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Non-Traumatic Calcifications/Ossifications Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging (2014) 95, 1035—1044 ICONOGRAPHIC REVIEW / Musculoskeletal imaging Non-traumatic calcifications/ossifications of the bone surface and soft tissues of the wrist, hand and fingers: A diagnostic approach a,∗ a,b a a S. Touraine , M. Wybier , E. Sibileau , I. Genah , a,c a a D. Petrover , C. Parlier-Cuau , V. Bousson , a J.-D. Laredo a Radiologie ostéo-articulaire, hôpital Lariboisière, AP—HP, 2, rue Ambroise-Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France b Imagerie médicale Léonard-de-Vinci, 43, rue Cortambert, 75016 Paris, France c Centre d’imagerie Bachaumont, 6, rue Bachaumont, 75002 Paris, France KEYWORDS Abstract In the absence of obvious trauma, the calcifications/ossifications of the bone sur- Calcification; face and soft tissues of the wrist, hand and fingers can be challenging and may not be noticed or Ossification; lead to unnecessary examinations and monitoring. Although these are usually benign conditions Wrist; and despite a favorable spontaneous outcome, surgical resection may be required and recur- Hand; rence may occur. In practice, only paraneoplastic syndromes such as secondary hypertrophic Finger osteoarthropathy (Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome) may reveal a malignant tumor, most often pulmonary. We suggest a diagnostic approach based on the initial clinical presentation (acute pain, chronic pain, growth ± pain) and the radiological features. © 2014 Éditions franc¸aises de radiologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Calcifications and ossifications that develop on the surface of bone and in the soft tissue of the wrist, hand and fingers are usually benign. In practice, only paraneoplastic syndromes such as Pierre-Marie-Bamberger syndrome may reveal a malignant tumor that is usually pulmonary and cyanotic. Primary malignant tumors in the soft or paraosteal tissues are rare in the wrist, hand and fingers. Acral metastases are rare and usually develop in advanced, previously diagnosed tumoral diseases. ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Touraine). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2014.07.004 2211-5684/© 2014 Éditions franc¸aises de radiologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. 1036 S. Touraine et al. The morphological features of these calcifications are Table 1 Diagnostic table of calcifications of the soft tis- less discriminant than the underlying anatomical structure sues and the surface of the bones of the wrist, hand and where they are located, an anatomical structure that is fingers in relation to the initial clinical presentation. not specific for the causative agent. The clinical features (slow growing, swelling, acute or chronic pain) are essential Acute non-traumatic pain diagnostic criteria (Table 1) to help determine the location Hydroxyapatite deposit and morphology of these calcifications or ossifications. In Florid periostitis - Nora’s lesion - Turret exostosis the absence of any obvious trauma, and because of the Myositis ossificans circumscripta many different possible benign conditions, it is important Chronic pain to help the clinician define those that may require surgical Tendinosis — Mechanical enthesopathy management (osteochondromatosis, Nora’s lesion, vascular Psoriatic arthritis malformation, calcifying aponeurotic fibroma), those that Osteochondromatosis may reveal a metabolic disorder or a systemic disease (cal- Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition cium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystal deposition disease, disease (CPPD) gout, kidney failure, connective tissue disease, psoriatic Gout arthritis) and those that can be treated symptomatically Connectivitis (Scleroderma/CREST - Dermatomyositis) (hydroxypatite crystal deposits, tendinosis). Chronic renal failure Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome Swelling ± pain Context of non-traumatic acute pain Chondroma Hydroxyapatite crystal deposits Vascular malformation Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma Hydroxyapatite is one of the most stable forms of basic cal- cium phosphates (Fig. 1). It is naturally present in bone, enamel and dentin, where it is the main mineral component. An acute and solitary periarticular, peritendinous or intraar- ticular hydroxyapatite deposit may occur, possibly due to Figure 1. Acute deposits of hydroxyapatite crystals in the soft tissues of three different patients: on conventional radiography at the base of P1 of the 2nd ray (arrow) (A), on axial CT scan at the distal insertion of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle on the 2nd metacarpal base (arrow) (B), on conventional radiography (arrows) (C), ultrasound (D) and Doppler ultrasound near the triquetral bone and the distal insertion of the extensor carpi ulnaris (E). Note on ultrasound the echogenic mass with the calcium spots and no posterior shadow cone (D-star) and the Doppler hyperhemia consistant with the local inflammation (E). Non-traumatic calcifications/ossifications 1037 local hypoxia leading to crystalline precipitate. Recent, or fairly recent traumas are found in certain cases when the patient is questioned. Theoretically this acute deposit may develop anywhere, but certain zones are more common (‘‘disease with cal- cium phosphate crystals in multiple tendons’’), such as the apophyseal insertion of the greater or lesser tuberosity of the humerus, the deltoid V-shaped tendinous confluence and insertion on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus, the inser- tion of the gluteus maximus on the linea aspera as well as the cervical spine (periodontoid soft tissue and transverse ligament of the atlas, insertion of the long muscle of neck). The calcification may be located in the tendon, its sheath or in the adjacent serous bursa. The sudden inflammatory reaction associated with partial or total resorption of this calcium deposit is the cause of the violent clinical reaction as well as the biological inflammatory syndrome. These cal- cium crystal deposits may also be found in the wrist, the hand or the fingers, although this is less frequent, where they may mimic arthritis or tenosynovitis [1]. The insertion Figure 2. X-ray of a florid periostitis of the 5th finger at 3 month of the flexor carpi ulnaris on the pisiform bone is frequently intervals. A. Periosteal growth begins on the radial aspect of involved in the wrist [2]. Whatever the location is, these P1(arrow). B. Large long bone growth (arrows) along the axis of the deposits are often solitary or fragmented, fairly round or phalangeal diaphysis causes bone enlargement (courtesy of Dr Anne oval shaped, of irregular density, milky and without trabe- Miquel, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris). cular or cortical bone, differentiating them from a process of ossification. Cortical erosions may be found in contact with painful mass that mainly affects the hand (55%), the long the deposits. Intramedullary penetration with an cancellous bones (27%) or the feet (15%). The ossified mass may bone edema may be observed especially on the femoral or have a pedunculated or sessile attachment to the under- humeral diaphyses. The outcome is usually favorable within lying periosteum, with no periosteal reaction or medullary several days. In the hand or fingers, persistent deposits may continuity. The histological analysis shows fibrous tissue, require surgical resection because of discomfort, swelling, cartilage, areas of enchondral ossification and a clear cap or impingement of adjacent anatomical structures. of cartilage in certain cases. There is a high degree of cellu- larity with no atypia. Surgical resection is usually performed but there is a risk of recurrence. Proliferative periostitis, Forid reactive Turret exostosis (Fig. 4) is a bone growth that develops periostitis, Nora’s Lesion, Turret exostosis on the surface of the bone, usually on the dorsal aspect of the proximal or middle phalanx. It is a result of a minor These entities may be expressions of the same disease. They trauma of the deep aspect of the extensor tendon of the fin- may be diverse presentations of so-called reactive periosteal ger resulting in a subperiosteal hematoma, which ossifies as lesions that are observed on radiographic imaging at differ- it progresses. [5]. Turret exostosis is attached to the perios- ent times [3]. A traumatic or microtraumatic origin of these teum with a sessile base and has a cartilage peripheral cap entities is a subject of debate, because trauma is not always [6] which, for some authors, suggests a lack of ossification reported. These different lesions are usually found in the because of the distance from the periosteal vascularization extremities and in particular the proximal phalanges of the [3]. fingers. Florid periostitis (Fig. 2) begins with painful swelling of Myositis ossificans circumscripta the soft tissues (dactylitis) associated with a periosteal reac- The term myositis ossificans circumscripta (MOC) corre- tion that progresses along the phalangeal diaphysis within sponds to a sudden process of heterotopic ossification that several weeks. It may be circumferential and mimic an infec- is preceded in certain cases by often minor injury. In fact, tious (osteomyelitis) or tumoral (osteosarcoma) process in the term is not accurate because this ‘‘osteogenic storm’’ the bone [4]. The periosteal lesion is often compact and can occur outside the muscle, in contact with the fas- irregular with a crenelated appearance that may result in cias, the tendons or the adipose tissue. MOC usually occurs fusiform enlargement of the phalanx. Cortical erosion has in the deep tissue in contact with the large muscles of occasionally been described in
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