2016 State of Our Watersheds Report Hoh River Basin

rowing up on the Hoh, I remem- ber hiking upriver with my nets Gto catch steelhead and camping out. It’s good to know that by doing this work, I’m doing something that ben- efits the Tribe in some way too.

- Richard Sheriff, Hoh Tribe Hoh Tribe Chalá·at: People of the Hoh River The Hoh River Indians are a federally recognized Tribe located about 28 miles south of Forks and 80 miles north of Aber- deen. The original Hoh Indian Reservation was 443 acres but through property acqui- sitions, the Tribe now has a total of 908 acres in Trust, which includes 648 acres of productive forestland. The Reservation has approximately one mile of beach front Seattle running south from the mouth of the Hoh River toward Ruby Beach. The Hoh Tribe is a river-based fishing community that is dependent on the fish, wildlife, and other natural resources of the Hoh River watershed for their subsistence and commercial economy. Protection of the watershed’s functions is therefore key to meeting the cultural and economic needs of the Tribe.

32 Hoh Tribe Land Management Limits Salmon Production The Hoh Tribe’s Area of Concern comprises portions of WRIAs park, considerable habitat problems exist. 20 and 21 along the west side of the Olympic Peninsula from A limiting factors analysis conducted by the Washington State Goodman Creek south to Kalaloch Creek. The largest basin in Conservation Commission identified several factors limiting sal- the area is the Hoh River which originates at the Hoh Glacier on monid production in the basin: fish-access problems from culvert Mount Olympus. From there, it flows westward through the Olym- passage and cedar spalts; increased stream sedimentation; altered pic National Park, then through foothills and a broad, flat flood- riparian areas; scoured, incised channels with few spawning grav- plain before emptying into the Pacific Ocean at the Hoh Indian els; and large woody debris.1 Reservation, the ancestral home of the Hoh people. This Area of A Watershed Plan was developed to address these limiting fac- Concern is dominated by state and private forestlands and includes tors with specific actions and management strategies. The strate- the Hoh Rain Forest, a large temperate area protected from major gies involved: anthropogenic changes within the Olympic National Park. • Protection of habitat and habitat-forming processes; The Hoh River basin is one of least developed watersheds on • Collection of information where data gaps exist; and the Washington coast. The basin includes the Hoh Rain Forest, • Restoration projects to reinstate or advance the recovery of a large temperate area protected within Olympic National Park. habitat, and habitat-protection formation processes that af- Commercial forestry and National Park are the two primary land fect the salmonid ecology.2 uses within the watershed. A significant portion of the upper Hoh basin lies within Olympic National Park, but downstream of the Landscape-Scale Problems Difficult to Address

A review of key environmental indicators for the Hoh basin area tion, funding shortfalls for large-scale projects contribute to the shows a reduction in the number of forest practice applications, slow pace of progress. and the removal of forest road barriers and invasive species, but There is a misconception that the Hoh watershed is relatively degradation of water quantity and quantity, degradation of fresh- pristine and its fish stocks are healthy, but the system has been water shoreline habitat conditions, and degradation of floodplain heavily impacted by timber harvests, road construction, infrastruc- and riparian processes. In general, there is a shortage of staff at ture protection and other anthropogenic influences. all levels (e.g., federal, state, tribal, county) needed to address the In spite of efforts to improve fish access, current and past log- issues and implement actions to restore and protect habitat and to ging practices continue to degrade fish habitat, water quality, hy- monitor and enforce compliance of existing regulations. In addi- drologic function and other ecological processes.

Review of the trend for these key environmental indicators since the 2012 State of Our Watersheds Report shows improvement for some indicators and a steady loss for others in habitat status:

Trend Since Tribal Indicator Status SOW 2012 Report Between 2006 and 2015, all but one of the major salmonid (Chinook, coho and steelhead) tributaries to the Hoh River had summer water temperature values which exceeded the Washington State numeric water quality Water Quality Declining standards. These exceedances will likely have a significant impact on salmonid surval and production in these watersheds. From 1960, peak flows have shown an increasing trend on the Hoh mainstem. If this trend continues as anticipated Water Quantity - Peak Flows under predicted climate change conditions, this may pose a significant impact to salmonid runs. Declining

From 1960, low flows have shown an decreasing trend on the Hoh mainstem. If this trend continues as anticipated Water Quantity - Low Flows under predicted climate change conditions, this may pose a significant impact to salmonid runs. Declining

From 1996 to 2010, 24 square miles (1.7 square miles/year) of forestlands were harvested in the Hoh Tribe's Area of Concern. Since 2010, an additional 1.6 sq miles (2010-2014 0.4 square miles/year) of forestlands have been Timber Harvest permitted for harvest which may indicate a slower rate of activity, although Forest Practice Applications do not Concern cover all the activities on the ground. Most of the recent actvity has been in the Goodman Creek watershed and in areas that are predominately private forestlands. As of 2014, about 47% of the 764 culverts identified under the Road Maintenace and Abandonment Plans Forest Roads (RMAP) in the Hoh Area of Concern have been repaired, while the other 53% remain to be repaired by 2021. Improving

6 watersheds, representing 72% of the land area, may not be properly functioning because of road density values Road Densities Declining that exceed 3 miles/square mile. The mainstem of the Hoh River has over 3.7 miles of riprap between river miles 1 and 37. Since 2012, there have Shoreline Modifications / Freshwater Declining been at least 4 new riprap projects, and there is no indication that any riprap was removed. A multi-year effort initiated in 2002 by the Hoh Tribe to control the invasive knotweed plants along 30 miles of the Hoh River riparian zone has resulted in the eradiction of about 99.5% of the plants. However, other invsaive Invasive Species Concern species such as Scotch broom, herb Robert and Reed canarygrass continue to spread in the watershed.

Hoh Tribe 33 The Hoh Tribe is concerned that the failure to address climate change issues may negatively impact the natural and cultural resources that tribal members depend on. Also of concern is the continuing and planned increase in military activities in the watershed and their potential impact on human and environmental health. One positive development is the acquisition and protection by Hoh River Trust of 7,000 acres of primarily riparian lands in the watershed. The Tribe continues to work toward the protection and restoration of healthy and functional nearshore, estuarine and river habitat, restoring those areas that are degraded, and conducting research to understand the organisms and the habitats they occupy.

Looking Ahead Salmon need cool, clean, highly oxygenated water to survive. Even in an area as rural as the Hoh watershed, land management activities threaten salmon survival and the future of the Hoh people who depend on them culturally and economi- cally. Elevated stream temperature is one of the cumulative effects of land management activities, which have altered surface water runoff, groundwater recharge, stream- side plant communities and in-channel structures such as logjams. In all likelihood, continued land management activities will preclude many streams from a complete recovery of natural temperature conditions. What salmon need, people need too. To ensure a future for the next seven generations, land management rules already in place need en- forcement and those that are not adequate

to protect fish need to be adapted to do so. NWIFC Debbie Preston, While the Hoh River basin continues to Hoh tribal fisheries technician Ruben Hernandez and his daughter Kandace walk along support native runs of salmonid species, the Hoh River during a summer program designed to connect tribal children to the there are significant fish habitat threats, whole river, not just the part in their village. both anthropogenic and natural. Land-use practices particularly associated with for- habitat conditions and severely impaired estry activities continue to alter watershed riverine processes, the Hoh Tribe is initi- processes, resulting in stream-channel ating the development of a Hoh watershed degradation. Streamflow changes and high restoration plan. This plan will be used, water temperature values may be the result in part, to seek funding for more environ- of forest activities or climate change. The mentally compatible alternatives to com- protection and restoration of fish habitat is mon infrastructure protection techniques, needed to ensure that the currently declin- such as riprap bank armoring. ing salmon runs return to a healthy status. Other efforts include implementation of While the Hoh Tribe continues to ad- the Hoh Water Adventure which provides vocate for increased resource protection, Hoh Tribal members with the opportunity inadequate support from state and feder- to learn about cultural and natural resourc- al regulatory agencies is an ongoing hin- es, as well as management concerns and drance. strategies. In an effort to address rapidly declining

34 Hoh Tribe Hoh Tribe Hoh River Watershed and Independent Tributaries

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r The Hoh Tribe’s Area of Concern to 165 inches, the highest in Washington P C h c State comprises portions of WRIAs 20 and state. This basin supports all five species lo la 21 along the west side of the Olympic of Pacific salmon as well as steelhead Ka County Peninsula from Goodman Creek south to and cutthroat trout.1,2,3 The Hoh River, 22N%ational Park Service Kalaloch Creek. The largest basin in the some adjacent shoreline and tributaries area is the Hoh River’s, which originates are designated critical habitat for bull U.S. Forest Service at the Hoh Glacier on Mount Olympus. trout.4 There are whitefish, numerous 43% From there, it flows westward through species of lamprey, cottids, stickleback, Olympic National Park, then through Olympic mudminnow, and possibly sev- foothills and a broad, flat floodplain be- eral species of dace that are indigenous to fore emptying into the Pacific Ocean at the Hoh Tribe’s Area of Concern.5,6 34% the Hoh Indian Reservation, the ancestral Several factors limit salmonid produc- home of the Hoh people. tion in the basin downstream of the park.7 This Area of Concern is dominated by These include fish access problems from state and private forestlands and includes culverts and cedar spalts, increased the Hoh Rain Forest, a large temperate stream sedimentation, elevated stream area protected from major anthropogenic temperatures, altered riparian areas, as changes within Olympic National Park. well as scoured, incised channels with Within the park, the Hoh and South few spawning gravels and large woody Fork Hoh rivers have some glacial input. debris. The WRIA 20 Watershed Plan in- The discharges of streams outside the cludes specific actions and management park are rainfall dominated with a mean strategies for addressing these limiting annual precipitation in the range of 140 factors.8

Data Sources: SSHIAP 2004,9 WADNR 2014a,10 WADNR 2014b,11 WADOT 2012,12 WADOT 2013,13 WAECY 1994,14 WAECY 2011,15 WAECY 2013a16

Hoh Tribe 35 Hoh Tribe River Bank Riprap The mainstem Hoh River has over 3.7 miles of riprap between River Mile 1 and 37. Since 2012, there have been at least four new riprap projects as well as extensions and modifications to existing ones. There is no indication that any riprap was removed. Some river banks in the Hoh Area of Concern have been al- between River Mile 1 and 37. Since then, there have been at least tered and hardened by the placement of riprap and retaining walls four new riprap projects completed, as well as extensions and re- made of rocks and other materials. These are placed to control and pairs to existing projects. In the lower Hoh River, wood was placed minimize streambank erosion but they have a number of negative on a layering of rocks used for riprap on the riverbank. At another impacts on the surrounding environment. One of the goals of the site, to protect the lower Oil City Road being threatened by the WRIA 20 Watershed Management Plan is to restore the natural Hoh River, Jefferson County placed riprap on the road’s right of function of stream channels by reversing stream-channel degra- way to avoid getting an emergency Hydraulic Project Approval to dation, increasing floodplain storage and improving aquatic habi- do in-channel work. The intention behind the project was that as tat conditions.1 Some of the degradation of the Hoh River results the river eroded the bank, the riprap would fall into place on the from river meandering and erosion being halted by rock riprap riverbank to stop it from further eroding. That riprap was insuffi- bank protection. These structures also prevent the recruitment and cient to protect the road. The county eventually obtained an emer- retention of large woody debris (LWD) in the stream, a problem gency hydraulic permit and brought in additional riprap and heavy identified as a factor limiting salmon production.2 equipment to protect the section of road being threatened. By 2012, the mainstem Hoh River had over 3.7 miles of riprap

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Data Sources: SSHIAP 2004,3 WADNR 2014c,4 WADOT 2012,5 WAECY 20116

36 Hoh Tribe Hoh Tribe Impact of Roads As of 2014, about 47% of the 764 culverts identified under the Road Maintenance and Abandonment Plans (RMAP) in the Hoh Area of Concern have been repaired, while the other 53% remain to be repaired by 2021. Also, six watersheds, representing 72% of the land area, may not be properly functioning because of road density values that exceed 3 miles/square mile.

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If not properly constructed or main- another 53% were yet to be repaired. This RMAP Culvert Repair Status tained, forests roads can be a source of appears to show that road repairs on both sediments to streams, which degrade fish state and private forestlands in this area are habitat and water quality.1 The sediment on schedule to be completed as mandated contribution per unit area from roads is of- by the RMAP program. This will have a ten much greater than all other forest ac- positive impact on fish habitat and water tivities combined.2 Also, many culverts at quality in the Hoh Area of Concern. forest road crossings may constitute fish Road density values were over 3 miles/ barriers. One of the goals of the WRIA 20 square mile in most watersheds outside 47% 53% Watershed Plan is to reverse stream-chan- Olympic National Park, where the values nel degradation.3 were less than 1 mile/square mile. A total In order to reduce the adverse effects of of six watersheds, representing 72% of the roads, Washington State Forests and Fish land area, may not be properly functioning Law requires most forest landowners to because of high road density values. This have a Road Maintenance and Abandon- is the direct result of the network of roads ment Plan. The RMAP is a method to eval- built notably for harvest of timber. Several uate forest roads, identify areas that do not studies have correlated road density or in- meet forest practices rule standards, and dices of roads to fish density or measures schedule needed upgrades and/or repairs. of fish diversity.4 Increases in fine sediment As of 2014, the RMAP data shows that in fish spawning habitat were found when about 47% of the identified 764 culverts in road density exceeded 2.5% of the Clear- the Hoh Area of Concern were fixed and water watershed.5

Data Sources: SSHIAP 2004,6 WADNR 2014c,7 WADNR 2014d,8 WAECY 20119

Hoh Tribe 37 Hoh Tribe Forest Practice Activities From 1996 to 2010, 24 square miles of forestlands were harvested in the Hoh Tribe’s Area of Concern. Since 2010, an additional 1.6 square miles of forestlands have been permitted for harvest, which may indicate a slower rate of activity, although Forest Practice Applications do not cover all the activities on the ground. Most of the recent activities have been in the Goodman Creek watershed and in areas that are predominantly private forestlands. Forest practice activities within the Hoh 2010, about 24 square miles of forestlands multiple watershed levels.4 Similarly, re- Tribe’s Area of Concern directly influence were harvested in this area. Since 2010, an ductions in hydrologic maturity with the watershed vegetation through creating ac- additional 1.6 square miles of forestlands resultant degradation of floodplain habitat cess to, as well as removal and re-estab- have either been harvested or will soon be and altered flow regime are significant hab- lishment of, forest vegetation. The remov- harvested, which may indicate a slower rate itat factors limiting salmonid production in al of vegetation has resulted in poor large of activity, although Forest Practice Appli- this basin.5 Aggradation and excessive sed- woody debris and riparian conditions in the cations do not necessarily cover all the ac- imentation also occur in these watersheds. basin.1,2 Debris flows are common and dev- tivities on the ground. A large proportion These conditions may be improved by al- astating, resulting in scoured, incised chan- of the recent forest practice activities have tering timber harvest rates. The failure to nels with few spawning gravels for salmon. been in the Goodman Creek watershed and effectively manage these natural resourc- The WRIA 20 Watershed Plan recognizes in areas that are predominantly private for- es could have a significant impact on the the loss of forest as a watershed threat.3 estlands. cultural values attached to them by tribal Forest practice applications filed for the A study in the Hoh watershed revealed members. purposes of clear-cutting commercial tim- that timber harvesting significantly impacts ber products show that between 1996 and peak and mean daily flow of streamflow at

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Data Sources: NAIP 2009,6 NAIP 2015,7 SSHIAP 2004,8 WADNR 2011,9 WAECY 201110

38 Hoh Tribe Hoh Tribe Invasive Species A multi-year effort initiated in 2002 by the Hoh Tribe to control invasive knotweed plants along 30 miles of the Hoh River riparian zone has resulted in the eradication of about 99.5% of the plants. However, Aotherrea of C oinvasivencern species like Scotch broom, Herb Robert, and Reed canarygrass continue to spread in the watershed.

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(!(! (! (!(! (!(!(! (!(!(! (! M (! (!(!(!!((!(!(!(!! (!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(! os (! (!(!(!(!(!(!( (!(!(! (!(!(!(!(! (!(!(!(!(!!( (! Area of Concern q (! (!(!(!(!(!(!(! (!(! (! (!(!!(!(!(! (!(! u (!(! (!(! (!(!(!(!((!(! (!(!(!(! (!(! (! it (! (! (! (!(!(!(!(!(! ((! (! o (! (! (! (! (!(! (!(! C (!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(! (! !(!(!(!(!!((! re (! (! (!(! ( e (! (!(!(! (!(! k (! (! (!(!(! (! (!(! (!(! (! (!(! (! (!(! (!(!(! (! (!(!r( (! v e(! oh Ri (! Goo Cr (! H (! d man ee (! (! k (! (! (!(! (! (!(!!( (!(!(!(! (!(!!(!( ((!(!(!(!(! (!(!(! (! ((!(!(! (! (! (! ¤£101 (!(! (! 0 3 Miles (!(! (!(!(! (!(!(! (! ´ M (! (!(!(!!((!(!(!(!! (!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(! os (! (!(!(!(!(!(!( (!(!(! (!(!(!(!(! (!(!(!(!(!!( (! q (! (!(!(!(!(!(!(! (!(! (! (!(!!(!(!(! (!(! u (!(! (!(! (!(!(!(!((!(! (!(!(!(! (!(! (! Hoh River Invasive Species Distribution 2014 it (! (! (! (!(!(!(!(!(! ((! (! o (! (! (! (! (!(! (!(! C (!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(! (! !(!(!(!(!!((! re (! (! (!(! ( (! (! e (! (!(!(! (!(! Canada Thistle Reed Canarygrass k (! (! (!(!(! (! (!(! (!(! (! (! Herb Robert (! Scotch Broom (!(! (! (!(! (!(!(! (! (!(!r( (! (! Knotweed v e(! oh Ri (! H(! (! (! (! (!(! (! (!(!!( (!(!(!(! In 2002, a multi-year effort was initiated by the Hoh Tribe to (!(!!(!( ((!(!(!(!(! (!(!(! (! ((!(!(! (! (! completely eradicate these plants in 29.75 river miles of the ac- £101 (! ¤ 1 tive Hoh River channel migration0 zone and3 Madjacentiles terraces. The Hoh River’s support´ of relatively healthy wild salmon populations Hoh River couldInvasiv ebe Sp threatenedecies Distribu tbyion 2invasive014 knotweed (Polygonum spp.) spe- (! Canaciesda T hfoundistle (!in itsRe eripariand Canaryg rzoneass if treatment does not occur. These (! Herbplants Robert are (!a problemScotch B robecauseom they are known to displace native (! Knotspeciesweed and alter riparian vegetative communities, disrupt nutrient cycling and reduce quality of liter inputs, and can cause long-term changes to the structure and functioning of the riparian forests and adjacent fish habitats.2,3 Knotweed stem counts show a reduction in the sizes and distribution of the plants.4 Sites with at least six years of data show that peak numbers were reached in 2003, one year after the project started. Since then, there have been significant stem count drops in all the sites particularly in the Owl Creek and Lindner River bars. It is estimated that by 2011, about 99.5% of the plants had been eradicated on 30 miles of the river and its floodplain. These results show the effectiveness of the control measures. In a 2014 survey, knotweed made up only 18% of the treated 5

sites, and 65% of the stems were under 3 feet and single-stemmed. Institute Years 10,000 Jill Silver, Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) was more broadly dis- Herb Robert tributed than the previous year, constituting 58% of treated sites. Other species found and treated were Scotch broom (Cytisus sco- parius) and herb Robert (Geranium robertianum). Overall, although significant progress has been made in the control of knotweed in the Hoh River riparian zone, other invasive species like Scotch broom, Herb Robert, and Reed canarygrass continue to spread in other parts of the watershed.

Data Sources: Silver 2015,6 SSHIAP 2004,7 WADOT 2012,8 WAECY 20119

Hoh Tribe 39 Hoh Tribe Hoh River Streamflow Over the past half-century, the Hoh River peak flow values show an increasing trend while low flows are decreasing. If both trends continue as anticipated under predicted climate change conditions, this poses a significant impact to salmonid runs. In August 2015, base flow measurements were at record lows for tributary streams monitored since 2007 by the Hoh Tribe. Over half a century of data from the Hoh Mean Daily Flows For Hoh River, 1960 - 2014 River gauge at Highway 101 shows that the 5500 amount of the river’s streamflow is chang- ing. Peak flow values show increased winter 4500 streamflow while summer mean low flow

) values show a decreasing trend at precisely 3500 (cfs

the time when streamflow is needed most w o and when water temperatures are at their Fl 2500 highest. Both trends have been predicted to occur because of climate change and this 1500 may indicate that salmon habitat and other aquatic ecosystem functions are not being 500 l r r v y g n u eb ep a o un adequately protected. Low flows and high J Oct J Ap - F Ma J S Dec N Au Ma ------1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 temperatures mean less suitable habitat for Day fish as well as impairment of upstream passage of salmon returning to spawn. High Creek dman Creek r Goo e d l ek Cre A hby flows on the other hand, can scour eggs g u o ill W out of the gravel and create problems for Mos qu ito E lk H r C C o Rive k h re .! r e e emerging fry. e e k e k S r W ou k t C i h n F e ork n f H ie e ld Creek r oh During a 40-year period, 7-day minimum so C R r i

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C P h c lo If the low flow trend continues as an- la .! Ka Stream Gauge ticipated under predicted climate change Hoh Tribe Base Flow Monitoring conditions, this may pose a significant challenge to salmonid runs. A recent study Creek Average Lowest Flow (cfs) Lowest Flow (cfs) found that Chinook salmon populations 2007-20014 August 2015 could be particularly vulnerable to such Anderson 0.67 0.39 streamflow changes because spawning fish Cedar 1.92 0.94 may show up when rivers are at their low- Elk 1.59 1.08 est levels.3 The WRIA 20 Watershed Plan Nolan 1.35 0.61 recommends that options for maintaining Owl 7.22 7.87 salmonid runs in the face of extended or re- Willoughby 1.54 0.31 curring low flow periods be evaluated for Winﬁeld 3.25 2.81 all watersheds.4 Low Flow Peak Flow 900 70000

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40 Hoh Tribe Hoh Tribe Water Temperature Between 2006 and 2015, all but one of the major salmonid (coho, Chinook, and steelhead) tributaries to the Hoh River had summer water temperature values which exceeded the Washington state numeric water quality standards. These exceedances will likely have a significant impact on salmonid survival and production in these watersheds.

Impaired Waters for Temperature - 2012

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C cern were monitored for water temperature P h c Water Temperature lo values between 2006 and 2015 to deter- la Ka mine compliance with Washington state’s water quality standards (Chapter 173- 201A WAC). The 7-day average of the daily maximum temperature (7-DADM) values showed widespread exceedances and therefore potential violations of the standards. Summer Maximum Water Temperatures In all ten years for which data was col- 1 22 lected by the Hoh Tribe , Jackson Creek Nolan Creek Winfield Creek had temperature values that exceeded the Owl Creek Alder Creek Willoughby Creek Anderson Creek 12˚C standard for “Char Spawning and 20 Elk Creek 16 deg C Standard Rearing.” Similarly, Nolan and Winfield Creeks exceeded the 16o standard for Core rd 18 a Summer Salmonid Habitat in all years nd

Sta while Owl Creek had exceedances in all il Fa Deg C but one year. Other creeks had varying 16 degrees of failures. The only exception to this general trend was Elk Creek whose 14 relatively intact riparian vegetation may have helped to keep the water tempera- 12 tures low. In 2012, 12 waterbodies in the 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Jackson Creek 12 deg C Standard Hoh Area of Concern were placed on the 16 303(d) list for water temperature pollution by the Washington State Department of rd 14 a 2 nd Ecology. Sta

il Generally, these exceedances were high- Fa Deg C 12 est in 2015, which was also a year of record low flows. These water temperature

10 impairments will likely have a significant 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 impact on fish survival and production in these watersheds since salmonids require cool and well-oxygenated water. Data Sources: Hoh 2015b,3 SSHIAP 2004,4 WAECY 2011,5 WAECY 2013b6

Hoh Tribe 41 Hoh Tribe Factors in the North Washington Coastal Streams of Water Re- Citations source Inventory Area 20. Lacey, WA: Washington State Conser- vation Commission. Chapter Summary 3 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of 1 Smith, C. 2000. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: Factors in the North Washington Coastal Streams of Water Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. Resource Inventory Area 20. Lacey, WA: Washington State 4 WADNR. 2014c. Washington DNR Transportation Conservation Commission. Polylines. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Natural Re- 2 Golder Associates. 2009. Water Resource Inventory Area sources. 20 Watershed Management Plan. Prepared for Clallam County, 5 WADOT. 2012. Linear representation of Washington Jefferson County and the WRIA 20 Planning Unit. State Routes (GIS Feature Class SR500kLRSSPS). Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Transportation. Hoh Tribe: Hoh River Watershed and Independent 6 WAECY. 2011. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and Water- Tributaries bodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in cooperation 1 Phinney, L. & P. Bucknell. 1975. A Catalog of Washington with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, WA: Wash- Streams and Salmon Utilization, Volume 2: Coastal Region. ington Department of Ecology. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Fisheries. 2 McHenry, M., J. Lichatowich & R. Kowalski-Hagaman. Impact of Roads 1996. Status of Pacific salmon and their habitats on the Olympic 1 Cederholm C., L. Reid & E. Salo. 1981. Cumulative Peninsula, Washington. Lower Elwha S’Klallam Tribe. effects of logging road sediment on salmonid populations in the 3 Smith, C. 2000. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting Clearwater River, Jefferson County, Washington. In: Salmon Factors in the North Washington Coastal Streams of Water Spawning Gravel: a Renewable Resource in the Pacific Northwest Resource Inventory Area 20. Lacey, WA: Washington State Proceedings. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, State of Conservation Commission. Washington Water Research Center. pp. 38-74. 4 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. 2010. 2 Furniss, M., T. Roelofs & C. Yee. 1991. Road construc- Revised Designation of Critical Habitat for Bull Trout in the tion and maintenance. Influences of forest and rangeland manage- Coterminous United States. Final Rule. 75 Fed. Reg. 63898. ment on salmonid fishes and their habitats. Bethesda, MD: Ameri- 5 McHenry et al. 1996. Status of Pacific salmon. can Fisheries Society. Special Publication 19. pp. 297-324. 6 Scarlett, W. Personal communication. Hoh Tribe. 3 Golder Associates. 2009. Water Resource Inventory Area 7 Smith. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting Factors. 20 Watershed Management Plan. Prepared for Clallam County, 8 Golder Associates. 2009. Water Resource Inventory Area Jefferson County and the WRIA 20 Planning Unit. 20 Watershed Management Plan. Prepared for Clallam County, 4 Gucinski, M., M. Furniss, R. Ziemer & M. Brookes. Jefferson County, and the WRIA 20 Planning Unit. 2001. Forest Roads: A Synthesis of Scientific Information. Gen. 9 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-509. Portland, OR: United States Depart- Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. Station. 10 WADNR. 2014a. Washington State DNR Managed 5 Cederholm et al. Cumulative effects of logging road. Land Parcels. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Natural 6 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of Resources. Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: 11 WADNR. 2014b. Washington State Non-DNR Major Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. Public Lands (NDMPL) Polygons. Olympia, WA: Washington 7 WADNR. 2014c. Washington DNR Transportation Department of Natural Resources. Polylines. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Natural Re- 12 WADOT. 2012. Linear representation of Washington sources. State Routes (GIS Feature Class SR500kLRSSPS). Olympia, WA: 8 WADNR. 2014d. Washington State Road Maintenance Washington Department of Transportation. and Abandonment Planning (RMAPs) Points. Olympia, WA: 13 WADOT. 2013. Polygons depicting the boundaries of Washington Department of Natural Resources. Tribal Lands in Washington State. Olympia, WA: Washington 9 WAECY. 2011. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and Water- Department of Transportation. bodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in cooperation 14 WAECY. 1994. Polygons of Washington State Shorelines with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, WA: Wash- and Boundary. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Ecology. ington Department of Ecology. 15 WAECY. 2011. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and Waterbodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in Forest Practice Activities cooperation with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, 1 Smith, C. 2000. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting WA: Washington Department of Ecology. Factors in the North Washington Coastal Streams of Water Re- 16 WAECY. 2013a. City Boundaries and Urban Growth source Inventory Area 20. Lacey, WA: Washington State Conser- Areas Polygons. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of vation Commission. Ecology. 2 Golder Associates. 2009. Water Resource Inventory Area 20 Watershed Management Plan. Prepared for Clallam County, River Bank Riprap Jefferson County, and the WRIA 20 Planning Unit. 1 Golder Associates. 2009. Water Resource Inventory Area 3 Ibid. 20 Watershed Management Plan. Prepared for Clallam County, 4 Achet, S. 1997. An Integrated Approach to Modeling the Jefferson County and the WRIA 20 Planning Unit, 84p. Impact of Timber Harvest on Streamflow: A GIS Based Hydrologic 2 Smith, C. 2000. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting Model. Ph.D. dissertation. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. 42 Hoh Tribe Hoh Tribe 5 Smith. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting Factors. Hoh River Streamflow 6 NAIP. 2009. USDA National Agricultural Imagery Pro- 1 Golder Associates. 2005. Multi-Purpose Storage Assess- gram. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture. ment: Water Resources Inventory Area 20. Prepared for Clallam 7 NAIP. 2015. USDA National Agricultural Imagery Pro- County and the WRIA 20 Planning Unit. Redmond, WA: Golder gram. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture. Associates Inc. 8 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of 2 Hoh Tribe. 2015a. Stream Flow Dataset. Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: 3 Ward, E., J. Anderson, T. Beechie, G. Pess & M. Ford. Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. 2015. Increasing hydrologic variability threatens depleted anadro- 9 WADNR. 2011. Washington State Forest Practice Appli- mous fish populations. Global Change Biology 21(7): 2500-2509 cation Polygons (active and all). Olympia, WA: Washington De- 4 Golder Associates. 2009. Water Resource Inventory Area partment of Natural Resources. 20 Watershed Management Plan. Prepared for Clallam County, 10 WAECY. 2011. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and Water- Jefferson County, and the WRIA 20 Planning Unit. bodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in cooperation 5 Hoh Tribe. 2015a. Stream Flow Dataset. with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, WA: Wash- 6 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of ington Department of Ecology. Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. Invasive Species 7 USGS. 2015. Online data from USGS gauge #12041200 1 Udo, M. 2008. Statewide Knotweed Control Program. Hoh River at US 101 near Forks, WA. U.S. Geological Survey. 2007 Progress Report. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of 8 WADOT. 2012. Linear representation of Washington Agriculture. State Routes (GIS Feature Class SR500kLRSSPS). Olympia, 2 Urgenson, L., S. Reichard & C. Halpern. 2009. Commu- WA: Washington Department of Transportation. nity and ecosystem consequences of giant knotweed (Polygonum 9 WAECY. 2011. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and Water- sachalinense) invasion into riparian forests of western Washing- bodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in cooperation ton, USA. Biological Conservation 142:1536-1541. with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, WA: Wash- 3 Silver, J. 2010. Knotweed Control of the Hoh River: 2009 ington Department of Ecology. Summary Report. Port Townsend, WA: 10,000 Years Institute. 4 Silver, J. 2011. Knotweed Control of the Hoh River: 2010 Water Temperature Summary Report. Port Townsend, WA: 10,000 Years Institute. 1 Hoh Tribe. 2015b. Stream Water Temperature Dataset. 5 Silver, J. 2015. Knotweed Control of the Hoh River: 2014 2 WAECY. 2013b. Water Quality Assessment 303(d) Poly- Summary Report. Port Townsend, WA: 10,000 Years Institute. gons. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Ecology. 6 Ibid. 3 Hoh Tribe. 2015b. Stream Water Temperature Dataset. 7 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of 4 SSHIAP. 2004. Hillshade derived from University of Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: Washington Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Olympia, WA: Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. 8 WADOT. 2012. Linear representation of Washington 5 WAECY. 2011. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and Water- State Routes (GIS Feature Class SR500kLRSSPS). Olympia, WA: bodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in cooperation Washington Department of Transportation. with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, WA: Wash- 9 WAECY. 2011. NHD Major Areas, Streams, and Water- ington Department of Ecology. bodies. 1:24000. From U.S. Geological Survey (in cooperation 6 WAECY. 2013b. Water Quality Assessment 303(d) Poly- with others) National Hydrography Dataset. Olympia, WA: Wash- gons. ington Department of Ecology.

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