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Struktur, Makna, Dan Fungsi Mantra Berattep Masyarakat Melayu Kecamatan Teluk Keramat Kabupaten Sambas

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Struktur, Makna, Dan Fungsi Mantra Berattep Masyarakat Melayu Kecamatan Teluk Keramat Kabupaten Sambas STRUKTUR, MAKNA, DAN FUNGSI MANTRA BERATTEP MASYARAKAT MELAYU KECAMATAN TELUK KERAMAT KABUPATEN SAMBAS ARTIKEL PENELITIAN OLEH RIZKA MUNA NIM F11411036 PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SENI FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA PONTIANAK 2018 1 STRUKTUR, MAKNA, DAN FUNGSI MANTRA BERATTEP MASYARAKAT MELAYU KECAMATAN TELUK KERAMAT KABUPATEN SAMBAS Rizka Muna, Antonius Totok Priyadi, Agus Wartiningsih Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia FKIP Untan Pontianak E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This study was conducted based on the interest on Mantra Berattep of Malay People in Teluk Keramat District which is still used from generation to generation during traditional ceremonies prior to rice cultivation. The research problems are the structure (rhyme and rhythm), the function, and the meaning of Mantra Berattep. The research aims to describe those problems. Based on the data analysis on Mantra Berattep of Malay People in Teluk Keramat District Sambas Regency, there are rhyme according to their sounds in words such as full rhyme, absolute rhyme, half rhyme, alliteration rhyme, assonant rhyme, and pararhyme (MBB2). Rhymes according to their location in the lines such as initial rhyme (MBB1 and MB), middle rhyme, and tail rhyme. Rhymes according to the location of the rhyme in the line such as internal rhyme and cross rhyme. Rhymes according to their matches in a verse such as broken rhyme and free rhyme. Overall the reading of Mantra Berattep by Malay People in Teluk Keramat has flat intonation. The function of Mantra Berattep includes recreative function, didactic function, aesthetic function, moral function, and religious function. The meaning of Mantra Berattep are religious and social meaning. The meaning is determined through heuristics an hermeneutic reading. This research can serve as a reference for further researcher. Keywords: Structure, Meaning, Function, and Mantra Berattep. PENDAHULUAN sebulan setelah ritual berattep. Ritual berattep Mantra berattep adalah mantra permintaan dilakukan 4 kali dalam sebulan, yaitu setiap hari izin kepada roh-roh leluhur yang digunakan pada Kamis, menyambut malam Jumat. Ritual berattep saat akan datang waktunya untuk menanam padi ditujukan untuk 4 penjuru, yaitu Penguasa Lautan, tahunan (incamai). Berattep merupakan ritual Penguasa Daratan, Penguasa Langit/Kayangan, yang dilakukan sebelum menyemai benih padi dan Penguasa Gunung (dari Timur, Utara, Barat, yang disertai dengan memberi sesajian. Mantra dan yang terakhir adalah Selatan). Ritual berattep berattep merupakan sebuah kepercayaan yang diawali dengan memberi tahu Penguasa Lautan, turun-temurun digunakan masyarakat Melayu disusul memberi tahu Penguasa Daratan, lalu Sambas pada saat mengadakan upacara adat memberi tahu Penguasa Langit/Kayangan, dan menjelang penanaman padi. Mantra berattep yang terakhir memberi tahu Penguasa Gunung. diyakini masyarakat sebagai sarana untuk Ritual berattep memiliki beberapa proses dan berhubungan dengan roh-roh leluhur untuk alat yang harus disediakan untuk kelangsungan meminta restu/perlindungan, agar tanaman padi upacara adat. Adapun alat yang digunakan dalam mereka tidak terkena hama (gagal panen). proses berattep adalah ratteh, beras kuning, rokok Ritual berattep dilaksanakan sekitar bulan 6 gontal, daun sirih, telur matang dan telur mentah (bulan Juni) dan penyemaian padi dilakukan (telur ayam kampung), nasi pulut (nasek lammak), 1 pisang, dan yang terpenting adalah ketupat. Berdasarkan latar belakang, masalah umum Penggunaan alat dalam proses berattep ini yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini yaitu disesuaikan dengan adat yang selama ini masih bagaimana struktur (rima dan irama) mantra berjalan. Alat yang digunakan ini disiapkan berattep masyarakat Melayu di Kecamatan Teluk bersama oleh masyarakat dan dibawa ke rumah Keramat Kabupaten Sambas, bagaimana makna kepala adat. Adapun proses untuk penggunaan mantra berattep masyarakat Melayu di Kecamatan mantra ini, jika dibacakan maka diharapkan benih Teluk Keramat Kabupaten Sambas, bagaimana padi yang akan mereka semai terjauh dari fungsi mantra berattep masyarakat Melayu di gangguan hama dan tidak terancam gagal panen. Kecamatan Teluk Keramat Kabupaten Sambas. Pembacaan mantra berattep dimulai dengan Sesuai dengan masalah penelitian, tujuan kata Assalamualaikum barulah mengucapkan yang akan dicapai melalui penelitian ini yaitu, mantra. Selesai mengucapkan mantra, barulah pendeskripsian struktur (rima dan irama) mantra pemuka agama memanjatkan doa selamat. Setiap berattep masyarakat Melayu di Kecamatan Teluk alat-alat yang disiapkan, masing-masing dibuat 4 Keramat Kabupaten Sambas, pendeskripsian bagian. Pertama, untuk bagian Lautan, lepaskan makna mantra berattep masyarakat Melayu di atau hanyutkan sesajian di laut dengan Kecamatan Teluk Keramat Kabupaten Sambas, menggunakan batok kelapa (tempurong) yang pendeskripsian fungsi mantra berattep masyarakat tidak tenggelam untuk menempatkan sesajian Melayu di Kecamatan Teluk Keramat Kabupaten yang akan dihanyutkan ke laut. Kedua, untuk Sambas. bagian Daratan, sesajian diletakkan dibawah Penelitian ini perlu dilakukan dengan harapan pohon yang besar didalam hutan dengan agar dapat memberikan manfaat seperti manfaat menggunakan pelepah pinang (uppeh) untuk teoretis yaitu hasil penelitian ini diharapkan menempatkan sesajian yang akan diletakkan di bermanfaat sebagai bahan masukan terhadap hutan. Ketiga, untuk bagian Gunung, sesajian penelitian selanjutnya, khususnya tentang struktur, dibawa ke daerah yang ada gundukan dengan makna, dan fungsi mantra berattep untuk menggunakan pelepah pinang (uppeh) untuk menambah informasi tentang sastra lisan yang ada menempatkan sesajian. Terakhir untuk bagian di Kalimantan Barat. Manfaat praktis, adapun Langit/Kayangan, buatkan tempat yang menjulang manfaat praktis dari penelitian ini yaitu membantu untuk menggantung sesajian, lalu buatkan tempat pembaca secara umum untuk mengetahui unsur- yang menyerupai persegi menggunakan kayu unsur yang terdapat pada mantra berattep yang untuk menempatkan sesajian. dimiliki masyarakat Melayu di Kecamatan Teluk Ritual adat ini termasuk adat asli masyarakat Keramat Kabupaten Sambas. Penelitian ini Melayu Sambas yang telah diyakini dari sejak diharapkan dapat memberikan pengetahuan dulu dan dilaksanakan setiap tahun. Jika tidak kepada masyarakat Melayu di Kecamatan Teluk diadakan ritual berattep, banyak macam Keramat yang belum mengetahui mantra berattep, keburukan yang akan terjadi. Selain tanaman padi serta menjadi sarana bagi mereka untuk membuka tidak bagus, banyak penyakit yang akan wawasan bahwa masih banyak kekayaan budaya menyerang masyarakat, baik itu tua, muda, yang patut untuk dihargai dan dilestarikan. dewasa, anak-anak, maupun bayi, bisa terserang Penelitian ini dapat bermanfaat dalam proses penyakit seperti gila, demam, pusing-pusing, suka belajar-mengajar sebagai bahan ajar untuk guru melamun, sakit perut, kaki terasa dingin, meriang, mengajarkan apresiasi sastra lisan. Bagi peneliti dan tidak sadarkan diri. yang lain, hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan Pantangan-pantangan setelah melakukan sebagai bahan acuan untuk mengadakan penelitian ritual berattep yaitu, 3 hari tidak boleh menebang lebih lanjut tentang mantra yang ada dalam kayu, mengambil kayu, dan masuk ke dalam masyarakat Melayu di Kecamatan Teluk Keramat hutan. Lalu, tidak boleh melewati zona terlarang Kabupaten Sambas. yaitu dari belakang rumah sekitar 15 meter ke Ruang lingkup dalam penelitian merupakan hutan, lewat 15 meter sudah menjadi wilayah objek yang akan diteliti. Peneliti tertarik untuk mereka (makhluk ghaib), kalau ada yang meneliti satu di antara bermacam bentuk melanggar akan mendapat akibatnya (bala). kebudayaan daerah yang berupa sastra lisan yang 2 ada dalam masyarakat Melayu di Kecamatan Menurut Hutomo (1991:1), “sastra lisan adalah Teluk Keramat Kabupaten Sambas. Ruang kesusastraan yang mencakup ekspresi lingkup dalam penelitian ini bertujuan kesusastraan warga suatu kebudayaan yang memudahkan peneliti untuk mengumpulkan data. disebarkan dan diturun-temurunkan secara lisan Dengan demikian, penelitian ini akan lebih terarah (dari mulut ke mulut)”. dan tidak melebar ke hal-hal yang tidak penting. Sesuai dengan paparan di atas Zulfahnur Karena kecakupan sastra lisan sangat luas, maka (1997:133), menyatakan sastra lisan adalah dalam penelitian ini peneliti membatasi objek warisan budaya sejak berabad-abad bangsa penelitian pada sastra lisan yang berjenis mantra, Indonesia. yakni mantra berattep yang dimiliki masyarakat Mantra merupakan bagian dari sastra lisan Melayu di Kecamatan Teluk Keramat Kabupaten yang termasuk puisi lama dikombinasikan oleh Sambas. penciptanya untuk menimbulkan kekuatan gaib. Adapun unsur-unsur yang dibatasi adalah Menurut Rani (1996:65) mantra adalah karya struktur (rima dan irama) yang terdapat dalam sastra lama yang berisikan pujian-pujian terhadap mantra berattep, fungsi dari mantra berattep, sesuatu yang gaib ataupun sesuatu yang dianggap makna yang terkandung dalam mantra berattep. harus dikeramatkan seperti dewa-dewa, roh-roh, Kabupaten Sambas memiliki luas wilayah binatang-binatang seperti harimau, ataupun 6.395,70 km2 atau 639.570 ha (4,36% dari luas Tuhan. Mantra biasanya diucapkan secara lisan wilayah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat), merupakan oleh para pawang atau dukun sewaktu diadakan wilayah yang terletak pada bagian pantai barat suatu upacara keagamaan. Selanjutnya, Waluyo paling utara dari wilayah provinsi Kalimantan
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