Rock Artists' Politically Persuasive Messages

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Rock Artists' Politically Persuasive Messages ‘NEVER FALL INTO SILENCE’ Rock Artists’ Politically Persuasive Messages Ari Häkkinen Master’s Thesis in Speech Communication Fall 2008 Department of Communication University of Jyväskylä JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta Laitos HUMANISTINEN TIEDEKUNTA VIESTINTÄTIETEIDEN LAITOS Tekijä Ari Häkkinen Työn nimi ‘NEVER FALL INTO SILENCE’ – Rock Artists’ Politically Persuasive Messages Oppiaine Työn laji Puheviestintä Pro gradu -tutkielma Aika Sivumäärä Syksy 2008 92 Tiivistelmä Tutkielmassa selvitettiin, millaisia ovat rock-artistien yhteiskunnallisen vaikuttamisen viestit. Tarkastelun keskiössä olivat artistien verbaaliset viestit, ja aihetta lähestyttiin peilaamalla vaikuttamisen teoreettista tietoa rockmusiikin kontekstiin. Tutkielman viestinnällinen lähtökohta avaa uusia näkökulmia tarkastella rockin poliittisuutta, jota on usein lähestytty sosiologisemmista lähtökohdista. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää, miten vaikuttamisen teoreettinen tieto voisi auttaa ymmärtämään rock- artistien yhteiskunnallista vaikuttamista, sekä toisaalta myös, millaisia uusia näkökulmia rockmusiikin konteksti voisi tuoda vaikuttamisen tarkasteluun. Teoreettisen tiedon rinnalle annettiin esimerkkejä rockmusiikista löytyvistä artistien yhteiskunnallisen vaikuttamisen viesteistä. Tutkielmassa nostettiin myös esiin kontekstin erityispiirteet yhteiskunnallisen vaikuttamisen moninaisena mahdollistajana. Vaikuttamisen tutkimuksessa on usein eroteltu interaktiivinen ja ei-interaktiivinen vaikuttaminen sekä joukkoviestinnällinen ja interpersonaalinen vaikuttaminen toisistaan. Tutkielma osoittaa kuitenkin, että artistien yhteiskunnallinen vaikuttaminen on sekä ei-interaktiivista joukkoviestintää että interaktiivista interpersonaalista viestintää. Artistien vaikuttaminen tapahtuu usein esimerkiksi sanoituksissa, levyjen kansitaiteessa tai oheistuotteissa jopa miljoonille vastaanottajille kerrallaan. Yksittäiset kuulijat saattavat kuitenkin kokea artistien puhuttelevan miljoonienkin vastaanottajien keskuudessa heitä henkilökohtaisesti. Vaikka artistien vaikuttamisen voi nähdä klassisen retoriikan, yhdeltä monelle tapahtuvan vaikuttamisen kaltaisena, ovat esimerkiksi nykyteknologiat luoneet monia keinoja interaktiivisempaan suhteeseen artistien ja vaikutettavien välillä. Vaikuttamisen tutkimuksessa on myös nostettu esiin tieto vaikutettavista onnistuneen vaikuttamisen osatekijänä. Artistien vaikutettavat voivat kuulua eri sisä- tai ulkoryhmiin artistista pitämisen näkökulmasta tai/sekä vaikuttamisen sisällön näkökulmasta. Tämäkin luo rockmusiikin kontekstissa omat erityispiirteensä aiheen tarkastelulle. Lisäksi populaarikulttuurisen olomuotonsa kautta rockmusiikki antaa artisteille useita kanavia vaikuttamiseen. Nämä kanavat voidaan valjastaa kampanjatyyppisen viestinnän käyttöön. Kampanjoiden tavoitteena on pysyvämpi vaikuttaminen ja sitä kautta tehdä vaikutettavista myös itse vaikuttajia. Esimerkiksi käyttämällä artistien oheistuotteita, joissa on vaikuttamiseen pyrkiviä viestejä, vaikutettavasta tulee vaikuttaja. Asiasanat Poliittinen viestintä, populaarikulttuuri, puheviestintä, rockmusiikki, vaikuttaminen, yhteiskunnallinen vaikuttaminen. Säilytyspaikka Jyväskylän yliopisto, Tourulan kirjasto Muita tietoja UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Faculty Department FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION Author Ari Häkkinen Title ‘NEVER FALL INTO SILENCE’ – Rock Artists’ Politically Persuasive Messages Subject Level Speech communication Master’s thesis Month and year Number of pages Fall 2008 92 Abstract This thesis looked at rock artists’ politically persuasive messages focusing on artists’ verbal messages. In the study the theoretical understanding of persuasion was applied to the context of rock music. Taking persuasion as the starting point offers new perspectives to studying the politics of popular culture and rock music next to the more prevalent sociological approaches. The goal of this thesis was to show how the theoretical knowledge of persuasion could help in understanding rock artists’ political persuasion, but also to show how the context of rock music could offer new perspectives to studying persuasion. Real-life examples of political persuasion in rock music were provided next to the theoretical discussion. The thesis also outlined how rock music functions as an apt context for persuasion. Interactive and noninteractive persuasion, as well as interpersonal and mass media persuasion, have often been set apart in persuasion research. The present study shows, however, that rock artists’ political persuasion is both noninteractive mass-mediated persuasion and interactive interpersonal persuasion. Artists can persuade, for instance, through messages in lyrics, in album art works, or in various promotional material reaching millions of persuadees simultaneously. Individual listeners of artists can feel, nonetheless, that artists are communicating personally with them even among the millions of listeners. Although artists’ persuasion can be paralleled with the classic rhetorical view of one-to-many persuasion, contemporary technologies have provided many ways for more interactive relationship between artists and their persuadees. Knowledge of one’s persuadees as a means to successful persuasion has also been taken up in persuasion research. Artists’ persuadees can belong to an in-group or an out-group as fans and listeners, or to an in-group or an out-group of the cause of persuasion. This is yet another factor effecting persuasion in the context of rock music. Furthermore, as part of popular culture, rock music provides the artists with channels galore for persuasion. These channels can be used for campaign-like persuasion. Persuasive campaigns aim for a more lasting state of being persuaded where the persuadees also become persuaders. For instance, using artists’ merchandise with persuasive messages, the persuadees become persuaders themselves. Keywords Persuasion, political communication, political persuasion, popular culture, rock music, speech communication. Depository University of Jyväskylä, Tourula library Additional information CONTENTS INTRO .............................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: DEFINING PERSUASION, POLITICAL COMMUNICATION, AND POLITICAL PERSUASION .................................................................................................................. 6 What is persuasion? ..................................................................................................... 6 Goals of persuasion ................................................................................................... 10 Roots, persuasive, roots ............................................................................................. 15 Manufacturing dissent ................................................................................................ 20 CHAPTER 2: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSUADERS AND PERSUADEES IN THE CONTEXT OF ROCK MUSIC........................................................................................ 25 The rock audience as persuadees ............................................................................... 25 The various in-groups and out-groups among an artist’s persuadees ...................... 27 On the aspects of interactiveness and noninteractiveness of persuasion .................. 32 Routes for persuasion ................................................................................................. 35 I am legend – The persuader’s characteristics .......................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3: THE MESSAGE LEVEL OF PERSUASION ................................................................... 40 Persuaders – Know your proofs! ............................................................................... 40 Forms of proof in the context of rock music .............................................................. 43 Wording the message ................................................................................................. 47 Organizing the message ............................................................................................. 49 The (re)construction site of messages ........................................................................ 54 CHAPTER 4: PERSUASION IN THE CONTEXT OF ROCK MUSIC: INTERPERSONAL, MASS COMMUNICATION, OR A MIXTURE OF BOTH? ....................................................... 58 Interpersonal persuasion or mass media persuasion? ............................................... 58 Mass-mediated interpersonal persuasion .................................................................. 60 CHAPTER 5: PERSUASIVE CAMPAIGNS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF POPULAR CULTURE AND ROCK MUSIC ...................................................................................... 64 Pop culture – One big campaign ............................................................................... 64 Rocking to campaign, rocking to persuade ................................................................ 69 Indoctrination campaigns .......................................................................................... 72 OUTRO ........................................................................................................................... 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 82 SONG AND ALBUM INDEX .........................................................................................
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