ESA's Living Planet Programme: Atmosphere Explorer and Sentinel Missions

Mark R. Drinkwater European Space Agency Earth Observation Programmes Scientific challenges for ESA’s LPP 2

• Updated Science Strategy for ESA’s LPP, after broad user consultation

• SP-1304 identifies key scientific challenges for: hydrosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, biosphere and geosphere

• Emphasis on the system approach, where interactions and interfaces between different parts of the Earth system are fundamental

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 ESA’s Living Planet Programme 3

Earth Explorer Earth Watch Research driven Operational Service driven

Core Opportunity Operational Missions Missions Meteorology GMES

GOCE CryoSat-2 Meteosat Sentinel 1 March 17th April 8th MSG Sentinel 2 2009 2010 EPS (MetOp) Sentinel 3 MTG Sentinel 4 Post EPS Sentinel 5 precursor SMOS ADM-Aeolus Sentinel 5 November 2nd 2009

EarthCARE Swarm

Biomass/ Call for CoReH2O proposals /PREMIER for EE8

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 ESA Earth Explorers 1 - 6 4

GOCE Gravity Field and ADM-Aeolus EarthCARE Steady State Ocean Atmospheric Dynamics Cloud, Aerosols & Circulation Explorer Radiation Explorer

Core

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Opportunity

CryoSat 2 SMOS Swarm Sea Ice thickness Soil Moisture Geomagnetic field and Ice sheet and Ocean survey topography Salinity

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 EO Missions handled by ESA EOP 5

Since 1990 2000 2010 2030 1977

Earthnet: European access to non-ESA missions: European Landsat, SeaWifs, NOAA, JERS, MODIS, ALOS, Proba, Bird, Scisat... users Meteo METEOSAT METEOSAT Second Generation M-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 MSG-1, -2, -3 in cooperation with EUMETSAT METOP-1, -2, -3 (Gravity and Ocean Circulation Explorer) GOCE SMOS Science CryoSat-2 to better understand Earth Swarm the Earth Explorers ADM/Aeolus System EarthCARE EE7 ERS-1, -2 ENVISAT Sentinel 1 Applications Sentinel 2 Services Sentinel 3 to initiate long term Earth Sentinel 5p monitoring systems Watch Sentinel 4/5 and services GMES in cooperation with EC M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 LivingEarth Planet Explorers Programme - I (LPP) 6

The Science and Research Component of the Living Planet Programme

To: Focus on:  Improve the understanding of the interactions between Hydrosphere Atmosphere components of the Earth System  Understand the impact of human activities on natural Earth processes Geosphere Cryosphere

Key Scientific Challenges identified in “The Changing Earth”, ESA SP-1304 Biosphere

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 Atmosphere 7

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 ADM-Aeolus: Wind Mission 8

Its objectives are: - to provide global observations of wind profiles from space - to improve the quality of weather forecasting - to enhance our understanding of atmospheric dynamics and climate processes www.esa.int/livingplanet/adm-aeolus

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 9 AEOLUS The satellite for Atmospheric Dynamic Mission

5 8 6 1 1 3 7

2

5 4 1 Deployed, non rotatable solar array 2 Aladin Lidar 3 Star Tracker 4 X Band Antenna 5 2 S Band Antennas 6 Aladin Radiator 7 Aladin Detector Radiator 8 Thrusters M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 ADM: Atmospheric Dynamics Mission 10

ADM-Aeolus Mission What are the scientific objectives? Improve understanding of – atmospheric dynamics and global atmospheric transport – global cycling of energy, water, aerosols, chemicals

How are they achieved? – line of sight winds are derived from aerosol/molecular Doppler shifts – Improved analysis of the atmospheric state to provide a complete three-dimensional picture of the dynamical variables

What are the benefits? – Improved parameterisation of atmospheric processes in models – Advanced climate and atmospheric flow modelling – Better initial conditions for weather forecasting

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 EarthCARE: Cloud, Aerosol and Radiation Mission 11

EarthCARE is a joint European - Japanese mission

Its objectives are: - to improve process understanding of cloud-aerosol-radiation interactions - to measure parameters to be included in models - to improve climate and weather model predictions www.esa.int/livingplanet/earthcare

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 EarthCARE 12

Satellite, ~1300 kg, ~1100 W in sun- synchronous orbit ~ 450 km altitude, carrying: Backscatter lidar (ATLID) Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) 7-channel multi spectral imager (MSI) Broadband radiometer (BBR)

Provide basic data for numerical Ground segment: modelling and global studies of: • divergence of radiative energy, Command and data acquisition - Kiruna Mission and satellite operations control -ESOC • aerosol-cloud-radiation interaction, Processing and archiving – ESRIN & Japan • vertical distribution of liquid water and ice and their transport by clouds, Launch: 2013 (nominal lifetime ~2-3 years) • the vertical cloud field overlap and cloud- precipitation interactions A unique combination of • vertical motion within clouds active and passive sensors

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 Selected Phase A - Candidate EE7 Missions 13

• BIOMASS A BIOMASS Monitoring Mission for Carbon Assessment

• FLEX FLuorescence Explorer

• Core-H2O Cold Regions Hydrology High-resolution Observatory

• A-SCOPE Advanced Space Carbon and Climate Observation of Planet Earth

• PREMIER PRocess Exploration through Measurements of Infrared and millimetre-wave Emitted Radiation

• TRAQ TRopospheric composition and Air Quality See Reports for Assessment for each concept here: http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMUE0AWYNF_index_0.html User Consultation Meeting to review missions: 20-21 January, 2009 Lisbon M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 PREMIER – Candidate EE7 Mission 14

Primary Objective: To characterise dynamical and chemical exchange processes in the upper troposphere / lower stratosphere (i.e. tropopause region)

Scientific Impact: To make observations to characterise and model the key dynamical and chemical processes linking atmospheric composition with Earth’s radiation balance and climate

Technical concept: Payload: - mm-wave push-broom limb spectrometer - infrared limb-imaging spectrometer Spatial Res.: 6-55 km vertical MetOp

Orbit: sun-synchronous, in tandem with Metop 8 min ahead global coverage 817 km PREMIER 3327 km Lifetime: 4 years

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 GMES Sentinel missions 15

Sentinel 1 – SAR imaging All weather, day/night applications, interferometry 2012, 2014+

Sentinel 2 – Multispectral imaging Land applications: urban, forest, agriculture,.. Continuity of Landsat, SPOT 2013, 2014+

Sentinel 3 – Ocean and global land monitoring Wide-swath ocean colour, vegetation, sea/land surface temperature, altimetry 2013, 2014+

Sentinel 4 – Geostationary atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring, trans- boundary pollution 2018 + Sentinel 5 and Precursor – Low-orbit atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring 2015, 2020

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 Sentinel–3: Ocean & global land mission 16

Applications: • Sea/land colour data and surface temperature • sea surface and land ice topography • coastal zones, inland water and sea ice topography • vegetation products 1250 kg spacecraft mass Sun synchronous orbit at 814.5 km mean altitude over geoid 27 days repeat cycle 7 years design life time, consumables for 12 years

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 Sentinel–3: mission instruments 17

• Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI): MWR with 5 cameras, 8 bands (only VIS) for open ocean (low res), 15 bands OLCI (only VIS) for coastal zones (high res). Spatial sampling: 300m @ SSP

• Sea and Land Surface SLSTR Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR):

with 9 spectral bands, 0.5 X band antenna (VIS, SWIR) to 1 km res (MWIR, TIR).

Swath: 180rpm dual view scan, SRAL antenna DORIS nadir & backwards S band antenna • RA package: SRAL Ku-C altimeter LRR (LRM and SAR measurement modes), MWR, POD (with Laser Retro Reflector, GPS and DORIS)

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 Sentinel–4: GEO atmospheric mission 18

Applications: • monitoring changes in the atmospheric composition

(e.g. ozone, NO2, SO2 , BrO, CHOCHO, formaldehyde and aerosol) at high temporal resolution • tropospheric variability Narrow field spectrometer covering UV (305-400 nm), visible (400-500 nm) and near-IR (750-775 nm) bands Spatial sampling 8 x 8 km2 and spectral resolution between 0.12 nm (near-IF) and 0.5 nm (UV, visible)

Geostationary orbit, at 0o longitude

Embarked on MTG-Sounder Satellite and operated by EUMETSAT

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 Sentinel–5: LEO atmospheric mission 19

Applications: • monitoring changes in the atmospheric

composition (e.g. ozone, NO2 , SO2, BrO, formaldehyde and aerosol) at high temporal (daily) resolution • tropospheric variability

Pushbroom grating 5 channels spectrometer covering UV (270-495 nm), visible (400-500 & 710-750 nm), NIR (710-775 nm) and SWIR (2314-2382 nm) bands. spectral resolution between 0.25 nm and 1.1 nm Low Earth orbit (reference altitude of about 824 km) Sentinel-5 precursor to fill data gaps (2014-2019). Sentinel-5 embarked on post-EPS and operated by EUMETSAT

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010 Summary 20 • The Living Planet Programme features exciting new atmospheric missions focusing on specific scientific or operational goals • Two atmospheric Earth Explorers are approved and under development (a 7th EE candidate under consideration, PREMIER focuses on the UTLS) • GMES Sentinel mission concepts (4/5 and 5precursor) in preparation – each having atmospheric relevance • GMES Sentinel mission (3 A,B) approved and under development – cloud/aerosol relevance • ESA to launch a succession of EO satellite missions over the next decade – some of which specifically address the atmosphere • The GMES Space Component infrastructure provides a robust long-term foundation for monitoring of relevant atmospheric properties

M. Drinkwater - 18 May 2010