The European Space Sciences Committee on Global Partnership in Space Exploration Athena Coustenis, ESSC Chair

For the ESSC

High Level Forum 2018

Bonn, Germany, 13 Nov. 2018

1 P2

The European Space Sciences landscape

The European space sciences landscape is very diverse as it involves two major intergovernmental organisations • The European Space Agency (ESA) • the European Commission (EC) and

and more than 25 countries that each have their national institutional setting and scientific planning approach.

It has therefore always been essential to coordinate space science and exploration programmes throughout Europe and with international partners. P3 Space science and technology helping with global challenges in sustainability • Science themes leading to innovations and applications • Astronomy, planetary, life and physical sciences, Earth observations • People triggering new partnerships and developing capabilities • Scientists, engineers, all ethnicities, genders, etc • From space labs to space agencies and commercial sector

Sustainable Development Goals benefit from space science and technology advances as demonstrated at UNISPACE50+ and the Space2030 agenda should build on and be reinforced by the outcomes of space activities and tools

Inter-disciplinary, international, competitive, Earth-caring, curious and progressive, space neglects no-one and addresses all concerns with new approaches and tools ESF Member Organisations

ESF was an independent association of 66 Member Organisations until 2014 – research funding organisations – research performing organisations – academies and learned societies in 29 countries

ESF evolved into a science services based organisation as of 2016 (peer-review, evaluation, joint programming support, coordination support to the community, hosting space-related committees, etc.) THE EUROPEAN SPACE SCIENCE COMMITTEE OF THE EUROPEAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION

“ The mission of the ESSC is to provide an independent European voice from scientists on the European space research and policy. It is the ESF’s expert body on space research ”

5 Overarching Science Policy Advice

• High level policy recommendations to ESA council at ministerial level (à 2016), IMM (2018) • High level policy recommendation to EC on space sciences related matters • Pro-Active specific communications and recommendations expressed to institutions

6 Specific Scientific Advice

• When specialist targeted independent advice is required

• Setting up of ad-hoc committees and panels

• Commissioned Studies

– Evaluation of ESA Microgravity Programme

– Strategic advice on planetary protection

• Pro-Active disciplinary foresight - Roadmaps

– Astrobiology and life in extreme environments

– Human space exploration

– Nuclear propulsion

– Technology development

7 ESSC Chairs 1975-2020

Harrie MASSEY † Johannes GEISS Heinrich J. VÖLK François BECKER United Kingdom Switzerland Germany France 1975-1979 1979-1987 1987-1993 1993-1997

J. Leonard Gerhard Jean-Pierre Athena CULHANE HAERENDEL SWINGS COUSTENIS United Kingdom Germany Belgium France-Greece 1997-2002 2002-2007 2007-2014 2014-2020

8 ESSC Chair: Athena Coustenis

Solar System Exploration Life and physical Sciences in Space Panel Chair : Hermann Opgenoorth Panel Chair : Dominique Langevin •Sarah Baatout •Mahesh Anand •Alexander Chouker •Ester Antonucci •Berndt Feuerbacher •Luisa M. Lara •Helen Fraser •Gerhard Paar •Marc Heppener •Petre Rettberg •Anny Pavy Le Traon •Robert Wimmer-Schweingruber •Roberto Piazza •Peter Preu •Hubertus Thomas

Astronomy and Earth Sciences Fundamental physics Panel Chair : Ian Brown •Panel Chair : Stéphane Udry •Andreas Käab •Conny Aerts •Maarten Krol •Nabila Aghanim •Rosemary Morrow •Michael Perryman •Sindy Sterckx •Manolis Plionis •Pepijn Veefkind •Alexander Tielens +ESF-CEO J-C. Worms; COSPAR Exec. Dir: J-L. Fellous essc.esf.org ESF Scientific Review Groups Expert Boards ESF SpaceESF Science SciencesSupport OfficeUnit staff (SSU) 4 staff EC-EU ESSC ESA SAG in FP7 44 years old H2020 Advisory Committees DG-ENT, 30 members DG-RES 4 panels DG, Directors

National Space Agencies U.S. Science NAS community COSPAR SSB (CSAC) ASEB 10 Science across borders: ESSC and International partners

Interactions between ESA, EU and international space-related bodies and non-EU agencies or Institutions for the benefit of humanity

– COSPAR CSAC (CNES, Paris); Planetary Protection Panel

– Interactions with NAS/SSB, CAS, CAST, IKI and JAXA

11 European Space Sciences Committee Impact Life and Physical Sciences in Space Solar and Planetary Sciences P12 Astronomy and Fundamental Sciences Earth Observations International Environment

European National Space ESA Union Agencies • Council at Ministerial level •H2020 Space •Annual meeting Advisory Group with ESSC Funding • Scientific advisory (individuals) Organisations committees at programme level : SSAC, HESAC and •Horizon 2020 • Representation in ACEO stakeholder different national consultations space agencies or • Meetings with DG, advisory Directors and •Direct interactions committees : programme executives with programme CNES, UKSA, SAC, executives …

• COSPAR Science Advisory Committee (ex- • US National Academies Officio) Space Studies Board • CAS/NSSC and CAST • Observer status to UN COPUOS • JAXA • Copernicus Academy member • IKI International Links

• The ESSC Chair ex officio at the COSPAR CSAC and the new Chair of the COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection • ESSC has ongoing tight links and exchanges with US National Academies Space Studies Board invited to attend and present at the ESSC Plenary meetings, common studies on PP & Exo-oceans • ESSC has regular exchanges with the • Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASC, CAS and CAST), • the Space Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences/IKI • the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. • ESSC represents ESF to the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN/COPUOS). This will facilitate the involvement of ESSC in the UNISPACE +50 event. • Several discussions with the ISSI Executive Board • Common ground for facilitating interactions among international scientific teams • Interactions on establishing in Bern or in Beijing venues and fora to enhance opportunities for collaborative projects Planetary Protection P14 • COSPAR Panel for Planetary Protection : 19 members (agencies and experts); Lead : A. Coustenis, G. Kminek (ESA) and N. Hedman (UN) ; 1st meeting Jan. 23-25, 2019, Vienna • Planetary Protection issues • for Outer Solar System • Martian special regions and Martian Moons SR missions • Human exploration • IAC-IAF meeting (Bremen, Germany, 29 Sep-5 Oct. 2018) • Special session on “New Challenges in Planetary Protection Cooperation and collaboration in space discussed between SSB & ESF since 1976

15 P16 ESSC inputs to ESA programmes and Advisory Structure

- Space Science Advisory Committee (SSAC) - Human Spaceflight Exploration Science Advisory Committee (HESAC) - Advisory Committee on Earth Observations (ACEO) ESA Science Mandatory Programme

• To enable the European scientific community to achieve and sustain excellence in science through a cutting-edge scientific programme meeting the challenges of worldwide research. • To be a pillar in the creation and maintenance of space skills and capabilities for Europe, including advanced technologies, key for the competitiveness of European industry. • Bottom-up approach based on peer-reviewed selection of missions on the basis of scientific excellence following an open call. • Long-term planning to service a broad community with the annual budget over 4-5 years decided at ESA Council at Ministerial level. • Balance of mission sizes (Small, Medium, Large), fostering both ambitious, high-return missions and faster, smaller missions. • Solid partnership with National programmes in Member States. • Open to broad international cooperation

Bottom-up programmatic foresight : some history

• 1973: SSB expressed concern on the absence of a similar European space advisory body • 1974: establishment of a European Provisional Space Science Advisory Board (PSSAB) - SSB representation was agreed • 1975: the ESF Council agreed that the PSSAB should become an ad-hoc ESF committee - its Space Science Committee (SSC) • Following a request from the presidents of the US NAS and the ESF, representatives of SSC and SSB met in June,1982 to establish a Joint Working Group on future planetary exploration Bottom-up programmatic foresight

Heidelberg Workshop 25-27 April 1984 Following a request from the presidents of the US NAS and the ESF, representatives of SSC and SSB met in June,1982 to establish a Joint Working Group on future planetary exploration, then Workshop Bottom-up programmatic foresight

• The group concluded that three missions be selected for collaboration: • Titan Probe and Saturn Orbiter (launch 1992) • Multiple Asteroid Orbiter (launch 1994) • Mars Surface Rover (launch 1996) Allowing for Bottom-Up approach and international collaboration leads to something like Cassini-Huygens !! ESA Space Situational Awareness Space Weather Segment

Proba-2 ESSC Studies – Space Weather Goals: • explore the challenges and monitor the approaches being taken around the globe, in order to carry out a gap and requirement analysis with special consideration of potential European strengths and weaknesses (vulnerabilities) to meet the global SW challenge in true global partnership for mutual benefits, • investigate a possible consolidation of user needs and produce a map of competencies • propose ways to raise the awareness for potential space weather threats and necessary mitigation activity • Working Group, composed of 11 members (led by H. Opgenoorth): • Working Group met : 28-29 June 2017 in ESA ESOC, Darmstadt; 26 Nov. 2017 in Ostende, Belgium; 15-16 May 2018 in ESTEC • Consulted in the frame of the development of EC Space Weather Strategy • Will produce a report primarily targeted to EC, ESA, COPUOS and COSPAR

Multi-Messenger Quest for the first Black Holes

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use

Athena

JCMT Stray BH

JWST 126th SSAC Meeting | 15.10.2018 | Slide 16

Euclid

GRB

GW: LIGO / LISA

Human and Robotic Exploration Programme: European Exploration Envelope (E3P) Program

In partnership with the United States, Russia, Japan and Canada, Europe is sharing in one of the greatest international projects of all times – the International Space Station. EXOMARS : ESA and ROSCOSMOS 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter 2020 ExoMars rover and surface science platform •TGO: Launched on 14 March 2016. Effective mission from December 2017 until end of 2022. Orbiter will serve as relay for the 2020 rover mission •studies the Martian atmosphere for evidence of biological gases (CH4, etc) • in 2017 it had completed another set of important science calibration tests before embarking on a year of aerobraking which ended in March 2018.

2020 Rover advanced rover that will carry out the first sub- surface investigations of Mars in order to answer questions about whether life could or ever did exist on the Red Planet LUNAR EXPLORATION COLLABORATION WITH ROSCOSMOS

ESA contribution to Roscosmos lunar missions o Luna-Glob (Luna-25) lander : launch confirmed end 2019, to launch in 2025… o Luna-Resurs lander (or Luna 27), a south polar lunar lander, launch now end 2022. o Towards a fully robotic lunar base o For eventually a lunar human base (« Moon Group picture at the PROSPECT Village ») Operational Workshop

PROSPECT is a drilling, sampling, sample handling, processing and analysis package under development by ESA for the Russian Luna-27 mission; scheduled for flight to the Lunar South Polar region in 2020.

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 08/09/2017 | Slide 33 ESA Earth Observation programme

Taking the Pulse of our Planet Satellites 25 under development 14 in operation

• Meteosat meteorological satellites since 1997 • ERS and ENVISAT: Earth’s changing environment and climate • ESA’s Living Planet Programme for Science: • Earth Explorers (break-through technology and key science) • Earth Watch • Aeolus launched (22 August 2018) • Copernicus Space Component (EU program with ESA contribution): • Sentinels for long-term climate datasets (Sentinel 3B launched on 25 April 2018) ESA Earth Observation programme ESA Earth Observation programme THE SPACE PROGRAMME WITHIN THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION

38 ESSC and the European Union and Commission P39

• ESSC contribution to the European Space Strategy Consultation • Contribution to the EC DG GROWTH Horizon 2020 SPACE Cons. Workshop • Invitation to EC H2020 Space Programme Committee to present the scientists position on draft Work Programme • Science is global : consultation at the European Parliament • Contributions to the European Space Week – Space InfoDay • Contribution to the development of the next EC Framework Programme (Horizon Europe): argue for increased budget for space The Commission is proposing to devote €16 billion for the next long-term EU budget 2021- 2027to help maintain and further enhance the EU’s fundamental role in space

Strong support from EU scientists, in coordination with ESA, for a strong EU program EC Post H2020 – FP9 ESSC Contribution P41

• Space and space research for the benefits of European citizens • The next Framework Programme should initiate a new large scale and long term SPACE topical area • A new space flagship for the European Union • The next Framework Programme should acknowledge the transversal nature of space sciences and develop a cross-cutting flagship initiative • Innovation for space – innovations for European economy • The next Framework Programme should allow for the development and implementation of proper spin-off mechanisms that would optimise the impact of space- research related technologies on European innovation landscape Space science and technology as support for sustainability

UNITED SPACE IN EUROPE

– ESSC advice and support for the space program of ESA and the EU with recommendations to their Member States for adequate funding to bring space science and technology at the service of sustainable development goals (SDG)

42 ESA Council at Ministerial Level, Luzern, 1 December 2016 ESA Intermediate Ministerial, Madrid, 25 Oct. 2018 Intermediate Ministerial Meeting 25 October 2018

ESA Proposal for Future of Europe in Space • Roadmap for ESA and EU to finance and implement space programmes in a sustainable and efficient way • Vision for internal functioning of ESA • Proposal for space programmes to be carried out after 2019 Intermediate Ministerial Meeting 25 October 2018

Two Resolutions Adopted • Resolution giving a mandate to the ESA DG to establish appropriate relations between ESA and the EU • Resolution providing strategic guidelines for the preparation of the Agency’s programmes and activities From discoveries to innovations to benefits for everyone

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use 126th SSAC Meeting | 15.10.2018 | Slide 18

Unique celestial opportunity to explore Ice Giants Preparation of Cosmic Vision in the 2050 time frame ESSC Studies

• ExoOceans • Identify current scientific priorities and European challenges in the context of the exploration of ExoOceans • Connect knowledge from terrestrial oceans to planetary bodies • Space Weather • Explore the challenges and monitor the approaches being taken around the globe, in order to carry out a gap and requirement analysis with special consideration of potential European • CalVal Copernicus • Address the Copernicus Calibration/Validation issues in the context of the scientific exploitation of Copernicus data P49 Europlanet 2020 RI and Europlanet Society • €10Mion Research Infrastructure Programme (EC-Funded third period) to : • Support scientific meetings and workshops • Foster Academia-industry collaborations through technology workshops • Support and develop a unique Outreach programme including support pilot projects. • Provide access to 5 field sites and 11 labs (open calls + peer review selection): TNA’s • Develop and run two new on-line services • Fund the necessary developments through Joint Research Activities (JRA) • ESF to host the Europlanet Society established on 20 September 2018 European Astrobiology Institute P50

• Significant coordination activities for European astrobiology in the past years • Community more mature and interested in a programme coordination platform • EAI Member organisations would be institutional • Streamline programmatic approach, leverage support • Hosted by ESF • Preparatory work on-going ESSC : Moving forward with space science • Science priorities for space missions, help ESA make the case for CMIN19 • Space Weather • Cal/Val on Copernicus (enhance data exploitation) • Technological advances • Planetary Protection • Continuing discussions and consultations with Copernicus and the European Commission, in particular regarding FP9 • … much more …. www.essc.esf.org

52 About the European Science Foundation