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South-Indian Images of Gods and Goddesses
ASIA II MB- • ! 00/ CORNELL UNIVERSITY* LIBRARY Date Due >Sf{JviVre > -&h—2 RftPP )9 -Af v^r- tjy J A j£ **'lr *7 i !! in ^_ fc-£r Pg&diJBii'* Cornell University Library NB 1001.K92 South-indian images of gods and goddesse 3 1924 022 943 447 AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF MADRAS GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS. IN INDIA. A. G. Barraud & Co. (Late A. J. Combridge & Co.)> Madras. R. Cambrav & Co., Calcutta. E. M. Gopalakrishna Kone, Pudumantapam, Madura. Higginbothams (Ltd.), Mount Road, Madras. V. Kalyanarama Iyer & Co., Esplanade, Madras. G. C. Loganatham Brothers, Madras. S. Murthv & Co., Madras. G. A. Natesan & Co., Madras. The Superintendent, Nazair Kanun Hind Press, Allahabad. P. R. Rama Iyer & Co., Madras. D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., Bombay. Thacker & Co. (Ltd.), Bombay. Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta. S. Vas & Co., Madras. S.P.C.K. Press, Madras. IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. B. H. Blackwell, 50 and 51, Broad Street, Oxford. Constable & Co., 10, Orange Street, Leicester Square, London, W.C. Deighton, Bell & Co. (Ltd.), Cambridge. \ T. Fisher Unwin (Ltd.), j, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C. Grindlay & Co., 54, Parliament Street, London, S.W. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. (Ltd.), 68—74, iCarter Lane, London, E.C. and 25, Museum Street, London, W.C. Henry S. King & Co., 65, Cornhill, London, E.C. X P. S. King & Son, 2 and 4, Great Smith Street, Westminster, London, S.W.- Luzac & Co., 46, Great Russell Street, London, W.C. B. Quaritch, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, London, W. W. Thacker & Co.^f*Cre<d Lane, London, E.O? *' Oliver and Boyd, Tweeddale Court, Edinburgh. -
49107-003: Tamil Nadu Urban Flagship Investment Program
Environmental Assessment and Review Framework Document Stage: Draft for consultation Project Number: 49107-003 May 2018 IND: Tamil Nadu Urban Flagship Investment Program Prepared by Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited of the Government of Tamil Nadu for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 11 May 2018) Currency Unit – Indian rupee (₹) ₹1.00 = $0.015 $1.00 = ₹67.09 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ASI – Archaeological Survey of India CMA – Commissioner of Municipal Administration CMSC – construction management and supervision consultant CMWSSB – Chennai Water Supply and Sewerage Board CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board CRZ – Coastal Regulation Zone CTE – consent to establish CTO – consent to operate DPR – detailed project report EAC – expert appraisal committee EAR – environmental assessment report EARF – environmental assessment and review framework ECSMF – environmental, climate change and social management framework EHS – environment, health and safety EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan ESF – environmental and social framework ESMF – environmental and social management framework ESS – environmental and social safeguard ESZ – eco sensitive zone GOTN – Government of Tamil Nadu IEE – initial environmental examination IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature MAWS – Municipal Administration and Water Supply MFF – multitrance financing facility MOEFCC – Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change NEP – National Environment Policy -
Pancha Rathas, the Five Stone Temples of the Mahabalipuram Site: Opportunity to Revive Its Lost Garden Heritage Through Ecotourism
Licensed under a Creative Commons Cadernos de Arquitetura e Urbanismo | Paranoá 28 Attribution International License. Pancha rathas, the five stone temples of the Mahabalipuram site: opportunity to revive its lost garden heritage through ecotourism Pancha rathas, os cinco templos de pedra do sítio de Mahabalipuram: oportunidade de reviver sua herança de jardins perdidos por meio do ecoturismo Pancha rathas, los cinco templos de piedra del sitio Mahabalipuram: oportunidad de revivir su herencia de jardines perdidos a través del ecoturismo AHMED, Sayed 1 1 Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Dessau, Germany. [email protected] ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1384-7668 Recebido em 18/04/2020 Aceito em 31/07/2020 2020, © Copyright by Authors. DOI: http://doi.org/10.18830/issn.1679-0944.n28.2020.07 Licensed under a Creative Commons Cadernos de Arquitetura e Urbanismo | Paranoá 28 Attribution International License. Abstract Heritage and landscape development may take place within the heritage assemble procedure. The study presents a case of Stone heritage, characterized by an important intangible Vedic chanting heritage which again linked to the seashore forest and Pallava temple architecture. The purpose is to search diverse physiognomies of what opportunity exists in natural context and its playing role with the built heritage and eco-tourism. The methodology includes an extensive literature review of previous texts and collecting key factors out of those literary and pictorial data for historical evidence proved analysis. The results developed from a scientific approach over such case where ethnology, ancient technology and architectural style might have lost its authenticity and integrity for robust deforestation of associated garden heritage over different courses of time just because of the absence of boundary and buffer zone concept. -
Pallav Architecture
PALLAV ARCHITECTURE The great Pallavas of Kanchi rose to power in the latter of the sixth century. Their coming marks an important epoch in the history of south Indian architecture. Politically and Geographically they dominated the southern region continuously until the ninth century A.D. Mahendravarman I (C. 580 – 630 A.D) inherited from his father SimhaVisnu a vast empire extending from the river pennaras far as the Kaveri. The First rock-cut architecture of Mahendra Varman I was the Laksitayatana Trimurti cave temple at Mandagapattu, hewn out of granite. The inscription in this cave states: “This brick less, timber less, metal less and mortar less abode of laksita was caused to be made by king Vicitracitta for Brahma, Isvara and Vishnu. King Mahendra caused nine temples, similar to the Laksitayatana cave temple Mandagapattu, to be excavated, they are:- The Pancha Pandava cave at Pallavaram the Rudravalisvaram or cave temple no. 2 at Mamandur. The Kalmandapam at Kuranganilmuttam the vasantesvara or the larger cave temple at vallam. The Mahendra Visnugriha at Mahendravadi the Visnu cave temple at Mamandur the Lalitankura Pallavesuaragriha (upper cave) at Tiruchirapalli. The Satrumalles Varalaya at Dalvanur and the Avinabhajana Pallavesvara Griha at Siyamangalam. These cave temples imitated the interiors of structural buildings made out of more perishable material like wood. The mandapa is divided into the Mukha and ardha mandapa. Under the patronage of the successors of Mahendravraman I, namely Nararsimhavarman II Rajasimha a series of cave temples were excavated. Since they followMahendra’s style rather closely, they are designated as belonging to the post-mahendra style. -
Kanchipuram Is the Ancient Capital of Pallava Kingdom Is a Renowned Town Dedicated to the Presiding Deity, Sri Kamakshi
72 Kanchipuram is the ancient capital of Pallava kingdom is a renowned town dedicated to the presiding deity, Sri Kamakshi. It is one of the sacred cities of Hindus. Kanchipuram situated on the Chengelput – Arakkonam junction of the Southern Railway. Kanchi is 77 kms distance from Chennai. Kanchi is one of the seven holy cities of India, the other six being Haridwar, Ujjain, Varanasi, Madhura, Ayodya and Dwaraka and Kanchipuram has been a centre of great activitiy for religious leaders, among them Saint Appar and Siruthondar, are famous saints. The city has had glorious past, successively as the capital of Pallvas, the Cholas and the Vijayanagar, although while under the Pallava, it had been invaded and held for a short time by the Chalukyas of Badami and Rashtrakutas. Kanchi is one such place. It has been a seat of learning from times immemorial a center of spiritual activities and a place hailed as the temple town with more than thousand temples. This is also the place, where Lord Siva is seen in the form of Prithvi out of the five elements. Kanchipuram has been a place enriched by ancient wisdom and further strengthened by the existence of Kamakoti Pitham supposed to have been established by Adi Sankara. Hailed as Nagaresu Kanchi (city of cities) Kanchipuram stands as a monumental testimony to India’s rich culture heritage and ancient wisdom. 73 Kanchipuram is sanctified by Divinity, nourished by Nature and inspired by Spiritualism. The triple divine dispensation as manifest in the forms of Moksapuri, Prthviksetra and Saktipitham, lends sanctity to the place. -
Stone Carving - Mahabalipuram the Skillful Crafts in Stone by Prof
D’source 1 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Resource Stone Carving - Mahabalipuram The Skillful Crafts in Stone by Prof. Bibhudutta Baral, Mr. Antony William and Ms. Aruna Kumari NID, Bengaluru Source: http://www.dsource.in/resource/stone-carving-ma- habalipuram 1. Introduction 2. History of Monuments 3. Tools and Raw Materials 4. Making Process 5. Products 6. Contact Details D’source 2 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Resource Introduction Stone Carving - About the place: Mahabalipuram Mahabalipuram is a small town in Kanchipuram district of Tamilnadu. It is located 60 Km away from Chennai. The Skillful Crafts in Stone Mahabalipuram is also called as Mahamallapuram. This place has a great history for its traditional historical mon- by uments. Stone carving in Mahabalipuram is famous for its 7th and 8th century art and architecture of Pallavas Prof. Bibhudutta Baral, Mr. Antony William and period. Ms. Aruna Kumari NID, Bengaluru Introduction: Tamilnadu “The land of Temples” is rich in stone art. Mahabalipuram located 60 Km away from Chennai, is the main center for ancient stone carving. The Craftsmen belong to Viswakarma community which practices the craft. The carving style of this place is closer to the Kerala carving style as the region was once part of the state Source: of Kerala. Red and black, white granites are available locally in Mahabalipuram. These stones are locally called as http://www.dsource.in/resource/stone-carving-ma- karuppu kal (black), Vellali kal (white). Granite is first stenciled and chiseled according to the determined lines. Af- habalipuram/introduction ter carving the final product, the surface is smoothened and cleaned to achieve the shine luster. -
A Study of Natural Light in Hindu Temples in the Southern Region of Tamilnadu, India (7' Century AD to 17' Century AD)
THE HOLY LIGHT: A STUDY OF NATURAL LIGHT IN HINDU TEMPLES IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF TAMILNADU, INDIA (7 CENTURY AD TO 17 CENTURY AD) A Thesis by ANURADHA MUKHERJI Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2001 Major Subject: Architecture THE HOLY LIGHT: A STUDY OF NATURAL LIGHT IN HINDU TEMPLES IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF TAMILNADU, INDIA (7 CENTURY AD TO 17 CENTURY AD) A Thesis by ANURADHA MUKHERJI Submitted to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved as to style and content by: Anat Geva David G. Woodcock (Chair of Committee) (Member) Sylv' Grider (Member) Thomas L. McKittrick (Head of Department) August 2001 Major Subject: Architecture ABSTRACT Thc Holy Light: A Study of Natural Light in Hindu Temples in the Southern Region of Tamilnadu, India (7' Century AD to 17' Century AD). (August 2001) Anuradha Mukherji, Dip. Arch. , Center for Environmental Planning and Technology, India Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Anat Geva This thesis discusses the phenomenon of natural light that becomes the holy light in sacred architecture. In pursuing this investigation the study addressed three major objectives. First, to understand the significance of religion in the treatment of light in sacred monmnents around the world. Second, to understand the methods used to achieve the desired light quality in the ancient south Indian Hindu temples. Third, to add to the existing body of knowledge in the field of study of ancient south Indian Hindu temples. -
8-Temple-Architecture.Pdf
TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE 4 THE BASIC FORM OF THE HINDU TEMPLE 5 SCULPTURE, ICONOGRAPHY AND ORNAMENTATION 6 Bairat, Jaipur 8 Temple 40 ,Sanchi 8 Temple 18,Sanchi 9 Aihole, karnataka 9 Temple 17 , Sanchi 10 THE NAGARA OR NORTH INDIAN TEMPLE STYLE 11 Central India 14 Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh 14 Temples at Khajuraho 17 Lakshmana temple 18 Mithun Sculptures 19 West India 20 Sun temple, Modhera, Gujarat 21 Nilakantha or Udayesvara Temple, Udaipur 22 Virupaksha Temple,Pattadakal 22 East India 23 Assam 24 Bengal 25 PALA AND SENA KINGS 25 Odisha 28 Parasurameshvara temple , Bhubaneswar 28 Rajarani Temple 29 Vaitala Deul 31 Mukateswara temple 32 Brahmeshwar Temple 33 Lingaraja Temple 33 Ananta Vasudeva temple 35 Sun Temple, Konark 36 The Hills 38 Pandrethan 38 THE DRAVIDA OR SOUTH INDIAN TEMPLE STYLE 40 Page !1 of !87 THE PALLAVAS AND THE CHOLAS 44 Pallavas 47 Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram 48 The Kailasanath temple , Kanchipuram 50 Rajarajeshwara or Brihadiswara Temple, Thanjavur 51 Pancha Ratha or Pandava Ratha, Mahabalipuram 52 Architecture in the Deccan 56 Rashtrakutas 56 Kailashnath Temple, Ellora 56 Gopurams 57 Chalukyas 60 Ravan Phadi , Aihole 60 Durga Temple ,Aihole 62 Lad Khan Temple, Aihole 63 Hoyasalas 64 Hoysaleshvara temple 65 Vijayanagara 66 BUDDHIST AND JAIN ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENTS 67 NALANDA’S EMERGENCE AS A GREAT CENTRE OF LEARNING 68 Jain Temples 74 MAHABALIPURAM 78 RAVANA SHAKING MOUNT KAILASHA 81 LAKSHAMANA TEMPLE IN KHAJURAHO 82 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT DURING THE GUPTA PERIOD 85 Architecture 86 Painting 87 Page !2 of !87 Temple architecture in India (Outline map not to scale) Page !3 of !87 TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE Today when we say 'temple' in English we generally mean a devalaya, devkula mandir, kovil, deol, devasthanam or prasada depending on which part of India we are in. -
Rock Art (Part-2)
Rock Art (Part-2) drishtiias.com/printpdf/rock-art-part-2 Rock Art (Part-I) Rock-Cut Architecture About: The rock-cut architecture is a type of Rock Art in which a structure is created by carving it out of solid natural rock. Cave temples and monasteries are found in many parts of India, but the largest and most famous artificial caves were excavated from Western Deccan region. It was constructed during the regime of the Satavahana rulers and their successors. Timeline: This architecture had three definite phases; The earliest dating from the 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD The second from the 5th to 7th century The last from the 7th to 10th century Significance: Rock-cut architecture occupies a very important place in the history of Indian Architecture as they present the most spectacular piece of ancient Indian art specimen. Most of the rock-cut structures were closely associated with various religions and religious activities. Numerous caves were excavated by the Buddhist monks for prayer and residence purposes. The rock-cut architecture differs from traditional buildings in many ways. It is more similar to sculpture than architecture, as structures were produced by cutting out solid rocks. The architectures are classified into Rock-Cut Caves and Rock-Cut Temple Architecture. 1/7 Rock-Cut Caves Mauryan period: The earliest rock-cut caves in India are attributed to the Mauryan period, mainly to Ashoka (273-232 BC) and his grandson Dasharath. Caves in this period were generally used as viharas, i.e. living quarters, by the Jain and Buddhist monks. -
Environmental Assessment and Review Framework
Environmental Assessment and Review Framework Document Stage: Draft for consultation Project Number: 49107-003 May 2018 IND: Proposed Tamil Nadu Urban Flagship Investment Program (TNUFIP) Prepared by Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited for Government of Tamil Nadu and Asian Development Bank. This environmental assessment and review framework is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 5 January 2017) Currency Unit – Indian rupee (₹) ₹1.00 = $0.0158 $1.00 = ₹63.3750 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ASI – Archaeological Survey of India CMA – Commissioner of Municipal Administration CMSC – Construction Management and Supervision Consultant CMWSSB – Chennai Water Supply and Sewerage Board CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board CRZ – Coastal Regulation Zone CTE – Consent to Establish CTO – Consent to Operate DPR – Detailed Project Report EAC – Expert Appraisal Committee EAR – Environmental Assessment Report EARF – Environmental Assessment and Review Framework ECSMF – Environmental, Climate Change and Social Management Framework EHS – Environment, Health and -
August 2020.Cdr
Discovery of India Building Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai - 400 018. Phone : 2496 4676-80 Newsletter Fax : 2497 3827 Vol. 21 Issue 8 AUGUST 2020 Website: www.nehru-centre.org Price Rs. 10/- Per Copy Annual Subscription Rs. 100 Nation Building after Independence - Five Year Plans After independence, the Indian Article 39 of the Constitution entire terrain so as to understand it economy had to be built from scratch. It (Directive Principles of State Policy) better. Such a comprehensive exercise was crucial for nation building. India lays down 'equitable distribution of was bound to be eclectic and even chose the path of planned development material resources of the community discursive and to some extent, for which there were many reasons. for the common good and prevention tentative and cautious.' He further of concentration of wealth and means observed, “It has been said that the In 1938, the Indian National Congress of production to the common First Five Year Plan is like the had set up a National Planning detriment.' It was in accordance with Mahabharata; there is nothing in the Committee which outlined 'national this article that the Planning Indian economy which does not find self-sufficiency and doubling of living Commission was set up on 15th March reflection in the plan and there is standards in ten years as one of the main 1950 by a resolution of the nothing in the plan which is also not goals.’ Government of India, its objectives found in Indian reality.” being to assess the country's resources, In 1944, a group of leading industrialists to prioritize investment proposals and The First Five Year Plan provided like J. -
Hinduism-And-The-Religious-Arts.Pdf
RELIGION AND THE ARTS Series Editor: John Hinnells, University of Derby The arts have always been one of the primary means of communicating religious traditions; indeed, visual or performing arts may complement, predate or supplant many scriptural sources. This series explores how the visible has been used to express the invisible, and is designed to provide an understanding of the world's religions through the various art forms associated with religious practice and experience. Already published Art and Religion in Africa by Rosalind I. J. Hackett Arts in the Religions of the Pacific by Albert C. Moore Ganesa, Orissa, thirteenth century. Hinduism and the Religious Arts Heather Elgood CASSELL London and New York Cassell Wellington House, 125 Strand, London WC2R OBB 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6550 First published 1999 First published in paperback 2000 © Heather Elgood 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-304-70739-2 (paperback) ISBN 0-304-33820-6 (hardback) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Elgood, Heather, 1950- Hinduism and the religious arts / Heather Elgood. p. cm.—(Religion and the arts) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-304-33820-6 (hardcover) 1. Art, Hindu—India. 2. Art, Indie-India. 3. Hindu symbolism. 4. Art patronage-India.