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GERLING-DISSERTATION.Pdf Copyright by Daniel Max Gerling 2012 The Dissertation Committee for Daniel Max Gerling certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: American Wasteland: A Social and Cultural History of Excrement, 1860-1920 Committee: Janet M. Davis, Supervisor Elizabeth D. Engelhardt John Hartigan Jeffrey L. Meikle Mark C. Smith American Wasteland: A Social and Cultural History of Excrement, 1860-1920 by Daniel Max Gerling, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2012 Dedication This work is dedicated to my parents, Max and Petra Gerling; my two sons, Marlo and Falco; and my wife, Pilar Cabrera Fonte. Their love and support made this possible. Acknowledgements I owe so much gratitude to so many people who have helped me or given me input along the way. I have a newfound appreciation for the artfulness and skill it takes to be a librarian or an archivist. All of those mentioned below went above and beyond the normal call of duty, and I appreciate it so much. Jon Schladweiler, Historian of the Arizona Water Association, helped me a great deal through his archive on the history of sewers, in person, and by email. His online sewer history archive is a treasure. Anna Berkes and Bob Self at Monticello, the staff at the National Archives in College Park and D.C., and Amber Kappell at the American Medical Association were all amazing help to me at various stages of this project. Laura Ruttum from the New York Public Library was such a wonderful guide both during and after my visit to New York. Jan Todd and Cindy Slater at the H.J. Lutcher Stark Center at the University of Texas both spent countless hours helping me at short notice to navigate the rich collections for books related to physical culture and alternative medicine. I’m glad such kind and talented people are building this gem of an archive. I was extremely fortunate to meet many scholars and colleagues along the way who helped me in one way or another with this project. To that end, I first wish to thank the readers on my dissertation committee: Elizabeth Engelhardt, John Hartigan, Mark Smith, and Jeff Meikle. Their own scholarship provided admirable models for me to aspire to, and their constructive feedback was enormously helpful. I also want to thank my fellow colleagues in the American Studies Department at the University of Texas for reading and critiquing various incarnations of the chapters presented here and for thinking of me when coming across historical documents or news related to my research: Andrew Busch, Susan Quesal, Irene Garza, Rebecca Onion, Rebecca D’Orsogna, Vicky Hill, Elizabeth Horany Carrell, Irene Garza, John Gronbeck-Tedesco, Jason Mellard, Emily Wade, and Anna Thompson-Hajdik. Special thanks in this regard goes to Tracy Wuster for detailed comments and organizational advice and to Tony Fassi for being a steady support, patiently listening to me while I fleshed out strategies, and for eloquently repackaging the jumble of ideas I just threw at him. I also want to thank Maureen Flanagan from the Illinois Institute of Technology for her insight on gender and urban bathrooms. And I’m grateful to the Bedichek grandchildren for sharing stories about their amazing (and scatologically inclined) grandfather. I also want to thank my colleagues working in the field of scatological history, specifically Dave Prager and Marisol Cortez. Our conversations online and in person have been so fun and fascinating. Thanks again to Jeff Meikle for encouraging me with this project from its inception. Jeff served as an admirable mentor and brought laughter and creativity to this process in addition to rigor and high standards. v Janet Davis has been the best dissertation director a student could ask for. She has one of the most incredibly lucid minds I have encountered anywhere, an indefatigable work ethic, and great energy and vitality. She is a joy to work with and an incredible asset to the field of American studies. I’m grateful that she saw potential in this project from the beginning and so effectively communicated her enthusiasm for it. All three of my siblings—Bobby, Susie, and Andreas—have been great sources of support and encouragement throughout this process. But I owe Andreas special thanks. He encouraged me to go into American studies and unknowingly planted the seed of this project. In September of 2001, as my wife and I were on our “American Dream” road trip around the country, she inadvertently stole Andreas’s black, velvet-covered copy of Dominique Laporte’s History of Shit as we left his home in San Francisco. That book—actually only a history of French excrement—left me wondering why there was not a history of American excrement. So I thank Andreas for being a connoisseur of subversive literature and for always reminding me that he was looking out for his little brother. He also gave me very helpful feedback on the prospectus of this dissertation. My mother-in-law, Irene Fonte, provided so much support to my wife and me while we raised two kids, taught classes, and wrote our dissertations. I owe her my deepest gratitude. My parents, Max and Petra Gerling, have been unconditionally wonderful since I was born. They’ve been the kindest and most loving parents. They didn’t flinch—even a little—when I told them what my dissertation would be about. And they have always listened patiently to my stories and anecdotes. My two sons, Falco and Marlo, have been great assets to this project in ways they probably don’t yet understand. Aside from providing countless smiles and hugs, they brought a unique perspective to this project—never thinking it was weird or even funny that their dad was writing a history of poop. Okay, there was some laughter. Still, I hope they grow up in a society where the notion of poop is unencumbered by layers of shame, stigma, and over-politeness so we can more rationally address some of the very real problems associated with it. Spending time with them also gave me extra incentive to finish this project. Finally, I couldn’t have completed this work without the love and support of my wife, Pilar Cabrera Fonte. I’ve been so fortunate to have a partner with whom I can share not only a family, travel, and a home, but also books and ideas. Raising kids (and changing their diapers) with her has been my greatest joy. vi American Wasteland: A Social and Cultural History of Excrement, 1860-1920 Daniel Max Gerling, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 Supervisor: Janet Davis Human excrement is seldom considered to be an integral part of the human condition. Despite the relative silence regarding it, however, excrement has played a significant role in American history. Today the U.S. has more than two million miles of sewer pipes underneath it. Every year Americans flush more than a trillion gallons of water and fertilizer down the toilet, and farmers spend billions of dollars to buy artificial fertilizer. Furthermore, excrement is bound up in many complicated power relationships regarding race, gender, and ethnicity. This dissertation examines the period in American history, from the Civil War through the Progressive Era, when excrement transformed from commodity to waste. More specifically, it examines the vii cultural and social factors that led to its formulation as waste and the roles it played in the histories of American health, architecture, and imperialism. The first chapter assesses the vast changes to the country’s infrastructure and social fabric beginning in the late nineteenth century. On the subterranean level, much of America’s immense network of sewers was constructed during this era—making it one of the largest public works projects in U.S. history. Above ground, the United States Sanitary Commission, founded at the onset of the Civil War, commenced a widespread creation of sanitary commissions in municipalities, regions, and even internationally, that regulated defecation habits. Chapter Two assesses the social and architectural change that occurred as the toilet moved from the outhouse to inside the house—specifically, how awkwardly newly built homes accommodated this novel room and how the toilet’s move inside actually hastened its removal. The third chapter shifts focus to the way Americans considered their excrement in relation to their body in a time when efficiency a great virtue. Americans feared ailments related to “autointoxication” (constipation) and went to absurd lengths to rid their bodies of excrement. The fourth chapter analyzes the way excrement was racialized and the role it had in the various projects of American imperialism. The colonial subjects and potential American citizens—from Native Americans to Cubans, Filipinos, and Puerto Ricans—were regularly scrutinized, punished, and re-educated regarding their defecation habits. viii Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................................1 Chapter One—Sewers and Sanitary Bureaucracies ..........................................................................16 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................16 1.2 Background .......................................................................................................................................22
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