, 120; and military operations in South, 53, 55, 338; military operations of, xxiii, 2, 20, 27, 29, 99, 155, 156n1, 291n5, 370n10, 389n1, 476, 494, 516, 609, 773, 777–78, 796–97; ministerial rivalries in, 32; monetary values in, 101–102n1; money of, 100–101n1; and most favored nation trade proposals, 566–67, 571n2; movements of court of, 125, 134, 155, 176, 798; mutual interests with, 380–81; national bank in, 109n3; naval operations of, 14, 103n12, 109n5, 115, 127, 128n2, 135, 223, 225; naval stores sought by, xxiii, 1, 2, 53, 55, 82, 95, 106, 109n6, 137n9, 275n24, 451; naval timber sought by, 106, 232–33, 262, 271, 342n11, 402, 497; negotiations kept secret by, 88n4; negotiations with, 57n3, 85, 86n9, 86n12, 88n1, 88n2, 109n6, 137n9, 139–41; neutrality of, 109n5; newspapers in, 216n3; nonrecognition of JJ by, 218n2, 471, 686n3, 731; observers sent to U.S. by, 343n25; opposition to war in, 287; packets of, 486; and passports, 458–59, 630; passports for travel in (illus.), 121; and payment of JJ’s salary and expenses, 134; and peace negotiations, 349, 477, 770, 772, 798; pensioners of, 326; persons of influence in, 19; ports of, 58, 88n1, 105, 106; postal regulations of, 454; post office of, 444, 449, 454, 504; posts captured by, 304; postwar relations with, 109n6; presentation of ships to, 452n1; preservation of colonies of, 381n7; press of, 19; prices in, 113, 122–23, 126; and prisoner exchange, 140; private loan sought in, 267; and prizes, 58, 59n3, 161–62, 164n1, 454, 486–87, 624–25, 632–33, 633, 655; and pro-British party in America, 19, 56n1, 139n20; procrastination of treaty negotiations by, 321, 324, 410n3, 541, 551, 576, 597, 598, 605, 605n3, 657, 666, 680, 681, 683, 706, 725, 734, 737n3, 738, 747, 763, 779, 789; and protection of American trade, 223; quality of horses and mules in, xxvi, 120–22; quality of manufactures in, 113; and reception of American minister, 1, 2, 4n3, 20, 45, 57n1, 342n11; refusal to receive JJ as minister in, 1, 2, 45, 57n1; and regulation of contraband, 386–87; relations with France, xxvi, xxiii, 19, 24n3, 32, 38, 49–50, 88n4, 103n14, 111, 116, 160n4, 269, 287, 311n8, 427n12, 575, 581, 606, 627, 756, 771, 789; relations with Great Britain, 2, 6n1, 191n6, 197n1, 733; relations with Portugal, 441; repayment of, xxiii, 53, 55, 80–82, 95, 99, 106, 137n9, 144, 145, 148–49, 164–65, 165–67, 179, 180, 232–33, 248, 262, 268, 271–72, 319, 558–59, 562, 570, 584, 698, 705, 709, 736; resources of, 165; restrictions on Irish in, 374; rumors in, 792, 792n2; scenery of, xxvi, 799; secrecy in, 58, 358–59; and secret article in French-American treaty, 333, 695–96; secret negotiations of, xxiii, 350; and separate peace, 88n4, 99, 223, 234, 587, 668, 705, 709, 736; settlement of accounts with, 273n4, 280; shipments to, 223; ships of, 257; ships sought by, xxiii, 1, 2, 95, 96, 99, 106, 109n6, 137n9, 144, 145, 146n5, 148–49, 150, 179, 189, 262, 271, 275n24, 327–28, 402, 440, 451, 452n1, 498, 541, 543n6, 562, 698, 760; ships to, 352, 353, 723; social activities in, 112, 219, 220; specie from, 381, 464; specie shipments to, 189, 367, 369–70n7, 370n10, 371n14, 609; specie shipments to, disrupted, 6n1, 95, 105, 144, 145, 148, 189, 235, 267, 497, 628; status of Protestants in, 618; supply of forces of, 99, 463, 463n2; and terms of capitulation at Pensacola, 518, 529n1, 594–95; territorial claims of, 764–65, 775n24, 776n25; and territorial guarantees, 569–70; territorial objectives of, 497, 779–80, 781n2, 781n3; threat to British colonies by, 643; threat to colonies of, from Britain and America, 142, 576; tobacco sought by, 262; trade concessions by, 390n2; trade of, 80, 309, 370n7, 370n10; trade with, 234, 235, 498, 558, 566–67, 571n2; trade with colonies of, 558, 571n2, 737n3; transportation in, 31, 119–22, 126; treasury of, 370n7; and treaty negotiations, xxi, 2, 17, 50, 71, 86n12, 88n2, 105, 107, 137n7, 171, 192n14, 218n2, 269–70, 284, 332–33, 438, 450–51, 500, 531, 551, 560n6, 584, 600n15, 600n17, 601–2n31, 627, 655, 675, 695, 737n3, 744, 782; treaty proposals to, 557, 566–72; war objectives of, 109n5, 110n13, 290, 336, 388, 532, 678, 717, 735, 759, 772; and war of finance, 340; wars of, 90, 109n5; war with Great Britain, 2, 6n1, 50, 109n3, 109n5, 147, 234, 587, 734; wealth of, 232, 235; weather in, 31, 431; and western settlers, 19–20; writings of Vattel banned in, 311n9 Spanish Empire: threat to, 499 Spanish language: abbreviations in, 713, 713n1; study of, 483, 616, 630 Sparks, Jared: editorial changes made by, 381n1 Specie: bank notes exchangeable for, 677; and Bank of Pennsylvania, 185; circulation of, in Europe, 497; currency redeemable in, 178; exported, 519; flow of, interrupted, 6n1; hiding of, 519; importation of, 381, 452, 523n8, 523n9, 530n1, 563, 628; lodged at Havana, 628; and paper money, 100, 109n3, 776n27; payment in, 103–4n14, 714, 746n3; shipments of, disrupted, 95, 105, 109n3, 144, 145, 148, 189, 235, 267, 497, 628; shipped to Spain, 188, 367, 369n7, 370n7, 370n10, 371n14, 609; subscriptions in, 365n10; supply of, in America, 247, 384, 503, 563; theft of, 638; transport of, 500 Speculation: criticism of, 421 Spies, 159, 514 Springetsbury, Pa., 195, 196n1, 462, 488 Springfield, N.J.: raid on, 185, 193, 229n8, 343n31 Staten Island, N.Y., 43, 514, 579n3 States: acts of, 79; agents of, 255, 260n5, 281n4, 290, 297, 339; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 108, 284; boundaries of, 284, 305, 662; and British peace overtures, 76, 248, 262, 268, 785; charters of, 305, 306; and citizenship issues, 455–57, 458–59; confiscation of Loyalist estates by, 76; constitutions of, 74, 76, 86n4, 536, 661–62; debts of, 79, 495; and Declaration of Independence, 76; finances of, 53, 54; forms of government of, 52, 54, 76; and implementation of treaties, 209n4; information kept from, 670; interests of southern, 218n2; loans sought by, 199, 200n4, 255, 290, 339; military preparations of, 719; military strength of, 53, 55, 82; naturalization of foreigners by, 536; negotiations with Great Britain of, alleged, 234, 236n8; and new emission currency, 60n2, 294; paper money of, 349; peace negotiations with, 785; population of, 52, 54, 73– 74; public debt of, 53, 54; quotas of, 29, 73, 413, 682; ratification of Articles of Confederation by, 74; and regional divisions, 662; and religious liberty, 74; requisitions on, 491, 501n17; and supply of army, 378; support from, 611; taxation in, 292; troops of, 53, 55, 83; and western lands, 387–88 States, eastern: troop quota of, 413. See also New England States, northern: Canadian territory sought by, 388 States, southern: and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 390n2; territorial objectives of, 387–88. See also South, the States General (of United Provinces), 695, 696n1 Staunton, Va., 512 Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm, baron von, 48n4, 510–11, 512 Stewart, Walter, 30, 432n11 Stockholm, Andrew, 773 Stony Point, battle of, 136, 139n21 Stony Point, N.Y., 139n21 Stormont, David Murray, 7th viscount of (Lord), 168 Stuart, Alexander, 635n2; identified, 635n2 Stuart, Gilbert: portrait by (illus.), iv Suffolk, England, 238 Sugar, 84, 563 Sullivan, John, 218n2, 310n1, 529n2; identified, 1:293n4 Sumter, Thomas, 509 Susan (slave): leasing of, 638 Sweden: minister of, in Spain, 135; relations with, 772; treaty of commerce with, 778, 779n8 Switzerland: merchants and bankers from, 59n1, 66n8 Syracuse: tyrants of, 676 Tabarrie, M., 647 Tagus River, 114 Talbot, Silas: identified, 460n1; letter from, 459–461; as marine prisoner, 460–61n2, 504, 536 Tantalus: reference to, 105 Tarleton, Banastre (colonel), 507 Taxation: on carriages, 690n5; in commodities, 85, 280, 292, 294; and currency, 85, 91, 292; depreciation as, 626; impact of paper money on, 519; and importation of specie, 628; lack of, 292; limitations on, 677; obstacles to, 492, 495; and public debt, 79; use of, in America, 149 Tayon, Don Carlos (sub-lieutenant of militia), 764 Telemachus: reference to, 211 Tender laws: impact of, 349; repeal of, 465, 466n6 Tenerife, 161, 162, 163, 329, 486 Tenerife, governor of: and prizes, 161, 163, 329 Tents: lack of, 295 Ternant, Jean Baptiste, chevalier de (John): identified, 48n4; letter from, 46–48; mission to Cuba, 14n1, 47, 48n4 Ternay, Charles Louis d’Arsac, chevalier de: conference with Washington, 354n2; death of, 128n2; identified, 128n2; lack of support for naval operations of, 319–20, 324, 325n7; naval operations of, 61n12, 127, 187, 195, 209, 219, 223, 229n5, 246, 254, 353 Terrible (British ship), 627, 629n4 Tervase, Mr., 220 Têtard, John Peter: identified, 1:620n7; as interpreter, 777n36 Thomson, Charles (secretary of Congress): codes and ciphers of, 7, 9–10, 11, 50, 515, 515n9, 612, 628, 645, 646n7, 654, 656n11, 657, 681, 719, 773, 782n6, 787, 791n7; correspondence of, 515, 515n9; identified, 1:759; letters from, 291–99, 507–15; letter to, 433; portrait (illus.), 293; as secretary of Congress, 72, 467, 469, 470; writings of, 291–96, 298n19, 425, 426n5, 433 Thomson, Hannah Harrison, 298, 433, 526; identified, 434n9 Ticonderoga, Fort: impact of capture of, 214 Timber, ship: availability of, in America, 148; contracts for, 400n3, 404; repayment of Spanish loan with, 262; sought by Spain, 189, 231–32, 232, 271, 402, 498, 558 Time Piece: owner of, 242n1 Tobacco: destruction of, 539; diminished supply of, 80; exportation of, 86n4; impact of war on, 465; as product of western lands, 309; repayment of foreign loans with, 262; seizure of, 511; shipments of, 106 Toledo, Spain, 458, 482, 630 Tories. See Loyalists Toscan, Jean: cipher carried by, 443n21, 628; as French vice consul at Boston, 437, 438n5, 442, 444, 454; letters carried by, 298, 436, 442, 444, 454, 479, 485n1, 532, 580 Toulon, France: as JJ’s destination, 15, 22, 25 Tower of London: Laurens in, 319, 340, 373, 443n17 Townshend, Alderman, 237 Tracey and Company, 6n1, 231n6, 370n8 Transportation: risks of, 80 Transports: cost of, 626 Trask, Captain, 403 Treason: definition of, 455 Treaty of Paris (1763): and American territorial claims, 303, 390n1; and right to navigate Mississippi River, 307; terms of, 285, 303 Treaty of Paris (1783): and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 390n1; and national citizenship, 456 Trenton, N.J., 114, 195, 214, 514, 724 True Blue (ship): captain of, 417 Trumbull, John: painting by, 614; as passenger on South Carolina, 608n1 Trumbull (frigate): bills carried on, 549n4; capture of, 372n14, 523n9, 529–30, 530n2, 549n4 Truxton, Thomas (captain of St. James), 601n31, 659, 691n1, 739 Tryon County, N.Y.: settlements in, 228 Tuscany: minister to, 325n10 Tybee Island, Ga., 30n3 Union: impact of peace on, 662; strengthening of, 520, 662 United Provinces (Netherlands): John Adams’s comments on, 410; alliance sought with, 553, 644; American connection with, 282–83; bankers in, 728n6; bills drawn on minister to, 549n4; British attack on colonies of, 384, 385n9; constitution of, 410; consuls of, 624; English party in, 283n1; French ambassador in, 643; French influence on, 382; goods purchased in, 674, 675n3; history of, 283, 283n3; journey to, 224n1; loans in, 197, 197n2, 198n1, 283, 577n1, 677, 687, 705, 727, 728n6, 743; military preparations of, 32, 384; minister to, 6n1, 44; money of, 101n1; negotiations with, 677; peace sought by, 653, 658; prizes of, 624, 750; recognition of American independence by, 410, 695, 696n1, 696n2, 793; and Russian mediation, 403; and separate peace, 553, 709; Spanish ambassador in, 643; Spanish influence on, 410; stadtholder of, 354; transports of, seized by British, 32, 33n8; treaty with, 641, 641n1, 696n2; war with Britain, 123, 381–82, 385n9, 410. See also Holland United States, 181; advantages of, 729–30; aid to, 94, 101n2, 144, 145, 146n1, 148, 189, 191n6, 192n14, 193n15; attitudes toward Spain, 733–34; Bingham’s return to, 44, 44n2, 45n4; boundaries of, 284, 303; and British peace overtures, 249n4, 450; circulating medium of, 626, 628; circulation of foreign coins in, 100n1; citizenship issues of, 456, 458–59; citizens of, 796; commerce of, 80, 84, 137n12, 223, 421, 498; compensation to, for war expenses, 780, 781n2; and concession to Charles III, 737n3, 737n9; and conquest of Florida, 94; construction of ships in, 84, 133, 145, 149, 150; consuls of, 48, 49n1, 66n3; contract with, 165; control over taxes in, 492; costs of war in, 626–27; credit of, 421; debt of, 53, 54, 133–34, 166, 491–92; decline of patriotism in, 185; defensibility of, 77; dialogue in, 90; diplomacy of, 110n14, 111; dispatches from, 87, 88n5, 90, 143; dispatches to, 16, 87, 139n23; dissensions in, 259; drinking customs in, 481; Dutch attitudes toward, 354; and East India trade, 149–50; economic freedom in, 80; English party in, 495–96, 501n11; European views on, 780, 781n2; exports of, 80, 498; finances, 13–14, 14n2, 26, 44, 53, 54, 59–60, 70, 70n5, 79–80, 84–85, 90, 91–92, 148–49, 184–85, 420–21, 491–95, 626–27, 700n6; foreign affairs of, 191n6; foreign armies in, 350; form of government of, 74, 76; goods to, 222; harvest in, 84, 496, 564, 639; impact of independence of, 143n4; importance of, predicted, 553, 666; independence of, 76, 142, 234; intelligence from, 86n4, 222; interception and inspection of mail in, 357, 360; intrigues in, 301; invasion of, 150; and law of nations, 792; Arthur Lee’s return to, 18n2; Henry Brockholst Livingston criticizes, 481; loans to, 192n13, 197–98, 198n1, 199; as market for manufactured goods, 81–82; migration to, 630; ministers of, 198, 198n1, 199; monetary unit of, 100n1; naval forces in, 115; oaths of allegiance to, 456, 630; obstacles to occupation of, 77, 83; posts captured by, 304; prices in, 563–64; privileges of citizenship in, 208n4; provisioning of Spanish forces by, 99; relations with Morocco, 66–69; relations with Spain, 40, 41, 42n4, 87, 90, 233; reputation of, 207; and secret article, 21–22; self-reliance recommended to, 143; ship construction in, 82, 84, 498; Spanish queries on affairs of, 1–2, 52–56, 71–86; spirit of, 214; state of affairs in, 301; supply of, 90; support for war in, 52–54, 77; surplus of produce in, 354; suspicion of public employees in, 347; unification of, xxi; war objectives of, 467n1; wealth of, 495 Ushant, 349, 779n7 Vaivre, M. de (intendant, Martinique), 42–43, 45n3 Vales reales: backing of, 100; depreciation of, 370n10, 776n27, 798; emissions of, 98, 109n3, 367, 370n10, 372n16; redemption of, 369n1, 370n10, 776n27; refusal to accept payment in, 366 Van Schaack, Henry, 784 Van Wyck, Marya Van Voorhees (Mrs. Theodorus Van Wyck), 124 Van Wyck, Theodorus, Jr. (doctor), 124, 638, 650 Vattel, Emmerich de: cited by Congress, 575, 576n4; quoted, 308; writings of, banned in Spain, 311n9, 575 Vaughan, Benjamin, 808 Vaughan, John: correspondence regarding, 532; dines with Jays, 481, 485n2; family of, 630; identified, 808; letter of recommendation for, 458, 458n6; letters and dispatches carried by, 600n4, 601n31; migration to America, 456, 458; naturalization of, 536; oath of allegiance for, 458–59; passports for, 456, 630; permission to reside at Toledo for, 481–82; Spanish studied by, 616; travels in Spain, 456, 458, 536, 630 Vaughan, Samuel, Jr., 808 Vaughan, Sarah Hallowell, 808 Vaughan, Thomas, 17, 18n4 Venus (frigate), 162 Vérac, Charles Olivier de Saint George, marquis d’, 724, 725n5 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de, 779n3; advice of, 231n7, 247n1; and American alliance with Spain, 491n1; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 467n1; and American independence, 2; and Asgill Affair, 787n14; and bills on JJ, 99, 261, 273n4, 273n10, 319, 320n3, 355–56, 368–69, 439, 536, 545, 674, 697, 705n4; and British peace overtures, 89n4, 138n11, 302n7; and Carmichael’s departure from France, 168; complaints against Gillon, 608n2; correspondence of, 2, 15, 23, 57n1, 61, 64, 130, 260, 319, 333, 338, 340, 342n12, 355, 370n10, 427n12, 545, 581, 655, 656n6, 664, 666, 674, 675n2, 756, 760; Deane’s statements to, 475; Franklin praised by, 427n6; and Franklin’s request for dismissal, 535; Franklin’s respect for, 726; and French aid, 421, 666; and French-backed Dutch loan, 665n2; and French loans, 100, 756; identified, 809; information from, 535, 677; instructions from, 57n3, 491n1; letters from, 56–57, 355–56; letters to, 24–26, 93, 261– 65; and mediation proposals, 467n1; ministers aligned with, 302n7; Montmorin as successor of, 808; Montmorin praised to, 428; and peace negotiations, 467n1, 469n1, 471n2, 477; and peace without American independence, 779n3; and proposed American treaty with Spain, 333; quoted, 756; recommends Carmichael remain in Spain, 726; relationship with John Adams, 88n1; and relations with Spain, 426n12; reports to, 1, 86n12, 88n4, 93n4, 146n7, 247n1, 342n15, 409n8, 471n2, 491n1, 560n6, 571n4, 600n4, 600n15, 600n22, 612n1, 629n7, 682n7; and Spanish peace negotiations with Britain, 4n9; on Spanish policies, 756; and treaty proposals, 572n8, 641n1; views on military situation in America, 219 Vermont: controversy regarding, 28, 28n5, 253, 253n4, 435, 435n4; disaffection in, 253n2; independence of, 379 Versailles, France, 56, 57, 326, 355, 544, 640, 664, 665, 726; court at, 19, 118; minister at, 197, 198n1, 199; planning at, 353 Vienna, Austria, 1, 160n3, 221n8, 641 Virgil: references to, 113 Virginia: agents of, 33n9, 260n5; and American claims to navigate Mississippi River, 274n20, 311n11; crops in, 84; Deane’s stay in, 256, 300; delegates of, 71, 446, 781n3; foreign loan sought by, 255; French troops encamped in, 644; impact of victories in, 752, 753–54; land claims of, 242n8; Loyalists in, 654; military operations in, 185, 297, 446, 465, 471, 473n4, 496, 501n13, 510–14, 518, 519n4, 540, 563, 564, 627, 648; militia of, 295, 414, 446, 508; naval operations at, 636n4; news from, 640; population estimate of, 73–74; residents of, 199n3; ships to, 325; Spanish ship plundered in, 136; taxes paid in, 80; troops of, 13, 27, 43, 47, 83, 86n4, 510; weakness of civil government in, 513–14; and western lands, 19, 208, 274n20, 311n11, 387–88, 390n4 Virginia (ship): arrival in Spain, 600n7; capture of, 689; letters carried by, 449, 453–54, 458, 583, 589, 590 Vitoria, Spain, 4n2, 101n2 Volunteers of Ireland (patriotic society), 243n10 Wabash River: posts on, 304 Wadsworth, Jeremiah, 629n7; identified, 1:631n1 Walsingham, Robert B., 296, 298n12 Walton, George (governor, Georgia), 27, 28n2; identified, 1:354n3 War: economic impact of, 80, 81 “War of Finance,” 626, 627 Warren, Joseph, 352; identified, 352n2 Warren, Joseph, Jr., 352; identified, 352n2 Washington, George, 629n3, 786n13, 805, 806, 807; abandonment of New York by, 223; and campaign to recover New York City, 227, 501n13, 577–78; as commander in chief, 82, 420; confers with committee at camp, 355n4; contributions to Continental Army, 786n2; correspondence of, 421–22, 423n5, 668, 669n16, 687, 788–89; and French forces, 31, 354n2, 519n4; and French loan, 426; French military assistance requested by, 187; and Huddy-Asgill affair, 785, 787n14, 788; JJ’s praise of, 652–53; letter from, 613; and military operations in South, 43, 510; military operations of, 127, 531, 540; and militia, 258; and prisoners of war, 753, 785; recognition of public status of, 731; retreat from Long Island, 223; sends articles of capitulation, 753; spy network of, 806; troops under, 514; and visits to British-occupied New York, 579n8; in Westchester County, 650; western land interests of, 233; wine sent to, 450n3; and Yorktown victory, 578, 613, 652 Washington, William: corps of, 507 Washington (ship), 737n1, 781 Watches: purchase of, 533 Watkins, John Flint, 525, 526n4 Watkins, John Watkyn, Jr., 525, 526n4; identified, 1:594n3 Watkins, Judith Livingston (sister of Sarah Livingston Jay): birth and death of son of, 525, 526n4, 724; identified, 1:594n3; lack of correspondence of, 364, 365n7 Wayne, Anthony, 512; identified, 1:535n5 Weather: hurricanes, 539; impact of, 29, 510, 511, 539, 762; storms, 14, 27, 29, 30n3, 295, 510, 541n2; summer, 431; winter, 29, 43, 293, 431 Weber, Ralph E.: classification of codes and ciphers by, 8–9, 12n5 West: settlement of, 19–20. See also Lands, western Westchester County, N.Y., 577–78, 650, 720 Western settlers, 19–20, 285, 390n2 West Indies: conquests in, 707, 708n1; fleets in, 27, 29, 117, 254, 257, 258, 354n2; French troops in, 31, 257; hurricane season in, 296; military operations in, 14, 185, 227–28, 302n7, 465, 494; naval operations in, 118, 128n2, 219, 239, 240, 296, 353, 385n9, 578, 608n1, 670, 670n6, 699, 723, 798–99; naval superiority in, 643; news from, 289, 695, 798; postal regulations regarding, 454; provisioning of, 309; ships bound for, 103n12; threat to British colonies in, 643; trade with, 417 West Point, N.Y.: army at, 677, 719; command of, 28; planned attack on, 186; plot against, 297, 298n16, 375n5 Wethersfield, Conn., 519n4 Wheat: damaged by flies, 84, 86n11; exportation of, 498; as product of western lands, 309 Whigs, popular: mobilization of, 238 White, Philip, 786n14 Wilkes, John, 237; identified, 242n4 William and Mary, College of, 471 Williams, Jonathan, Jr.: auditing of accounts of, 348; and bills on JJ, 275, 278n1; correspondence of, 260n5; and Deane-Lee affair, 302n8; and funds for David S. Franks, 739, 740, 741, 742n7; identified, 460–61n2; letters and dispatches sent through, 629, 740 Williams, Otho (colonel), 296, 298n9 Williamsburg, Va.: military operations at, 513 Willing, James: expedition of, 780, 781n2, 781n5; identified, 781n5 Willing, Thomas: identified, 781n5 Wilmington, N.C.: military operations at, 446, 509, 512, 513, 644, 654, 656n3; ship from, 223 Wilson, James, 400n3; identified, 1:216n2 Windward Islands, 45, 128n2, 240, 296 Wine: drinking of, 481; importation of, 82, 498; sent by JJ, 449n3–50n3 Witherspoon, John, 365n8; identified, 1:359n3 Wolcott, Oliver, 500, 501n16; identified, 1:476n1 Women: beauty of, 364; impact of paper money on, 349; JJ’s friendships with, 111–15; killed by British forces, 228; patriotism of, 185, 364, 365n10; praised by JJ, 112–13, 312– 13, 374, 651, 671; social customs of, 481 Wood, Nicaragua: trade in, 498 Wright, James, Sir (royal governor, Georgia), 28n2 Yarmouth (ship): prisoners on, 460 Yarmouth Road, 161, 162 Yates, Peter, 784 York, Va., 578 York River, Va.: crossing of, 578 Yorktown, Va.: articles of capitulation at, 753; attacks during battle of, 635n3; capitulation at, 613, 629n3, 636n10, 640; impact of victory at, xxiii, 635, 641, 643, 648, 659, 662, 738, 752, 770; surrender at (illus.), 614; victory at, 613, 643, 643n1, 668 Yorktown campaign: decision for, 501n13; news of, 564, 564n3, 578; secrecy of, 578; start of, 529n1 Young, John (captain), 195; identified, 1:485n1 Yranda, Simón de Aragorri y Olavide, marquis de: accounts of, 535; and bills of exchange, 280, 383, 539n1; connections of, 425, 426, 727; correspondence of, 548; funds advanced by, 90, 210, 311, 368, 371n12, 372n16, 396n10, 415, 416, 426, 439–40, 709, 714, 727, 744; identified, 66n7, 809; influence of, 384; information from, 371n12, 660; introduction of, 90; JJ’s credit on, 61, 65, 152; letter sent through, 726n3; relationship with JJ, 152, 383–84, 394–95; relationship with Spanish court, 394–95; repayment of, 712; reputation of, 152 Zilpha (slave), 638, 721