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Position Paper Contributors International Study Cost Effective Earth Observation Missions IAA Commission IV Study Group Commission IV: System Operation & Utilisation International Academy of Astronautics October, 2005 POSITION PAPER CONTRIBUTORS Principal Editor: Rainer Sandau Redaction Committee: Jaime Esper Larry Paxton Rainer Sandau Authors (contributions to chapters): Briess, Klaus (Germany) 4.1.3, 7.1, 8.4.2 Bartholomé, Etienne (Italy) 7.9 Belward, Alan (Italy) 7 Boshuizen, Chris (Australia) 8.1.1, 8.1.2 Carmona-Moreno, Cesar (Italy) 7 Contant, Jean-Michel (France) 4.4 Cutter, Mike (UK) 4.1.1 Esper, Jaime (USA) 3.2.4, 4, 4.1.2, 4.5, 5, App. 3 Hsiao, Fei-Bin (Taiwan) 8.3, 8.4 Ince, Fuat (Turkey) 7.5 Jacobs, Martin (South Africa) 5 - 5.2.3 Kayal, Hakan (Germany) 4.2, 4.3 Kawashima, Rei (Japan) 8.5.3 Klimov, Stanislav (Russia) 8, 8.1, 8.5.1 Konecny, Gottfried (Germany) 3.2.1, 7.8 Krischke, Manfred (Germany) 7.2 Lee, Chris (UK) 3.1.2, 3.2.3, 4.1.1, 4.2 Neumann, Andreas (Germany) 7.4 McCuistion, Doug (USA) 4.5 McKenna-Lawlor, Susan (Ireland) 3.2.1.1 – 3.2.1.7, App. 1, 2 Mostert, Sias (South Africa) 5 Olsson, Håkan (Sweden) 7.3 Parlow, Eberhard (Switzerland) 7.6 Paxton, Larry (USA) 1, 2, 3.1.3, 3.2.5, 3.2.7, 7.5, 9 Sandau, Rainer (Germany) 1, 3, 3.1.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.6, 3.2.8, 3.2.9, 3.2.10, 8.4.4, 8.4.5, 9 Scherer, Dieter (Germany) 7.7 Squibb, Gael (USA) 3.2.11 Taylor, Emma A. (UK) 3.2.11 Wertz, James (USA) 6 Wynne, Randolph (USA) 7.3 Yasaka, Tetsuo (Japan) 8.5.3 iii Further Contributors: Kusnierkiewicz, David (USA) Milne, Garth (South Africa) Ovchinnikov, Michael (Russia) Thyagarajan, K. (India) Wei, Sun (UK) iv LIST OF CONTENT Position Paper Contributors .......................................................................................................... iii List of Abbreviations....................................................................................................................... ix Summary........................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 3 2 Definition of cost-effective Earth Observation Missions ..................................................... 11 3 Background Material and Organizational Support............................................................. 13 3.1 Studies ............................................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.1 IAA Studies ............................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.1.1 IAA Position Paper on Inexpensive Scientific Satellites ..................................................... 13 3.1.1.2 IAA Position Paper: The Case for Small Satellites.............................................................. 14 3.1.2 COCONUDS ........................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Organizations and Programs............................................................................................................ 16 3.2.1 United Nations......................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1.1 Introduction to UN/COPUOS.............................................................................................. 16 3.2.1.2 Background to UN/COPUOS.............................................................................................. 16 3.2.1.3 UN Conferences on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space......................................................... 17 3.2.1.4 UNISPACE III/ Small Satellite Missions for Earth Observations....................................... 18 3.2.1.4.1 Definition of Small Satellites........................................................................................ 18 3.2.1.4.2 Philosophy of Small Satellites ...................................................................................... 18 3.2.1.4.3 Complementarity of Large and Small Satellite Missions.............................................. 19 3.2.1.4.4 Small Satellite Management ......................................................................................... 19 3.2.1.4.5 Scope of Small Satellite Applications........................................................................... 19 3.2.1.5 Recommendations of UNISPACE III.................................................................................. 20 3.2.1.6 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 20 3.2.1.7 Useful Background Reading................................................................................................ 21 3.2.2 CEOS....................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.2.1 General Information ............................................................................................................ 21 3.2.2.2 Structures and Activities related to the position paper subject ............................................ 22 3.2.3 ESA Smallsat Initiatives.......................................................................................................... 23 3.2.4 NASA ...................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.4.1 NASA’s Faster, Better Cheaper Paradigm........................................................................... 25 3.2.4.2 Examples of NASA Missions.............................................................................................. 26 3.2.5 COSPAR.................................................................................................................................. 26 3.2.5.1 General Information ............................................................................................................ 26 3.2.5.2 Structures and activities related to the position paper subject ............................................. 27 3.2.6 IAF........................................................................................................................................... 28 3.2.6.1 General information............................................................................................................. 28 3.2.6.2 Structures and Activities related to the position paper subject ............................................ 28 3.2.7 Operational Agencies (NOAA, EUMETSAT) ........................................................................ 29 3.2.8 International Academy of Astronautics IAA ........................................................................... 32 3.2.8.1 General Information ............................................................................................................ 32 3.2.8.2 Structures and activities related to the Position Paper subject............................................. 32 3.2.9 ISPRS ...................................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.9.1 General Information ............................................................................................................ 36 3.2.9.2 Structures and Activities related to the position paper subject ............................................ 37 3.2.10 EARSeL................................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.10.1 General Information......................................................................................................... 38 3.2.10.2 Structures and Activities related to the position paper subject ........................................ 39 3.2.11 ISO TC20/SC14 "Space systems and operations" ................................................................... 39 4 Mission Cost Drivers............................................................................................................... 45 4.1 Space segment ................................................................................................................................. 45 4.1.1 Payload .................................................................................................................................... 45 4.1.2 Spacecraft ................................................................................................................................ 47 4.1.3 Quality Assurance.................................................................................................................... 47 4.2 Ground segment............................................................................................................................... 48 v 4.3 Mission Operations.......................................................................................................................... 51 4.4 Access to Space ............................................................................................................................... 53 4.5 Management and Organizational Approach .................................................................................... 56 4.5.1 Industry Approach – The Earth Orbiter 1 (EO-1) Experience................................................. 56 4.5.2 Government Agency or
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