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Political Exiles and Their Use of Diplomacy in Classical Greece Laura Loddo

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Political Exiles and Their Use of Diplomacy in Classical Greece Laura Loddo Political Exiles and Their Use of Diplomacy in Classical Greece Laura Loddo To cite this version: Laura Loddo. Political Exiles and Their Use of Diplomacy in Classical Greece. KTÈMA Civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques, Université de Strasbourg, 2019, La rhétorique de la diplomatie en Grèce ancienne, 44, pp.7-21. halshs-02444316 HAL Id: halshs-02444316 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02444316 Submitted on 17 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. KTÈMA KTÈMA KTÈMA CIVILISATIONS DE L’ORIENT, DE LA GRÈCE ET DE ROME ANTIQUES CIVILISATIONS DE L’ORIENT, DE LA GRÈCE ET DE ROME ANTIQUES KTÈMA est une revue annuelle de recherche consacrée à l’histoire, l’archéologie et la littérature de la Grèce, de Rome, de l’Égypte et du La rhétorique de la diplomatie en Grèce ancienne Proche-Orient antiques. Fondée en 1976 par Edmond Frézouls et Cinzia Bearzot, Laura Loddo Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5 Edmond Lévy, KTÈMA jouit d’une solide réputation internationale Laura Loddo Political Exiles and Their Use of Diplomacy in Classical Greece .................................... 7 et ses articles sont abondamment cités. Elle accueille des dossiers Cinzia Bearzot À propos du parallélisme entre deux discours d’ambassade à Sparte (Xén. Hell. V, 2, 12-19 et VI, 1, 4-16) ................................................................................ 23 thématiques ainsi que des varia. Elle rassemble des articles Paolo A. Tuci The Speeches of Theban Ambassadors in Greek Literature (404-362 B.C.)................ 33 originaux en français, en anglais, en italien et en allemand. Francesca Gazzano Greek Ambassadors and the Rhetoric of Supplication. Some Notes ............................ 53 Nicholas D. Cross The (Im)balance of Power. Demosthenes’ Complex Case Established in 1976 by Edmond Frézouls and Edmond Lévy, Ktèma for an Alliance with the Megalopolitans ........................................................................... 71 is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the history, archaeology and Davide Amendola Presbeutikoi and Enteuktikoi Logoi in Hellenistic Interstate Relations. literature of the ancient civilizations of Greece, Rome, Egypt and the Some Further Thoughts from an Epigraphical Perspective (c. 306-205 B.C.) ............. 87 Near East. Today the journal enjoys a solid international reputation, Sicile hellénistique et romaine and its articles are widely cited. KTÈMA’s varia and thematic issues Jonathan R. W. Prag I.Sicily, Open Scholarship, and the Epigraphic Landscape of Hellenistic/Roman Sicily ............................................................................................... 107 offer original articles in French, English, Italian, and German. Lorenzo Campagna Trasformazioni urbanistiche in Sicilia alle origini della Provincia. Riflessioni sul ruolo di Roma ............................................................................................ 123 Cristina Soraci Cultes et politique dans la Sicile du Ier siècle av. J.-C. Le cas de la Vénus Érycine et de la Cérès d’Henna ....................................................... 145 Varia Edith Foster Athens’ Political Failures in the Central Chapters of Book 4 of Thucydides ............ 163 Walter Lapini Note interpretative e testuali alla col. XXII del Papiro di Derveni ............................. 171 Sylvain Perrot La place de la musique dans la politique culturelle de Téos dans la première moitié du iie siècle avant notre ère .................................................... 179 Gianpaolo Urso Catilina legatus. Considerazioni su un discusso frammento sallustiano .................... 197 Anne Jacquemin La dédicace aux Muses d’Eurydice fille de Sirrhas (Plutarque, Sur l’éducation des enfants, 20) .................................................................... 209 N° 44 STRASBOURG 2019 Prix : 68 € Université de rasbourg PRESSES UNIVERSITAIRES DE STRASBOURG N° 44 2019 Political Exiles and Their Use of Diplomacy in Classical Greece Résumé–. Cet article porte sur la diplomatie des exilés politiques à l'époque classique. Quoique leur activisme ait suscité un certain intérêt chez les chercheurs modernes, le recours à la voie diplomatique a été largement ignoré. Les exilés politiques ont fréquemment utilisé la diplomatie pour obtenir un soutien et des chances de réintégration dans leur pays. Après une introduction où je place ce sujet dans la question plus générale de l'activisme des exilés politiques (§ I), je présente trois manières différentes dont les exilés politiques utilisèrent la diplomatie (§ II), en me concentrant sur deux cas – Épidamne et Phlionte – qui expliquent le fonctionnement de leur discours (§ III). Mots-clés–. exilés politiques, diplomatie, activisme, Épidamne, Phlionte Abstract–. This paper focuses on diplomacy by political exiles during the Classical Age. Although their agency has attracted some interest from modern scholars, recourse to diplomatic channels has been largely neglected. Yet political exiles often relied upon diplomacy to gain support and chances of reintegration at home. After an introduction where I include this topic in the broader issue of political exiles’ agency (§ I), I present three different ways in which political exiles made recourse to diplomacy (§ II) and I focus on two case studies—Epidamnos and Phlious—that explain how their discourse worked (§ III). Keywords–. political exiles, diplomacy, agency, Epidamnos, Phlious Although Greek exiles generally adopted a wide range of conduct during their exile and their behaviours cannot be reduced to a single trend, it is a well known fact that, as concerns political exiles the most common tendency in Classical Greece was to continue behaving as citizens of a polis even in exile.1 And we have to admit that such a tendency continued even later, in the Hellenistic period, when a more individualistic lifestyle went hand in hand with the traditional model of citizenship, a sign of both the persistency and rootedness of this phenomenon.2 But what did it exactly mean for an exile to behave as a citizen during his exile? This not only meant, I think, reproducing the political, military and social organization of his native land and the forms in which a citizen of a Greek polis lived, but also engaging in a complex form of activism, imitative of the practices conducted by settled citizens at home and in dialogue with interstate affairs.3 In (1) Seibert 1979, p. 312-314; Gehrke 1985, p. 224-229; Gray 2015, p. 310-329. (2) See on this point the corrections made by Gray 2015, p. 293, to the view expressed by Balogh 1943, p. 35-37 and McKechnie 1989, p. 3 and passim in his introduction. Likewise, Lintott 1982, p. 256-257 released the rise in importance of mercenary soldiers from the decline of the city-state, while he linked it rather to the consequences of expulsions following civil wars. (3) For a survey of political activism perpetrated by exiles see Gray 2015, p. 310-329. KTÈMA 44 / 2019 8 laura loddo this contribution I intend to examine recourse to diplomatic channels by political exiles as a form of their political activism abroad, a topic that has been largely neglected by previous scholarship.4 Scholars have paid attention, in fact, to other forms of political activism, mainly its political and military features,5 even as a consequence of a stasis.6 So, the existence of governments in exile is a well-known phenomenon.7 In particular, the Athenians celebrated the demos in exile, on various occasions between 480 and 318 BC, as an example of the preservation of democratic structures and ideals neglected at home in the same periods. Although it cannot be denied that traditions about governments in exile suffered from ideological distortions, this phenomenon was widespread and is well documented.8 Moreover, it is undeniable that exiles could serve as mercenaries,9 though it is not easy to determine the scale of their number, due to the absence of secure data in the sources.10 However, from the perspective employed in this paper, it is more interesting to point out the frequency with which political exiles made recourse to recruitment of mercenaries for winning back their homeland.11 In this process it was quite normal to resort to the use of arms by (4) Some exceptions have to do with Gazzano’s treatment of embassies by exiles in Herodotus’ work (Gazzano 2002, p. 47-50) and with Gray’s survey on “participation of poleis-in-exile in interstate affairs” (Gray 2015, p. 315-316). However, Gray mentions only a few cases from the Classical period: an embassy by exiled Samian democrats to Sparta (Rhodes- Osborne 2, ll. 45-48); a Samian embassy to the Spartan navarch Alkidas in Anaia (Thuc. 3.3.32). Some remarks about Alcibiades’ discourse in Sparta (Thuc. 6.89-92) are in Rubinstein 2016, p. 120-121, in particular his anxiety to demonstrate that “he adheres to a basic code of trust and allegiance between states” (p. 120), despite his decision
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