Department of Geography

Grundlagen Fernerkundung - 8 Earth Resource Satellites – part II

GEO123.1, FS2014 Hendrik Wulf, Michael Schaepman

4/7/14 Page 1 Department of Geography Earth Observation Applications

4/7/14 Page 2 Department of Geography Learning Goals

• Overview on Earth Observation systems • Understanding of satellite orbital parameters • Understanding of sensor characteristics and trade-offs • NASA Earth Observation Program o e.g., Landsat, AVHRR, MODIS, ! •! ESA Earth Observation Program o! e.g., Meteosat, Envisat, Earth Explorers, ! •! Commercial remote sensing o! very high resolution imagery o! e.g., Quickbird, Worldview, Skybox, !

4/7/14 Page 3 Department of Geography Recommended reading

Lillesand, Kiefer and Chipman (2008): Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 6: Earth Resource Satellites, p. 392 – 481

Chuvieco (2008): Earth Observation of Global Change - Satellite Remote Sensing in Earth Observation, Springer. Chapter 2 & 3 on ESA and NASA activities, p 23 - 58

Department of Geography Recommended web resources

ESA iBook (via iTunes)

•! “Earth from space - The living beauty” ESA Apps (via App Store / Google play)

•! ESA CryoSat & ESA Swarm ESA Earth Observation

•! http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth ESA videos

•! http://www.esa.int/spaceinvideos/Videos ESA podcast

•! http://raumzeit-podcast.de/ Department of Geography Terms & Definitions: Orbits

Inclination: orbit angle in respect to the equator •! near polar orbit = close to 90° •! equatorial orbit = 0° !"#$#%&' !"#$!%&'()*"&%!"&"'+%!&,-+.'/"&

•! !" •! #$%&'(')%*(+,"%+-)'!".(/"012333"45" (')$*&&6*7&,*.8+%*%6&!"9337:33"45"%#0"&%)&/)012"%"&)3"&)+(#%&45)6& •! !" •! ;(*<&('!"=3>"45?"@:/@"5)*A%+-)'?"B9/>"+$C%D6')%*&"E$+"<(," +,%-#*)$-"./)*00$12.#$3'FGG!"933"45?"@H/:"5)*A%+-)'?"B>/9"+$C%D6')%*&"E$+"<(," • ! !" 4/7/14 Page 6 #$*$+(DD,"-$'I$$*"B3"(5"(*<"H"E5 Department of Geography Satellite Orbits

4/7/14 Page 7 Department of Geography Terms & Definitions: Sensor characteristics

Spatial resolution: ground surface area represented by one pixel •! Instantaneous field of view (IFOV) •! Ground sampling distance (GSD) Temporal resolution: time between two image acquisitions for a given location •! Revisit time or repeat cycle (measured in days) Spectral resolution: number of spectral bands and their wavelength intervals •! Panchromatic, multispectral, imaging spectroscopy Radiometric resolution: effective bit-depth of the sensor •! Gain settings: range of brightness sensitivity •! Signal to noise ratio

4/7/14 Page 8 Department of Geography Passive optical sensor types

Across track scanner Along track scanner (Whisk broom) (Pushbroom)

4/7/14 Page 9 Department of Geography ESA’s history

1975 ESA is founded, pooling European resources 1977 First Meteosat-1 satellite 1979 First Ariane-1 launch (Arianespace) 1986 First deep-space mission (Giotto) 2003 Mars Express orbiter and its lander, Beagle 2, launched 2008 ESA's Columbus laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS). ESA’s 20 member states ESA develops the launchers, spacecraft and ground facilities needed to keep Europe at the forefront of global space activities. Today, it launches satellites for Earth observation, navigation, telecommunications, and astronomy.

4/7/14 Page 10 Department of Geography ESA’s Earth Observation Programme

4/7/14 Page 11 Department of Geography “The living planet” programme

Earth Explorer missions •! address key scientific challenges •! breakthrough technology demonstrators

Earth Watch missions •! well-established and advanced meteorological satellites

Copernicus Sentinel missions •! long-term climate-relevant datasets •! Essential Climate Variables for climate monitoring, modeling and prediction •! Turning data into operational services Department of Geography ESA Earth Observation Highlights

•! METEOSAT European weather observation program

•! ENVISAT ESA Earth Observation flagship

•! Earth Explorers Specialized Earth observation

4/7/14 Page 13 Department of Geography Meteosat (ESA’s meteorological satellites)

EUMETSAT is an intergovernmental organisation that is operating the European systems of operational meteorological satellites.

Meteosat series of satellites ensure the the operational monitoring of weather, climate and the detection of global climate changes.

MFG - 1st generation •! Meteosat-1 to 7 launched between 1977-1997

MSG – 2nd generation •! Meteosat-8 to 10 launched between 2004-2012

MTG – 3rd generation •! Meteosat-12 to 17 scheduled for 2018-2028 4/7/14 Page 14 Department of Geography Monitoring weather and climate from space

4/7/14 Page 15 Department of Geography Meteosat 1st generation (MVIRI)

•! Launched: 1977-1997 •! Scientific goal: continuous and reliable meteorological observations

•! Applications: water vapour, cloud temperatures, weather prediction

•! Sensor: multispectral radiometer

4/7/14 •! Data: for the general public (no Pagecosts) 16 Department of Geography Department of Geography Meteosat 2nd generation (SEVIRI & GERB)

•! Launched: 2004-2012 •! Scientific goal: continuous and reliable meteorological observations

•! Applications: water vapour, cloud types & temperatures, weather prediction

•! Sensor: multispectral radiometer

4/7/14 •! Data: for the general public (no Pagecosts) 18 Department of Geography Meteosat: Water Vapour

4/7/14 Page 19 Department of Geography MetOp (polar orbiting meteorological satellites )

•! Launched: MetOp-A (2006), MetOp-B (2012), MetOp-C (2018)

•! Scientific goal: continuous and reliable meteorological observations

•! Applications: high resolution atmospheric temperature, humidity and chemistry data

•! Sensors: 12 sensors, e.g. AMSU, AVHRR, IASI, GOME

•! Data: for the general public (no costs)

4/7/14 Page 20 Department of Geography ENVISAT - ESA’s Environmental Satellite Mission objectives

•! Continuity of the observations started with the ESA satellites. •! Enhance the ERS mission, notably the ocean and ice mission. •! Extend the range of parameters to assess the factors determining the environment. •! Make a significant contribution to environmental studies. •! Allow more effective monitoring and management of the Earth’s resources. •! Better understand solid Earth processes.

Mean altitude" 799.8 km" •! Successful launch March 1st, 2002 Inclination" 98.55°" •! Stopped operation May 9, 2012

Orbits per day" ca. 14" Repeat cycle" 35 days" Iceland ENVISAT mission: 2010 Department of Geography 10 years

Envisat Arctic 2007

Ozone hole 2005 L’Aquila 2009

First images

Japan 2011

Chlorophyll B-15A concentration Global air iceberg pollution CO2 map Bam earthquake Prestige tanker oil slick more than 4000 Hurricane science projects Katrina Launch

Envisat Envisat Living Planet Living Planet Symposium Symposium Symposium Symposium Salzburg (A) Montreux (CH) Bergen (N) Edinburgh (UK)

2002 2004 2007 2010 2013

4/7/14 and many workshops dedicated to specific Envisat user communitiesPage 22 Department of Geography

MERIS" MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer"

ASAR" Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar"

GOMOS" Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars"

AATSR" Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer"

RA-2" Radar Altimeter 2" SCIAMACHY" SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY"

MIPAS" Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding"

MWR" MicroWave Radiometer" LRR" Laser RetroReflector" DORIS" Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite" Department of Geography Envisat Instruments (1)

Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) As a high-resolution, wide-swath imaging radar, this is the largest Envisat instrument and produces high quality colour images of the oceans, coastal zones, polar ice and land regions irrespective of weather conditions, cloud coverage or night/daytime.

Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) MERIS measured solar radiation reflected from the earth
s surface and clouds in the visible and infra- red parts of the spectrum. MERIS will detect biophysical properties (e.g chlorophyll concentration) of the oceans and coastal water composition. Department of Geography Envisat Instruments (2)

Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) Measurment of sea temperatures is one of the most reliable geographical indicators of Changing climate. The AATSR is accurate to record temperatures within 0.3 C Radar Altimeter (RA-2) RA-2 provides weekly measurements of ocean surface levels, wave height and wind speed. It allowed improved mapping of icecap and sea-ice as well as land elevation and lake levels. Doppler Orbitography and Radio Positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) DORIS is a highly accurate microwave tracking system which allowed the positioning of Envisat in space to be fixed to within a few centimetres.

Department of Geography Envisat Instruments (3)

Microwave Radiometer (MWR) MWR is a passive radiometer which measures the total atmospheric water vapour and cloud liquid water content to provide real-time atmospheric correction for RA-2 timings. Laser Retro-Reflector (LRR) LRR helped determine the precise orbit of the satellite by reflecting high powered pulsating lasers to ground- based stations. Global Ozone Monitoring by Occulation of Stars (GOMOS) GOMOS measured starlight occulation through the atmosphere, detecting ozone and other trace gases and high altitude chemical reactions. Department of Geography Envisat Instruments (4)

Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) MIPAS is an infrared Fourier spectrometer – a sophisticated instrument designed to measure the concentration of various atmospheric constituents.

Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY) SCIAMACHY observes reflected and scattered sunlight to measure trace gas and aerosol concentrations.

Department of Geography MERIS (MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer)

MERIS was operating onboard the ENVISAT platform

•! Operating: March 2002 till April 2012 •! Scientific goal: monitoring of coastal and ocean waters, atmospheric properties and terrestrial environments

•! Applications: concentration of suspended chlorophyll and sediments, aerosols, vegetation characteristics

•! Sensor: multispectral radiometer •! Data: for the general public (no costs) Department of Geography MERIS Image for Coastal Water Assessment Department of Geography MERIS Products Department of Geography ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar)

ASAR was operating onboard the ENVISAT platform

•! Operating: March 2002 till April 2012 •! Scientific goal: continued global monitoring with image and wave mode of the ERS-1/2

•! Applications: Landscape topography, snow and ice, land cover, soil moisture, ocean currents, wave heights, shipping routes, ! •! Sensor: Synthetic Aperture Radar •! Data: for the general public (no costs) Department of Geography Disaster management

Oil spill disaster Tohoku 22 June 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico 11 March 2011 earthquake 4/7/14 Page 32 Department of Geography

SCIAMACHY NO2 concentrations

4/7/14 Page 33 Department of Geography

st nd rd MeteosatData 1 from, 2 space, 3 generationpose an essential basis for applying international environment-treaties

4/7/14 Page 34 Department of Geography ESA’s Earth Explorers

Ziel der globalen Objective: Satellit Start Better understanding of Forschungen Earth Science in various Bestimmung des GOCE 17.03.2009 fields of interest based on Erdschwerefeldes innovative satellite Bodenfeuchte, SMOS 02.11.2009 technology Salzgehalt der Meere

Erfassung der planetaren CryoSat 08.04.2010 Eismassen

SWARM Erdmagnetfeld und Klima 22.11.2013 Dynamik der ADM-Aeolus 2015 (geplant) Erdatmosphäre EarthCARE Wolken und Aerosole 2016 (geplant) Biomass Biomasse der Wälder 2020 (geplant) Department of Geography

GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer)

GOCE is a technology marvel: •! the first gradiometer in space at one of the lowest satellite orbits ever (260 km)

•! Operated: March 2009 – November 2013 •! Scientific goal: measure the global earth gravity field with an accuracy of 1-2 cm

•! Spatial resolution: better than 100 km •! Applications: mean reference sea level, ocean circulation models, planetary interior

•! Sensor: gradiometer, 3 pairs of 3-axis •! Data: for the general public (no costs) Department of Geography GOCE (terms and definitions)

Geoid: The equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field which best fits, in a least squares sense, global mean sea level

Mohorovi!i" discontinuity (aka Moho): is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle. Presumably a marked change of composition (Basalt vs. Peridotit) discovered by the velocities of primary seismic waves.

Department of Geography GOCE Geoid Department of Geography GOCE Applications: Moho Department of Geography Cryosat (Cryosphere Satellite)

Cryosat is the second of its kind: •! the first Cryosat failed during launch in 2005

•! Launched: April 8th, 2010 •! Scientific goal: determine variations in the thickness of the Earth's marine ice cover

•! Applications: melt contributions to global sea level rise, sea-ice thickness and mass

•! Sensor: radar altimeter •! Data: for the general public (no costs) Department of Geography Cryosat: Ice stripping Department of Geography Satellite data: global sea-level rise Department of Geography Sea level change Department of Geography Sea level change

Regional Mean Sea Level changes between [1993-1999] and [1993-2012] periods. Source: http://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/product-information/updates-and-reprocessing/ssaltoduacs-product- changes-and-updates.html (CLS/CNES) Department of Geography SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity)

•! Launched: November 2nd, 2009 •! Scientific goal: monitor soil moisture and ocean salinity, characterization of ice & snow

•! Applications: climatological, oceanographic, meteorological, hydrological, agronomical, and glaciological science

•! Sensor: 2-D interferometric radiometer •! Data: for the general public (no costs) Department of Geography SMOS Application: Soil Moisture Department of Geography

Inter-annual variation of water available in SMOS: Drought in Europe 2012 soils across Europe (images CESBIO):

–! Western Europe: severe lack of water due to less than average rainfall –! Absence of sufficient water resources: diminishing food supply, shortage of water for households and industry, shipping routes can fall dry

SMOS February 2011

SMOS February 2012 Department of Geography SWARM (Earth's magnetic field)

•! Launched: November 22nd, 2013 •! Scientific goal: measure the Earth’s magnetic field and signals

•! Applications: insight into inside processes that drive Earth’s dynamo, Core dynamics, and core–mantle interaction

•! Configuration: Three identical satellites with Vector Field Magnetometer Department of Geography SWARM constellation Department of Geography ADM Aeolus (Atmospheric Dynamics Mission)

•! Launch: scheduled for 2015 •! Scientific goal: acquire global wind profiles

•! Applications: numerical weather predictions, climate studies, global warming to the effects of pollution

•! Sensor: Aladin - atmospheric Doppler laser

Earth’s wind patterns Department of Geography

Earth Care (Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer)

•! Launch: scheduled for 2016 •! Scientific goal: observe natural and anthropogenic aerosols, atmospheric liquid water and ice, and cloud-precipitation interactions

•! Applications: numerical weather predictions, climate studies, global warming to the effects of pollution

•! Sensor: high-resolution atmospheric lidar and a radar, a multispectral imager and a broadband radiometer Department of Geography Biomass

•! Launch: scheduled for 2016 •! Scientific goal: measurements of forest biomass

•! Applications: assess terrestrial carbon stocks and fluxes, ice-sheet thickness, subsurface geology in arid regions, soil moisture, permafrost and sea-surface salinity

•! Sensor: novel P-band synthetic aperture polarimetric radar Department of Geography Very high resolution satellites - Applications Department of Geography VHR satellite imagery - Applications

Fields Applications Crisis / Charter Calls assistance in crisis events and post-crisis assessment Forestry illicit deforestation and management of forestry yields Agriculture land management and crop yields Hydrology topography and drainage basin studies Civil Engineering planning of road, rail and oil pipeline corridors Defense imagery-derived intelligence and tactical planning Security Mitigation, refugee camps 3D flight simulators, high precision mapping Department of Geography Very high resolution satellites

Satellite Organization Launch date IKONOS GeoEye 1999 Quickbird (3x) DigitalGlobe 2001-2008 WorldView-1 DigitalGlobe 2007 Cartosat-2 (2x) ISRO 2007-2010 GeoEye-1 GeoEye 2008 WorldView-2 DigitalGlobe 2009 Pleiades (2x) CNES 2011-2012 Skysat 1-2 (15x) Skybox Imaging 2013-2014 Department of Geography What would Hubble see on Earth?

d: Detector Pixel Size d = 1.46 x 10-5 m f: Focal Length f = 57.6 m H: Flight Height H = 590 km IFOV: Instantaneous Field of View IFOV = 2.54 x 10-7 GSD: Ground Sampling Distance GSD = 0.15 m Department of Geography Title Department of Geography IKONOS Department of Geography Quickbird Department of Geography Zurich – main station Department of Geography GeoEye-1 Department of Geography WorldView-1 Department of Geography WorldView-2 Department of Geography Pléiades Department of Geography Skysat (Satellite Video footage) Department of Geography Summary slides Department of Geography Great News: Successful launch of Sentinel-1!

•! first satellite of Europe’s environmental monitoring programme Copernicus •! largest civil Earth-observation programme ever conceived •! Copernicus lecture on April 29th Department of Geography

Thank you for your attention!

& have a nice day!