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August 2020.Cdr Discovery of India Building Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai - 400 018. Phone : 2496 4676-80 Newsletter Fax : 2497 3827 Vol. 21 Issue 8 AUGUST 2020 Website: www.nehru-centre.org Price Rs. 10/- Per Copy Annual Subscription Rs. 100 Nation Building after Independence - Five Year Plans After independence, the Indian Article 39 of the Constitution entire terrain so as to understand it economy had to be built from scratch. It (Directive Principles of State Policy) better. Such a comprehensive exercise was crucial for nation building. India lays down 'equitable distribution of was bound to be eclectic and even chose the path of planned development material resources of the community discursive and to some extent, for which there were many reasons. for the common good and prevention tentative and cautious.' He further of concentration of wealth and means observed, “It has been said that the In 1938, the Indian National Congress of production to the common First Five Year Plan is like the had set up a National Planning detriment.' It was in accordance with Mahabharata; there is nothing in the Committee which outlined 'national this article that the Planning Indian economy which does not find self-sufficiency and doubling of living Commission was set up on 15th March reflection in the plan and there is standards in ten years as one of the main 1950 by a resolution of the nothing in the plan which is also not goals.’ Government of India, its objectives found in Indian reality.” being to assess the country's resources, In 1944, a group of leading industrialists to prioritize investment proposals and The First Five Year Plan provided like J. R. D. Tata, G. D. Birla, Ardeshir to formulate plans for national huge dams to the country. Nehru Dalal, Lala Shri Ram, Kasturbhai reconstruction. called them 'the temples of modern Lalbhai, Ardeshir Darabshaw Shroff, Sir The Planning Commission issued a contd. on page 2 Purshottamdas Thakurdas and John draft of the First Five Year Plan in the Mathai issued what they called A Plan summer of 1951. The plan was for Economic Development for India more finalized in 1953. It focused on commonly known as the Bombay Plan. agriculture and provided huge Its key principle was that the economy investment in irrigation, drainage and could not grow without government flood control schemes. It included 140 intervention and regulation. It was large irrigation projects and 100 power argued that the fledgling Indian schemes. Introducing the plan industries would not be able to compete proposals in Parliament, Jawaharlal in a free market economy. Thus, the Nehru, the Prime Minister, described feeling was that the future government the plan as the first of its kind to 'bring of independent India should protect the whole of India - agricultural, SHRI R. D. PRADHAN (1928 - 2020) indigenous industries against foreign industrial, social and economic – into competition in local markets. The Plan We regret to announce the sad one framework of thinking.' I. G. Patel, also suggested the establishment of demise of Shri R. D. Pradhan, the economist, said that the First Five critical industries as public sector Vice-Chairman, Nehru Centre, Year Plan was a 'sort of reconnaissance enterprises. on 31st July 2020. He was 92. trip; surveying and mapping out of the Nehru Centre Newsletter - August 2020 1 India'. Bhakra-Nangal in Punjab, Though it is fashionable today to Tungabhadra in Andhra Pradesh, condemn Nehru's economic Hirakud in Orissa, Rihand in Uttar policy, the fact remains that it was Pradesh and Damodar in West with the first two Five Year Plans Bengal were some of those large that the economic development of irrigation projects which were built. a poverty driven, underdeveloped Political scientist Henry Hart f l e d g l i n g n a t i o n s t a r t e d . commented that these projects were Moreover, Nehru believed that 'the greatest of the monuments of planned development 'would be free India'; to them 'men and critical for integrating the nation'. women come, in a pilgrimage Meeting of the First Planning Commission Even before the First Plan was growing season by season, to see for first category consisted of atomic energy and finalized, Nehru impressed upon themselves the dams and canals and defence related industries which would the Chief Ministers the 'integrating power stations.’ exclusively be the preserve of the public sector. factor' in a letter written in 1952. The second included basic industries such as He wrote, “Behind the Plan lies the The First Plan was a success story. coal, iron and steel and ship building which conception of India's unity and of a Over 16 million additional acres of would be developed only by the state, although mighty co-operative effort of all land were irrigated and power existing private sector enterprises would be the people of India. That should generation increased by 70 percent. allowed to continue. Other industries like always be stressed and the inter- Food shortage started easing and metals, chemicals and consumer goods were relation of one part of India with inflation remained under control. left for the private sector. another pointed out… The more Even the industrial sector made we think of this balanced picture of progress and annual per capita Lauding the plans, Gyanesh Kudaisya, in his the whole of India and of its many- income also rose. Significantly, book A Republic in the Making: India in the 1950s sided activities, which are so inter- expenditure on the plan had not says that the two Five Year Plans spanning the related with one another, the less adversely affected India's foreign 1950s were remarkably successful in we are likely to go astray in the exchange reserves. introducing structural changes in the economy, crooked paths of provincialism, resulting in a quickening of activity across communalism, casteism and all The Second Five Year Plan (1956-61) different sectors. Infrastructure and transport o t h e r d i s r u p t i v e a n d was to set India on the path of saw an impressive expansion. Electricity disintegrating tendencies.” i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n . P . C . generation increased fourfold. Freight carried Mahalanobis, the great statistician, by the railways doubled, while railway In the words of Gyanesh was the architect of the Second Plan passenger traffic increased by 27 percent. Kudaisya, “Nehru's tenet that which focused on basic and heavy Industrial production increased by 94 percent developmental planning was industry. About half of the plan's and the agricultural production grew by 41 'integrative' as it built bridges budget was allocated to steel, percent. Most importantly, the per capita across backward and forward cement, fertilizers and rail transport income in India rose from $53.34 in 1951 to regions, rich and poor classes and industries. The Government of $69.30 in 1961. This quantum of increase was between town and country could India signed three separate higher than the cumulative increase recorded yet be validated by history.” agreements for the construction of during the entire preceding half-century. three steel plants, one at Rourkela in Orissa with the help of Germany, the second at Bhilai in Madhya What Nehru said.... Pradesh with the help of the Soviet As I walked around the {dam] site I thought that these days the biggest temple and Union and the third at Durgapur in mosque and gurdwara is the place where man works for the good of mankind. What West Bengal with the help of the place is greater than this, this Bhakra-Nangal, where thousands and lakhs of men have British. worked, have shed their blood and their sweat and laid down their lives as well? Where can be a greater and holier place than this, which we can regard as higher? A Government Resolution on Industrial Policy in 1956 classified … speech at the inauguration of the Bhakra Nangal Dam industries into three categories. The Nehru Centre Newsletter - August 2020 2 NEHRU PLANETARIUM METEORS, METEOROIDS AND METEORITES Not all matter in the solar system has been brought together to form the sun, planets, comets and asteroids. Sometimes, while orbiting the sun, larger bodies crash into each other and break up. There are a large number of such stone-like particles travelling randomly across the solar system in inter-planetary motion. When such particles enter earth's atmosphere, they ablate*. Meteors* A meteor is a piece of space rock – usually that of a comet – that enters the earth's atmosphere. As it falls, it begins to burn up and produces spectacular fireworks. When we see a streak of light in the sky, rather like a bright star falling down, it is called a 'shooting star'. In scientific terms, it is a meteor. On any clear dark night, a meteor may appear every five minutes or thereabouts anywhere in the sky. A meteoric phenomenon lasts from a fraction of a second to a few seconds. Sometimes, a meteor may leave behind a trail of gas. The collision between two asteroids results in small fragments that astronomers call meteoroids. Meteoroids As asteroids orbit the sun in a region called the 'asteroid belt', they sometimes crash into each other and produce rock-like debris. These are called meteoroids. Meteoroids are usually pea-sized and a few millimetres in diameter. They are sometimes even as small as grains of sand. Slightly bigger meteoroids are very bright and are called fireballs. They can be so bright that they are visible in broad daylight. Sometimes, these fireballs make a noise as they rush through the atmosphere of the earth.
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