sign in sign up
<<
Home , Jerez de la Frontera, Palomeque

Index

academies. See literary groups Alcocer, Alvaro de (merchant), 170 Acebedo, Fernando de (president, Alcocer, Alvaro de (tax farmer, father Council of Castile), 365 of Antonio Alvarez de Alcocer), Acuña, Antonio de (bishop of 281, 284 Zamora), 127, 128 Alcocer, Alvaro de, II (son of Antonio agriculture, 257, 338, 347, 392 Alvarez de Alcocer, lord of Villa- Aguila, Leocadia del (wife of Gregorio muelas), 284–85 de Herrera y Bustos), 347 Alcocer, Antonio de (lord of Villa- Ajofrín, 30, 171 muelas), 285 Alarcón, Juan de (lord of Bonache), 41 Alcocer, Catalina de (wife of Gabriel Alarcón, María de (mistress of Sancho de Toledo Ponce de León), 388 de Toledo), 102 Alcocer, Diego de (father-in-law of Alarcón, María de (second wife of regidor Juan de Herrera Sr.), 166 Antonio Alvarez de Toledo, Alcocer, Juan de (tax farmer), 283, 285 Cedillo III) , 388 Alcocer, Leonor de (nun in San , 211, 214, 215, 298, 299, 303, Clemente, as Leonor de Ludeña), 356, 357 215 Alburquerque, Leonor de (La Rica Alcocer, Leonor de (wife of Alvaro de Hembra), wife of Ferdinand I (de Zúñiga y Rivadeneira), 284 Antequera), 91 Alcocer, Leonor de (wife of regidor alcabalas, 138, 145, 209, 306–7, 309–10 Juan de Herrera Sr.) Alcalá de Henares, 37, 86, 103, 166, chantry, 261 348, 369 children, 166, 204 Alcaraz, Aldonza (second wife of death, 206, 234, 249, 264 royal secretary Hernán Alvarez dowry, 166, 264 de Toledo), 50 entail created, 265 Alcaraz, Bernardino (maestrescuela), godmother, 215, 241 50, 53, 199n. 123 heirs, 265 Alcocer (family), 282 chart 6.1 modi‹cation of surname, 206 in Alcalá de Henares, 166, 285 origins, 166 in Toledo, 281, 388 titles, 180, 244 Alcocer, Alonso de (son of Antonio wills, 261 Alvarez de Alcocer, lord of Villa- Alcocer, María de (wife of Pedro muelas), 284–85, 293 Montero), 256

429 430 Index

Alcocer, Mencía de (wife of tax marriages of daughters, 41–42, 46 farmer Juan Núñez de Toledo), of‹ce of regidor, 40 383 origins, 38 Alcocer, Pedro de (chronicler), 20, 82, wives, 39 408 Alvarez de Toledo, Francisco Alfonso, prince of Castile, brother of (maestrescuela), 48, 74, 93 Henry IV, 4, 14, 19, 20, 29, 31, 33 burial chapel, 52 Algiers, 222 and Cardinal Cisneros, 87–88, 132 Almodóvar del Campo, 171 and Comunero revolt, 128–29, 131 Alpujarras, 278 death, 129 alumbrados. See Illuminism founder of seminary, 52–53 Alvarez, García, el Rico, 74–75 Alvarez de Toledo, García (bishop of Alvarez, Ginés (merchant), 111 Astorga), 43 Alvarez Cota, Beatriz (wife of Alvarez de Toledo, García, el Rico Gutierre de Santo Domingo II), (merchant, Comunero), 131, 167 165, 178, 210, 258, 260, 263 Alvarez de Toledo, Hernán. See Alvarez Cota, Inés (wife of Diego de Cedillo Santo Domingo), 164, 178, 231 Alvarez de Toledo, Juan (regidor, Alvarez Cota, María (grandmother of father of royal secretary Hernán Mariana de Herrera), 231 Alvarez de Toledo), 47, 48 Alvarez de Alcocer, Antonio (regidor) Alvarez de Toledo, Juan (son of chief battles over city council seat, 283–84 controller Alfonso Alvarez de Inquisition, 285 Toledo), 41 marriage of daughter, 383 Alvarez de Toledo, María (wife of purchase of , 284 Francisco de Feloaga), 388 tax farmer, 283 Alvarez de Toledo, María (wife of Alvarez de Herrera, Alonso (Alfonso) Juan de Sandoval), 41 (jurado, merchant), 170, 173, 174, Alvarez de Toledo, (wife of 287 Diego de Molina), 41 Alvarez de San Vicente, Catalina Alvarez Husillo, Alonso (jurado, silk (widow of Dr. Martín Alonso), merchant), 110 179 Alvarez Zapata, Luis (regidor), 48, 51, Alvarez de San Vicente, Catalina (wife 53, 74 of Francisco de Santo Domingo , 107, 115, 116, 117, 164, 188 I), 113–14 Antolíñez. See Líñez, Antonio Alvarez de San Vicente, Catalina, II arbitristas, 314, 329, 358, 365, 368 (wife of Martín Alonso de San and pure blood, 366, 369–70 Vicente II), 123 archbishop of Toledo, 4, 13. See also Alvarez de Toledo, Alfonso (chief con- individual entries troller), 43, 384, 385 archdiocese, 13, 281 alleged descendants, 383 Arcicollar, 323 burial chapel and patronage, 42–43 Arellano, Ana de (wife of Francisco career, 38–39 Sánchez de Toledo, regidor coat-of-arms, 42–43 Talavera), 102, 103 entails for sons, 41 Arellano, Ana de (wife of Juan Gómez fortune, 39 de Silva), 147–48 index 431

Arges, 259, 273, 347 education, 327–28, 329–30 Arias Dávila (family), 40, 41 family biography, 323, 327, 332–33, Arias Dávila, Juan, lord of Torrejón 375–76 de Velasco, 219 inheritance, 328, 332, 335 arras. See pledge other literary efforts, 330 asistente. See corregidor Avila, 67, 397 auctions, 239 Avila y Escobar, Baltasar de, 315, 326 Avalos, Hernando de (regidor, Ayala (house of), 10, 11 chart 1.4, 12 Comunero), 128, 129 chart 1.5, 82, 159 chart 3.3, 358, Avalos, María de (‹rst wife of 382 chart 9.1. See also , Rodrigo de Avalos y Ayala), counts of; Peromoro, lords of 324–25 in local politics, 5, 18, 130 Avalos, Rodrigo de (chaplain of Reyes and municipal of‹ces, 18, 190, 359 Nuevos) Ayala, Alvaro de (regidor, father of attitude to pure blood, 195, 199n. fourth count of Fuensalida), 10, 122, 297, 300 130, 139 con›icts with relatives, 373–75 Ayala, Ana de (wife of ‹fth count of social status and living quarters, Cifuentes), 149 375–76 Ayala, Diego de (regidor), 284 Avalos y Ayala (Avalos y Ceballos), Ayala, Jerónima de (sister of sixth Pedro de (son of Juan de Avalos y count of Fuensalida), 149 Toledo), 332, 333 Ayala, Jerónima de (wife of Juan de Avalos y Ayala, Rodrigo de (spouse of Vargas Salmerón), 158, 160, 329, Petronila de Toledo y Guzmán) 337 of‹ce of regidor, 290, 325–26 Ayala, Juan de, el Cojo, 118 value of, 333 Ayala, Leonor de (Leonor de Alcocer, origins, 323, 332 daughter of Diego de Herrera), penury, 325, 326 224, 264, 265 possessions at death, 326 Ayala, Leonor de (wife of Diego retainer and business associate of López de Avalos), 158 duke of , 323–34 Ayala, María de (wife of Diego de sons, 326 Herrera), 224, 245, 264 wives and dowry of second wife, Ayala, Martín de (regidor), 190, 193, 324–25 288 Avalos y Guzmán, Luis de (unsuccess- Ayala, Sancha de (second wife of ful candidate for habit of Santi- Francisco de Monroy, count of ago), 373–74 Deleitosa), 149 Avalos y Toledo (Avalos y Ayala), Ayala y Avalos, Pedro de (spouse of Juan de (son of Rodrigo de Ava- Elvira de Toledo y Guzmán), 158, los y Ayala), 326, 367, 399 160, 323 attitude toward business, 330, 337 betrothal, dowry, and marriage, , 397 328, 331–33 Baer, Yitzhak, 21–22 chaplain of Reyes Nuevos, 332, 368 bankers, 308. See also Rodríguez children, 332 Múñoz, Cristóbal city council, 333 bankruptcies, 308, 321, 335, 341, 353 432 Index baptisms, 121, 166, 249–50, 352 Carmona, 116, 118, 119 records of, 3, 4, 86, 121, 204 Carrillo, Alfonso de (archbishop of , 219 Toledo), 13, 19, 20, 29, 31 Barrientos, Lope de (bishop of Carrillo, Alonso (illegitimate son of Cuenca), 26 Diego de Herrera), 224, 262, 266 Barrosa de Ribera, Elvira (second wife Carrillo, Juan (regidor, Comunero), of Hernando Niño III), 104 128, 129 Bazán, María de (third wife of fourth Carrillo Osorio, Hernando, 301 lord of Peromoro), 397 Cartagena, 88, 242 beatas, 52, 90–91, 348 Cartagena, Alonso de, 22, 26–27, 59 beaterios, 10, 90 table 2.1, 91, 226 Carvajal, Francisco de (corregidor), conversos and, 52, 91–92, 228 320–21 Beautiful Blood, Anthony of, 78 Casa de Contratación, 170, 223, 342 Belluga de Moncada, Juan, 366 Casarrubuelos, 223, 338, 339 Bernáldez, Andrés (chronicler), 60 Casas, Fray Bartolomé de las, 85, 104, Beteta, Luis de (cleric), 136 106 births, 166, 348 Castilla, Diego de (dean of cathedral), intervals between, 204, 234, 273 197, 199, 263 bonds (juros), 10. See also individual Castilla, Jerónima de. See Salto y entries Castilla, Jerónima collection of earnings, 249, 250 Castilla, Juana de (wife of Hernando effects on economy, 253 Niño, second of Tejares), 108 popularity of, 249, 252–53, 276, 277 Castilla, María de (wife of licentiate Brussels, 84, 190 Juan de Herrera y Bustos), 319, , 186, 187, 326 338, 348, 349 Burgos, Abner of. See , Castilla, María de (daughter of Alfonso de above), 349 business, 223. See also commercial Castilla, Pedro de (corregidor), 48, 82 companies and individual entries Castilla y Aguayo, Antonia (fourth lack of pro‹tability, 348 wife of Pedro de Ayala Manrique, withdrawal from, 177, 393 lord of Peromoro), 397 Bustos (family), 235 chart 5.6 Catholic Monarchs, 4–5, 6, 13, 14, 18, Bustos (surname), 206–7 19, 34, 47, 55, 57–58, 59, 67, 68, 98, 118, 134, 158, 182, 217, 380, Cadiz, 390, 397 401. See also Ferdinand the Cámara, Juan de la, 298–99 Catholic; Isabella I Campo, Pedro de (bishop of Utica), Ceballos (family), 331 chart 7.1 128n. 7, 195 Ceballos, Jacinta de (wife of Juan de Canales family, 231, 232, 233 chart 5.5 Avalos y Toledo), 328, 331–32 Canary Islands, 91, 170, 171, 173, 218 Ceballos, Jerónimo de cap-makers, 138, 172, 263, 347 arbitrista, 329, 367 caps, 137 chaplain of Reyes Nuevos, 332, 368 Cárcoma y Haro, Alonso de (corregi- complaints about cost of marriage, dor), 300, 301–2, 304, 362–63 337 Cárdenas, Alfonso de (master of the death and burial place, 367, 387 military order of Santiago), 46–47 dowry for daughter, 328, 331 index 433

education, 329 Cepeda, Leonor de, I (wife of Juan literary academy, member of, 364 Sánchez Franco), 246, 395 marriage and in-laws, 328 Cepeda, Leonor de, II (second wife of of‹ce of regidor, 333, 368 regidor Gaspar Sánchez Franco), origins, 368–69 246 and pure blood, effects of, 198, 388 Cerda, Isabel de la (wife of Francisco reform proposed, 369–70 Zapata), 54, 55–56 Cedillo (Toledo Zapata) (house), 47, Cernúsculo (family), 176, 304 54 chart 1.8, 96, 168, 199, 326 Cernúsculo, Juan Angelo (merchant, and Comunero revolt, 128–29 ‹nancier), 179, 191, 192 excessive pride, 80 Cerón, Rodrigo (regidor), 303, 333 foundations, 51, 52–53, 91 chancellery courts, 67, 184 living quarters, 51, 168 in , 211, 277, 299 marriages with Silva and Ayala in Valladolid, 98, 150, 154, 184, 268, families, 56 270, 277, 283, 289, 322, 334, 339, opposition to pure-blood statute, 341 197 chantries, 178, 219–20, 259–62 preferred patron saint, 52 endowment of, 220, 258 Cedillo, Hernán Alvarez de Toledo patronage, 260 (royal secretary), founder of and succession order, 261 house of chantry chaplains, 260, 262, 263–64, burial chapels, 52 346, 352, 355, 356 career, 34, 47, 48 relationship with patrons, 263–64 daughters, settlements, and mar- chapels, 259–60 riages of, 50–51, 54, 56, 124 disputes over patronage, 261–62, family house, 51 271–72 family size, 48, 50 founding of, 37–38, 42–43, 44–45, last male descendant, 398, 400 46, 51–52, 53, 98–99, 153, 162, sons, careers, and entails of, 50, 51 217, 278–79 wives, 48, 56, 74 numbers of, 260 Cedillo, Antonio Alvarez de Toledo, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; ‹rst lord of, 50, 51 Charles I, king of Cedillo, Hernando (Fernando) (1516–56), 5, 81, 83, 126, 128, 131, Alvarez Ponce de León, second 134, 182, 217, 218 lord of, 189 Chaves de Arcayos, Juan de Cedillo, Antonio Alvarez de Toledo, (prebendary), 386 third lord of, 49, 388 children Cedillo, Juan de Ayala Manrique deference to parents, 269, 328 Franco de Zuaco, eighth lord of, education and training, 110–11, 209, 397 231, 234, 323, 329–30 censos (loans), 155, 157, 179, 258, 313, emancipation, 110, 234 324 exploitation by parent, 343–44 crown regulation of, 253 number and gender of, and effect means of securing, 253, 254, 255, on careers, 204–6, 244–45 256 obligations of younger sons, 106, uses of, 256–57, 312–13 206, 209, 323 434 Index children (continued) 116, 117–18, 188–89, 209, 237–38, parental choice of careers, 223 287 resentment toward parents, 269 division of pro‹ts, 238 Chillón, 93 as family enterprises, 164, 171–72, Chiriboga, Ana de (wife of Luis 238 Ramírez de Vargas), 337 items traded, 96, 98, 116n., 103, 117, Chirino (family), 39 138, 173, 188, 189, 209, 238, 275 church. See also nunneries; religion; communities of the statute, 369 Toledo, cathedral of Comunero revolt, 5, 135 domination of local economy, 4, causes of, 126 313–14 conversos and, 131–32, 195, 219 expansion of within city of Toledo, effects in Toledo city council, 88–89, 92, 329, 368 129–30 mortmain law, 314 long-term effects of support, 132 reform of, 85–86 supporters of, 85, 154, 219, 359 Cifuentes, Juan de Silva, ‹rst count of, Toledo and, 126 6 Conchillos, Lope (royal secretary) Cifuentes, Alfonso de Silva, second burial place, 106 count of, 6, 30, 31, 43, 56 death, 129 Cifuentes, Juan de Silva, third count of‹ce of regidor, 84, 85, 104, 180, of, 18, 19, 37n. 92, 81–82 181 Cifuentes, Fernando de Silva, fourth confraternities, 87, 121, 178, 239, 268, count of, 128 295, 296 Cifuentes, Juan de Silva, ‹fth count conversos (confesos, Marranos, New of, 149, 190 Christians). See also Inquisition Cifuentes, Fernando de Silva, sixth of Spain; lineage; pure blood; and count of, 190 individual entries Cifuentes, Juan Baltasar de Silva, sev- ancestors and origins, 267, 380 enth count of, 359 and assumed place of origin, 278 cigarrales, 259, 279–80, 296, 364 assimilationists. See conversos, Cisneros (surname), 111–12 exogamy among Cisneros, Cardinal. See Jiménez de bene‹ciaries of economic expan- Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco sion, 35–36 Cisneros, Juan de, 289 church policy toward, 59–60, 87–88, Cisneros, María de (niece of Cardinal 401–2 Jiménez de Cisneros), 133 contributions to Toledo, 370, 408 Cistercian reform, 42 conversions of, 20–21 (town), 56, 60, 64, forced, 21 275 post-conversion status, 22, 23, Ciudad Real, Alvar Gómez de. See 26–27 Gómez de Ciudad Real, Alvar voluntary, 21–22 civic pride, 370 crown policy toward, 34, 134–35, coats-of-arms, 22–23, 42–43, 45, 148, 203, 401–2 153, 155, 156, 267, 292–93n. 123, efforts to change procedures of 319 Inquisition, 132, 134 commercial companies, 96, 98, 110, endogamy (ethnic) among, 47, 53, index 435

74–75, 111–12, 124–25, 165, 208, women and, 78, 234 231, 245–47, 287, 348, 351–52, Córdoba, Alfonso de (Bachelor Mem- 353 breque), 120, 121, 122 exogamy (ethnic) among Córdoba, Diego de, 120 crown legislation regarding, 46 Córdoba, Francisco de (chaplain), 260, increasing intolerance toward 262–63 conversos and causes of, Cordova, 21, 50, 66, 93, 120, 140, 397 23–24, 34–35 Corral, Fernando de Silva (y Ribera), intellectual supporters, 22, 26–27, ‹rst lord of, 6, 190, 193 46–47 Corral, Pedro de Silva, second lord of, marriages, 22, 23, 41–42, 54–56, 154, 300, 301, 360 104, 125, 160, 248 Corral, Luis Fernández de Silva, third opponents of, 28, 247–48, 403 lord of, 362 usual means of achieving, 41–42, Corral, Pedro de Silva Manrique, ‹fth 104, 196 lord of, 391 living patterns, 37, 51, 52 Corral, Isabel de Silva, seventh lord preferred parishes, 17, 68–70, 146, of, 109 167–68 corregidores (asistentes), 18–20, 193, streets named after, 168 200, 248. See also individual occupations, 23, 27, 35, 70–74 (see entries also notaries and individual Cortes of Castile, 1, 127, 143, 146, 211, entries) 365, 371, 379. See also deputies to church, 244–45 Cortes ‹nance, 218, 219 Corzo, Juan Antonio (Indies trader), military, 27, 30–31, 35, 50, 244–45 274 religious beliefs of, 86, 121 Cota (family), 25, 96, 99, 101 chart 2.2, Coming of the Messiah heresy, 366 64, 93, 120–21 Cota, Alfonso de (treasurer), 24, 34 crypto-Judaism, 23, 24, 40, 59, 60, Cota, Alonso (condemned by Inquisi- 61, 75, 76 tion), 64 diversity of, in some families, 75, Cota, Elvira (wife of Sancho de 76 Toledo), 99 hostility to Christianity, 59 Cota, Francisco (alcalde of royal skepticism, 75 mint), 34 resiliency of, 137, 296, 408 Cota, Juan Alonso (brother of Beatriz surnames of, 25, 76, 78, 79 Alvarez Cota), 258 adoption of, 165, 166, 206 Cota, Martín (blind beggar), 80 inconsistency of usage, 142, Cota, Martín Alonso de, el Mozo, 206–7, 208, 319 117, 119, 120, 164, 165 known converso surnames, Cota, Martín Alonso de, el Viejo, 99, 78–79, 165, 390 124 modi‹cation of, 76–77, 165, 208, Council of Finance, 133, 144, 182, 217, 215, 235, 334–35 248, 255, 281, 288, 342. See also most used, 77–78, 109 treasury pre- and post-Inquisition, 77 Council of Military Orders, 369, 378 suppression of, 162, 180, 234 Council of State, 358, 360 436 Index

Covarrubias, Antonio de (maestres- variations in, according to place, cuela), 300, 301, 302 social status, professions, Cubañas, Juan de (merchant), 118, 242 120, 121, 122 means of securing, 150–52, 207, 213, Cuenca, 38, 41, 144, 171, 298 220–21, 233 reimbursement of, 329 Daganzo de Abajo (Daganzuello), 292, renegotiation of, 220–21 293, 294 Dueñas, Mencía de (wife of Gutierre Daza Ramírez, Alonso (regidor), 193, de Santo Domingo I), 112 278 Dueñas, Rodrigo de (merchant- deputies to Cortes, 16, 127, 144, 188, ‹nancier of Medina del Campo), 248, 288, 291, 336–37, 404 274 attractions of of‹ce, 290, 379 cost of of‹ce, 291 Ecija, 116, 123, 170 how selected in Toledo, 283–84, Ecija, Fray Andrés de, 136 290–91 economy, 35 De Toledo, as surname. See Toledo contraction, 177, 296, 306–7 (family and surname) debasement of coinage, 35, 307 Deza, Diego de (archbishop of , era of indebtedness, 296, 307–8, 326 inquisitor-general), 93, 120, expansion, 137 217 in›ation, 242 Díaz, Fernando (mason), 173 education, 86–87, 234, 346 Díaz, Miguel (canon), 199 apprenticeship, 110, 114–15 Díaz de Montalvo, Alonso (asistente), parochial schools, 86 19, 26 role of family, 110, 125, 223 Díaz de Toledo, Fernán (archdeacon El Greco, 361, 367, 370 of Niebla), 37–38, 42, 143 emigration, 137, 307, 311, 367 Díaz de Toledo, Fernán (relator), 26, employment, lack of, 351, 370 37, 41, 46, 55, 143, 248 England, 48, 158, 169, 190 Diente (family), 402, 405 Enríquez, Fadrique (admiral of dispensations, 371 Castile), 136 of habits in military orders, 377, Enríquez Gaitán, Gonzalo, lord of 380, 384 Villalba, 383 marital, 208, 231, 233, 235 Enríquez Núñez de Toledo, Enrique, dowries. See also individual entries and brother Juan, 383–84, 387 changes in seventeenth century, 351 entail, 95, 155, 157, 217, 239, 265–66 collection or payment of, 213, 221, advantages of, 309 237 consolidation of, 353, 397–98 conditions placed on spouse, 148, disputes over, 320, 334, 341 213–14, 221, 245, 325 increasing use of, 95, 267, 293 costs Laws of Toro and, 95 efforts to regulate, 146, 147 normal succession order, 268, 339, laws governing, 94–95, 146, 147, 342, 346, 347, 348, 350, 355 147 table 3.1, 207–8 Erasmus, followers of, 87, 137, 370 and precautions if limits Escalona (town), 131, 323, 324, 325, exceeded, 207, 222, 237 367, 368 index 437

Escalona, Juan Pacheco, ‹rst duke of, Ferdinand the Catholic, king of ‹rst marquis of Villena, 13, 19 Castile (1479–1504), 4, 81, 82, 83, Escalona, Diego López Pacheco, sec- 84, 85, 127, 135. See also Catholic ond duke of, second marquis of Monarchs Villena, 83, 124, 131 Fernández de Angulo, Lope (parish Escalona, Juan Fernández Pacheco, priest), 121, 168 duke of, marquis of Villena, Fernández de Bethancourt, Francisco 323–24, 325, 326 (genealogist), 285, 287 Espina, Fray Alonso de, 28 Fernández de la Requera y Cisneros, Espinosa, Francisco de (canon), 375 Melchor (regidor), 334 Espinosa, Gabriel de (father of Fran- Fernández del Salto, Pedro (father of cisco Sedeño y Mesa), 211, 299 Gaspar del Salto y Castilla), 217 Espinosa, Gabriel de (son of Jerónima Fernández de Ocaña, Juan (merchant), de Herrera). See Sedeño y Mesa, 174–75 Gabriel Ferrer, Jaime (corregidor), 83 European millenarianism, 28. See also festivals, 169–70, 172, 192, 316, 360, Inquisition of Spain, Coming of 362 the Messiah heresy Flanders, 85, 396 exile, 48, 129 Fonseca, Antonio de (corregidor), 193 fortunes familiares, 179, 301, 339, 369, 373, 375, comparative, in late sixteenth cen- 386, 392, 402 tury, 274–75, 276 family, 336 loss of, 308, 309, 349–50, 355–56 aid to members and kin, 165, 240 size of, 102, 237, 249, 252, 264, 294 diminishing size of, 337, 356, 391 , 81, 190 extinction of, 355 Franco (family), 32 chart 1.6, 43–45, intermarriage, 246, 393 187 chart 4.2, 278, 394 chart 9.3 laws relating to, 94–95 lesser branch in Toledo, 45, 46, 98, longevity, 340, 380 189, 200, 246, 278, 393 promotion of, 295, 360, 361, 372 Vázquez Franco branch in Toledo, responsibilities, 155, 178, 247, 295, 45, 46 345, 401 Franco, Alfonso (licentiate), 30–31, 44, segmentation of, 279 45 solidarity, 241, 278, 318, 349 Franco, Alonso (jurado, Seville), 188 and lack of solidarity, 261–62, Franco, Alonso (master), 275 267–68, 270, 374–75 Franco, Alonso (regidor), 186, 200, subordination of individual to, 328 203, 278, 289 ties, 175–76 Franco, Antonio (captain), 396 Feloaga, Francisco de (spouse of Franco, Antonio (father of Leonor María Alvarez de Toledo, house Franco), 246 of Cedillo), 358, 388 Franco, Hernán, I (merchant), 186 Feloaga Zapata Ponce de León, Juan Franco, Hernán, II. See Franco del de, ‹rst marquis of Navaher- Aguila, Hernán mosa, 282 chart 6.1, 388, 398 Franco, Hernán, III (regidor) Fenolete, Isabel de (wife of Hernando burial chapel, 278–79, 396 de Ayala), 158, 159 chart 3.3 commercial company, 188 438 Index

Franco, Hernán, III (continued) Fresno y Torote, Juan Hurtado de entail for nephew, 393 Mendoza, third lord of, 157, of‹ce of regidor, 186, 193 162 protest against pure-blood statute, Fuensalida, Pedro López de Ayala, 200 ‹rst count of, 5, 10, 33, 34 Franco, Leonor (wife of Gaspar Fuensalida, Pedro López de Ayala, Suárez Franco), 246 second count of, 10, 19, 50–51 Franco, Pedro (Pero, treasurer of Fuensalida, Pedro López de Ayala, royal mint), 44, 45 third count of Franco, Pedro (tax collector), 278 and Comunero revolt, 128 Franco, Pedro, II (jurado), 131, 186 death and lack of heirs, 10, 130 Franco, Pedro, III (merchant), 257 employer of converso, 71 burial place, 279 gambler, 118 children, 396–97 (see also individual wives, 106–7, 130 entries) Fuensalida, Pedro López de Ayala, commercial companies, 188 fourth count of, 10 death, 275 career, 190 executor for brother, 279 death, 358 fortune, 275, 276–77 education, 130 investor in tax farm, 288 involvement with converso mer- marriages, 188, 246, 275 chants and tax farmers, 239, pursuit of nobility, 277–78, 289 291–92 will, 295–96 Fuensalida, Pedro López de Ayala, codicil to, 279 ‹fth count of, 358–59, 362, 363 Franco, Pedro, IV, 275 Fuensalida, Pedro López de Ayala, Franco del Aguila, Hernán, 275 sixth count of inheritance, 393 age, 363 marriage, 393 contacts with Peromoro branch, 397 modi‹cation of surname, 395 death and lack of heirs, 332–33, 397, patron of nunneries, 275, 395–96 399 secular cleric, 395 grandee, 397 settlement of wife’s dowry, 395–96 involvement in local events, 332, 362 treasurer-general, 311, 393 testimony for relative, 385, 387 Franco de León, Inés (wife of Hernán Fuensalida, Bernardino de Ayala y Franco del Aguila), 393, 395, Velasco, seventh count of, 397 401 Fuente (family), 139 Franco de Luna, Mariana (wife of Fuente, Aldonza de la (wife of Pedro Diego López de Toledo IV), 327, Zapata), 53 396 Fuente, Catalina de la (wife of regidor Franco de Molina, Baltasar, 396 Hernán Franco III), 279 Franco Villareal, Alonso (jurado), 186, Fuente, Francisca de la (wife of Diego 246 Sánchez de San Pedro, el Largo), Franco y Zúñiga, Isabel (second wife 75 of fourth lord of Peromoro), 397 Fuente, Inés de la (wife of García Fresno y Torote (family), 143, 161, 163 Alvarez de Toledo, el Rico), chart 3.4, 376 166–67 index 439

Fuente, Isabel de la (second wife of García de Toledo, Diego, VII, 149 Diego Osorio de Silva), 145, 155 García de Toledo, Diego, VIII, 240 Fuente, Leonor de la (wife of regidor ancestors, 149–50, 152, 153 Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa), 201 burial chapels, 152–53 Fuente, Pedro de la (father of Isabel de children, 153–54, 304 (see also indi- la Fuente), 145, 155 vidual entries) Fuente, Rodrigo de la (condemned by entail, 150, 152 Inquisition), 53, 93 ‹rst marriage, 152 Fuentelcano, pasture of, 179, 255, 256 of‹ce of regidor, 152, 182 and involvement in city council Gaitán, Gonzalo (regidor, Comunero), activities, 161, 193 128, 129 sale of bond, 251 Gaitán, Juan (Comunero), 128, 129 second marriage, betrothal, and Gaitán, Juan (regidor), 193 dowry, 148, 150–51, 152 Gaitán de Ayala, Juan Luis (habit of social status, 152, 160 Calatrava), 381, 386, 387 will, 150 Gaitán de Ayala, Luis (Council of García de Toledo y Herrera, Diego Finance), 288, 291 (son of Juan de Herrera Jr.) Gaitán de Ayala, Luis (regidor, cor- achievements, 336 regidor, ), 179, 248, 381 age, 321, 335 Galiano, Antonio de (regidor, Ciudad candidate for Gallinería entail, 321, Real), 275 322 Galicia, 127, 128 death and burial place, 335, 353 Galindo Salmerón, Diego, 158 inheritance from father, 309 Gallinería entail. See García de Toledo marriage, 334 (family) of‹ce of regidor, 334 gambling, 118–19, 125 surname, 319 García Carraffa, Alberto and Arturo García de Trasmiera, Benito (book- (genealogists), 5 keeper for Juan Vaca de Herrera), García de Cisneros, Juan (receiver- 291, 294 general), 316 García Sorje, Alonso (canon, “the one García de Mugena, Diego, 373 of the chickens”), 31, 32, 78, 373, García de Toledo (family), and 374 Gallinería entail genealogy coat-of-arms, 148 distortions in, 40 heirs probable distortions in, 149–50 to late ‹fteenth century, 148–49 , 190, 195 local variant of, in later years, godparenthood, 176, 215, 241, 270, 349 149–50, 332 Gómez de Castro, Alvar (biographer), palace, 31, 148, 150 88 prestige of house, 148 Gómez de Ciudad Real, Alvar (royal García de Toledo, Catalina (Catalina secretary), 29–30, 31, 45, 56, 382 de Toledo y Ayala), eleventh heir Gómez de Silva II, Juan (regidor), 6, of Gallinería entail 147–48, 190, 300, 359 litigation for entail, 334, 397 González, Marí (head of beatas of marriages, 327, 336, 396–97 Santa Ana), 91–92 440 Index

González de Andrada, María (second Guzmán, Mariana de (house of wife of Gonzalo Sánchez de San Toral), 381, 384 Pedro, el Padre), 75 Guzmán, Pedro de (asistente), 19, 29 González de la Fuente, Francisco Guzmán, Tello de (anti-Comunero), (father of Inés de la Fuente), 128 166 Guzmán y Avalos, Alonso de (hearing González de la Torre, Alfonso (regi- for post of familiar), 373, 374, 375 dor), 28 Guzmán y Toledo, Diego de. See González de Mendoza, Cardinal Toledo y Guzmán, Diego de Pedro (archbishop of Toledo), Guzmán y Zuniga, Pedro de, 107 13–14, 60, 85, 376 catechism for conversos, 59 Habsburg dynasty, 5, 14, 81, 126, 134 pious foundation, 88 Haro González de Lupidana, Juan de, González Franco, Diego (Diego 311 González de Toledo). See also Henry IV, king of Castile (1454–74), 4, Franco (family); Vázquez Franco 14, 18, 19, 20, 29, 33, 34, 39, 41, (family) 401 burial chapel, 44–45 Hernández, Francisca, 136 career, 43 Hernández de Ubeda, Diego (parish family in Toledo, 44, 45 priest), 91 marriages of children, 32, 43–44, 46 Herrera (family), 205 chart 5.1, 232 González Jarada, María (wife of chart 5.4, 235 chart 5.6, 236 chart Gutierre de Santo Domingo I), 5.7, 286 chart 6.2 112 Herrera (surname), 25, 165 González Sorje, Diego (notary), 235 Herrera, Aldonza de, 256 Granada, 3, 54, 87, 278, 283, 355 Herrera, Alonso de (cleric), 350 kingdom of, 48, 218, 278 Herrera, Alonso de (endower and Guadalajara, 55, 148 patron of Santa Ana), 91–92 , 273 Herrera, Baltasar de (son of regidor Guevara, Gutierre de (regidor), 128, Juan de Herrera Sr.), 204, 225, 193 231, 260 guilds, 138, 140, 172, 188 Herrera, Cecilia de (Cecilia de Bustos, Gutiérrez de Madrid, Alonso (royal nun in Santo Domingo el Real), treasurer), 48, 84, 124, 131–32, 133 225 Guzmán (family, house of Toral), 44, Herrera, Diego de (eldest son of regi- 319 dor Juan de Herrera Sr.), 206 Guzmán, Elvira de (wife of Diego children, 224 López de Toledo II, lord of Mejo- godparent, 241 rada), 149–50, 319 marriage in Seville and dowry of Guzmán, Jerónimo de (illegitimate son spouse, 224 of Elvira de Guzmán), 150 merchant-‹nancier in Seville, Guzmán, Lope de (regidor), 128, 223–24 177–78, 193 pure-blood certi‹cate, 224, 302 Guzmán, Lucía de (nun in San Herrera, Francisco de (doctor of Clemente), 226 canon law), 330, 331, 367 Guzmán, Luis de, S.J., 154 Herrera, Gabriel de, 350 index 441

Herrera, Inés de (wife of Pedro de compared with other places, Madrid Ramírez), 225 242–43 betrothal and dowry, 208–10 as means of controlling son-in- death, 272 law, 245 family house, 258 entail created, 267 godparent, 210 estate (1581), 249, 252 table 6.2, inheritance (1580), 265 264–65, 265 table 6.4, 266 Herrera, Isabel de (wife of Hernando estate (1585), 267–71, 271 table 6.5 de Santo Domingo II), 111 family house, 257, 258 Herrera, Jerónima de (wife of Fran- durability of, 354 cisco Sedeño y Mesa), 356 pride in, 267 betrothal, marriage, and dowry, purchase and enlargement of, 211, 213–14 166–67 children, 212, 215, 297–98, 302–3 uses of, 268, 299 inheritance (1581), 265 fate of, 334, 335–36 Herrera, Juan de (doctor of theology), fortune compared with others, 330–31, 367 274–75, 276 Herrera, Juan de (landowner in household possessions and servants, Polán), 256 266–67 Herrera, Juan de, Sr. (Herrera y Santo investments Domingo, regidor), 165, 205 chart bonds, 177–79, 249, 250 table 6.1, 5.1 251–52 attitude toward assimilation, 404–5 censos, 179, 253, 254 table 6.3, burial place, 267, 406 255–57 business contacts real estate, 257–59 conversos, 174–75 marriage and dowry of wife, 166 others, 179–80 of‹ce of regidor business transactions, 170–71 involvement in poor relief, money and specie loaned, 173–74 190–92, 193, 203 other commodities traded, 173 protest against pure-blood statute wool products bought and sold, (1566), 200–201 171–72 purchase of, 180, 185, 189 chantries founded and succession paterfamilias and breakdown of order for patronage, 260–61 family unity, 267 efforts to usurp chapel patronage, spouses, converso origin of, 245–46 261–62 (see also individual entries) children, 166, 204–5, 243 table 5.3 surname adopted by some, 206–7 concern for, 240–41 surnames adopted, 165, 244 coat-of-arms, 267 and dropped, 180, 244 contacts with other family testimony for friends, 278, 289, 393 branches, 175–77 titles assigned and used, 180, 244 death, 206, 240 Herrera, Juan de, Jr. (regidor, trea- and estimated life span, 266 surer-general), 206, 207, 389 descendants in military orders, 340 age, 225, 231 dowries, increasing cost of, 230, 230 and life span, 307 table 5.2, 241–42 burial place, 319–20 442 Index

Herrera, Juan de, Jr. (continued) Herrera, Manuel de, II (last direct heir career, 303–4, 318 of Herrera family entails), 352, children, 307 (see also individual 354, 355 entries) Herrera, María de (illegitimate daugh- circle of friends, 304–5, 311, 320, 325 ter of Gutierre de Santo Domingo creditors, 317–18 II), 165, 241 estate left to heirs, 308, 308 table Herrera, María de (nun, Santo 7.1, 309 Domingo el Real), 222, 225 family house, 240, 304–5 Herrera, María de (wife of Jerónimo ‹nancial posts de Ceballos), 330–31 and accounts with city after Herrera, Mariana de (beata, daughter death, 316–17 of Gregorio de Herrera y Bustos), bread commissar, 270, 305 348 receiver-general, 315–16 Herrera, Mariana de (nun, Santo treasurer-general, 306, 308, 309, Domingo el Real), 225–26, 310 230–31, 318 household possessions, 318 Herrera, Mariana de (wife of Gaspar indebtedness, 307, 313 table 7.2 de Herrera y Bustos) and censos, 312 adoption of spouse’s surname, inheritance (1581), 265, 266 234 inheritance and entail (1585), betrothal, marriage, and consan- 267–68, 270, 271, 303 guinity with spouse, 231, 232 livestock company and sale of prod- children, 234, 273–74 (see also indi- ucts, 314–15 vidual entries) disposal of livestock, 315, 320–21 dowry, 233–34 marriage and dowry, 239–40, 304, ‹nancial deals with brother-in-law, 325 319 and identity with Guzmán family, social status, 234 319, 406–7 will, 274 meeting pure-blood quali‹cations, Herrera, Melchor de (treasurer- 297, 299, 300, 301–2 general of Castile), 162 relationship with siblings, 237, 239, Herrera, Ursula de (wife of Gaspar del 270–71, 298, 318–19 Salto y Castilla), 215–16 relationship with slave, 241 betrothal, marriage, and children, Herrera, Magdalena de (wife of Her- 215, 221, 223 nando Ortiz de Torres) death, 388 betrothal, dowry, marriage, and dowry, 215, 220–22 consanguinity with ‹rst spouse, excluded from inheriting more of 234–35, 236, 236 chart 5.7, 237 parental estate, 222, 264 children, 239, 340, 341 (see also indi- relationship with siblings, 318 vidual entries) Herrera y Bustos (family), 235 chart death, 341, 346 5.6, 349 chart 8.1 excluded from inheriting more of Herrera y Bustos, Diego de (cleric), parental estate, 238–39, 265 346, 349 second marriage and litigation over Herrera y Bustos, Gaspar de (son of entail and dowry, 340–41 Juan de Herrera Sr.), 226 index 443

betrothal, consanguinity with wife, Herrera y Castilla, Eugenia de, 348, and marriage, 231–33 349 burial place, 272 Herrera y Castilla, Gaspar de (son of children, 234, 273 (see also individ- licentiate Juan de Herrera y Bus- ual entries) tos), 348, 350–51, 352, 355 careers and settlements, 346–47 Herrera y Castilla, Manuel de (son of death and will, 273 licentiate Juan de Herrera y Bus- dowry, 233 tos), 349, 353–54 and opinion of worth, 269 Herrera y Contreras, García de (arbi- education and training, 225, 231 trista, lawyer), 329, 365–66 entail, remnants of, 354 Herrera y Guzmán, Juan de (son of estate (1590), 346 treasurer Juan de Herrera Jr.), feelings toward father, 269, 401 310 inheritance and entail (1581), 265–66 candidate for Gallinería entail, 321 inheritance (1586), 270, 271 death and will, 333–34 and litigation over, 267–70 inheritance from father, 309, 317, patronage of family chantries and 318 litigation over patronage of surname, 319 family chapel, 271–72 hidalguía, 45. See also nobility property in Arges, 259 attractions of, 184, 289–90 relations with siblings, 270–71 claims of, 283 wool merchant, 272–73 lack of interest in, 184 Herrera y Bustos, Gregorio de (spouse purchase of, 299 of Leocadia del Aguila), 347–48 pursuit of, 277–78, 289, 324 Herrera y Bustos, Juan de (licentiate) sale of, 183 children, 349 (see also individual types of and how acquired, 183–84 entries) unsuccessful candidates, 393n. 113 and careers, 348, 349 Higuera (surname), 334, 335. See also contacts with family members, 319, Román de Higuera, Jerónimo 338 Hinojosa, Gedeón de, 342 death, burial place, and legacies, Hinojosa y Gasca, Gedeón, 345 354–55 Hinojosa y Montalvo, Gedeón de estate (eldest son of Pedro de Hinojosa in 1620, 349–50 y Montalvo), 343, 344, 345 in 1656, 354 Hinojosa y Montalvo, Pedro de (sec- inheritance and life span, 346 ond spouse of Leonor María de kinship with wife and her dowry, Santillán), 342–45, 400 338, 348 Holy Of‹ce. See Inquisition religious vows and activities as Horozco, Sebastian de (chronicler, cleric, 352 poet), 61, 77, 169, 192–99 witness in hearing, 391 thoughts on intermarriage, 247–48, Herrera y Bustos, Leonor de (nun, 403, 408 Santo Domingo el Real), 273, households 347 furnishings, 224, 237, 273, 318 Herrera y Bustos, María de (nun, servants in, 266, 276 Santo Domingo el Real), 347 storage of necessities, 267, 276 444 Index

Hurtado (family), 79, 256 exclusion from, 222, 237 surname, 390 laws governing, 95, 96 Hurtado, Diego (regidor), 200, 201 legacies, 215, 237, 264, 271, 308 Hurtado, Diego (son of jurado Gon- legitim, 95, 207, 237 zalo Hurtado), 256 partible inheritance, 95, 207 Hurtado, Luis (chronicler, parish strategy for satisfying two male priest), 168, 172, 226, 408 heirs, 155, 268 Hurtado, Luis (regidor of Madrid), use of portion renounced by reli- 275 gious, 207, 222 Hurtado, Luis (royal secretary), 380 Inquisition of Spain, 323. See also Hurtado de Arteaga, Gonzalo (regi- familiares; sanbenito dor), 390–91 absolutions, 93, 121, 217 Hurtado de (y) Herrera, María, (‹rst attitude toward merchants, 123 wife of Gaspar de Herrera y Coming of the Messiah heresy, 60, Castilla), 350–52, 355 64, 92–94, 120–21 Hurtado de Mendoza, Mariana (wife con‹scation of converso wealth, 58 of regidor Gaspar Ramírez de force against social cohesion of con- Vargas), 157, 329 verso community, 76, 79, Hurtado y Herrera, Rafael, 391 134–35 Husillo (family), 112 chart 2.5 founding of size of, 110 enlargement of mission, 60 street named after, 168 initial goals, 57–58 surnames adopted, 87, 111, 112, 165 opposition to, 59 General Congregation of 1508, illegitimate children, 114, 150, 224, 93–94 273, 376 general pardons of 1490s, 66 acceptance of, 10 Illuminists and Erasmians, 136–37 legitimization of (clerics), 184 in›uence and duration of, 60, 407 provisions for, 165, 237, 241, 262, initial effects of, 60, 67, 75, 76, 114, 266 122 Illescas, 215, 217, 219, 220, 222, 223, instrument of social control, 58 318, 338 psychological effects on converso Illuminists (alumbrados), 135–36, 195 community, 79, 80 Immaculate Conception, dogma of, source of new vocabulary, 119–20 365, 366 Inquisition of Spain, Toledo tribunal, Indies. See also New World 60–61 banishment to, 276 pardon of 1495–97, 66, 67, 124 residence in, 109, 258, 276, 327 punishments, 63 table 1.1, 65 trade with, 145, 171, 174, 188, 238, burned at stake, 53, 62, 64, 67, 75, 239, 390 79 in›ation of honors, 391, 392 burned in ef‹gy or postmortem, inheritance 64–65, 75 agreements to lessening of portion, number punished, 63, 65–66, 69 234, 237 table 1.2, 72 table 1.3 debates with guardians over, 165 reconciliation deductions from, 207–8, 264–66, 351 public, 61–62, 112–13, 120 index 445

secret, 65, 66, 74 14, 16, 24, 28, 34, 38, 43, 401 rehabilitation, 66, 68 Juana, the Mad, queen of Castile records, 62, 94 (1504–55), 5, 81, 84 disappearance of, 74, 94 Juana La Beltraneja, 4 family genealogies, 135 Judaizers, 23, 24, 40, 59, 60, 61, 75, 76 of infected surnames, 76, 135 jurados testimony of of‹cial, 301, 302 conversos as, 16, 18, 36, 68, 71 Isabella I, the Catholic, queen of council of Castile (1474–1504), 4, 5, 19, 48, as deputies to Cortes, 16, 188 58, 81, 83, 88, 89. See also responsibilities, 15–16 Catholic Monarchs social status, 18 , 81, 188, 190, 275, 325, 351 , 273, 347 Jaén, 183 Lea, Henry Charles, 135 Jarada (family), 25, 91, 174 legitim. See inheritance Jarada, Leonor (wife of Alonso de San León (town), 188, 218, 384 Pedro), 75 León, Antonio de (licentiate, lord of Jarada, María (González Jarada, wife Polvoranza), 154 of Luis Alvarez Zapata), 51, 53, León, Inés Ortiz (wife of Hernán 74 Suárez Franco Sr.), 246 , 116, 117, 119, León, Juan de (merchant), 173 164, 342 Lerma, Francisco Gómez de Sandoval Jews, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, 88, 113, 119–20 y Rojas, ‹rst duke of, 360, 362, expulsion, 68, 76, 367 365, 371 Jiménez de Cisneros, Cardinal Fran- Levi, Samuel (treasurer), 68 cisco (archbishop of Toledo, life span, 164, 190, 266, 333, 335, 337, inquisitor-general), 14 346, 391 attitude toward conversions and lineage, 202 converts, 87–88 certi‹cation of, 390, 391, 392 career and church reforms, 85–87 changes in, 285, 383 dowry for niece, 133 falsi‹cation of, 76–77 educational and religious founda- pride in, 22, 134–35, 406 tions, 86, 88 suppression of, 77, 79, 144–45, 323 enthusiasm for education, 86–87 tainted, 203 and Inquisition, 87, 132 two lineages, 27, 79–80, 196 and the Coming of the Messiah and battles over, 196, 387 heresy, 92, 93–94 Líñez, Antonio (regidor), 193, 278 regent of Castile and peacemaker in Lisbon, 98, 123, 373 Toledo, 82, 83 literary groups, 45, 361–62, 363–64, religious revival, 88 364–65 and women, 89–91 Little Blood, German (Alemán retainers and employees, 85, 98, 137, Pocasangre), 78 217, 220 Llerena, 277 Jiménez de Cisneros, Juan (brother of López de Arroyo, Catalina (wife of prelate), 133 Diego Sánchez de San Pedro, el John II, king of Castile (1406–54), 4, Viejo), 74 446 Index

López de Avalos, Diego (spouse of Luján, Leonor de (second wife of ‹rst Leonor de Ayala), 158 lord of Fresno y Torote), 161 López de Avalos, Fray Diego (Augus- Luján, Leonor de (wife of Juan tinian), 326, 327 Jiménez de Cisneros), 133 López de Avalos, Ruy (constable of Luna, Alvaro de (constable of Castile), Castile), 158, 332 4, 24, 38 López de Ayala, Iñigo (son of Diego Luna, Juan de (archdeacon of Galiste), López de Ayala), 40, 56 197 López de Campo, Fernán (factor-gen- Luna, María de (second wife of Pedro eral of Philip II), 191 Franco III), 275, 276, 396–97 López de Herrera, Pedro, II (father of Luna y Mendoza, Alvaro (pasture the Vaca de Herrera brothers), owner), 179, 185, 255–56 287 López de la Fuente, Alonso (jurado), MacKay, Angus (historian), 35 16 Madeira Islands, 115 López de León, Juan (chaplain), 280, Madrid, 144, 275, 283, 291, 318, 336 368 dowries paid, 161, 242 López de Madrid, Garcí (asistente), 19 emigration to, 248, 292, 366 López de Padilla, Pedro, lord of expansion of, 3, 338 Noves and , 83 families of, 87, 133, 142, 278 López de San Andres, Juan (merchant, residence in, 41, 45, 134, 143, 162, Segovia), 171 294, 339, 379, 380, 385 López de Segura, Pedro (chaplain), Madrid, Francisco de (chaplain), 260 262 López de Toledo, Diego (debtor of Madrid, Francisco de (merchant, trea- Juan de Herrera Sr.), 253, 311 surer), 145, 208, 209, 244, 306 López de Toledo, Diego (regidor, Madrid Ramírez, Pedro de (spouse of house of Cedillo), 48, 51, 52 Inés de Herrera), 208, 209–11, López de Toledo, Diego, II, lord of 241, 258 , 149 Malagón, Guiomar Tavera y Pardo, López de Toledo, Diego, III, marchioness of, 317–18 Gallinería IX, 153 Manrique, Catalina (wife of Alvaro de death with no children, 320, 322 Ayala), 10, 130 marriage, 154 Manrique, Gómez (corregidor), 19, 61 social status, 154, 304 Manrique de Ayala, Alonso (brother various surnames, 153–54 of fourth count of Fuensalida), López de Toledo, Diego, IV, 185, 291 Gallinería X, 322, 323, 327, 396 Manrique de Ayala, García (brother López de Ubeda, Francisco (mer- of fourth count of Fuensalida), chant), 192 283 López Husillo, Diego (cleric), 136 Manrique de Ayala, María (wife of López Husillo, Diego (merchant), Juan Jusepe Vaca de Herrera), 110 293 Los Molares, 116, 119 , 30, 131, 255, 275, 355 Ludeña, Catalina de (wife of jurado Maqueda, Bernardino de Cárdenas, Juan Ortiz), 234 second duke of, 255 index 447

Maqueda, Isabel de Guzmán, second , 253, 255, 256, 257 duchess of, 255 Méndez de Arellano, Francisco Marches, Lorenzo (silversmith), 230 (canon, Talavera de Reina), 175, Marmolejo (family), 340 176 Marmolejo, Pedro de (councils of Mendoza, Cardinal. See González de Indies and of Castile), 342 Mendoza, Cardinal Pedro Marquillos, Bachelor (Marcos García Mendoza, María de (wife of secretary de Mora), 24, 27–28, 35–36 Gaspar Ramírez de Vargas), Marranos, 196, 247 144 marriage. See also individual entries merchants, 4, 71, 237 and conversos, endogamy among, lack of, 392 exogamy among lifestyle of successful, 168–69 attitude toward, 269, 337 mobility, 116, 170, 177, 245 church wedding, 211, 221, 232, 237 rivalries among, 117–18 companionate marriage, 106–7, 396 training of, 110–11, 114, 170 deathbed marriage, 357 Mesa, Pedro de (canon, chronicler), diminishing number of, 333, 337, 29, 31 347 Mexía, Isabel (nun in San Antonio de laws relating to, 94–95, 207–8 Padua as Francisca de los Após- prenuptial pregnancy, 221, 350 toles), 146, 229 Martínez, Ferrán (archdeacon of Mexico, 188, 189 Ecija), 21, 22, 50 military orders Martínez Cota, Juan (tax farmer), 76 habits Martínez de Silíceo, Cardinal Juan cost of acquiring, 378 (archbishop of Toledo), 372, 373 delays in dispatching, 380, dislike of conversos, 88, 194–95, 202 383–84, 390, 391 and explanations for, 80, 194, 375 means of attaining, 343, 390 epitaph and changes to, 199 prestige of, 297–98, 390, 391 involvement in celebrations, 169 intimidation of witnesses, 386–87 and subsistence crisis, 191 investigation procedures, 298–302, pure-blood statute (1546), 194, 195, 380, 381 368, 402 quali‹cations for entry, 298 battle over, with cathedral chap- restrictions in early seventeenth ter, 195–97 century, 377 second battle over, with cathedral reforms of Olivares, 377–78, 380 chapter, 198–99 increased number of habits, 338, thoughts on intermarriage, 247, 248 378, 379–80, 381–88, 391–92 mayorazgos. See entail millones, 306, 307, 310, 358–59, 379, Mazarrón, 324 388 Medina del Campo, 116, 171, 172, 173, Molina, Diego de (spouse of María 175, 177, 274, 341 Alvarez de Toledo), 41 Medina del Rioseco, 111 Molina, Tirso de, 364 Medinilla, Baltasar Elisio de, 364, 366, Moncada, Pablo de, 366 370 Moncada, Sancho de (cleric, arbi- Membrique, Bachelor. See Córdoba, trista), 366–67, 369, 370 Alfonso de Moncada, Sancho de, el Viejo, 226 448 Index

Montalbán, Alvaro de (apprentice Naples, 76, 396 merchant), 111 Narbona, Alonso de (doctor, accoun- Montalbán, Mayor de (wife of Gon- tant), 311 zalo Sánchez de San Pedro, el Neroni, Juan Bautista (canon lawyer), Padre, condemned), 75 323 Montemayor, Juan de Silva y Ribera, networks, 123, 124–25, 174–75, 256, ‹rst marquis of, 127–28, 130, 139, 288, 296, 406 149 New Castile, 3, 53, 60, 275, 370 Montemayor, Martín Alonso de New Christians. See conversos (spouse of Catalina de Toledo), New World, 109, 137, 145, 171, 174, 50 188, 238. See also Indies Montero, Pedro (wax-chandler), 256 Nicolas V, pope, 26 Montoyo, Toribio de (witness for Nieto, Elvira (wife of Alonso de Her- Inquisition), 120–21 rera), 91–92 Mora (village), 361 Niño (family), 102, 105 chart 2.4, 181 Mora, Francisco de Rojas y Guevara, chart 4.1 ‹rst count of, 361, 374 Niño, Elvira (comendadora), 108 Mora, Francisco de Rojas y Guzmán Niño, Fray Francisco (Sancho Sánchez (Lope de Rojas), second count of, de Toledo), 108 361 Niño, Hernando (admiral of the Tajo, Mora, Pedro de Rojas (Pedro Niño de ‹rst of ), 104 Ayala), third count of, 40n. 104, Niño, Hernando (regidor, third of 361, 363–64 Noez), 104, 108 Moriscos, 71, 193, 278, 367 Niño, Hernando (regidor, second of mortality Tejares), 108, 147, 179, 181–82 attitude toward, 295–96 Niño, Juan (regidor, ‹rst of Mazaram- child, 204 broz and Añover), 180, 181 Moxó, Salvador, 284 Niño, Juan (regidor, second of municipal of‹ces. See also jurados; ), 180 notaries; regidores Niño, María (nun, Santa Isabel de los crown control of, 14–15, 129 Reyes), 108 and attempts to reduce number, Niño, María (wife of Benito Tamayo), 84, 200, 368 208 new of‹ces created and sold by Niño de Guevara, Cardinal Hernando crown, 14–15, 20, 182, 185, (archbishop of Seville), 371 201–2, 388, 390 Niño de Guevara, Juan (son of number of of‹ceholders, 14–15, 34, Rodrigo Niño Zapata), 230 84, 202 Niño de Guzmán, Alonso (sixth of of‹cials and dignitaries, 18, 19–20 Tejares), 109 and increasing number of, 190, Niño de Guzmán, Gabriel (‹fth of 202 Tejares), 391 rental of of‹ce, 309, 318, 333 Niño de Ribera, Fray Fernando (Her- sale of of‹ce (private), 147, 181–82, nando) de, 106 283, 288, 334 Niño de Ribera, Francisca (third wife Múñoz de Escobar, Juan, 339 of third count of Fuensalida), , 140, 168, 324 106–7 index 449

Niño de Ribera, María (wife of Lope Núñez de Salazar, María (mother of Conchillos), 84, 104, 106 Leonor de Alcocer), 166 children and marriages, 106–7, 108, Núñez de Toledo, Aldonza (wife of 180, 181 Diego Romero), 39, 40, 43 Niño de Ribera, Pedro (regidor, ‹fth Núñez de Toledo, Bernardo (treasurer of Noez), 106, 181 of Cruzada) Niño de Salazar, Rodrigo (spouse of career, 381–82 Inés de Toledo), 103–4, 106, 107–8 children, 382–83, 388 Niño de Silva, Juan (marquis of marriage of daughter, 248 Tejares), 109 origins, 385–86 Niño de Toledo, Rodrigo (licentiate, Núñez de Toledo, Catalina (second to ), 109 wife of chief controller Alfonso Niño Zapata, Hernando (bishop of Alvarez de Toledo), 39, 42, 384 Sigüenza), 183 Núñez de Toledo, Juan (jurado), Niño Zapata, Rodrigo (regidor, sec- 382–83 ond of Añover) Núñez de Toledo, Luis (archdeacon of career, 182 Madrid), 43 family contacts, 182–83 Núñez de Toledo, Mencía (wife of legacy to daughter, 229–30 Pedro de Alarcón), 41 loan to city council, 191 Núñez de Toledo, Pedro, lord of Vil- municipal of‹ces held, 130, 181 lafranca del Castillo, 41, 42 sale of of‹ces for crown, 182, 184 nunneries, 90, 226 nobility. See also hidalguía admission policies, 52, 228 grandees, 13, 397 age at entrance, 225, 226, 323n. 69 lords, 36, 281 converso foundations, 52, 146, 228, magisterial, 56–57 229 numbers and types of, 36 cost of admission, 225–26, 227 table ranking of, 160 5.1, 228–30 service to monarch, 13, 397 family blocs, 347 , 255 living conditions, 229–31, 258 North , 172 renunciation of family inheritance, notaries (public), 16–17, 20, 71, 231–32 225, 226 Núñez (families, of Toledo) ‹ve notable families (1635), 386, 387 oath of fealty, 214, 221, 389 municipal of‹ceholders in, 1449, 25, Observant Franciscans, 85, 88, 89 41 Ocaña, 46, 154, 155, 175, 339 popularity of surname, 25, 41, 109 Old Christians, 21, 24, 30, 41, 56, 59, some punished by Inquisition, 71 384–85 in seventeenth century, 402–3 Núñez, Aldonza (wife of Gonzalo de Olias del Rey, 219, 285 Santo Domingo), 109–10 Oliverio, Honorato (witness in 1635), Núñez, Alonso, 76 385 Núñez, Francisco (condemned by Olivares, Gaspar de Guzmán, count- Inquisition), 76 duke of, 44, 107, 367, 372, 377, Núñez, Pedro, el Bermejo (condemned 378, 381, 384, 389, 390, 403 by Inquisition), 306, 384, 386 Olmillos, Fray Juan de, 136 450 Index

Orgaz, 171 penury, 145 orphans, 165, 258–59, 341 social status, 160–61 Ortiz (surname), 25, 78–79, 235 Osorio de Silva, Elvira, 315 Ortiz, Alonso (prebendary, son of Osorio de Silva, Juana (heir to May- Francisco de Madrid), 209 orazgo de Toledo entail), 360 Ortiz, Antonio (brother of Hernando Osorio y Tapia (León), María de, Ortiz de Torres), 238 154 Ortiz, Fernando (nephew of canon García Sorje), 78 Pacheco, Diego López de. See Ortiz, Francisco (brother of Hernando Escalona, second duke of Ortiz de Torres), 238, 341 Pacheco, María (Comunero leader), Ortiz, Fray Francisco, 136 127, 131 Ortiz, Gutierre (cleric), 136 Pacheco de Rojas, Juan (brother of Ortiz, Jerónimo de (brother of Her- ‹rst count of Mora), 374, 375 nando Ortiz de Torres), 238 Padilla, Juan de (Comunero leader), Ortiz, Juan (brother of Hernando 127, 129, 131, 132 Ortiz de Torres), 238 Padilla, María de (daughter of Beltrán Ortiz, Juan (illegitimate son of Her- del Salto), 220 nando Ortiz de Torres), 237 Palma (family), 79, 175, 192 Ortiz, Juan (jurado, father of Her- Palma y Sánchez de San Pedro, Igna- nando Ortiz de Torres), 234 cio de la (habit of Santiago), 390 Ortiz, Marí, 79 Palomeque, Jerónimo de (witness, Ortiz, Miguel (parish priest), 136 1635), 385 Ortiz de Cisneros, Francisco, 256 Panama, 174, 237 Ortiz de León, Inés (wife of Hernán Pancorbo, Cristóbal de (silversmith), Suárez Franco Sr.), 246, 279, 280 230 Ortiz de Torres, Hernando parents. See also patriarchalism betrothal, marriage, and consan- allowances paid to child, 157, 265, guinity with spouse, 234–35 269, 351 burial place, 239 provisions for children, 206, 229, commercial companies 240–41, 350 Indies, 237–38 lack of, 343–44 with brothers, 238 parish priests, 354 dowry, 236–37 as character witnesses, 121, 298 entail and heirs, 239, 340, 341 conversos as, 168 fortune, 237 duties, 86 Ortiz de Torres (de Bustos), María ful‹llment of, 273, 345–46, 352 (daughter of Hernando Ortiz de partible inheritance. See inheritance Torres), 239, 340, 341 partitions of estates, 96, 249, 264–66, Ortiz Husillo, María (wife of Fran- 270, 276, 308–9, 343, 349–50, 382 cisco de Santo Domingo II), 110 by fathers, 343–44, 350 Osorio, Ana (spouse of Antonio de by professional partidores, 96, León), 154 101–2, 311 Osorio, Juan (Comunero), 154 patriarchalism, 94–95, 244, 264, 267, Osorio de Silva, Diego, 360 395, 401 marriages and children, 154–55 Paul IV, pope, 199 index 451

Peralta, Alonso de (treasurer-general Ponce de León, María (wife of Anto- of Toledo), 306 nio Alvarez de Toledo, ‹rst of Pérez de Ayala, Fernán (canon), 29, 30 Cedillo), 50 Pérez de Ayala, Hernán (ambassador population, 3–4, 65–66, 365, 367 to England), 158, 159 Porreño, Baltasar (defense of pure Pérez de las Quentas, Fernando (mer- blood), 372 chant), 122 Portocarrero, Luis, count of Palma Pérez de Treviño, Juan (vicar), 29, 31 (corregidor), 83 Pérez de Ubeda, Alonso, el Crespo, , 48, 115, 129, 154, 190 131 positive acts, 339, 369, 377, 378. See Pérez de Ubeda, Diego (habit of Santi- also pure blood ago), 390 pósito, 203, 305, 317 Pérez Jarada, Melchor (merchant, to primogeniture, 268. See also inheri- Indies), 258–59 tance Peromoro, Pedro de Ayala, ‹rst lord Protestant Reformation, 135 of Puebla de Alcocer, 64, 92 Comunero involvement, 129, 133 Puebla de Montalbán, 42, 111, 131, marriage to Constanza de Toledo, 50 259 origins, 10, 56 Puertocarrero, María de (‹rst wife of purchase of of‹ce of regidor, 84 Diego García de Toledo VIII), 152 Peromoro, Juan de Ayala, second of, , Fernando del (chronicler, 133–34 royal secretary), 48, 58, 59, 65, 75 Peromoro, Pedro de Ayala (Man- pure blood, 18. See also Martínez de rique), third of, 359 Silíceo, Cardinal Juan and indi- Peromoro, Pedro de Ayala Manrique, vidual entries fourth of, 381, 397, 400, 403 acceptance among intelligentsia and Peromoro, Juan de Ayala Manrique upper estate, 197, 375–76 Franco, sixth of, 397–98 as an article of faith, 375, 376 Peru, 109, 237, 396 pure-blood hearings (see also mili- Philip, the Fair, Philip I of Castile tary orders) (1504–6), 5, 81, 82, 93, 134 Inquisition records, 372–75 Philip II (1556–98), 3, 5, 130, 135, 169, notarial records, 224, 235 172, 179, 190, 192, 199, 201, 211, as a state of mind, 402 280, 289, 359, 360, 370–71, 373, pure-blood statutes 374, 376 1449 statutes, 23–25, 29 Philip III (1598–1621), 3–4, 5, 41, 316, condemnation of papacy, 26 360, 362, 371, 388p debates concerning, 25–28 Philip IV (1621–65), 5, 316, 362, 372 recantation of crown, 28 Pineda Villareal, Juan de, 321 1467 statutes, 31–34 Pisa, Francisco de (cleric, chronicler), precipitating events, 29–31 84, 408 1530 statutes in chapel of Reyes pledge (arras, brideswealth, dower), Nuevos, 368 146, 207, 213, 220, 233, 237, 342, 1546 statutes in cathedral chapter, 348, 351 195–98 royal limits on, 94–95 approval of papacy and crown, Polán, 256, 273, 334 199 452 Index pure-blood statutes (continued) activity in city council, 203 canons excepted from statute, 198 entail inherited, 155, 157 canons involved, 195–96n. 110, guardian of sister’s children, 155 197 lack of children, 158 criticisms of, 195–96 litigation of wife to regain dowry, debates in later years, 372 329 racism, 195 marriage, dowry, and security 1566 statutes in city council, offered, 157, 162 199–203 and reaction to pure-blood statute, protests against, 200–201 201, 404 purposes of, 202–3 relationship with parents, 157 1599–1621 criticism of statutes, Ramírez de Vargas, Gaspar (royal sec- 370–71 retary), 143–44, 162 exceptions made in, 377 Ramírez de Vargas, Juan (son of 1623 modi‹cations, 377–78 Diego de San Pedro). See Vargas Salmerón, Juan de Quero (village in La Mancha), 276 Ramírez de Vargas, Juan (son of royal Quiroga, Cardinal Gaspar de (arch- secretary Gaspar Ramírez de Var- bishop of Toledo, inquisitor-gen- gas), 144 eral), 195, 271, 280, 373, 374 Ramírez de Vargas, Luis (regidor) deputy to Cortes, 336–37 Ramírez de Arellano, Alonso (canon, estate left to heirs at death, 337 ), 175, 176 last male heir to entails of Diego de Ramírez de Arellano, Alonso (Dr. Vil- San Pedro, 160, 329 laescusa, corregidor of Val- sale of family house, 329 ladolid), 102–3 stand on modifying pure-blood Ramírez de Arellano, Juan (lord of statutes, 404 Torres de Cameros), 146, 147, regidores 148, 161, 182 characteristics of Ramírez de Arellano, Margarita (wife in 1557, 189, 193–94 of Gaspar del Salto y Castilla III), in 1650, 392 339 citizen regidores Ramírez de Guzmán, Juan (lord of and city business, 189, 202–3 Las Villasverdes), 150 and pure-blood statutes, 199, Ramírez de Madrid, Melchor (parish 200–201 priest of ), 209 titles used by, 180 Ramírez de Robles, Juan (de Tovar, and trade, 145, 189, 193 royal secretary), 143 cost of of‹ce, 147, 185, 333 Ramírez de San Pedro, Diego. See San divisions among, 199–200 Pedro, Diego de family blocs, 48, 180–82, 186, 188, Ramírez de Sedeño y Fuenleal, 288–89, 334 Inquisitor Diego (bishop of Pam- lineage and battles over, 199–200, plona), 211, 300 283–84, 297, 382 Ramírez de Sedeño y Fuenleal, of‹ce as part of dowry, 147, 152, Sebastián (regidor), 211, 213 214, 221–22 Ramírez de Vargas, Gaspar (regidor) perquisites of of‹ce, 15, 183, 325 index 453

two benches, 15, 199, 200, 202 Rojas, Alonso de (archbishop, presi- abolition of citizen bench, 389–90 dent of Royal Council), 217–18 and movement between, 189, 283, Rojas, Alonso de (archdeacon of 325–26, 334 Segovia), 40 two factions, 15, 185, 189 Rojas, Alonso de (regidor), 297, 300, religion 301 as a career choice, 323, 327–28, 332, Rojas, Francisco de (regidor), 193 336, 347, 348 Rojas, María de (widow), 192 increasing numbers in, 352, 367, Román de Higuera, Jerónimo, S.J. 368, 395, 396 (chronicler), 38, 39, 47, 74, 335, revival of, 88–89, 136–37 408 and women, 89, 91 Romano Altamirano, Diego (second Requera y Soria, María de (wife of spouse of Catalina García de Diego García de Toledo y Her- Toledo), 397 rera), 334 Rome, 132, 134, 175, 176, 275, 372 Ribera, Alonso de (chaplain), 263–64 Romero, Diego (royal secretary), 39, Ribera, Inés de (wife of fourth lord of 43 Fresno y Torote), 162 Romero, Mencía (wife of Iñigo López Rincón, Juan de (canon, Valladolid), de Ayala), 40, 56 321–22 Royal Cámara, 133, 200, 202, 329 Rivadeneira, Eugenio de (royal chap- Royal Council, 48, 183, 196, 217, 334 lain, Granada), 339, 355 royal mint, 18, 44, 45, 84, 182 Rivadeneira, Juan de, seventh of Ruiz, Friar Francisco (bishop of Caudillo, 284 Avila), 98 Rivadeneira Gaitán, Juan de (regidor, Ruiz, Simón (merchant-‹nancier of spouse of Juana Vaca de Her- Medina del Campo), 274 rera), 288–89, 293 Robles, Diego de (regidor), 201 , 3, 276, 369 Robles, Gaspar de (regidor), 301, 320 Salazar, Baltasar de (licentiate, Robles, Juana de (‹rst wife of Pedro canon), 199 Franco III), 246, 275 Salazar, Elvira de (‹rst wife of Her- Robles, Juan de (merchant), 122 nando Niño III), 104 Robles Franco, Juan de (son of Pedro Salazar, Fernando de (witness, 1594), Franco III), 246, 275, 396 301 Rodríguez de Dueñas, Aldonza (wife Salazar de Mendoza, Pedro (canon, of Martín Alonso de San chronicler), 5, 300, 374–75, 376, Vicente), 114 402 Rodríguez de Figueroa, Hernán (uncle Salazar y Castro, Luis (genealogist), 5, of Gaspar del Salto y Castilla), 38, 83, 107, 109, 130, 141, 281 220, 221 suppression of converso lineage, Rodríguez Lucero, Diego (inquisitor 145, 148 of Cordova), 60, 67, 93, 217 Salto (family), 216 chart 5.3 Rodríguez Múñoz, Cristóbal (banker), Salto, Beltrán del (controller), 217–20, 292 339 Rojas (family of Toledo), 40. See also Salto, Matías del (son of controller Mora, counts of Beltrán del Salto), 220 454 Index

Salto y Castilla, Gaspar del Sánchez de Cisneros, Luis (merchant), aid to sibling, 222–23 170–71 betrothal, dowry, and marriage, Sánchez de San Pedro, Diego, el Largo 215, 220–21 (jurado), 75, 122, 124, 131, 132 children, 223 (see also individual Sánchez de San Pedro, Diego, el entries) Mozo, 75 dowry and residence requirement, Sánchez de San Pedro, Diego, el Tío, 242, 266 75–76, 124 entails, 217, 220, 223 Sánchez de San Pedro, Diego, el Viejo, livestock company, 314, 315 74 living quarters in Toledo, 304 Sánchez de San Pedro, Gonzalo, el of‹ce of regidor Padre, 75, 122, 399 in Toledo, 221–22, 318 Sánchez de San Pedro, Juan, el Viejo in Illescas, 222 (condemned postmortem), 75 return to Illescas, 318, 338 Sánchez de Soria, Juan (public notary, social status, 217, 221 chronicler), 198, 311, 317, 334, Salto y Castilla, Gaspar del, III 389, 391 (caballero of Santiago), 338, 339, Sánchez de Toledo, Alonso (royal sec- 340 retary), 188 Salto y Castilla, Jerónima del (wife of Sánchez de Toledo, Francisco (regi- Hernando Vaca de Herrera y dor) Rivadeneira), 294, 334, 338 death and founding of chapel, 189 Salucio, Friar Agustín (Dominican Indies trader, 188–89 theologian), 370–71 of‹ce of regidor, purchase of, 188 sanbenito, 40, 62, 79, 134–35, 407 testimony for friends, 278, 289 Sánchez, Juana (widow of Alvaro de will, 295 San Miguel), 173 work for city council, 193, 203 Sánchez, Pedro (prebendary), 197 protest against pure-blood Sánchez Cota, Juan (merchant), 298, statute, 200 315 Sánchez de Toledo, Francisco (regi- Sánchez Cota, Tristán (spouse of dor, Talavera de la Reina), 124 Catalina de San Vicente), 123 descendants, 109, 175 dowry paid for daughter, 233–34 inheritance, 101–2 family chapel, 231–32 marriage, 102–3 godparent, 241 Sánchez de Toledo, Sancho (son of Sánchez de Arellano, Francisco (regi- Sancho de Toledo), 101, 103, 109, dor, Talavera), 262, 272 124 Sánchez de Arellano, Sancho (licenti- Sánchez Franco, Gaspar (regidor), ate), 175 186, 188, 193, 200, 246 Sánchez de Canales, Juan (public Sánchez Franco, Juan (father of notary), 232 Hernán Franco III), 188 Sánchez de Canales, Juan, II (son of Sandoval (family), 41, 374, 377 Tristán Sánchez Cota), 234, and Sandoval y Rojas (family), 40n. 347 103, 360, 374, 377 Sánchez de Cisneros, Juan (receiver- Sandoval, Juan de (spouse of María general), 201 Alvarez de Toledo), 41 index 455

Sandoval y Rojas, Cardinal Bernardo sacri‹ces to achieve, 154, 162 de (archbishop of Toledo), San Pedro, Gonzalo de (merchant), 360–61, 364, 371, 372, 375 131 San Gabriel, María de (nun), 226 San Pedro, Inés de (wife of Francisco San Martín, Alonso de (scribe of de Madrid), 209 Royal Council), 217 San Pedro, Inés de (wife of Melchor San Pedro (family), 24, 74, 76, 78, 96, Pérez Jarada), 258–59 142 chart 3.1, 165, 168, 174 San Pedro, Juan de (jurado), 209 surname, 142, 390 San Pedro, Leonor de (wife of Beltrán San Pedro, Alonso de (spouse of del Salto), 217 Leonor Jarada), 75 San Pedro y Palma, Juan de (jurado), San Pedro, Diego de (el Viejo), 74, 75 191 San Pedro, Diego de (licentiate), 209 Santa Cruz, María de (wife of con- San Pedro, Diego (Ramírez) de (regi- troller Diego López de Toledo), dor) 52 alliances with Silva family, 141, 147, Santa María (family), 23, 39 154, 158 Santa María, Alfonso de, 22, 26–27, 59 appraisal of dowries paid, 161 Santa María, Pablo de (Salomón attitude to assimilation, 404 Haleví, bishop of Burgos), 22, 59, burial chapel founded, 162, 329 384 coat-of-arms, 155, 156 ‹g. 3.1 coat-of-arms, 23 collector of alcabalas, 145, 209, descendants, 44 306 and declaration of acceptable lin- daughters, settlements for, 146–48, eage, 371 150–52, 154–60, 229 (see also Santángel, Hernando de, 158 individual entries) Santillán, Diego de (second spouse of death, 157 Magdalena de Herrera), 340–41 estimate of fortune, 162 Santillán, Leonor María de, 400 family house, 146, 157 children, 343 Indies trader, sheep raiser, and and settlements made by father, wholesaler of silk and wool, 343–45 145 marriages, 341–42 involvement in city council activi- Santillán, Luis de (guardian of Leonor ties, 182, 192, 193 María de Santillán), 340–41 of‹ce of regidor Santillana, Iñigo López de Mendoza, location of seat, 145, 147, 161 ‹rst marquis of, 161 purchase of, 145 Santo Domingo (family), 96, 97 chart origins and surnames, 141, 142, 2.1, 115 chart 2.6, 125, 164, 144–45 176–77 real estate owned, 146, 209 Santo Domingo, Bernardo de (chap- social status lain), 111 of grandson, 154 Santo Domingo, Diego de (father of of sons-in-law, 160–61 Juan de Herrera Sr.), 113, 118, sons, entails for, 155, 157 138, 164, 173 upward mobility of children, 161, Santo Domingo, Francisco de (cate- 162, 189 drático), 110 456 Index

Santo Domingo, Francisco de, I (mer- San Vicente, Martín Alonso de, II chant), 138, 164 (eldest son of Francisco de Santo arrest by Inquisition, 113, 130 Domingo I), 123 and accusations against, 120–21 Sarmiento, Pedro (asistente), 16, 24, 35 children, 122–23, 124 Sedeño (family), 212 chart 5.2 Christian deeds, 121, 168 Sedeño Andrada y Manrique, Carlos commercial companies, 116–18 (last known heir of Herrera fam- success of, 116–18, 171 ily entails), 357 converso origin of circle of friends, Sedeño Andrada y Manrique, Juan 119–20, 121–23 (1674 heir of Herrera family early training, 114–15 entails), 356, 357, 399 estimated estate, 123–24 Sedeño y Mesa, Francisco (regidor, personality, 117–18 Albacete), 298 vices, 118–19, 125 betrothal, marriage, and dowry, wife and ‹rst betrothal, 113–14 211, 213 Santo Domingo, Francisco de, II and dowry restriction, 213–14 (bachelor), 110 children, 215 Santo Domingo, Francisco de, IV (silk origins, 211, 213, 298, 299–300 merchant), 110, 170 social status, 214 Santo Domingo, Gonzalo de (mer- Sedeño y Mesa, Gabriel (Gabriel de chant), 109–10 Espinosa), 215, 340, 373 Santo Domingo, Gutierre de, I (mer- hearing for habit (1590), 297–300 chant), 109, 112–13, 121, 231, 232 and rehearing (1594), 300–302 Santo Domingo, Gutierre de, II (mer- move to Albacete and name change, chant), 170–71 303, 356–57 bonds, 177–78 Sedeño y Mesa, Juan (handicapped), chantry, 178, 260, 263, 264 215 childless marriage, 165 Segorbe, 231, 255 commercial company, 171–72 (see Segorbe, Angela de Cárdenas, duchess also Juan de Herrera Sr.) of, 255 death and settlement of estate, Segovia, 98, 116, 171, 324, 344, 353 178 Serrano, Jerónimo, 173–74 family house, 258, 259 Seville, 21, 50, 120, 130, 170, 177, 251, godparent, 241 264, 278, 340 Santo Domingo, Hernando de (cleric), commercial center, 114, 223, 274 110, 176 residence in, 188, 245 Santo Domingo, Hernando de, II (silk royal mint, 44 merchant), 111 size of, 3, 66 San Vicente, Alonso de (Alfonso sheep, 273, 347, 349 Alvarez, condemned by Inquisi- large ›ocks of, 145, 314 tion), 113–14 sibling relationships, 222, 223 San Vicente, Catalina de (wife of positive, 178, 270–71 Tristán Sánchez Cota), 123, 231 rivalry in, 267–68, 270 San Vicente, Martín Alonso de (mer- Sicily, 76, 294n. 131 chant, reconciled), 114, 116, Silíceo, Cardinal. See Martínez de 117–18, 120, 122 Silíceo, Cardinal Juan index 457 silk, 137, 138. See also textile indus- Suárez Franco, Elvira (wife of regidor tries Antonio Alvarez de Alcocer), 284 centers, 110, 140 Suárez Franco, Francisca (wife of Fer- control of Granada silk, 139–40 nando Vázquez de Acuña), 333 guild of master weavers, 140 Suárez Franco, Francisco (regidor), increasing importance in Toledo, 304–5 138, 139, 141 Suárez Franco, Gaspar (spouse of Silva (house of), 5–6, 7 chart 1.1, 8 Leonor Franco), 246, 395 chart 1.2, 9 chart 1.3, 10, 190, 358, Suárez Franco, Hernán, Sr. (regidor), 359. See also Cifuentes; Corral; 393 Montemayor burial chapel, 279 alliances with conversos, 56, 141, cigarral, 279–80 154, 189 commercial companies, 188, 277 and Comunero revolt, 130 deputy to Cortes, 290 Silva, Alfonso de (regidor), 54 familial intermarriage, 246 Silva, Francisca de (wife of Juan de tax farms, 288 Rivadeneira, seventh lord of witness for relative, 278 Caudillo), 284 Suárez Franco, Hernán, Jr. (treasurer- Silva, Isabel de (wife of Pedro Niño de general), 310, 393 Ribera), 106 Suárez Franco, Lorenzo (treasurer, Silva (Zapata), Pedro de (regidor), royal mint), 45 190, 214 Suárez Tamayo, Paula (spouse of slaves, 241, 266 Manuel de Herrera y Castilla), Solís, Isabel de (wife of Gabriel de 353 Espinosa), 211, 212, 213, 215, Sueldo, Pedro de, 118 299 surnames. See conversos , 178 Soria, Leonor de (wife of Pedro Vaca Tajo River, 1, 104, 146, 259, 276, 310, de Herrera), 334, 380 376 Spain (sixteenth century), 2 ‹g. 1.1 Talavera, Diego de (merchant), 117 Suárez de Cárcoma, Juan (heir of Talavera, Hernando de (archbishop of Hernán Suárez Franco Sr.), 395 Granada), 59, 60, 87 Suárez de Cárcoma y Guzmán, Victo- Talavera de la Reina, 50, 86, 103, 109, ria María, 396 175, 176, 178, 249 Suárez de Estrada, Juan, 177 Talavera la Real, 289 Suárez de Herrera, Diego (cleric), 287, Tamayo, Benito (notary), 208 290, 293 Tamayo de Vargas, Tomás (royal Suárez de Figueroa, Lorenzo (regidor), chronicler), 364, 385 201, 333 Tavera, Cardinal Juan (archbishop of Suárez de Figueroa, María (mother of Toledo), 197 Gaspar del Salto y Castilla), 220 taxes, 34, 365. See also alcabalas; mil- Suárez (Núnez) de Toledo, Inés (wife lones of Luis Gaitán de Ayala), 248, claims of exemption from, 277, 278, 381–82, 385, 387 299 Suárez de Ubeda, María (wife of tax farms, 123–24, 139, 277, 281, 283, Pedro López de Herrera II), 287 287–88 458 Index

Téllez de Meneses, Alonso (genealo- punishment by Inquisition, 63 table gist), 39 1.1, 69 table 1.2, 72 table 1.3 Téllez Girón, Alonso, lord of La subsistence crises, 3, 82, 190–91, Puebla de Montalbán, 131 362–63 Teresa of Avila, Saint, 67, 365, 371–72, university of (see University of 395 Toledo) textile industries. See also silk; wool urban space, 1, 3, 88–89 and caps, 3, 137–38 Toledo (family and surname), 37, 43, diminishing production, 141, 365, 49 chart 1.7, 77, 78, 102 chart 2.3, 392 151 chart 3.2, 148, 304, 383 chart woolen cloth, 171, 172 9.2 Toledo (city) Toledo, Catalina de (daughter of cathedral of, 30, 33 Hernán Alvarez de Toledo), 50 chapter, 86, 194, 198 Toledo, Constanza de (wife of Pedro dignitaries, 14, 53 de Ayala, ‹rst lord of Peromoro), decline of, 3–4, 92 50–52, 56 landmarks Toledo, Francisco de (dean), 29 Alcázar, 127, 130 Toledo, Inés de (wife of Rodrigo Casa del Cordón, 201 Niño de Salazar), 101, 103–4, 107, Cuatro Calles, 233, 347 109 Greater Jewish Quarter (Judería Toledo, Juan Alonso de (condemned mayor), 21, 68 by Inquisition), 79 House of the Kings, 6, 37 Toledo, Lucía de (wife of Gonzalo Plazuela de San Torcuato, 305, Enríquez Gaitán), 383 309, 318, 319 Toledo, Sancho de (Sancho Sánchez Ropería (Ropa vieja), 176, 259 de Toledo, jurado, merchant), 96, Zocodover, plaza de, 3, 69 97, 100 ‹g. 2.1, 102, 113 municipal government (see also assistance to relatives, 114, 122 jurados; municipal of‹ces; regi- chapel, 98–99 dores) patronage of, 102, 262 bankruptcy, 307, 317 tombstone, 100 ‹g. 2.1 collection and assessment of children (see also individual entries) taxes, 161 inheritances, 101–2 money-raising activities, 191–92, marriages, 102–4, 107–8 305, 317 commercial company, 96, 98 organization of poor relief, fortune, 102 190–92 Inquisition punishment, 101 stand on citizens becoming enno- legacies bled, 277, 278, 289 to granddaughter, 108 uses of public money, 316 to illegitimate children, 102 nunneries and beaterios, 90 table 2.1 of‹ces and property in Toledo, 98, parishes, 17 ‹g. 1.2 125 plague, 82, 93, 307 wife and in-laws, 99, 101 politics to 1520, 4–5, 24, 29–30, Toledo Ponce de León, Gabriel de 33–34, 81–83 (see also pure- (marriage to Catalina de Alco- blood statutes) cer), 388 index 459

Toledo y Ayala, Catalina de. See Gar- Torre, Juan de la, el Mozo (jurado), cía de Toledo, Catalina 139 Toledo y Guzmán, Diego de (The Bas- Torre, Juan de la, el Viejo, 120 tard), 320, 322 Torre, Juan de la, lord of Vélez de Toledo y Guzmán, Diego de (pasture Benaudalla owner), 255 anti-Comunero, 131 Toledo y Guzmán, Elvira de (wife of deputy to Cortes, 139, 203 Pedro de Ayala y Avalos), 153 of‹ce of regidor marriage and death of spouse, 160, location of, 189 323 purchase of, 139 possession of Gallinería entail, 320, silk merchant, 110, 140 322 tax farmer of Granada silk, 139, 140 Toledo y Guzmán, Inés de (wife of Torre, Rodrigo de la (jurado), 139 Juan de Herrera Jr.), 153 Torrelaguna, 85, 136 claims to Gallinería entail, 322 Trastámara monarchs, 4, 10 contacts with corregidor, 320–21 treasury, 67, 161, 162, 217, 218, 220, contacts with in-laws, 349 311–12, 340. See also Council of estate inherited from spouse, 308–9 Finance execution against estate (1613), Trinidad, Juan Alonso de la (mer- 316–17 chant, condemned by Inquisi- and bankruptcy (1630), 335, 353 tion), 75 liquidation of livestock company, Trujillo, 342 315 litigation, 316–17 University of Toledo marriage and dowry, 240 conversos and, 297–98, 366 money borrowed, 312–13 founding of, 52, 53, 370 social status, 304 professors of, 45, 110, 330, 366 sons, 307, 321 (see also individual entries) Vaca de Herrera (family), 277, 285–86, treasurer-general and payments 287, 378, 380–81 made, 309–11 Vaca de Herrera, Alonso (jurado, regi- Toledo y Guzmán, Petronila (second dor), 287–88, 289, 290 wife of Rodrigo de Avalos y Vaca de Herrera, Antonio, 294–95, 346 Ayala), 153, 323, 324, 325, 327 Vaca de Herrera, Cosme (treasurer- Toledo Zapata. See Cedillo general of Castile), 345, 379–80 Toro, 284 Vaca de Herrera, Gutierre (jurado, Torquemada, Cardinal Juan de, 26 regidor), 287–88, 289 Torre, Alonso de la (jurado, regidor), Vaca de Herrera, Juan, lord of 139 Daganzo de Abajo, 286, 364 Torre, Alvaro de la (hanged in, 1467), connections to Ayala family, 291–92 31 death and estimate of fortune, 294 Torre, Fernando de la (regidor), 30, jurado, regidor, deputy to Cortes, 31 288 Torre, Gonzalo de la (jurado), 139 paymaster of the Royal Council and Torre, Juan de la (captain of Toledo receiver-general of the court, Comuneros), 131 291 460 Index

Vaca de Herrera, Juan (continued) family chapel, 153 provisions for nieces and nephews, succession order for Gallinería 293–94, 295 entail, 322 purchase of Daganzo de Abajo, 292 Vargas, Diego de (caballero of Santi- pursuit of nobility, 289 ago), 133 tax farmer, 287–88 Vargas, Diego de (royal secretary), will and restriction on heirs, 403 192, 336 Vaca de Herrera, Juan (Jusepe), sec- Vargas, Francisco de (licentiate), 133, ond lord of Daganzo de Abajo, 218 293, 364n. 21, 379, 381, 391 Vargas, Inés de (wife of Juan Ramírez Vaca de Herrera, Juana (wife of Juan de Arellano), 365, 366 de Rivadeneira Gaitán), 288–89, care of and donations to 293 grandnephews, 327, 328 Vaca de Herrera, Leonor (wife of niece, 325 Alonso de Alcocer, lord of Villa- concern for family posterity and muelas), 293 control of property, 321, 322 Vaca de Herrera, María (wife of death of spouse and no children, Alvaro de Zúñiga y Rivadeneira), 148 293 life span, 321, 328, 332 Vaca de Herrera, Pedro (treasurer- litigation, 321–22, 328–29 general of Castile), 334, 364 marriage and dowry, 146–48 career and habits for family, 379–81 Vargas, Juan de (witness), 402, 405 testimony presented, 385, 387 Vargas, Magdalena de (‹rst wife of Vaca de Herrera (y) Rivadeneira, Her- Diego Osorio de Silva), 154–55 nando (paymaster of Royal Vargas, María de (wife of regidor Council), 293–94, 334, 338, 339 Diego de San Pedro), 141 , 110, 140, 255 children, 146, 160–61 (see also indi- Valladolid, 3, 93, 103, 120, 129, 294, vidual entries) 321, 369 origins, 142–43, 144–45 residence of court, 4, 311 settlement of spouse’s estate, residents and families of, 43–44, 45, 157–58 136, 278, 294, 340, 343 will and burial place, 162 Valladolid, Alfonso de, 21–22 Vargas, Fray Martín de, 42 Valladolid, Alfonso de (merchant), 98 Vargas Salmerón, Juan de (Juan values, 203 Ramírez de Vargas), 155, 157, changes in, 330, 337, 347, 392 158, 159, 160 transmission of, 253 Vázquez, Antonio (alcalde), 122, 123 Vargas, Ana de (wife of Juan Ramírez Vázquez, Hernán (jurado, treasurer), de Robles), 143 218 Vargas, Catalina de (wife of Diego Vázquez de Acuña, Fernando (regi- García de Toledo VIII), 321 dor), 290, 333 betrothal, marriage, and dowry, Vázquez de Ayllón, Juan (regidor), 84, 148, 150, 152 118 children, settlements for, 153–54, Vázquez de Ludeña, Mateo (regidor), 155, 240, 304, 325 (see also indi- 193 vidual entries) Vázquez Franco (family), 45, 46, 96 index 461

Vázquez Franco, Catalina (wife of women Alvar Gómez de Ciudad Real), 43 ability to sign name, 234 Vázquez Franco, Pero (gentleman of career options and instruction, Henry IV), 45 89–90 Vázquez Franco, Pero (professor), 45 dangers of childbearing and child- Vega Carpio, Lope de la, 362, 364 birth, 108, 206, 209, 284 Velázquez, Beatriz (wife of Antonio prevalence of, 89, 226 Vaca de Herrera), 294 societal acceptance of social promo- vendettas, 122, 285, 357 tion, 145, 180, 229, 234, 244 Venegas, Alejo, 136 wool, sale of, 138, 145, 171–72, 186, Ventas con Peña Aguilera, 273 273, 314–15 Verga, Pedro de (regidor), 309 Vergara, Juan de (canon), 88, 137, Zafra, 111, 277, 289, 294 197 Zapata (family), 54 chart 1.8, 55 chart Vicente Ferrer, Saint, 21 1.9, 87, 133, 161 Villalar, 127, 128, 129 Zapata, Cardinal Antonio de, 372 Villamuelas, 284, 285, 293 Zapata, Catalina (wife of royal secre- Villaseca, 341 tary Hernán Alvarez de Toledo), 47 Vozmediano, Alonso de (treasury Zapata, Francisco (gentleman of of‹cial), 218 Charles V), 54 Vozmediano, Juan de (royal secre- Zapata, García (prior of La Sisla, con- tary), 133–34, 162 demned by Inquisition), 47–48, Vozmediano, Nu›a de (wife of third 53, 74 lord of Fresno y Torote), 162 Zapata, Pedro, I (regidor), 48 contenders for entails (1697), 388, widows, 335, 337 398 child-rearers, 106, 323, 327, 328 family house, 51 control of property, 321–22, 325 founding of two entails and control over male children, 157–58, chantry, 53 244, 346 marriages of children, 54 defenders of family patrimony, Zapata, Pedro, II (regidor), 145 328–29 Zapata, Rodrigo (chaplain), 184, 368 head of family group, 321 Zapata de Herrera, Bernardino (capis- litigators, 321–22 col), 53 provisions for family members, 325, Zapata Osorio, Juan, ‹rst lord of 327, 328 Barajas, 133 wills, 164, 333 , 104, 160, 397 executors, 99, 268, 271, 293, 319 Zúñiga, Juan Bonifaz de (‹rst spouse holographic, 45, 273, 295, 354 of Leonor María de Santillán), lack of, 341, 343 341–42 when not made, 295, 346 Zúñiga y Rivadeneira, Alvaro de (regi- women and, 261 dor, corregidor of Toro), 284, 293