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Marine Fischparasiten in Indonesien: Befallssituation Und Bedeutung Für Die Marikultur Von Zackenbarschen

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Marine Fischparasiten in Indonesien: Befallssituation Und Bedeutung Für Die Marikultur Von Zackenbarschen Marine Fischparasiten in Indonesien: Befallssituation und Bedeutung für die Marikultur von Zackenbarschen I n a u g u r a l – D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf vorgelegt von Sonja Rückert aus Mülheim an der Ruhr Düsseldorf 2006 Aus dem Institut für Zoomorphologie, Zellbiologie und Parasitologie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Referent: Prof. Dr. H. Mehlhorn Korreferent: PD Dr. H.W. Palm Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 22.05.2006 Danksagung An erster Stelle möchte ich mich bei meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. H. Mehlhorn (Institut für Zoomorphologie, Zellbiologie und Parasitologie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf) ganz herzlich für die Betreuung und die Aufnahme in seine Arbeitsgruppe bedanken. Ohne seine Unterstützung wäre die Durchführung der Promotion nicht möglich gewesen. Großer Dank gilt PD Dr. H.W. Palm (Institut für Zoomorphologie, Zellbiologie und Parasitologie der Heinrich- Heine-Universität Düsseldorf), der mein Interesse für die Parasitologie von Meeresfischen weckte und mir die Durchführung dieser Arbeit ermöglichte. Ich möchte mich bei ihm und seiner Familie für die fortwährende Unterstützung während meines Aufenthaltes in Indonesien und auch in Deutschland ganz herzlich bedanken. Dr. S. Klimpel (Institut für Zoomorphologie, Zellbiologie und Parasitologie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf) danke ich für seine vielseitige Hilfe in Düsseldorf und das ständige Triezen an Veröffentlichungen mitzuarbeiten. Durch ihn wurde es mir erleichtert, dass ich nicht vor Ort in Düsseldorf, sondern in Bremen war. Für die Einarbeitung in die Rasterelektronenmikroskopie möchte ich mich bei Marion Nissen und Dr. R. Riehl bedanken. Für die Hilfe bei den anschließenden Photoarbeiten bedanke ich mich bei Steffen Köhler und Hanne Horn (alle Institut für Zoomorphologie, Zellbiologie und Parasitologie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf). Bedanken möchte ich mich ebenfalls bei PD Dr. G. Schmahl, Dr. J. Schmidt und Karin Aldenhoven (alle Institut für Zoomorphologie, Zellbiologie und Parasitologie der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf) sowie den Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern des Institutes für die vielseitige Hilfe und die freundliche Aufnahme. Dem Leiter des Balai Budidaya Laut (BBL) Pak Sudjiharno, Pak Hartono und den Mitarbeitern seiner Arbeitsgruppe sowie den gesamten Mitarbeitern des BBL gilt mein Dank für die freundliche Aufnahme und die stetige Hilfsbereitschaft während meines zweijährigen Aufenthaltes in Lampung, Sumatra. Pak Cobra, Acen, Helmi Machmud und Martin Hadinoto danke ich für die Möglichkeit, in ihren Marikulturanlagen Proben nehmen zu dürfen. Bei Pak Landu bedanke ich mich für die Beschaffung der freilebenden Fische. Irenie danke ich für die Hilfe bei der Untersuchung der Futterfische. Terima kasih! Familie Rachmat aus Indonesien danke ich für ihre Hilfe in der Anfangszeit in Lampung und die überaus freundliche Aufnahme in ihre Familie. Terima kasih! Bei Thorsten Walter und Asri Trisnani Yuniar bedanke ich mich ebenfalls für die Starthilfe in der ersten Woche in Bogor. So mancher Behördengang wäre nicht so gut gelaufen, wäre ich auf mich alleine gestellt gewesen. Thorsten Walter danke ich zudem, dass er mir einen Großteil seiner Literatur in Indonesien zur Verfügung gestellt hat. Es gibt eine Gruppe von Leuten, denen mein ganz besonderer Dank gilt. Durch sie wurde meine Zeit und mein Leben in Lampung extrem bereichert. Thanks a lot for a really great time to Kurt, Guy & Dessi, Troy & Dessi, Peter, Rinee, Robert & Susi, Bruce & Ganya, Olivier, Dida, Alex, Gregg, Kohar, Niraj & Sweta, Benno & Nunung. Bedanken möchte ich mich auch bei allen Kollegen am ZMT in Bremen für die freundliche Aufnahme am Institut, die vielseitige Hilfe und Freundschaft: Kerstin, Bettina, Jenny, Marie, Leyla, Paula, Esther, Antje, Anne, Inga, Hilly, Gesche, Tim J., Eberhard, Carlos, Silke, Steffi, Andreas E., Uwe, Susanne, Andreas K., Martha, Cyril, Marc, Gonzalo, Moirah, Arturo, Kai. Ein besonderer Dank gilt Silke Meyerholz, Steffi Bröhl, Gaby Böhme und Ursel Selent für die logistische Unterstützung und fortwährende Hilfe bei vielen kleinen Belangen. Danken möchte ich auch Kerstin Kober für die Hilfe bei statistischen Fragestellungen und das nicht seltene Wohnungshüten sowie Inga Nordhaus für die Hilfestellung bei der Bestimmung der Invertebraten. Für das Korrekturlesen meiner Arbeit möchte ich mich ganz herzlich bei Nadja Prange, Katrin Neuhalfen, Dr. Nicole Müller, Philipp Oberdörffer und Jennifer Dannheim bedanken, die viel Zeit und Mühe investiert haben. Meinen Freunden, die ich jetzt nicht alle namentlich aufzählen werde, danke ich für ihr Interesse an meiner Arbeit, für die Unterstützung, für ihre Geduld mit mir und ihre Freundschaft. Allen voran gebührt der Dank aber meinen Eltern Ingrid und Ulrich, meinem Bruder Roland, seiner Frau Andrea, meiner Nichte Lara, meiner Oma sowie dem Rest meiner Familie für die fortwährende Unterstützung und ihren Glauben daran, dass ich alles schaffen kann. Danke! Finanzielle Unterstützung wurde gewährt durch den Deutschen Akademischen Austausch Dienst (DAAD) und das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF; SPICE-Projekt: Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Marine Ecosystems). Zwei Dinge sind zu unserer Arbeit nötig: Unermüdliche Ausdauer und die Bereitschaft, etwas, in das man viel Zeit und Arbeit gesteckt hat, wieder wegzuwerfen. (Albert Einstein) Marine Fischparasiten in Indonesien Inhaltsverzeichnis I Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungs-/Tabellenverzeichnis............................................................................................... IV Phototafeln................................................................................................................................... VIII Zusammenfassung....................................................................................................................... X Abstract........................................................................................................................................ XI 1. Einleitung................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Systematik und Ökologie der untersuchten Fischarten................................................. 5 1.1.1 Marikulturarten................................................................................................ 5 1.1.2 Futterfischarten................................................................................................ 8 2. Material und Methoden.......................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Untersuchungsgebiete................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 BBL - Balai Budidaya Laut ............................................................................. 16 2.1.2 Cobra ............................................................................................................... 16 2.1.3 TP – Tanjung Putus ......................................................................................... 17 2.1.4 Ringgung ......................................................................................................... 17 2.1.5 PS – Pulau Seribu ............................................................................................ 17 2.2 Charakteristika der einzelnen Marikulturanlagen ......................................................... 18 2.3 Probennahme................................................................................................................. 20 2.4 Fischparasitologische Untersuchungen......................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Untersuchungsmethodik .................................................................................. 20 2.4.2 Konservierungs- und Präparationsmethoden................................................... 21 2.4.3 Färbemethoden und Aufhellung der Parasiten................................................. 22 2.4.4 Dauerpräparate................................................................................................. 23 2.4.5 Methodik der Trichodinenuntersuchung.......................................................... 23 2.4.6 Dokumentation ................................................................................................ 24 2.4.7 Bestimmung der einzelnen Parasitenarten/-taxa.............................................. 24 2.5 Saisonalität und Regionalität ........................................................................................ 25 2.6 Untersuchungen zu den Transferwegen der gefundenen Parasitenarten....................... 25 2.7 Statistische Analysen .................................................................................................... 26 3. Ergebnisse ................................................................................................................................ 29 3.1 Nachgewiesene Parasitenarten...................................................................................... 29 3.1.1 Nachgewiesene Parasiten der am BBL gehälterten Fischarten........................ 29 3.1.2 Nachgewiesene Parasiten der freilebenden Fischarten.................................... 30 3.1.3 Nachgewiesene
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