Topic: Medicine Stands Still Year Group: 10
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Subject: History Topic: Medicine Stands Still Year Group: 10 2. Treatments Key word Definition 1. Understanding of Disease Anatomy The study of the human body 1 What were 1. Treatments were linked to the 1 The Four 1. Ancient Greek doctor Hippocrates came up with Humours the idea that the body was made up of four treatments beliefs about causes Barber Medieval barber who practiced liquids like in the 2. Many treatments focused on Surgeon surgery and dentistry Middle Ages? making the four humours 2. These liquids were: blood, phlegm, black bile, Medieval treatment of removing yellow bile balanced e.g. blood letting and Blood letting some blood from a patient by 3. These humours needed to be in balance for a purging opening a vein or using leeches person to be healthy 4. Ancient Roman doctor Galen made this idea 2 Prayer as a 1. Another common form of Emetic Substance that makes a patient more popular treatment treatment was prayer vomit 2. It was believed that if God sent Humours 4 liquids in the body that must be 2 God 1. In the Middle Ages, people believed that God the disease as a punishment, you could send illnesses as a punishment for sin could ask for forgiveness as a in balance for a person to be cure healthy Miasma 1. It was also believed that ‘bad air or bad smells 3 Where could 1. Doctors – they were trained in Miasma Bad air/smells – it was believed 3 th could cause diseases people go to get university but were very up until the 19 Century that this treatments? expensive was the cause of disease 4 Astrology 1. A common belief in the Middle Ages was that 2. Apothecary – these were people Monastery A place where monks live and the heavens were connected to earth who sold medicines. They were 2. People believed that the movement of stars and work also very expensive planets and the seasons were connected to the humours 3. Barber Surgeons – these were Purge Making a patient be sick in order barbers who used their tools to to balance their humours do surgery and dentistry Key People 4. Wise women – these were village Key dates 1 Hippocrates 1. Created the Hippocratic Oath – doctors healers who used spiritual and herbal treatments. 1 476 The beginning of the Middle swear to do no harm Ages/Medieval Era 5. Monasteries – monks had some 2 Galen 1. Used scientific theory to diagnose disease herbal knowledge but focused on 2 1025 Ibn Sina’s Canon on Medicine 2. Dissected animals, published his works. care instead of cure. Their compiled 3 John of 1. Created the Guild of Surgeons within services were free 3 1267 Hugh & Theodoric of Lucca published Arderne London. 4 Diagnosing 1. Medieval doctors believed in the a book encouraging the formation of illness pus in wounds 4 John 1. Developed an instrument to remove arrows ancient Greek method of Bradmore from wounds observing patients and using 4 1348 The Black Death arrived in England their symptoms to produce a 5 Ibn Sina 1. Wrote an encyclopedia of medicine known diagnosis. 5 1376 John of Arderne published Practica – (Avicenna) as Canon of Medicine 2. They mainly concentrated on the his book on surgery 6 Al Razi 1. Wrote over 150 books. pulse and examination of the 1403 John Bradmore develops the 2. Challenged some of Galen’s ideas. urine. 6 Bradmore screw Subject: History Topic: Medicine Stands Still Year Group: 10 4. Public Health 3. Surgery Key word Definition 1 What was a 1. Towns and cities were dirty and over crowded Almshouse Houses where poor people 1 Who 1. Most surgery was done by barber-surgeons medieval city 2. Many had open sewers that would overflow could live when they were like? 3. Most human waste was collected in cesspits performed 2. There were also war surgeons, who treated unable to work surgery? people wounded on the battlefield emptied by gong famers 3. Surgeons didn’t go to university, but trained as Buboe Black swellings – a symptom apprentices 2 Why were 1. Monasteries were usually in the countryside away of the black death monasteries from diseases cleaner? 2. Monks had a religious duty to be clean Cauterisation Using a heated iron or hot 2 What 1. Lack of knowledge – they didn’t know enough oil to seal a wound problems about anatomy 3. Monasteries were usually near rivers which were there 2. Pain – there was no effective pain relief so allowed them to have clean water and drainage Pit for the disposal of liquid with patients could die from shock Cesspit waste and sewage surgery? 3. Infection – wine, vinegar or honey were used to 5. The Black Death clean wounds but couldn’t stop infection. Also 1 What was the 1. It was an epidemic between 1348 and 1350. Epidemic Spread of a disease to a the tools were not washed properly Black Death? 2. It caused swellings, called buboes, in the armpit large number of people 4. Bleeding – there was no effective way to stop and groin and was spread by fleas which carry the bleeding bacteria Gong Farmer Person who cleaned out 3 Some 1. Cauterization – this sealed a wound up 2 What caused 1. Poor disposal of rubbish in towns encouraged privies or cesspits in the surgery 2. Amputation was common, especially for battle it? rats. Middle Ages techniques injuries. 2. Trade increased which meant diseases could 3. Barber surgeons could also deal with dislocated spread more widely. Latrine/ Toilet limbs. 3. People had poor diets, meaning their immune Privy 4. Trepanation was used to treat a epilepsy and systems were weak. persistent headaches Poultice a soft, moist mass of 4 What cures 1. Drinking mercury 5. Avoiding sin material applied to the Key factors in Middle Ages did people 2. Self-flagellation 6. Moving to the body to relieve soreness try? 3. Popping buboes countryside and inflammation and 1 Religion – 1. They held back medicine by promoting the 4. Praying the idea that God caused illness kept in place with a cloth. 5 What was the 1. Local councils tried to quarantine infected areas. Christian 2. They promoted Galen’s ideas because he Quarantine Isolating a sick person or government 2. Edward III ordered church services and prayers church believed in God household to stop the reaction? every day 3. Dissections were banned spread of a disease 3. Edward III tried to have streets in London cleaned to remove bad smells. 2 Religion – 1. The Islamic world promoted scientific Secular/Lay Someone who is not the Islamic discovery 6 Short term 1. 1/3 of Europe’s population died. person connected to the church Empire 2. They also preserved and translated the consequences 2. Towns and cities suffered from food shortages works of Hippocrates and Galen due to the lack of workers in the countryside. Self- When someone whips 3. The Crusades allowed Western doctors to 3. This made food more expensive flagellation themselves. learn from the Islamic ideas in the East 7 Long term 1. Living conditions and wages for peasants Trepanning Drilling holes into the consequences improved 3 War 1. War was common and provided surgeons a head – often used in the 2. People began to question the Catholic Church as chance to practice and develop their surgery Middle Ages to release their cures hadn’t worked and some priests had techniques bad spirits fled their towns. .