Deutscher Assesses Leon Trotsky's Role See page 2 th e MILITANT PUBLISHED WEEKLY IN THE INTERESTS OF THE WORKING PEOPLE

Vol. XXIV — No. 10 «€¡Ü^ 222 NEW YORK, N . Y., MONDAY, MARCH 7, 1960 Price 10c Chessman’s Fate Up to Negro Youth Defy Jail Legislators In Drive on Jim Crow Governor Claims Twin Cities Supporting Actions in North He Is 'Powerless' Hit Kress, Woolworth Stores LOS ANGELES. March 2 — By George Lavan The fate of Caryl Chessman is Students Hit now in the hands of the Cali­ MARCH 2 — Winning the admiration of freedom fornia legislature which meets Woolworth fighters the world over, the Negro students in the South today. ’If it fails to act, the con- are defying mass jailings in their campaign against racial vict-author who won a 60-day MINNEAPOLIS, Feb. 27 — A reprieve from Gov. Brown, will spirited picket-line demonstra­ discrimination at lunch counters. Their drive is spreading go to the gas chamber. B row n is tion was held here this morning further through the South and increasing in intensity. slated to ask tlie legislature to­ at the F. W. Woolworth store on In addition, small but increasing numbers of Southern- day to consider abolishing the Nicollet Avenue in the heart of born white students are taking death penally. But he has made the downtown area. Some 50 part in the sit-down demonstra­ clear that he will not make a youths carried placards in soli­ tions. In the North, student or­ serious fight on the issue, even darity with Negro students who ganizations are stepping up Lahtinen Fights though he claims he is opposed are fighting discrimination at their sympathy demonstrations, to capital punishment. lunch counters in the South. and a section of the labor move­ The store here is one of the ten Order to Ship The governor gave Chessman ment has entered the fight in largest in the national chain. his brief new lease on life after support of thè Southern Negro the State Department asked for The picket line was sponsored movement. Him to Finland a concession to an aroused world by the youth council of the Thus in New York, the stu­ NEW YORK — William Lah­ opinion. But last week Brown Minneapolis branch of the Na­ dent councils of several colleges tinen, Finnish-born journalist declared he would do nothing tional Association for the Ad­ and universities have endorsed and. poet who, on Feb. 15, was further to save Chessman’s life vancement of Colored People. a picket line to be held Satur­ ordered deported from this even though due process of law White students made up a ma­ day, March 5, from noon to 3 country under the reactionary was denied in his kidnapping jority of the demonstrators. p. m. in front of Woolworth’s Walter-McCarran Law, has ap­ conviction. They came in response to an store at 120 Thirty-fourth Street, pealed the decision of the local Students in Toronto stage picket-line demonstration in alomic-bomb tests in the Sahara. They called for a halt to editorial in yesterday’s issue of opposite Macy’s. Elsewhere, pic­ “If the legislature doesn’t act, the Minnesota Daily, the Immigration office to the Board front of French consulate Feb. 12 to protest De Gaulle's Canadian and NATO support of De Gaulle's dictatorial regime. keting has been conducted by I am powerless to do anything world’s largest campus paper. of Immigration Appeals in except in extraordinary circum­ students at the University of Washington. stances, ” the Democratic gov­ The editors declared that stu­ Wisconsin, University of Color­ Lahtinen has lived in the ernor asserted. He added that dents intended to help the civil- ado, Rutgers University and by United States since 1914, when he could not conceive of any Council Vows 4,400 Wilson rights fighters in the South be­ students at various schools in he was brought here by his par­ The Bitter Lessons cause “they don’t agree with further extraordinary circum­ Philadelphia. Similar actions are ents. He filed a petition of stances. Highlander Will Woolworth officials that a com­ in the oiling at other leading naturalization in 1942 which is Jobs Placed pany has to ‘follow local cus­ colleges. still pending. But in 1958 he Yesterday Biown told news­ Of the Wilson Defeat toms, ’ since they learned in men lie was “pessimistic” about On the labor front. District was notified by the Justice De­ By Tom Kerry grade school that the United 4, International Union of Elec­ partment that he must appear the legislature acting this ses­ Be Kept Alive In Arbitration States Constitution supersedes sion on an anti-capital-punish- trical Workers (AFL-CIO), an­ at deportation hearings on MONTEAGLE, Tenn. — Com­ The labor movement suffered The elementary axiom of union ST. PAUL, Minn., Feb. 27 — local customs. ” ment bill. He has even refused nounced that its members grounds that he belonged to the plete confidence in Highlander a tragic defeat last week when solidarity was expressed by the As a result of the agreement Asked why he was picket­ to declare what specific form of would picket New York head­ Finnish Workers Federation—a Folk School, its administration the top leadership of the AFL- strikers themselves: We w’ent reached between the United ing, one white student re­ legislation he favors, leaving quarters of Woolworth's as legal organization — prior to and program, as well as a firm CIO United Packinghouse out together and we’ll go back Packinghouse Workers and W il­ plied: " If we go to school the door wide open for the law­ well as stores in four New 1940 when the group became determination to continue the Workers jammed through an together—or not at all. To do son & Co., an estimated 1, 300 with them, why shouldn't we makers to duck the issue. Jersey cities. However, this defunct. program was expressed by the agreement, terminating the 108- violence to this precept is to out of 5, 700 W ilson strikers eat with them? " move has not yet been emu­ “ The L a htinen case is a te ll­ Meanwhile, the movement to members of the school’s execu­ day w a lk o u t of 5, 000 members undermine the very basis for have been called back to work The store management in­ lated by other labor organiza­ ing example of the need for save Chessman and to win tive council at a meeting here at six W ilson & Co. plants, successful strike action. by the company. The remain­ vited the pickets in for free tions. revising the Walter-McCarran abolition of the death penalty is last week. which called for arbitration of One is appalled at the utter ing 4, 400 strikers w ill have to coffee. Some accepted and had Law, ” said the American Com­ continuing. In a statement to the Meanwhile harsh jail sen­ The council met to consider the key issue: Do the strikers blindness of a union leadership await an arbitration decision to their pictures taken at the lunch mittee for Protection of Foreign M ilitant correspondent here, the tences are being meted out by what action should be taken in get their jobs back or w ill the which led its ranks into a ma­ find out whether they or the counter Holding up their ban­ B orn in a Feb. 24 release? One veteran civil-liberties attorney, the white-supremacist authorit­ light of JudgeChattin’s decision scabs im ported to break ' the jor battle without preparing in strikebreakers have rights to ners blasting Woolworth’s po­ measure the Committee has ad­ Leo Gallagher, urged, renewed ies. A t this moment, in the coun­ finding Highlander guilty of vio­ strike be retained? advance for the inevitable con­ jobs in the plants. licy of maintaining Jim Crow vocated is a five-year statute of efforts on this score. try which capitalist politicians lating. the Tennessee code for­ It is estimated that of 1, 100 sequences of such action. W il­ In Alberi Lea, Minn., where lunch counters in the South. tout as the stronghold of the limitations against deportation “There arc two types of jus­ bidding integrated classes in workers who struck the Albert son was admittedly the “tough­ ihe workers put up a terrific The pickets were well re­ “free world, ” young men and and denaturalization. tice, ” he declared. “One for the private schools. Myles Horton, Lea, M inn., plant on Nov. 3 less est” of the big three in the struggle against great odds, ceived by the public and sev­ women are behind bars for the rich and one for the poor. I director of the school, said: than 50 were returned to the packing industry. The union the company took back some eral people joined the line. (Continued on Page 4) know of no rich man who has “Highlander will not die. This job when the. strjke was called reached agreement with Ar­ 50 workers. In order to avoid ever been executed. The only program of democratic educa­ off. A p p ro xim a te ly 900 scabs m our & Co., a fte r m aking con­ any demonstrations the exact Trujillo Boasts thing of importance in this pe­ tion wdll be continued regardless hired during. the course of the cessions on the automation is­ number was being kept secret riod of the decay of capitalism of where we operate or what is strike remained. sue, just one hour before the by the company and the is a man’s bank ’account. ” done to us. ” It was a tragic defeat be­ old. contract expired. It took a union. Cuba Sets Up Board Climate “ Ideal" seven-week strike to bring Too Many Babies? cause an important strike was Meanwhile the company has lost that could have been S w ift & Co. to term s in an designated Edward Bullard, a For Profiteers won; because a large number agreement reached Oct. 22. Chicago attorney and member To Plan Industries “Don’t knock Trujillo, ” ad­ of union militants were vic­ Wilson refused to> accept the of the Wilson Board of Direc­ By Lillian Kiezel timized; and because a mag­ contract pattern set by the big tors as its representative. The vise Americans who fear that How W ar on Babies nificent display of rank-and- two and forced a showdown union has designated Rabbi The Cuban government took as it adequately fulfills its func­ their holdings in the Dominican file courage, union solidarity which resulted in strike action Jacob Weinstein of the K. A. M. another progressive step of pos­ tions. ” Republic might be confiscated Nov. 3. The company refused Temple in Chicago. The two should a revolution topple the and fighting spirit was sys­ sibly far-reaching consequences The Central Planning Board to meet with the union and be­ have failed to agree 011 a th ird dictator. The Generalissimo, Began in 1798 tematically corroded by a Feb. 20 when it passed a law w ill determine how many plants gan open preparations to break member, so a federal judge they say, is a champion of “law cowardly leadership pursuing setting up a Central Planning should be utilized in the produc­ the strike. from Illinois will act as the and order. ” ----- By Joseph Hansen ...... * ...... a false policy to inexorable Board. tion of any article, and, where demoralization and defeat. If would seem that this third member. The board is empowered to In return for such support, Fifth in a series of articles. it permits a monopoly, “may And the end is not yet! To should have been sufficient to The union leadership said introduce planning into the Cu­ the Dominican Development participate in management of Commission, a Trujillo outfit, is Wc do not seem to have made much headway in the submit to arbitration a funda­ dispel whatever illusions the they agreed to arbitrate the job ban economy and to “fix the such industries. ” It also reserves mental principle that permits of union leadership had about rights of the strikers to “save general regulations” for “private patting Americ’an capitalists on antibaby campaign. The experts have succeeded only in the right to “control production the back. In a full page adver­ no compromise is a gross be­ bringing Wilson into line by face for the company. ” They enterprise. ” levels, quality and price. ” demonstrating that they know of no means which in trayal of the interests of labor. means of labor statesman­ stated that Wilson had hired The cabinet also extended for tisement, the commission cites Seizures of land and industry practice w ill lower the birth rate sufficiently to save our The union movement can pay ship. The time for states­ several thousand scabs and now 180 days a measure providing 18 U. S. firm s now reaping continue to be reported daily in dearly for such a precedent. manship had passed. Wilson didn't know what to do with for government seizure of any profits from the “ideal” business planet from being overwhelmed by humans within two the Cuban press, but Guevara had declared war on the them. “climate” in the “fbiendly thousand years. Doomed to less than standing room —• that company that is about to close assured an assembly of cane union. or has “insoluble” labor diffi­ Caribbean nation that has NO seems to be our fate. The real aim of W ilson is (o planters that they have the right TIME FOR COMMUNISM. ” Nor could the union leaders culties. get a decision from the board to keep their “tiny pieces of Labor “is economical, ” the ad About all we have discovered is that prominent capi­ Hunger Striker plead ignorance of what was in Speaking for the new board, in favor of the scabs, thus land” and work them “as they declares, and “cooperative.. talist authorities on population favor keeping women store. Leading spokesmen of which is headed by Premier weakening the union or eli­ wish, ” although the Castro re­ Investors may consider the the AFL-CIO had declared, over Fidel Castro, Major Ernesto infertile by sterilizing their husbands on a mass scale — in minating it entirely. gime will push for a system of climate good, but a different and over again, that given the (“Che”) Guevara, president of poverty-stricken countries, that is, not rich ones, at least Is Force Fed If the union leadership had co-operatives as opposed to in­ view is taken by an estimated rules governing the conduct of the National Bank of Cuba, told for the present. We have discovered, too, that some of them A young Negro woman, E1 0 - half as much guts as the strik­ dividual ownership. 1, 500 to 5, 000 p o litica l prisoners. class war laid down by the em­ the Wall Street Journal last seanna Robinson of Chicago, ers the strike could have been Their opposition won them tor­ take a racist attitude. If there must be babies, they prefer ployers and their agents in week. “We desire to employ Experience, he said, w ill show won, and all the strikers back ture in Trujillo’s jails. How­ white to colored ones. Some display class bias, holding went on a hunger strike Jan. 26 government, any union abiding [our] limited resources to great­ that “co-operatives is the most on their jobs without waiting ever, others are reported to when she was jailed for non­ by such rules could be smashed. est advantage. ” rational system to take advan­ to the innate superiority of those born to wealth; and for arbitration. have taken up the cause and to payment of federal income taxes. In a recent statement of poli­ Guevara cited Cuba’s one- tage of human labor and to turn most of them think the production of great masses of A pacifist, she has refused to pay The company’s attempt to back the fruits of that labor to be spreading the idea of revolt. tical aims the AFL-CIO Com­ smash the union was not only crop economy as responsible for human beings leads to political unrest, revolution and an income taxes because the money mittee on Political Action put 700,000 unem ployed in B atista’s the benefit of the man who eventual world-wide communist victory. is spent primarily for war pur­ failing to break the ranks of works and the community. ” Maybe He’s Right it this way: the strikers, but from the way days. He maintained that pri­ 0 1 1 poses. Guevara urged all cane plant­ Replying to critics, Senator Before passing , sadder and not much wiser, it might “The Taft-Hartley law has Wilson stock dropped 011 the vate enterprise has failed in un­ ers to join the co-operatives John Cooper (R-Ky. ) declared be well to pay a call on the authority whom so many Miss Robinson, who was car­ within its framework all that stock market, the union's boy­ derdeveloped countries. “Its in­ which, he said, “permits capital­ that it’s good for the country ried bodily into court after re­ the employer needs to render cott against Wilson’s scab meat sufficiency is being demonstrat­ population experts tip their hats to, the Rev. Thomas istic utilization of the means of when President Eisenhower fusing to co-opcratc with the the union he is dealing with was becoming more effective as ed by history. ” Robert M althus (1766-1834). It could be (hat the neo- production. ” takes vacations. authorities in any way, was sen­ (Continued on Page 4) the strike went on. In hope of doubling national Malthusians are not doing justice to-their prophet’s theories. tenced to a year and a day on production within ten years, the Let’s check a sample statement from the original: charges of criminal contempt. Cuban government announced that it is projecting an in d u stria l "The cause to which I allude, is the constant tendency In During the early part of her 'Go Back and Get More' imprisonment she was held in Ceylonese Trotskyists program which would mix state- all animated life to increase beyond the nourishment prepared owned and strictly controlled for it. . . Cook County jail in Chicago. Au­ thorities there, to break her spir­ private enterprises. Say Ranks to Union Tops "It may safely be pronounced, therefore, that popula­ Report Growing Support New p rivate capital w ill be it, withheld her mail, denied her tion, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty- barred from basic industries. Union members are now a “rough year” in contract nego­ visitors and placed her in soli­ As Ceylon’s March 19 elec­ is the only consistent aspect of five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio. . . But, Guevara said, “If some pri­ showing a more active concern tiations. Unions are stiffening tary confinement. She is now in tions for parliament draw near, Stalinist politics. ” "It may be fairly pronounced, therefore, thai, considering vate concern is at present oper­ over contract agreements nego­ demands for greater economic the country’s biggest working- While waging a vigorous elec­ the present average stale of the earth, the means of subsis­ a federal hospital where she is ating in any of these fields, it tiated by their representatives, benefits. Employers are shoot­ class party, the Trotskyist-led tion campaign, the Ceylonese tence, under circumstances the most’ favourable to human being force fed. may continue to do so as long according to Joseph L. Finegan, ing more intensively at work industry, could not possibly be made to increase taster than Lanka Sama Samajist. appears Trotskyists are keeping a wary director of the Federal Media­ rules. in an arithmetical ratio. to be gaining in strength. One eye on the “caretaker” govern­ tion and Conciliation Service. He noted an increasing trend "The necessary effects of these two different rates of Ku Klux Klan Tied of the consequences has been ment headed by Prime Minister Prisoners Efforts In an interview with the among unions to press for such a gang-up against the organiza­ increase, when brought together, will be very striking. . . Dahanayake. This discredited Cleveland Plain Dealer Feb. 18, frin g e benefits as m edical in ­ "Taking the whole earth, instead of this island, emigration To Austrian Nazis tion. All tire spokesmen of the figure has given signs of pre­ To Get Out Upheld Finegan said, “In every region surance paid for by the em­ capitalist class have singled it paring a coup d’etat to establish it takes longer to p ut a case to would, of course, be excluded; and, supposing the present The race-hating Ku Klux Klan A federal district judge in ployer, rather than straight population equal to a thousand millions, the human species out for attack; and the leaders a personal dictatorship. bed. There are more rejections wage gains. is extending its operations of the Communist party have An ominous indication was Oregon has ruled that stale p ris­ would increase as the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256; by union members of tentative He thought thai the greater abroad, according (o A ustrian joined in. his creation in January — after on authorities cannot interfere and subsistence as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. In two centuries the settlements worked out by their number of membership rejec­ police who disclosed that an un­ parliament had been dissolved with the efforts of inmates to population would be to the means of subsistence as 256 to 9; In reply, the Feb. 16 Samasa- committees than ever before. ” tions of tentative contract derground Nazi group, recently —of> a Ministry of Internal Se­ prepare legal documents in their in three centuries as 4, 096 to 13, and in two thousand years majist, English-language publi­ "The members, " he con­ agreements "probably springs uncovered in Vienna, possessed curity in violation of the con­ own behalf. the difference would be almost incalculable. " cation of the party, points to tinued. "are instructing their from revival of membership large quantities of anti-Semitic the “growing support in the stitution. Another indication Judge Gus Solomon ruled that committees to go back and interest on the local leveL" Sound modern? Even ultra modern? You might, of literature shipped from the U. S. country for the LSSP” and was the appointment of Sidney where library facilities are not get more. Sometimes they In Finegan’s opinion, “Union by the Klan. Both groups were de Zoysa to head the ministry. course, take an opposite view with some justification — our notes that the Communist party adequate, prisoners must be per­ send the committee back three international- representatives ap­ reported tied to an international leaders are not fighting the De Zoysa is a police official mitted to study law in their cells or four times. " atomic-age editors seem to be push-overs for anything in p a re n tly don’t ca rry as m uch fascist movement with head­ capitalist parties, only the suspected of complicity in the and to communicate freely with Finegan said the trends in weight with the members as (Continued on Page 3) quarters in Sweden. LSSP. “. . . anti-Samasamajism (Continued on Page 4) attorneys. collective bargaining.point to before. ” Page Two THE MILITANT Monday, March-7, 196. Q Isaac Deutscher Discusses Leon Trotsky’s Place in History all what do you mean, he was for his day? Wasn't Jefferson armed, you have a lengthy sec- which existed objectively, the: an intellectual? Do I hear an an intellectual? Well of all the |^on in which you describe the dilemma of authority and free-! TV Network in Canada undertone of intellectual con­ political influences of our peo­ curious passivity of Trotsky at dom. A dilemma which recurs, tempt of the intellectual? ple is there any influence that Our Viewpoint that period when Stalin began in the re vo lu tio n ju st as it COHEN: No, you heard an is greater for good and evil {o centralize power in the Gcn- exists in non-revolutionary so* Interviews Biographer undertone of skepticism about than the influence of Karl Marx For the information of our readers, we are printing eial Secretariat. Doesn't this ciety. the intellectuals. who spent thirty years of his substantial portions of an interview which Nathan indicate a kind of inability on COHEN: I don’t follow that, DEUTSCHER: Skepticism life in London in the British Trotsky's part that was in ef­ Mr. Deutscher, I am sorry. COHEN: Your work, your didn’t occur to-me then I would Cohen, a noted radio and TV personality, held with great work based on Leon ever become his biographer. If about the intellectuals? Well I Museum over very dusty—very, fect a serious flaw that had noth­ DEUTSCHER: You see T ro t­ Trotsky, based entirely on aca­ I thought that I would perhaps would not play down the intel­ very dusty—unknown, obscure Isaac Deutscher over the Canadian broadcasting system ing to do with victory or defeat. sky had to choose between Bol­ demic research or did you have I w ould try to see h im and to lectual. I know it’s fashion­ volumes? Dec. 27 on the subject of Leon Trotsky. DEUTSCHER: But I also shevik discipline and the asser­ any dealings writh the man your- watch him at close quarters. able now to play him down. I I think that it is a very bad Deutscher, as most of our readers know, is a writer indicate the dilemmas that tion of’ what he called prole­ would not play down the intel­ fashion to play down the role tarian democracy. He wanted However at that time I on Soviet affairs for the London Economist and the New were' responsible for the curi­ DEUTSCHER: Well I would­ thought, well, who was I to lectual in politics. If you like, of intellectuals. The known in­ ous spells of his passivity. It the Bolshevik party to be a free n’t say that it was based exclu­ trouble the great man, exiled the greatest initiators of the tellectuals may perhaps con­ Statesman. He has won international recognition for wasn’t a passivity that flowed organization of free members, sively on academic research. In leader of the Russian Revolu­ greatest political movements tinue what the great intellec­ his biographies of Stalin and Trotsky. from the man’s character, if free to speak their mind. On were always intellectuals in one th,e 1930’s I was a spokesman tion. I didn’t think I was im­ tuals have started but the initia­ Through painstaking research, Deutscher has at­ anything Trotsky was the man. the other hand he also accepted of the Opposition in the Polish portant enough to impose my­ way or another. tors of things important in his­ the dynamic man of action. It the principle of Bolshevik dis­ Cornmunist party at that time. self on him. Wasn’t Luther an intellectual tory are always intellectuals. tempted to recreate an accurate history of the Russian was his tragedy that his cipline. They were two con­ I was very strongly influenced COHEN: You always thought Bolshevik party, particularly in the years of civil war. dilemmas drove him in a sit­ tradictory principles. They by Trotsky’s ideas and you can of him as the great man, as a Was Trotsky at Odds with the Workers? economic reconstruction and bureaucratic degeneration. uation in which his dynamic were not always in absolute finSoviet Union inevitably had to Did Trotsky Cover Up for Stalinism? troversies with Trotsky. But I est, how shall I put it, intellects which power both in terms of a revolution within one nation’s never met him personally. It of our age. the means of production and in stat’e, that ‘this revolution was undergo Stalin’s dictatorship, fearful and x'epugnant as COHEN: I have a feeling, you the perversion of the revolution terms of the apparatus of gov­ bound to spread, that the con­ is was; that Stalin is to be credited with assuring Russia’s know, reading your book (hat at and he did not conduct the ernm ent is to be handed over flict that led to the revolution industrialization; and that Stalinism is now being liqui­ this point in his life Trotsky struggle with the view that he A Man o f Theory and Action had begun to realize, although was fighting a battle that was to workers — right? — to non­ in Russia existed also else­ dated by a kin d of autom atic pijocess. COHEN: Well, all right, let’s nothing. What I mean to say intellectuals, a condition which where. And that the revolu­ he never said it, that in point of hopeless from the beginning. He take that point. In your book is that he laid the foundations the intellectual cannot—a con­ tion would transcend so to say A few years back, these views of Deutscher proved fact the revolution was pervert­ wouldn’t have had the strength you describe him as one of the of a new army when, after the dition in which the intellectual the boundaries of a single state. attractive to some Trotskyists. Deutscher, probably ed and that he could sim ply, of character to fight a battle, great revolutionary leaders of old army had collapsed and cannot be a true part. Doesn’t That was the basic clement. without even knowing, it, served them as a bridge for and that the rest of his life was lik e this. ajl'iime. Can we specify this? there were on the surface of it going (0 be an apologia for the that follow? The secondary element was You see ii was very compli­ Can we define the anatomy of no elements for the creation of conciliationism toward Stalinism. They regarded Deut­ perversion of that revolution. DEUTSCHER: No, not neces­ the expectation that the revolu­ cated, a very complex state of greatness in this man? In what a new army. Lenin for in­ scher as a new political prophet, but he demonstrated ¡That he groomed himself to sarily. Not necessarily, that de­ tion would spread to Western mind he. was in with one part dicfhis greatness consist of? stance almost despaired of the play — pended of course on the specific Europe, that it would spread that he was not interested in heading a cult. of his mind as it were he felt DEUTSCHER: His greatness possibility of creating a new circumstances. The intellec­ like wildfire, that it would im­ DEUTSCHER: What do you the inevitability of his defeat. sho. wed itself in the various as­ army and Trotsky created it.. After the Twentieth Congress, Deutscher played an tuals in the early years of the mediately, or in the very near mean apologia for the perver­ With another part of his mind pects of his activity because He was largely responsible for opposite role, again without seeking it. Under the impact Russian Revolution worked in future, conquer in Western Eu­ sion, do you mean to say that he he hoped that perhaps defeat he's a very many-sided person­ the strategy and the tactics and of Khrushchev’s admissions about Stalin’s crimes and very close and good harmony rope and help Russia to get out defended the perversion? wasn’t inevitable. That in any ality. He was undoubtedly very the organization of the army COHEN: No, no but he de­ with the workers. There wasn’t of her inherited poverty and paranoia, members of the Communist party (and not case it was his d u ty to go on kind. A man of action. He that allowed the Bolsheviks to this antagonism between worker backwardness with the help of only them! ) found his writings a bridge to a more objec­ fended his role in it and con­ fighting, (here might be a chance tyas the leader of the first Rus­ win the civil war. and the revolutionary intellec­ the advanced Western Euro­ tinued to assert that the revolu­ still of saving the Russian rev­ sian Revolution, of the Soviet, Now he was then the one tive attitude toward Trotsky’s true role. This, we think, tual which you imply in your pean nations. tion could have gone a different olution from its perversion. He of the first council of workers’ who formulated the whole pro­ question... w ill prove in the final analysis to be one of the main way when in fact he knew dif­ was guided in this I think by Now, there was—there were deputies, of the first Russian gram of Russia’s industrializa­ I think also that it isn’t true political values of Deutscher’s historical writings. ferently. That he knew the a principle which Engels once, two questions involved here Revolution of 1905, and he was tion. The program which Stal­ that the intellectuals’ approach revolution was bound to develop Friedriech Engels, once ex­ and two distinct and different in 1905 the first leader to de­ in carried out later with many this bureaucratic content and pressed in a very lapidary form must of necessity be theoretical questions; one was whether the seen this process and ended in of the dissipation of strength clare that the Soviet is the distortions: I am not going into and alienated from the realities. that the rest of his life was to that, anyone who gives up even Russian revolution was a self- this process by which power which the Russian working class form, the institutional form of the question to what extent S urely Trotsky’s approach assert — I toss this as a sugges­ a hopeless position without sufficient historical development was gradually monopolized by 'suffered after the revolution, the next Russian revolution. those distortions were inevit­ wasn’t theoretical and alienated tion arising from your book. fighting it, for it, without de­ and the second question was one ruling group or one ruling the civil war. It is a point In 1906 he developed his able or not, but anyhow Trotsky from the realities when he was DEUTSCHER: No I don’t fending it is a traitor to his what were the immediate pros­ group or came under— which I am frying to illustrate theory of permanent revolution was so to say the prompter of able to build up an army to win th in k so. T iia t w ouldn’t at all be cause. pects of international revolu­ COHEN: Vested interest with some facts in my last book, in which he forecast that the Russia’s — the first prompter — a civil war. After all what is consistent with his character be­ COHEN: What were the qual­ tion. would you call it? how the whole process hap­ Russian revolution would not of Russia’s industrialization. the test of practicability if it’s cause what you imply there is ities that Stalin had that en­ DEUTSCHER: Yes. Yes, yes. pened. stop in its bourgeois phase but Well perhaps that’s enough not building up an army and Now to the first question, really more than a streak of abled him to triumph so de­ Every revolution has gone There simply wasn’t a work­ w ould pass into a socialist for one man of action, but he winning a civil war... . events have given an answer hypocrisy in the man and you cisively over Trotsky? through that. It doesn’t follow ing class, there wasn’t a work­ phase. A viewpoint which was wasn’t only a man of action: COHEN: I was thinking in and have justified the theory of can accuse Trotsky of very many DEUTSCHER: I think if we that all revolutions must go, I ing class after the civil war to then1 rejected by Mensheviks he was a thinker. He was a terms of his expectation and permanent revolution. The things but hypocrisy is not one look for an answer to this ques­ don’t see the inevitability. A spare to any political. . . the and Bolsheviks alike, by the brilliant writer. I think that Lenin’s. That the revolution Russian revolution has not re­ of them. tion wholly in Stalin’s personal historical precedent suggests state, it was decimated, broken great theorists of the Right his history of the Russian Revo­ would cofne in the most ad­ mained the only revolution of COHEN: What can you accuse qualities we shall probably that this has happened, so far. up. shrunken, demoralized, so­ Wing of socialism, if you like, lution is probably one, certainly vanced sections of the indus­ its kind. There is the Chinese him of when you say that. What never find the satisfactory an­ We must—it has happened in ciologically speaking you by, —and by Lenin. one of the greatest works of trialized world rather than in revolution, there was the Yugo­ are you meaning? swer because as far as personal every revolution for different couldn’t even see a working Well he was the leader much history that have ever been the most backward. I. was slav revolution. Very different DEUTSCHER: Well, I think qualities were concerned Stalin reasons. It has happened to class in existence in Russia at more than Lenin himself, he w ritte n . I t ’s a w o rk that is thinking of his assumption that and yet basically identical in he sometimes allowed his self- bourgeois revolutions because that time and that explains the was in every respect Trotsky’s was the practical leader of the now largely unknown, neg- j the moment revolution did pattern. You have now a So­ confidence to run away with inferior in my view. Even as a viet Bloc. You speak about the there was a basic conflict be­ rise of the bureaucratic power. October Revolution in 1917. He lected, but it w ill keep its place break loose, there w ould be him. He was sometimes during practitian he was Trotsky’s in­ Soviet Bloc, this is not the time tween the masses that made the It doesn’t follow that if a was the founder of the Red in historical literature. contagion spreading all over the civil war perhaps needlessly fe rio r. revolutions and in the masses w o rkin g class, if the w o rkin g Army, he was the actual in- Well in my last book, The Europe—the permanent revolu­ of Stalin’s socialism in a single ruthless although it’s very dif­ that made the revolution and class had won in the revolution Nevertheless he proved him­ spirer of the Red Army and Prophet Armed, J devote a tion theory. I was thinking of country any more. ficult to judge the situation of the leadership of the revolution. in any other country a strongly self practically superior to Trot­ its. actual leader throughout the whole chapter to his writings on his assumption that in the com­ Now as far as this basic ques­ a leader of any army during a sky in the 1920’s because he, philosophy, science and liter­ It has happened in Russia. developed, numerically strong, period of the civil war. There munes and in the 1 workers’ tion is concerned whether the civil war, to condemn him post was helped in his struggle ature. He was a very great Of course, the immaturity of educated, self-confident work­ wouldn’t have been—he laid the state, once it was established, Russian revolution was a self- factum for what lie had done against Trotsky by the mood literary critic; Russia’s leading the Russian working class, not ing class that it would allow the foundations if you like of Soviet there would be in very quick sufficient historical develop­ but maybe ho was sometimes prevailing in Russia, by the literary critic in the 1920’s and only its immaturity because of bureaucracy to usurp power in military power and he laid it order a withering away of the ment. I think that the offers of too — he was sometimes over- condition of Soviet society, by as literary critic he denounced the extraordinary weakness and the same way. in 1918-1919. He created the apparatus of state. I am think­ Trotsky, in particular the offers scrupulous when he dealt with post - revolutionary weariness, in advance all the practices of Red Army almost out of noth­ ing of all these. of permanent revolution, are his opponents. He was some­ by a reaction that set in against Stalinism and declared bluntly ing. DEUTSCHER: That's right. justified by the events. They Prospects for Socialism in the West times too much bound by his 1he great aspirations, the great that the Communist party had Of course that is historically Oh yes, when we go down to were mistaken in imagining own views and his own preoc­ hopes, the heroic flights of the no right to exercise any tute­ COHEN: When you speak, DEUTSCHER: Yqu can’t say and sociologically a metaphor the specific issues then of course that the revolution was about cupations. early years of the revolution. lage over art, literature and Mr. Deutscher, of a highly so­ that the working class is reac­ when I say out of nothing. No we can discuss the things spe­ to spread to Western Europe He bad all the human weak­ phisticated and articulate work­ tionary if the conditions of its To explain S ta lin ’s success and one can create anything out of science. cifically. Of course Lenin and and win there. Yes, in this nesses and all the fa llib ility that ing class leading a revolution­ existence does not make it think study his victory over Trotsky Trotsky were valuable men. they were mistaken. The mis­ 1 you must expect in any man. ary movement and consolidating in a revolutionary manner. You one has to see the whole state, Intellectuals and the Masses They made very great mistakes, take was rooted in certain fal­ . But he was not a hypocrite. He the whole condition of Soviet lacies that went deeper than and taking power afterwards, just have to take history as it COHEN: And yet Mr. Deut­ that he was not going to win, but — well let us try to disen­ was in his own mind absolutely society at the time and not only tangle the truth of their views the mere forecast. The mistake aren't you surely speaking in is and social classes as they are scher, this man with all these that he would be defeated. I and society as it is. sure that it was his duty to fight look at Stalin as the self-suf­ from their mistakes. really went back to the classi­ terms of contradiction, because qualities was unable to foresee quote in my book from his pri­ in the only countries where against what he considered was ficient actor.... You mentioned the perman­ cal Marxist forecast of the fu­ COHEN: If I may just fol­ or unable to do anything in the vate writings that in 1926 or you might expect that, in the ent revolution. Now in the per­ ture and the development of realistic and practical manner 1927 he said, a revolutionary Western countries and the low through on this point The Indi vidual's Role in History manent—in the whole theory of capitalism. to prevent the Soviet state leader may end either like highly industrialized countries, though, doesn’t the whole de­ permanent revolution of which COHEN: The rich would get COHEN: You don’t accept at with all of its implications and from taking the turn it did Lenin or like, like Karl Lieb- in fact the w o rkin g classes are velopment of history with re­ Trotsky was still author but richer and the poor would get all the idea that men make his­ ! all of its horror. aftgr Lenin died? kneeht—either like Lenin who not interested in revolution gard to the working-class lead­ which in the years of the revo­ poorer. tory, do you? | DEUTSCHER: Yes, but it DEUTSCHER: There are sit­ fought and won and died at the and by your concepts m ay be ership in revolutionary—in so­ lution was implicitly also Len­ DEUTSCHER: At any rate cialist revolutionary move­ DEUTSCHER: Oh yes I do but | wasn’t only Stalin who enforced uations in history, and there height of his triumph or like described as a reactionary and in’s theory, and in the whole the assumption that the work­ I don’t accept the idea that the it. There were other factors are forces in history that are Karl Liebknecht, leader of the backward force. ments, doesn't it contradict one theory of permanent revolution ing classes in the advanced in ­ men who make history were much wider, much bigger, much much stronger than individual German socialists who was as­ DEUTSCHER: No, not at all. of Marx’s most basic assump­ there are so to say two ele­ dustrialized countries would only Stalin, Lenin or Trotsky. I more important than Stalin that foresight, than the genius of a sassinated in January 1919, that I don’t think that the working tions and doesn't it prove— ments, a basic element and a rise or were about to rise to accept the idea that millions of enforced it. Well I shan’t go leader. He is not—that’s why way. He—and you feel as you classes are reactionary and doesn’t it establish one of the overthrow capitalism. men make history, that the great now into the history of collec­ he is a martyr. I wanted to r'ead his private notes he knew secondary one. great flaws in the whole Marx­ backward because it isn’t inter­ masses, they are also the men tivization, you know. That is a say h^ is great as a man of that the fate and the way for ist reasoning? ested in a revolution but do you who make history. They make long history but I just mention action, he is great as a thinker, him was Liebknecht’s, th a t is think it is reactionary and Is the Rise o f a Bureaucracy Inevitable? DEUTSCHER: I think it con­ it either through their passivity this' tha't in 1928 and 1929 the he is also great as a martyr. 'He the martyr’s fate. backward? tradicts as I said before, it con­ or through their activity. They fact of famine stared into the had a very clear prescience of COHEN: I wonder, sir, if it COHEN: There was another was so to say an honorable mis- COHEN: Well my observa­ tradicts one of Marx's major I make it when they have the face of urban Russia continu­ his fate. didn’t have something to do —if I may put it this way—a tion is that, let’s say in the forecasts, but granted this I courage to stick out their necks ously. That was a problem to COHEN: Now what do you with the fact that he was an mistake that they made of COHEN: Well what’s that? United States and in England, wouldn’t say that it demon­ and when they don’t have it. be solved, a problem to be solved jriean by that, sir? intellectual and that the entire course connected with the DEUTSCHER: B y this I the • w o rkin g classes are cer­ strates a flaw in the Marxist When you say men make history of how to feed Russia and the DEUTSCHER: I mean that approach of the intellectual to theory of permanent revolution mean a m istake w hich does tainly not interested in revolu­ philosophy of life and Marxist do you really mean that men, old smallholdings just couldn’t he had a very clear premonition an event, to a movement based and that was the assumption honor to those who made it. tionary movements or move­ method of approaching society, only men like Stalin make his­ do it. presumably on the strength of that when you took over the ap­ They made the assumption that ments which have revolution­ of analyzing history and so on. tory, or only men like Hitler or As I say I am not going to go the workers is essentially when paratus and machinery of gov­ the revolution would be some ary aims. Not at all. Advertisement put to the practical test, theore­ ernment that the group which sort of war of class democracy men like I don’t know, any into this problem now. I don’t tical and alienated from the took over that power would not and in which no single group other, presidents or party lead­ think it was just by fear of realities of experience. I attempt to monopolize and hold would monopolize power for it­ Men of Power and Men o f Character ers? Stalin that the collectivization COHEN: It was a man like had to — I believe that so-called A Pioneer "Best Buy" DEUTSCHER: How? Theo-1 that power for itself. Dq you self. This assumption has been COHEN: We’ve wandered triumphant leaders are, so to retical and alienated from the agree with that? proved wrong but it has been somewhat afield from our ori­ say, men of a flawless charac­ Stalin who enforced the policy | (ConUnited on Page 4 ) realities of experience—first o f1 DEUTSCHER: Yes, but that proved wrong in particular cir­ ginal subject — Leon Trotsky —- ter. The Wall Between cumstances because of parti­ and I wonder if we might come COHEN: No. Advertisement cular circumstances. If you back to him now, and discuss DEUTSCHER: And the de­ Advertisement By Anne Braden Advertisement Advertisement allow me to be so immodest a point which you mentioned feated aren't necessarily morally as to quote myself in my last earlier concerning the premoni­ They bought a house for a in fe rio r. ! volume, well the Russian work­ tion of martyrdom and tragedy Negro friend in a lily-white COHEN: No, no, that’s not ing class proved incapable of that Trotsky himself had. neighborhood. White su­ A Publishing Event my suggestion at all. I suggest j exercising its own dictatorship Would you say, Mr. Deutscher, that in fact whereas Trotsky John Brown's Raid premacists and city authori­ and that was why the prole- ties retaliated with violence that there was in his nature a had the qualities that made him j tarian dictatorship turned out and a McCarthyite witch­ flaw, a durable continuing and one of the right men and one to be a bureaucratic dictator­ growing flaw which made him of the architects of the revolu­ hunt. My Life ship. unable to contend with Stalin tion at the time of the revolu­ On Harper's Ferry In a moving account, Anne COHEN: You speak of this in the struggle for power that tion, that he did not have those Braden tells how her family LEON TROTSKY’S own account' of his childhood, happening due to this particular developed after Lenin’s death qualities which would enable On December 2, 1859, John Brown was hanged stood up to persecution and youth and political career. An incomparable introduc­ set of circumstances. I suggest in ’21 wasn’t it, no ’23, I am him to continue to discharge his by the State of Virginia for attempting an insurrection prison for their principles. to you, Mr. Deutscher, that in sorry. tion to the Russia of the Czars, the underground revolu­ role after that initial period was to free its slaves. And she offers a sensitive point of fact this is the in­ DEUTSCHER: Well, if you over. Brown’s raid on the federal arsenal at Harper’s and enlightening description tionary-socialist movement, and the two revolutions in evitable pressure, whether you consider the inability of a man DEUTSCHER: B u t he saw of the effect of segregation Ferry was denounced throughout the North as the act which Trotsky gained world-wide recognition as a rare refer to it as a working-class to struggle for power as the his role after that initial period on Southern whites and Ne­ dictatorship or any kind of dic­ proof of a flaw in his charac­ was over in resisting the regime of a madman. Yet a year and a half later, the Boston groes, of the social and combination of political, m ilitary and socialist genius. tatorship springing from a ter, well then the greatest which was establishing itself Light Infantry marched through the streets singing psychological motivations and And if you want to learn what the struggle between working class and laboring heroes in history had that flaw in tfie post-revolutionary peri­ “ John B ro w n ’s Body. ” O ver 300,000 Negro soldiers reactions. sources, that in point of fact in their characters. od. The bureaucratic regime, would sing it in the Civil War. Trotsky and Stalin was really about, how it was started there is a kind of' law of oli­ COHEN: Was he— As a “Best Buy” selection. Stalin’s dictatorship. He didn’t What impelled Brown to strike his blow for free­ Pioneer is able to list this by Lenin in 1923, you can’t find a better account. garchy, a circulation of the elite DEUTSCHER: Oh start from see his role as seizing power by dom? Arthur Jordan tells how Brown came to the important paperback book which applies in the instance of Socrates. He was defeated. To hook or crook, he didn’t see his fo r only $1.25. Send fo r your Long out of print, it w ill soon be available again in every revolution and every be defeated, if defeat is proof role in necessarily maintaining conclusion that the slaveholders would never abandon revolution is therefore, if I may copy today. a paperback edition at all bookstores. The price w ill be of a flaw in a man’s character, himself in office, he saw his their hateful system peacefully. In the Winter issue attempt to theorize for a mo­ and I am not saying that Trot­ role in being the spokesman and of International Socialist Review. Send 35 cents for $2.45. Send us your order now and you get it for $2.29 ment, every revolution is sky’s character was without its the mouthpiece for the hopes of PIONEER PUBLISHERS a copy. including postage. doomed to a defeat of its basic flaws, but I don't see the con­ the revolution which was now 116 University Place ideals. nection between a man’s de­ in a way, to some extent, being DEUTSCHER: I don’t accept feat in this case and the flaw New York 3, N. Y. frustrated. International Socialist Review Pioneer Publishers 116 University Place New York 3, N. Y. this view. I think it is true in his character. You suggest COHEN: In your book, Mr. 116 University Place N ew Y o rk 3. N . Y . that every revolution so far has that only the victorious, the Deutscher, The Prophet Un- Monday, March 7, 1960 T H E MILITANT Page Three

S u b s c rip tio n : $3 a y *f*r; C a­ Second class postage paid nadian, $3. 50; foreign, $4. 50. t h e MILITANT at New York, N. Y. The American Editor: JOSEPH HANSEN Managing Editor: DANIEL ROBERTS Business Manager: KAROLYN KERRY Published weekly by the Militant Publishing Assn., 116 University Pl.. N. Y. 3. N. Y. Phone: CH 3-2140. Signed articles by contributors do not necessarily represent the M ilitant’s policies. These are expressed in editorials. Way of Life Vol. XXIV — No, 10 M onday, M arch 7, 1960 Pets Are Part of the Family Several weeks ago we reported in this column the That Wrestling in Congress observation of a designer that a well-dressed child “com* plements a parent as effectively as a diamond or a poodle. * Despite the hoopla about the Northern To restrict the civil-rights legislation But we didn’t grasp the full*— ------— senators “heroically” sleeping on cots in to the voting issue, is the strategy of import of that statement until ded. Bibs trimmed In lace and the corridors, etc., to wear out the South­ Democratic leader Lyndon Johnson. His we read a report in the Feb. 21 ribbon with ‘My Darling’ emr ern filibusterers, an air of phoniness per­ plan is to permit the filibuster to continue New York Times Magazine on broidered in pink or blue, how Americans dress their Fancy motoring goggles ($7. 75). ” vades the whole performance. Procedural u n til the House passes a b ill whose only- poodles. For example: Perhaps some back-biting tjn- questions have shown that there are substance w ill be the registrar plan. Then "A pair of Manhattan Am ericans will argue _ that enough votes right now to break the fili­ in the name of saving the Senate from poodles were recently out- money spent for such iteifiS buster by closure of debate, if the two further exhaustion he can call for passage fitted in white and navy could be p u l to better use. f i w party leaderships wish it. of the House bill without amendment. sailor suits and caps for their Howard Pell, “a dignified, yacht cruise to Florida. W hite ruddy, no-nonsense” fellow But the obscene parody of democratic Trying to outbid the Democrats by leather leads with leather points out that city dogs need debate is permitted to continue because one or two per cent, the Republican lead­ middy collars, terry-cloth at- to be properly attired because^ each party, hoping to take credit for what­ ler-swim robes in baby blue they are accustomed to W^rm ership is pushing a similar voting bill with ever civil-rights bill is passed, desires to and salmon, a black-tie eve- apartments and go out only a two little extras. Neither has any sub­ give the public the impression that it was ning jacket and a brocade few times a day. Mr. Pell is, stance, but the Nixon forces believe they evening dress 'for night club- co-owner of Mildred Pell-. Ca*, won at cost of a titanic struggle. That, of w ill be eye catchers for Negro voters. bing, ' and flower-sprigged ny- nine Creations. course, is pure bull. A ll the groaning and Ion pajamas completed the And it certainly is no indica* grunting of the congressional wrestlers is One is a tip of the hat to school deseg­ travel wardrobe. " tion of silly snobbishness on the* over a very tinny-looking civil - rights regation, authorizing federal financial aid Just a couple of exceptionally P a l' t of the loving owners. This- prize. to districts which desegregate. The other African Working Class well-treated poodles? Not at is demonstrated by the report all Read this- °f the proprietor of Poodles Both party leaderships are convinced gives a congressional birth certificate — “At a Sutton Place canine Boutique, a fashionable canine that some sort of bill labeled “civil rights” bu, t no power — to the ineffectual Com­ beauty parlor, while the custom- beauty salon. He finds that the has to be passed to placate the increasing mittee on Government Contracts which Shows Fighting Temper ers. sat under dryers and had trend in names for our better Negro agitation and to lure Negro votes exists under a presidential executive the nails on all four feet painted dogs is toward such unpreten* in this fall’s presidential election. They order. By James Baker can rely only on themselves to minorities this w ill be a small gold or silver, hanging fro m the H°V, S handles as Irving or price to pay. figure that the least they can get away end their exploitation. And if pegs in the cloakroom were: a Nellie. Neither capitalist party really gives The imperialists have much they once take up the struggle, But he must still find repre­ paisley coat with matching lead, Nor does a stylish get-out with is “plugging the loopholes” in the in­ more at stake in the “white set­ sentatives of African national­ a damn about the Negro people. That is even under nationalist leader­ an autumn haze mink coat and prevent the dog from being a effectual “voting rights” act of 1957. tler” states than they have in ship, it will be almost impos­ ism in South Africa and else­ a gray chesterfield with black regular fella. One veterinarian, The white-supremacist South has not why they propose such weak civil-rights “Black” Africa. Since the war, sible to confine it within the where with whom it is possible velvet collar and a tiny black who has seen dogs decked out too much to fear from either of the voting legislation in Congress. more than half the new invest­ same framework of constitu­ to negotiate on the basis of a lace handkerchief fluttering in all kinds of jewelry, repotts: ment of overseas capital in tional activity as has occurred share of the profits of imperial­ plans now under consideration. The elab­ If the Democrats and Republicans from the pocket. ” “A dog does not have oUr Africa has gone to South A fri­ in “Black” Africa. ism. Whether he can do this is Last year Americans spent sense of social values. ” orate federal “referee” or “registrar” were truly concerned about equality they ca, the Belgian Congo and the doubtful. some $150 million on acces- Marybeth Weston, author of If armed struggles begin in schemes would result only in token regis­ could right now legislate a system of fed­ C entral African Federation. And he will still have to sories fo r th e ir 26 m illio n dogs, the Tim es’ article, sayS: “Per* the predominantly proletarian tration of Negroes. Under them federal eral voting registration which would not Huge profits have been taken deal with the revolt of the True, most of this money went haps it is a m a rk o f a healthy areas of the Union of South out by overseas investors; whites in Kenya, Central Africa for ordinary leashes, collars, civilization that well-dressed registration could only follow a lengthy require hundreds or thousands of long- Africa, Southern Rhodesia, the these economies have been ex­ and the Union of South Africa feeding bowls, etc. But there people feel that their dogs lawsuit, with two possible appeals. And, drawn-out lawsuits; they could fix a Northern Rhodesian Copper panding at a fantastic rate. who will not accept being was also a brisk business in should also have snug coats and Belt and the Congo, there is no as with school desegregation, it would re­ specific date and mechanism for total In these territories the main dropped so easily. M acM illan such items as knitted booties, boots on a cold day. ” telling how far they might quire a separate lawsuit in each of the school desegregation with penalties for form of exploitatioh of the A fri­ w ill need all his astuteness to rain slickers, ski pants, black "Surely, " she continues, "it spread. The peasant masses of can peoples is through wage- deal with this situation. velvet opera capes, black lace is an improvement on the thousands of electoral districts in the violation; and the powerless Committee on “Black” Africa would not stand labor on European farms, and (Reprinted from the Feb. 20 britches, four-poster canopied Australian aborigine who, it South. Meanwhile the Southern legislators Government Contracts could be empower­ aside idly while their prole­ in mines and factories. They Newsletter, British revolution­ beds and canine cologne. is said, instead of blanketing could, if they wished, keep carving up the tarian brothers were fighting in ed and directed to cancel contracts with are employed as unskilled ary-socialist publication. ) One of New York’s better his dog must use his dogs as the south. The whole frame­ districts by reapportioning and gerry­ employers guilty of discrimination in hir­ workers at low wages, and shops, Saks Fifth Avenue, offers blankets (a 'three-dog night' work of imperialist exploitation mandering. ing or upgrading. many depend on their land The Uninvited Guest the following: “A glass, gold is ‘ rather chilly; a 'iive-dog would be in ruins. holdings in the reserves to pro­ The American Association of and rhinestone cookie jar with night' is bitter). " vide food for their families and This is the danger which Advertising Agencies has ad­ a dog (his own breed, of course) No question about it, Miss for themselves when they are Macmillan has glimpsed; as the vised its members that they and ‘My Favorite Yummy’ hand- Weston. Even an aborigine The Fight on 'Apartheid' Here no longer able to work. In­ representative of world im­ should display better taste in the painted on the side. A com- would have to agree it’s a better creasing numbers have, how­ perialism he is seeking to preparation of TV commercials bination safe (‘My Personal way of life. Last week we reported that the AFL- On the other hand, a well-organized ever, succeeded in establishing stabilize the situation in Africa dealing with laxatives, deodo­ Treasures’) to hold his jeweled — A lex Harte CIO Executive Council had joined British, mass movement against white supremacy themselves in the towns as an before it is too late. Even if rants, etc., because “the adver­ collars and earrings. A black ------West European and African labor organi­ in this country can deal solid blows for urbanized proletariat. this means throwing overboard tiser is a guest in the family (or pink) lace carrying bag and W hy not pass this copy of th« the representatives of the white living room. ” matching coat, rhinestone stud- M ilitant on to a friend? zations in calling for a boycott of South the advancement of civil rights. From the point of view of the imperialists, future develop­ African goods. In fact, the most substantial aid the ment in these territories is The AFL-CIO council voiced “deep AFL-CIO can give the embattled South limited by several factors. Since concern” over the South African govern­ African Negroes is to help demolish Jim the white population is insuffi­ . . . How War on Babies Began in 1798 ment’s continued “brutal and inhuman Crow in this country. For American segre­ cient to provide workers for racial policies” and asked that U. S. con­ gation has been a model for those South further industrial expansion, if (Continued from Page 1) Whether Daniel Malthus was really bowled over by. this is to take place, more ef­ the dusty arguments, or felt a kindly paternal interest in sumers refrain from purchasing goods im­ African race relations that the AFL-CIO fective use must be made of khee buckles and a powdered wig. It would seem fitting, ported from that country. Council declared “do violence to all con­ African labor. This means that however, to avoid siich a disrespectful attitude; and, instead, Tom’s career, he encouraged the 32-year-old lad to publish We readily concur in the AFL-CIO cepts of decency and morality. ” the “color” bar in industry extend to the Reverend the benefit of a modern approach the manuscript. The resulting pamphlet in 1798 was an, Executive Council’s proposal and in its A boycott movement is now spreading which restricts Africans to un­ such as his m odern Thews deserve. instant success. British ruling circles considered it a dazz­ skilled jobs must be lifted. It ling answer to the subversive ideas about liberty, fraternal denunciation of South Africa’s apartheid in the South against five-and-dime and also means that the legislation Psychoanalysts should find the good parson of consid­ policies — even if it seems that the labor drugstore chains that discriminate against which prevents Africans from erable interest. A curious blank exists in his sex life. It ity and equality emanating from the French Revolution. leaders had to wait for Tory Prime Minis­ Negroes at lunch counters. Students in the settling permanently in the appears that he did not engage in this common field of Britain’s rulers took the youth’s argument as confirnja-, ter Macmillan of Britain to criticize South North are organizing picketing in support; towns must be rescinded. human endeavor until his marriage at the age of 39. Not tion of their view that it is harmful to seek a better society. African racism before they decided to act of the civil-rights fighters in the South. In the present conditions with that he was ignorant of what the birds and the bees and the Afrikaner nationalists in If human nature is such that population w ill always o. ut-_ themselves. In this crucial domestic struggle power, and with their ideology people do. It was just that his primary interest was to keep strip the food supply, the poor and hungry w ill be with us But how about the labor movement against racism the labor leaders have been of white supremacy, both these the population down. To accomplish this laudable aim, he forever, since it is obvious that you can’t change human also launching a boycott against the Amer­ shamefully silent. measures are impossible. White advocated “moral restraint” and he really seems to have nature. It is, moreover, futile to help the poor. Indefe^ ican version of apartheid — namely, Jim Their do-nothing policy must be industrialists in both Southern been one to practice what he preached. Rhodesia and in the Union of charity is harmful, for it encourages them to reproduce. Crow? changed. Labor must rally to the aid of His relation to his father might likewise be worth South Africa have attacked the The Encyclopedia Britannica (thirteenth edition) of­ After all, this country’s boycott of the embattled boycotters in the South. The psychoanalytical probing. Daniel Malthus, although a the stupidity of preventing fers this objective judgment of the reception given Mal­ South African goods can contribute little scope of the struggle must be widened Africans from acquiring indus­ “gentleman of good family and independent fortune, of thus’ pamphlet: more than moral support to the fight until Jim Crow and apartheid are wiped tria l skills. They do so be­ considerable culture, ” was a fellow-traveler of the French against apartheid. off the face of the earth. cause they are concerned with Revolution. In fact a Parliamentary Un-British Activities "Ii can scarcely be doubled lhal Ihe favor which was at making profits, not because they once accorded to Ihe views of Malthus in certain circle? Yfes are concerned about human Committee might easily have proved that he was Jacobin- minded. due in part to an impression, very welcome to the highest equality. But they have not ranks of society, that they tended to relieve the rich afidi succeeded in convincing the na­ For instance, among the friends of Daniel Malthus powerful of responsibility for the condition of the working Let's Stop Screening "Risks" tionalists. was Jean Jacques Rousseau, a notorious French advocate classes, by showing that the latter had chiefly themselves to The African working class it­ The “industrial security” executive though his testimony still counts — for of the theory that government should be based on the con­ blame, and not either the negligence of their superiors or the self has up till recently ex­ institutions of the country. The application of his doctrine?, order issued by President Eisenhower Feb. “good and sufficient” cause. pressed its refusal to assist in sent of the people. too, made by some of his successors had the effect of discour­ 20 supposedly guarantees to defense plant These “exceptions” have already its own / exploitation in nega­ Daniel Malthus also associated himself with the ideas aging all active effort tot social improvement. Thus Chalmers tive ways; by thieving, idleness, workers accused of being “security risks” prompted the American Jewish Congress, of Condorcet, a pamphleteer of the French Revolution. 'reviews seriatim and gravely sets aside all the schemes illicit brewing and other forms the right to confront witnesses. and the Workers Defense League to pro­ Antireligious, anti-Christian and antiroyalist, Condorcet usually proposed for the amelioration of the economic condi­ of “crime. ” Since they are test the new order, with the AJC raising tion of the people' on the ground that an increase of comfort Actually, it doesn’t guarantee this denied a place in society they contributed to the Encyclopedic edited by the materialistic will lead to an increase of numbers, and so the last state of right — quite the opposite. The order is the question of “whether any industrial se­ have demonstrated their indif­ Diderot. The human race, Condorcet held, had advanced things will be worse than the first. " intended to comply with the Supreme. curity program remains necessary. ” ference to its values. to enlightenment, virtue and happiness from a condition Court ruling in the case of W. L. Greene, In our opinion, the flouting of civil More recently, however, not superior to that of other animals. He argued that from From the same source we learn that not much confi­ an engineering executive who was fired liberties in the application of the “secur­ there have been signs that this the history of the past we can get an indication of the working class is becoming more dence can be placed in Malthus’ propositions: from his job as a “security risk. ” The high ity” program is a direct reflection of the pattern of the future. His view was optimistic and sunny; militant and that its class con­ In the conceptions of Malthus and his followers, "a single thoroughly undemocratic character of the in time, he believed, inequality of nations w ill be destroyed, court held that the Defense Department sciousness may be deepening. social imperfection assumed such portentous dimensions lhat had no legal basis for acting against him on program itself. There have been large-scale as w ill inequality between classes. He also believed that it seemed to overcloud the whole heaven and threaten th|* the testimony of “faceless informers” — The program is designed to hunt out strikes of African workers em­ human nature is capable of indefinite perfectibility, intel­ world with ruin. " ployed on the Kariba dam, on that is, witnesses whose identity was w ith­ and victimize workers because of their lectually, morally and physically. The "celebrated proposition" that "population increases the Durban docks, on the East in geometrical, food in an arithmetical ratio" has been "con­ held from the accused and often from the political views. It has also been used to aid African railways and on the As if such subversive views were not enough, Daniel clusively shown to be erroneous, there being no such differ­ trial board, ihe real purpose of the new employers in ridding themselves of m ilit­ transport services of the Bel­ Malthus. associated himself with the ideas of William ence of law between the increase of man and that of th® gian Congo. executive order is to provide that “legal” ant unionists. Thousands of workers have Godwin, a British firebrand who declared, “God himself organic beings which form his food. " basis. been victimized under the program and not Conflicts between Africans has no right to be a tyrant. ” Once a Calvinist, Godwin and the police have become more This is done by allowing exceptions to a single one has been charged with the became converted to the materialist views of the Encyclo­ In brief, the theory of Malthus was simply part of th® frequent and more violent; the reactionary propaganda fostered by the vested interests the rule of confrontation broad enough to commission of an illegal act. incidence of robbery with vio­ pedists. He denounced accumulated property as a mon­ render it meaningless. For example, a w it­ Furthermore, the overall purpose of lence in the Union has increased. strous injustice, maintaining that property should be avail­ of the time as a check, not against population growth, but ness need not be produced at a hearing if the screening program has been to promote To this the various governments able to any who need it. He considered marriage the worst against the spread of the French Revolution. The revival he is a “confidential informant who has a thought-control atmosphere in the coun­ have responded with repressive of all legal institutions. Government, he believed, is in­ of the Malthusian view today is best appreciated against been engaged in obtaining intelligence and try. This is recognized even by many of legislation, the training of riot herently evil and w ill eventually be outgrown. Godwin the background of the upheavals which began with the squads, and the imprisonment those who regard the new executive order had great power of influencing men, especially “enthusias­ October 1917 Revolution in Russia. information for the government. ” and exile of African leaders. That clause exempts from cross-exam­ as a significant step away from McCarthy- Contacts between A fric a n tic young people, who hung on his words as those of a Malthus himself thus turns out to be no more help to ination — in fact, from identification — ism. workers and the European prophet. ” Among his disciples he counted the renowned us in beating back the phalanxes of the world’s babies the government’s entire stable of profes­ For example, New York Times Wash­ working-class tradition is mini­ poet Percy Bysshe Shelley-, an avowed atheist, who eloped than his distinguished disciple Sir Charles Darwin. We sional informers, including those who, like ington correspondent, Anthony Lewis, who mal. The Africans only con­ with his daughter. (Mary was a talented woman, whom tact with the heritage of pro­ seem to have an enemy that is truly invincible. W ith 100, - Harvey Matusow o r Manning Johnson, holds the view that the country is return­ letarian internationalism has Hollywood should immortalize in the pavement at Sunset 000 new recruits a day donning the uniform of the diaper have been exposed as out-and-out liars in ing to a more liberal political climate, been limited to the various and Vine as the author of Frankenstein. ) and the safety pin, it looks like nothing w ill be left in our various court trials throughout the wrote Feb. 21: “Of course, the picture is maneuvers with which the Young Tom Malthus found his father’s subversive refrigerators soon except the chromium trim. country. not entirely rosy. . . The vast mechanism representatives of the Stalinist background rather painful. However, instead of turning How long will it be before famine sets in? This The government can also make an ex­ of the security program is intact and still bureaucracy have distorted bitter, as might have been expected, or developing neu­ local working-class struggles. shouldn’t be hard to figure out. Yet, strangely enough, the ception to the rule of confrontation if the subject to grave abuses. Undoubtedly, rotic symptoms, he took a healthy fighting stance which So far there is little sign of the most devoted modern-day advocates of Malthus’ views seem witness is said to be unable to testify be­ Americans still feel somewhat reluctant to the' American Legion might have approved. He set out to emergence of a Marxist leader­ reluctant to predict even an approximate date when can­ cause of “death, severe illness or similar join some organizations or to express ship among the Africans; but convince his father that revolutionary views are utopian. nibalism can be expected to begin. Why is this? cause. ” radical thoughts. ” neither is there any sign of re­ Not having much of an original mind, he dug around And if that doesn’t offer sufficient The screening of so-called, security form ism . among old books and publications until he came up with The truth is that a careful check of our food supply In their present circumstances leads us to an amazing discovery. loopholes, the order provides that an in­ risks is an infamous blotch on American the African workers may soon a set of arguments which he thought would shake anyone. formant’s identity may be withheld — democracy. Let’s abolish it! begin to understand that they These he fitted together in'a manuscript. (Next week: Our Food Supply. ) t h e MILITANT collapsed on the school steps. Would Like to See VOLUME XXIV M O N D A Y , M A R C H 7, 1960 N U M B E R 10 It Was as Cold We were trying to figure out As a Cop's Heart how to get him home when we A Lot More Articles saw a police car approaching. Julito 26 by Chago E d ito r: We hailed it and explained the On Basic Socialism I never did like cops, and problem to the two cops, told . . Deutscher Students in Alabama after an experience I had last them where he lived and sug­ E ditor: n ig h t I lik e them even less. gested maybe they could drive How about some articles on (Continued from Page 2) A friend and I were walk­ h im home. basic socialism in the Militant? great men, great dictators act ing home around midnight. It The wind was whistling right I think most workers are quite under all sorts of pressures Stand Up to Violence was freezing cold. As we through th a t old m an as we which copie from men smaller thoroughly convinced that capi­ passed Union Square, a woman held him up beside the patrol and unknown men and from The Negro student struggle has re, ached the Deep who was walking her dog told talism is corrupt, etc., etc. Drew car. The two cops looked at ve ry anonymous masses. They South and Alabama students are in the midst of a desper­ us a man was calling for help him through the window and Pearson and others are doing are also men and they are the ate battle. On Feb. 25, a group of 35 students from Alabama down the block. one said that if he wanted, they a good job in this respect. men who in a negative or a We went over and found an could call an ambulance to take positive way make history. State College in Montgomery*------Let us show the alternative sat down at the lunch counter in Negro college, forbade further old man, perhaps in his eigh­ him to a hospital for a check COHEN. What was it — ties, lying on the steps of Wash­ on his hand. But they couldn’t to capitalist corruption, crisis, the county courthouse. It was student demonstrations and or­ DEUTSCHER: Now I know I ington Irving High School. He take him home. etc. immediately closed and Sheriff dered the expulsion of the 35 am very often criticized because Butler, swinging a club, appear­ students whose photographs he was calling, “Someone please “Why not? ” Let us have an article on so­ help me. ” “This is in the Ninth Pre­ I speak about the social forces ed on the scene. He ordered the produced. Otherwise, he declar­ cialism (some aspect) in each We got him to his feet but he cinct. I think where he lives is and not about the men who students to stand single file ed, the college w ould get no could barely stand. He was in the Tenth. Can’t take him. ” issue of the Militant. make history but who are the against the wall as state police more state money. trembling violently from the They rolled the window up Weeks go by without any social forces? They are men. It’s photographed them. The student reply came next just another, another name for cold. He had scraped his hand to keep out the cold and drove socialist articles. What are we, Alabama Governor Patterson day with a protest march by 300 the same thing, for the same and it was covered with blood. off. We finally managed to hail reformists? Look over some of summoned the president of the to the capitol. At a campus rally He was finally able to explain a cab to take him home. the back issues! If you were to characters, - men — men make afterward it was resolved that that he lived at a nursing home I doubt that I’ll soon forget pick up the M ilitant for the first their history. “if one student is expelled the for old men about a mile away. the sight of that suffering old time would you know that it COHEN: Well what was there entire student body w ill resign” He had gone to a movie and man or those two cold-blooded was supposed to be a socialist about Trotsky then and what is ... Negro Youth and apply for admission to the when he came out apparently cops. paper? loosely called Trotskyism that University of Alabama and Au­ (Continued from Page 1) became confused, walked in the H. C. H. L. drove the Stalinists and their burn (both lily-white institu­ wrong direction and finally just N ew Y o rk Philadelphia supporters in other countries to “crime” of trying to buy a cup tions). such furies against Trotsky once of coffee while sitting down at About 25 white men patrol- he went into exile? Why did the a lunch counter. ed the areas around the dime defeat of everything Trotsky As the demonstrations entered stores the following day. One stood fo r be in a sense more their second month, the bitterest of them knocked a young "Black Orpheus" urgent and more necessary to struggle was taking place in Negro woman passerby to the them than the successful devel­ Tennessee, which, like North ground and another- broke By Trent Hutter opment of Communist forces in Carolina where the movement open her head with a bat. began and still continues, is a Police did not interfere. The magnificent motion picture that won The Brazilian Negro Orpheus in the film is other countries and matters of mid-South state. But the move­ A thousand students marched the highest award at the 1959 Cannes Film a streetcar conductor and, at Carnival, the th a t sort? "Balancing" is the title of this cartoon by Chago which ment has spread into the Deep the next morning from the cam: Festival is more than just a modernized ver­ much admired head of the Morros’ folk-art so­ DEUTSCHER: Well I don’t appeared in the Feb. 22 issue of Revolución, newspaper of South with a series of militant pus to the capitol. On the steps sion of the Greek Orpheus legend set among the ciety, an excellent guitarist, singer and dancer. consider myself a Trotskyist the July 26 Movement. A daily feature, Chago's cartoons student actions in South Caro­ near the spot where Jeff Davis Negroes of Rio de Janeiro. “Black Orpheus” is Marcel Camus and writer Jacques Viot have and — express the revolutionary mood of the Cuban people. Julito lina, Florida, and — most signi­ took the oath as the president of an engrossing tale of the man in each genera­ COHEN: You’re frequently perfectly blended the story’s mythical and so­ 26 (Lillie July 26), the bearded follower of Castro, makes ficantly — Alabama. the Confederacy 99 years ago, tion who enchants his fellow-men, “makes the cial significance. The symbolism never becomes identified as one. sharp points in Cuban politics, shaking his fist angrily at On S aturday (Feb. 27) stu­ they bowed their heads, repeat­ sun rise” through his artistic creativeness and heavy-footed. Everything rings true. The char­ DEUTSCHER: Yes, I am but American-based planes that drop bombs on the cane fields, ed the L o rd ’s Prayer, sang thé, dents in Nashville, Tenn., sat the gift- of music; and who, as an artist, feels acters are no abstractions. The rhythm of the I don’t consider myself a Trot­ national anthem, reformed their- or jibing at the counter-revolutionary press. down at lunch counters of five more intensely the emotion of unending love Carnival scenes is breath-taking, the picture’s skyist and as I said in the pre­ column and marched off. stores. Served at none, they had and the implacable power of Death, to whom poetic beauty overwhelming. The Alabama Board of Edu­ face to The Prophet Unarmed ions on certain of these ideas. cracy, now let’s understand the most trouble at McClellan’s he loses his beloved Eurydice. It is a tale of The drama takes place during Carnival; for cation then expelled nine stu­ I think that the historical de­ May I ask what these particular what we mean by bureaucracy. where at least three of them Orpheus eternally destroyed by blind furies and at Carnival, Orpheus the worker becomes Or­ dents and placed another 20 on velopment is transcending both ideas have been where you now By bureaucracy you mean the were attacked as they sat peace­ eternally, invincibly reborn in various forms— pheus the artist. In the encounter with Eurydice probation. Stalinism and Trotskyism. . . . differ from Trotsky? arbitrary rule of a dictatorial fully. At request of the store one of today’s little boys becoming the master he finds complete love. While the Carnival is clique that sends people to con­ But Trotsky maintains his DEUTSCHER: I w o u ld n ’t manager, police arrested over 80 of tomorrow. ebbing, the girl is killed. The weird rites of a centration camps, slave labor great place in history and you say — I would say Trotsky ob­ of them. “Black Orpheus” is also a tale of genius half-pagan sect cannot bring her back to the camps, that develops into a po­ ask why, well, this so furiOus— viously overrated the chances among the very poor. French director Marcel desperate Orpheus. With the end of Carnival lice state, that suppresses every When they came up for trial ... Ceylon this ferocity — this ferocious of and the possibilities of so­ Camus did not attempt to artificially graft the Orpheus dies, Eurydice’s body in his arms. But dissent, by charging every dis­ M onday, over 3, 000 students hatred of Trotsky. cialist revolution in the West. were present as spectators. (Continued from Page I ) ancient myth on some sophisticated petty-bour­ a talented boy inherits his guitar. He plays it, senter as a foreign spy and an Well Trotsky remains some­ In this respect he continued the The judge cleared the court­ geois milieu of our time. He went to the Negro and children dance in the rising sun... enemy of the people and so on, assassination last Septem­ thing like the conscience of the classical Marxist tradition which room, but the crowd remained proletariat of tropical Brazil, to the “Morros, ” In portraying the Negro people of Rio, their and so on. Oh w e ll then ob­ ber of Dahanayake’s predeces­ revolution. You see at the time as I said before had this flaw standing outside and sang those steep bluffs above the gleaming metro­ delicate and vigorous traits, their living condi­ viously these aspects of the bu­ sor, Prime Minister Bandar- when Communism was involved that it really underrated the hymns. polis, where the rich and the tourists do not tions, hopes and festivities, without sugary ideal­ reaucratic regime in Russia anaike. in so many compromises, in so stability.. . in the West and In response to the initiative care to wander. Many Negro workers live ization but with thorough human understand­ have either vanished or become The students were tried indi­ many crimes, in so much hypo­ the possibility of society ex­ of LSSP leader Dr. N. M. Per­ here in miserable shacks “knocked together out ing, the author and the director did not simply very much softened. vidually. The first three, one of crisy, there was something like panding under capitalism. era, representatives of seven of petrol cans and bits of wood, ” the so-called provide “Black Orpheus” with a fascinating COHEN: Well wouldn’t you whom is white, refused to pay an uneasy conscience in the major parties, including the “Favelas, ” overhanging an elegant neighbor­ exotic background. The Brazilian Negroes’ world W hether this is a fundam en­ say, sir, that may just be a tem­ the fines, preferring to go to jail Communist parties — interna­ UNP, principal capitalist party', hood of the well-to-do. is a necessary part of this genuine work of art. tal error which w ill be seen as porary thing. instead. tional Communism. And that met Jan. 25 to deal with the Amidst a panorama of utmost splendor, the such say a hundred years from Afterwards, those awaiting The drama grows out of it, although its uni­ conscience, articulate conscience, DEUTSCHER: No 1 don’t threat of a coup by Dahana- Morros’ inhabitants lead an existence of drudg­ now or whether that was an trial refused bail. Average sen­ versal content is obvious. This Orpheus is a was — of Communism — was think that is a temporary thing. yake. They called on the ery, trying to make both ends meet. But once musician of poor working men and women, a error in the estimate of the im­ tence is 33 days. Double that Trotsky and you know with in­ mediate situation and in a sit­ COHEN: Are you suggesting armed forces not to carry out a year, at Carnival, they can freely let out their child of the anonymous mass. The poverty of this penalty was given a Negro stu- dividuals as with parties it is uation for thirty or forty years that Khrushchev has—Khrush­ any illegal orders. pent-up urge toward a more joyful life. To proletariat is appalling. However, its material dent leader who had been pulled true that you hat. c no one more ahead, that is a different ques­ chev to represent a whole force On Jan. 30 the Continuing them, Carnival is a brief moment of fulfilment, want is not coupled with a rigid system of racist off a lunch stool and kicked by than someone who is your con­ tion; that people will be able in Soviet life rather than Committee of Trade Union Or­ Of almost unlimited self-expression. At Car­ humiliation. They need not have the somewhat a white attacker. Police arrested science at a time when you want to discuss a hundred years ju st— ganizations called on the work­ nival, three days each year, they have the right the Negro youth but allowed the self-conscious moods of the American Negro to get rid of your conscience.... from now. I also think that DEUTSCHER: Man-made his­ ers “to be vigilant and ready to to invade the wealthy district below the cliffs ghetto, the resentment and fears produced by white assailant to “escape. ” COHEN: Well then to follow Trotsky in the last phase of tory. And again let’s remem­ resist any attempt to interfere with their enthralling songs and dances. Near discrimination and violence. Twenty students, already this point through, your convic­ his life was despairing of So­ ber that when we say man- with the democratic rights of the end of “Black Orpheus, ” the hero sings: A final word of praise for the wonderfully convicted, are serving sen­ tion is 'that notwithstanding viet society and saw no pos­ made history we don’t only the people. ” “The worker toils a whole year for one day of convincing Negro actors and actresses: Breno tences. everything that has happened, sibility of any movement for mean that man Nikita. The LSSP is running 101 can­ happiness.. . . ” Mello (Orpheus), Marpessa Dawn (Eurydice), Mass arrest qf student demon­ I am speaking of you now per­ reform developing within So­ COHEN: Yes, all right. Are didates (there are 151 seats in The Brazilian ruling class has generally Lourdes De Oliveira, Lea Garcia, and all the strators again took place on parliament). The central sonally and your own beliefs as viet society. you suggesting that in fact he Wednesday (M arch 3) when stu ­ encouraged the frenzy of Rio’s Carnival as a others without exception. It is gratifying to see planks in its program are (1) a Marxist which you obviously COHEN: Do you think he has completely altered this line welcome safety valve. Yet it would be quite so harmonious a result of collaboration between dents sat down at the lunch the maintenance, of national are — was in error on that? of development, because my ob­ counters in two Nashville bus wrong to believe this celebration to be merely a European team (whose financial n^eans were unity in the face of attempts servation— stations. a senseless orgy. The orgiastic features are un­ so modest that production had to be interrupted DEUTSCHER: Yes, that’s the DEUTSCHER: In this I think to divide the working people by he was in error. I think he un­ DEUTSCHER: Again, excuse Police ordered everyone in the deniable; but the Carnival is a colorful festival for months! ) and Negro performers. Their com­ one ism that I accept with a race, religion and caste; (2) the derrated the vitality of the new me, again no I don’t say Khru­ Greyhound station not having of folk art, too. It demonstrates the vitality mon enthusiasm and that of the 4, 000 extras certain pride with this reserva­ planned economic development Soviet society that was growing shchev has completely altered. bus tickets to leave. One student of the Afro-Indian-Portuguese heritage that has (who didn’t even want payment) overcame all tion, Marx is not the infallible of Ceylon. up under Stalinism and was po­ Khrushchev has been made to thereupon bought 60 tickets to shaped the civilization of the Brazilian masses. the difficulties. They knew it was worth-while. prophet to me either. I am M a rxist in this sense th a t I ac­ tentially growing out of Stalin­ alter certain things, very often a nearby town and distributed cept the Marxist method of ism. I mean to say he under­ against his inclination. them to his fellows. Police then thinking, analyzing events, of rated the pressures that would COHEN: Well specifically. declared they had to clear the approaching society but that develop within Soviet society DEUTSCHER: Oh Specifi­ station to search for a bomb. Calendar Notes in the News doesn’t necessarily mean that and would force even the Stal­ cally I think, I think that in The Negro students refused to Marx’s writings are sacred inist group to bury Stalinism this whole de-Stalinization leave the lunch counter and 60 texts.... piecemeal. which had its climax at the were arrested, bringing the total Of Events arrested in Nashville to about COHEN:. . . you said earlier COHEN: They buried Stal­ Twentieth Congress, I think CAN'T ESCAPE IT — Dr. Nicholas Nyaradi, teachers’ organizations. Samuel Hockberg, 150, of whom four are white. that when you started out in the inism but they haven't buried that Khrushchev acted under a former minister of finance in Hungary, now chairman of the United Federation of Teachers, On the same day as the bus C HICAG O Polish Communist party you bureaucracy surely? pressure from within the party, on the payroll of Bradley University, warned reminded the board that if private industry station arrests, some 250 other "Socialist Election Prospects were very heavily influenced by DEUTSCHER: Oh they have that he wasn’t at all this—the a Minnesota Telephone Association convention were to dare to re-employ retired workers at students trudged through snow for 1960. " Hear DR. ANNETTE Trotsky’s teachings and by very strongly curbed bureau­ man who was most ardent, most that “if the present trend continues, in 15 or lower pay it would bring “an immediate strike. ” and slush to continue the dem­ T. RUBINSTEIN. Friday, March • • • Trotsky’s views and that since cracy and they have done away anxious you know to bury Stal­ 20 years all of you here w ill draw your meager onstrations at the downtown 18, 8 p. m., 777 W. Adams. Aus­ then you’ve revised your opin- w ith the excesses o f bureau­ inism . paychecks from your state government or OIL BURNER WORKING — New York’s stores. pices: M ilitant Labor Forum. from our federal government in Washington Democratic Mayor Wagner was on TV last week In Winston-Salem, North Car­ • because America is heading toward socialism. ” beating his gums about taking action against olina, 22 students, ten of them MINNEAPOLIS He also glumly predicted that despite the best landlords who failed to provide tenants with . . . Bitter Lessons of Wilson Defeat white, were convicted on March Dr. Annette T. Rubinstein intentions of the labor officialdom, any form of proper service. Ellen Kreisler, 13, took him 2. The arrests resulted from a speaks on “THE POLITICAL union participation in politics would lead in­ at his word and phoned the studio to tell him (Continued from Page 1) ance by the strikers. Mass erty rights and freedom of con­ sit - down demonstration and OUTLOOK FOR SOCIALISTS tract the foundation of the legal evitably toward socialism. that her family and the 150 others in her build­ completely ineffective. If an picket lines acted as a potent were on warrants, signed by the in 1960” Thursday, M arch 10, 8 * * * pyramid. A cogent reminder ing went for days without heat. The press employer is willing to put up deterrent to the scabherders. manager of Woolworth’s, charg­ p.m., Andrews Hotel, Room M-3. was not long in coming. The KEEP COOL, FOOL — It is very important picked it up and the landlord got up some heat. the fight, spend the money and This brought a howl from the ing “ trespass. ” Joint sponsors: Twin City Labor courts soon set aside the plant- that the public become fam iliar with the nature In fact, the Kreisler family reports, he sent up use Taft-Hartley machinery, he “law and order” boys, as it al­ Sentence was withheld be­ Forum and National Guardian. closing order and instructed the of the immediate symptoms of the radiation so much heat during the night that they had can just about reduce any ways does whenever effective cause the students were not Donation: 50 cents. sickness that would follow an atomic attack, to open windows. They suspect he is being union to uselessness insofar as mass action is applied by strik­ governor to do his duty by pri­ agreed among themselves • vate property and order his says the Journal of the American Medical As­ spiteful but observe that at least it indicates carrying out the principal ob­ ing workers. whether to appeal the convic­ N EW YO R K troops to protect the right of sociation. If it isn’t realized that extreme the oil burner is working all right. The land­ jectives of the trade-union And here — once again — tions or begin serving sentences. W ILLIAM F. WARDE lectures scabs to break the picket line. nausea and vomiting are only a transient by­ lord had said that the lack of heat was due to movement is concerned. ” the workers were taught a Police tried to separate the on the w o rk and w o rld of C. lesson in class politics and students by color when they Wright Mills. "Social Science in product of the illness, the sight of a lot of a defect in the burner. The COPE statement then Whereupon union president * • • the class character of the arrested them, but the stu­ Our Time, " a review of Mill's people so afflicted may induce mass hysteria went on to cite the classic case Ralph Helstein rushed to Albert state. They had to learn it dents joined hands and insist­ book “The Sociological Imag’- at a time when everyone should remain cool, LEGAL VICTORY FOR WOMEN — Mar­ of this union-busting techni­ Lea to preach the virtues of the hard way because those ed on being taken to jail in­ nation. ” Friday, March 11, 8: 30 calm and collected. ried women in Michigan won a legal victory que, that of the O’Sullivan passive resistance to a union * • • upon whom they depended tegrated. Only two of the p. m., 116 University Place (near when the Slate Supreme Court upheld an Company vs. the United Rub­ membership outraged by the for leadership and guidance white students arrested are Union Square). Contribution 50 THE GOOD-NEIGHBOR POLICY — The appeal Feb. 26 on the right of a wife to sue ber Workers. It was the iden­ “law and order” hoax. This betrayed them. from north of the Mason-Dix- cents. Auspices: Young Socialist Mexican government has strongly protested for loss of consortium (marital comfort and tical pattern followed by Wil­ was the beginning of the end U. S. dumping of radioactive atomic waste companionship). The case involved a suit filed To restore “law and order” a Once the decision was made to on line. A lliance. son. First the scabhcrdcrs re­ so-called “friend of labor” in material in the Gulf of Mexico. The Atomic by Mrs. Shirley Montgomery of Garden City abide by the rules laid down cruit the strikebreakers to re­ the governor’s mansion or­ Energy Commission has licensed a Texas firm against the owner of a car that had severely place the strikers. Then some by the union-busters the result dered National Guard troops to to dump the deadly waste about half way be­ injured her husband. Few states affirm the phony outfit is set up or invited was inevitable. It was merely Albert Lea. To befog the strik­ tween U. S. and Mexican shores. The State right of consortium for women although the in to claim that the striking a matter of time before de­ ers, to disarm them, to convince Local Directory Department has warned the AEC that it may right of men to sue on this basis has been long union no longer represents the moralization led to disintegra­ them that there was some way precipitate wide public protest in Mexico and workers on the job. Under tion of union solidarity and established. other than their own independ­ * « . Taft-H a rtle y , the National union defeat. BOSTON N E W A R K other countries in the hemisphere. ent class action to win the * » • Labor Relations Board calls a Boston Labor Forim, 28S Hunting- Newark Labor Forum, Box 361, DISPLAYS POLITICAL TALENT — Alois strike, the governor ordered the It is reported that the union certification election to deter­ ton Ave., Room 200. Newark, N . J. BED-SHEET BRIGADE CONSOLIDATES Williams, 16, a witness at a New York murder Wilson plant, closed. This ac­ tops urged the ranks to accept mine the “collective bargaining C H IC A G O NEW YORK CITY . — Unaffiliated Ku K lux Klan organizations, re­ trial arising out of a youth gang feud, was tion was acclaimed by union the W ilson agreem ent as the Socialist Workers Party, 777 W. Militant Labor Forum, 116 Univer­ portedly from 17 southeastern and southwestern asked if any of his friends were members of agent. ’4 heads in the most glowing lesser of two evils: To sacrifice Adams, DE 2-9736. sity Place, AL 5-7852. states, met in Atlanta Feb. 27-28 and consoli­ one of the rival gangs. Williams displayed how Under the original Taft-Hart­ terms. The AFL CIO News of their jobs if necessary in order C L E V E L A N D OAKLAND - BERKELEY dated under the name of Knights of the Ku hep he is to some of the dangers of American ley law only the strikebreakers Dec. 19 commended Gov. Orville to save the union which would Socialist Workers Party 10609 Su­ P. O. Box 341, Berkeley 1, Calif. Klux Klan, Inc. They claimed 42, 000 members politics by promptly replying: “I never asked could vote. As amended by Freeman in a banner headline lose -out if the question of bar­ perior Ave., Room 301, SW 1-1818. PHILADELPHIA for the night-riding, racist outfit and said any of my friends what organizations they be­ K enncdy-Landrum-Griffin, both gaining rights went to an NLRB Open Thursday nights 8 to 10. Militant Labor Forum and Socialist and declared that his “prompt D E T R O IT Workers Party, 1303 W. Girard Ave. election. organizers were being sent into New York, New longed to. ” the strikebreakers and the strik­ action won praise from numer­ Eugene V. Debs Hall, 3737 Wood­ Lectures and discussions every Satur­ * * lit Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware as the ers have the right to vote. But ous union officials throughout This appeal to union loyalty ward. TEmple 1-6135. day, 8 P. M., followed by open houao. opener for a 30-state membership drive. BABY-SITTERS BEWARE — New York the company can pick its time. the country. ” undoubtedly had its effect. It LOS ANGELES Call PO 3-5820. * * » state officials have informed taxpayers that They count on first demoraliz­ Forgotten were the lessons of would be the worst mistake, Forum Hall and Modern Book Shop, SAN FRANCISCO CUT-RATE TEACHERS — The New York money earned by their children for baby-sit­ ing a minority of the strikers a hundred years o f labor however, to confuse loyalty to 1702 E. 4th St. AN 9-1953 or WE 5- The M ilitant, 1145 Polk St., Rm. 4« City Board of Education, appointed by Demo­ ting or delivering papers or similar chores must w ho together w ith the scabs struggles. Forgotten were the the union with loyalty to the 9238. Sat. 11 A. M. to 3 P. M. Phone PR 6- M IL W A U K E E 7296; if no answer, VA 4-2321. cratic Mayor Wagner who was elected as a be included in their report of taxable income. could virtually guarantee a de­ more recent lessons of the great labor bureaucrats whose com­ feat for the striking union. 150 East Juneau Ave. S E A T T L E “friend of labor, ”- is considering a proposition Some of the parents are balking at this on the Minneapolis Teamsters strikes mitment to the doctrine of class MINNEAPOLIS 1412— 18th Avenue, EA 2-5554. L i­ to cope with the shortage of school teachers by ground that it is un-Amprican to act as govern­ When Wilson first began re­ of the 1930’s. Forgotten was collaboration can only multiply Socialist Worker* Party. 322 Hen­ brary, bookstore. rehiring retired ones at 75 per cent of their, ment stool pigeons and pry into- the private cruiting scabs it evoked a the very basis of law in capi­ the number of. lost strikes and nepin Ave., 2nd floor. Open noon to S T. L O U IS former pay. The plan has been opposed by ¿11 affairs of their children. powerful movement of resist­ talist society which makes prop­ union defeats. 6 P. M. daily except Sunday«. For information phone MO 4-7194»