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• 14th Sant Namdev National Award- Pakistan border. The seven people impacts it is experiencing due to 2015: killed included Punjab Police SP global warming. • Punjab Chief Minister (CM) Parkash Baljeet Singh, who was shot in the • Industrial policy 2015 for Singh Badal was conferred the head once the terrorists stormed into Chandigarh launched prestigious 14th Sant Namdev the police station and two home Aimed at boosting employment and National Award- 2015 .He was guards. motivate medium and small awarded was bestowed upon him for • What is the name of the Punjabi industries in the city, Industrial promoting peace, communal film, the slated release of which on Policy 2015 was released in july 2015. harmony and universal brotherhood. 22 August 2014 was stopped by the The objectives of the policy are to The award comprised of citation, a Union Govt. on 21 August 2014? – promote non-polluting industry in monetary prize of 101000 rupees and ‘Kaum De Heere‘ Chandigarh and to maximize a memento. Parkash Singh Badal is • India’s first climate change theatre prduction, achieve higher the longest-serving Chief Minister opened at Pushpa Gujral Science productivity through modern and of Punjab with over 15 years in City in Kapurthala, Punjab. efficient work techniques and office. Currently, he is heading Akali Objective: To provide information on optimum utilization of available Dal-BJP coalition government. He climate changes and global warming resources. previously had served as CM for first to school and college students and • The endeavour of the UT time in 1970 to 1971. Later for second sensitize the audience about the Chandigarh is to make Chandigarh a time from 1977 to 1980 and for third currently debated subject of Climate hub of pollution free and knowledge time from 1997 to 2002. He is Change and Global Warming. Visitors based industrial activities. generally regarded as the second will be made aware of and have a To facilitate the industry the most powerful Sikh leader in world better understanding and administration will start Common after former Prime Minister appreciation for the latest climate Application Form system so as to Manmohan Singh. In 2015, he was science and the issues surrounding reduce the paper work through awarded with India’s second highest the human role in climate change. Single Window system. civilian award, Padma Vibhushan. The multi-screen theatre is The services like water connection, synchronized with the objects kept • India s first satellite-controlled solar sewer connection, acknowledgement inside the theatre and as film starts power plant was inaugurated in under MSMED Act, 2006, power those objects showcases the same which state on 6 May 2015? – connection, CST/TIN number, and happenings which are being Punjab license under Factories Act would depicted in the film. A 25 minute Explanation : India s first-ever be provided in a time bound manner special movie on climate change and satellite-controlled solar power plant and if and department does not global warming and its affect gives was opened in Lalpur village in provide the services within the a message that how we together can Punjab s Hoshiarpur district. Built prescribed time limit, the service make a difference in preserving the at a cost of Rs. 35 crore, the project would be deemed to have been atmosphere. It explores what a worst- will produce 4.2 MW of electricity. approved. case future might look like if humans • Which town of Punjab’s Gurdaspur do not take action on current or • National Level Sikh museum to be district came to news on 27 July 2015 impending problems which could constructed in Lakhnaur Sahib with the incident of ahuge terrorist threaten civilization. The movie Village of Punjab attack taking place here resulting in starts by giving a glimpse of future A national level museum of Sikh the death of seven persons? – – floods, droughts, earthquakes and heritage will be setup in Lakhnaur Dinanagar. Dinanagar is the 3 other natural disasters and coming Sahib village . Lakhnaur Sahib is a largest town of Punjab’s Gurdaspur back to the present, the Earth historical village as the mother of district and has a municipal council. introduces itself and talks to the tenth Sikh guru Guru Gobind Singh, It is located quite close to the audience about current situation and Mata Gujari belonged to the place. www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 1 Guru Gobind Singh had also spent a Presently, state government has 66 implemented on 1st April every year few years of his childhood in the such laboratories and has capability and will be applicable for whole village. Some articles belonging to to test 3.5 lakh soil samples annually. financial year. It should be noted that Guru Gobind Singh and his mother State government also has made all the districts of Punjab are being Mata Gujari will also be kept in the mandatory for these labs to check covered under MGNREGA with museum and it would be developed soil health on quarterly basis. effect from 1st April, 2008. The recent on the lines of Anandpur Sahib Importance of SHC in Punjab The wage rate has been revised from 202 Museum. advent of green revolution in Punjab rupees to 210 rupees with effect from • Recently ,The Punjab government has made soil testing more 1st April 2015. The wages will be banned holding of health camps necessary in view of over directly transferred by state without prior approval of civil exploitation of soil. It will help government in the bank accounts of surgeons in respective districts. The farmers in maintaining the balanced the beneficiaries from 15th move follows after least 15 people health structure of the soil and September 2015. lost their eyesight upon being educate them to use right quantity • Punjab Government has won first operated for cataract at a camp in of fertilisers in order to prevent soil award for achievement in solar Gurdaspur district recently. from becoming arid. About Soil rooftop power capacity: Health Card (SHC) Scheme The SHC • Punjab approves to set up Rs 150- Punjab Government has won first contains all basic and crop-wise crore mega food park at Ludhiana award in the category of highest recommendations of fertilizers or capacity addition in grid connected • Punjab government has announced nutrients required for farms of solar rooftop power in the country that year 2015-16 will be will be different soil types. It also provides during the financial year 2014-15. It observed as development year to crop-wise nutrient recommendation is one of 5 awards won by Punjab give further fillip to the all-round and other inputs in order to increase New and Renewable Energy development of the state. It was the productivity of farms. It will also Department (PNRED) for announced by Chief Minister lead in profiling of soil structure outstanding performance in the Parkash Singh Badal, in Dhuri which will in turn help in various fields of Renewable Energy Assembly segment of the state. For diversification of crops as per the and Power Generation. The other this state government will make soil content of that area as well. Prime four areas in which Punjab won concerted efforts for the overall Minister Narendra Modi had awards includes Highest capacity development of the urban and rural formally launched the nationwide addition of off-grid waste to energy areas in the state. In this regard, state ‘Soil Health Card’ Scheme in plants. Deployment of highest government will be to provide ultra- Februrary 2015 in Suratgarh, cumulative numbers of Solar Water modern civic amenities to the people Rajasthan. Pumps. Achieving highest in urban and rural areas and major • In Punjab MGNREGA recent wage cumulative grid connected solar schemes will be implemented in the rate Rs210: rooftop power capacity. Achieving current fiscal. In urban areas state Punjab Government has established highest capacity addition in grid government will focus to provide the a special MGNREGA cell to connected solar power in the facility of water supply, sewerage, coordinate effective implementation country. These awards were Sewerage Treatment Plants (STPs), of National Rural Employment conferred to the Punjab state by streetlights, roads and parks. Guarantee Scheme in the state. It has Union Minister of State for Power, Whereas in rural areas provision of been established by Punjab Rural Coal and New and Renewable roads, disposal of waste water, Development and Panchayat Energy Piyush Goyal at a function potable drinking water and toilets Department at Chandigarh with an held in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Union will be state government thrust areas. outlay of 233 crore rupees. This cell Territory of Chandigarh bagged the • Punjab has become the first state in will monitor implementation of Union second spot in the highest capacity India to issue Soil Health Cards Government’s flagship 100 days addition in grid connected solar (SHCs), a Union Government employment guarantee scheme of rooftop power in the country initiative to all farmers in the state. MGNREGA. It will also monitor the category In this regard, every district of state wage rate under MGNREGA which • 15 Gharials to be released in beas has been assigned mobile soil has been fixed by Union belt to boost tourism: punjab testing lab. These labs will take soil Government on the basis of Punjab government has announced sample from every farm and issue a consumer Price Index- Agricultural to release 15 Gharials in the Beas belt, digitalised soil health details. Labourers (CPI-AL) which is near Harike Patan in order boost

2 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 tourism. The Gharials species will be Fleming. He had played for the IMG This portal was developed and released as part of state Academy graduate team during the managed by the Cabinet Secretariat government’s plan to make Beas belt, season 2014–15. He was undergoing Informatics Division of National a natural habitat of the fish-eating training in the US since September Informatics Centre (NIC),Rashtrapati crocodile species. The release of 2010 as part of a scholarship program Bhawan,New Delhi. Gharials has been planned in between IMG and Reliance. Earlier To fast track infrastructure February-March 2015 near Karmowal in 2011, Singh had represented the investment stalled projects,both in village (near Harike Patan water India national basketball team at the the public and private sectors, bodies) by the Experts from World FIBA Asia Championship. He also involving investment between Wide Fund for Nature (WWFN). had represented India at the 2013 Rs.100crores and Rs 1,000 crores. Karmowal village has ample water FIBA Asia Championship. It should This project was started to enhance bodies with sand banks making it be noted that Canada born Sim efficiency, bring transparency, boost suitable site for developing as Bhullar was the first Indian origin the investor confidence, revive the habitat for the species. Gharials will player to play in NBA. He had briefly investment cycle, eliminate the be released depending upon the featured for the Sacremento Kings human interaction and improve the success of the initial phase of making in the 2014 season of NBA. communication between industries natural habitat and after the release • Punjab state is celebrating the 350th to Government (B2G),State to Centre they will be kept under close watch. years of foundation of holy city Sri (G2G)or vice versa (G2B). About Gharial Gharial (Gavialis Anandpur Sahib. The celebrations • 88th Akhil Bhartiya Marathi Sahitya gangeticus) is also known as the began after Chief Minister Prakash gavial. It is last surviving species of Sammelan (All India Marathi Sahitya Singh Badal dedicated the 81 feet the family Gavialidae. It is a fish- Sammelan) on 3 April 2015 began in high ‘Khanda’, installed at Sri eating crocodile and belongs to one Ghumaan village in Gurdaspur Anandpur Sahib to the humanity. of the three crocodilian species district of Punjab. It was inaugurated The installed Khanda symbolizes found in the Indian Sub-Continent. by Union Road Transport Minister the glorious legacy and rich cultural In historic times it was present in Nitin Gadkari along with the Chief heritage of this holy city of bliss on Indus River system, including Beas Minister Parkash Singh Badal. The its 350th foundation day. and Sutlej rivers, indicating healthy three-day long sammelan is river system. Protection Status: It is Facts about Sri Anandpur Sahib The dedicated to Marathi Saint Bhagat listed in Schedule I of Indian Wildlife holy city Sri Anandpur Sahib was Namdev (Sant Namdeo). In this (Protection) Act, 1972. It is also listed founded in 1665 by the Sri Guru Tegh conference large contingent of as Critically Endangered in the Bahadur, ninth Guru of Sikhs. Later Marathi litterateurs is going to take International Union for in 1699, Khalsa Panth was created part. The President of 88th Akhil Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red here by the Tenth Guru Sri Guru Bhartiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan List of Endangered Species. Gobind Singh. Anandpur Sahib is is Dr. Sadanand More. Apart from • Satnam Singh Bhamara : situated in a city in Rupnagar district inaugurated the sammelan, foundation stone of Bhagat Namdev Satnam Singh Bhamara became the (Ropar) of Punjab and located on the Degree College was also laid in the first Indian born basketball player to lower spurs of the Himalayas Ghumaan village. Village Ghumaan be drafted in the National Basketball surrounded with the river Sutlej is the place where Marathi Saint Association (NBA). He was chosen forming a border on the south west. Bhagat Namdev had spent 18 years by the Dallas Mavericks team as the It is commonly known as the holy of his life and gave valuable 52nd pick in the NBA Draft. He was City of Bliss which is one of the most teachings to the society. It is selected amongst the 60 young men important sacred places for Sikhs. It believed that in Ghuman, Sant who will play in the next season of is closely linked with their religious Namdeo had composed his shlokas NBA. About Satnam Singh Bhamara traditions and history of Sikhism. in Awadhi, Marathi and Punjabi. His Born: 10 December 1995. The 19- • Punjab CM Launched ePMS Portal 61 shabads were included in holy year-old Satnam hails from a small On July2,2015 scripture of the Sikhs i.e. in Guru village Ballo Ke in Barnala district of As a part of nationwide ‘Digital Granth Sahib. Punjab. He stands 7 feet 2 inches India’ week, the Punjab Chief • Padho Punjab- Khedo Punjab tall and comes from a farmer’s family. Minister Mr.Parkash Singh Badal Mission’ Prior to this selection he was going launched the state Portal ePMS training at IMG Academy at Florida, (Electronic Projects Management Punjab Government has launched US and was coached by Scott System) here at his official residence. ‘Padho Punjab- Khedo Punjab www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 3 Mission’ i.e. Learn Punjab- Play film and thermal fixtures besides an Chief Minister of Punjab Sukhbir Punjab Mission. It is a special encrypted 2 D bar code. Singh Badal. This food park is mission launched to provide school • Punjab has become first state in constructed on 55 acre land and has students a separate period in the India, to completely ban the sale of additional facilities for processing curriculum for playing along with loose cigarettes (even as single milk and milk products besides studies. The purpose of the mission sticks) and loose tobacco. State packaging vegetables and fruits. is to encourage more youngsters government had banned the sale of Initially it will provide employment towards sports to produce quality loose cigarettes and tobacco under for more than 700 local youth and players for the country. This will also Section 7 of the Cigarettes and Other later more will be employed in the inculcate the sportsmanship spirit Tobacco Products Act, 2003 park once other companies and competitiveness amongst them. (COTPA Act, 2003). Section 7 of establishes their units in this facility. Under this mission a 40 to 50 minute COTPA bans sale of these products Mega Food Park Scheme: This special period has been kept for if they are traded, supplied or scheme is based on cluster approach sports. During this period students distributed without specified and on hub and spoke model. It aims of middle schools will be taught warning including pictorial warning at facilitating the establishment of a various games including the games on it. State government notification strong food processing industry played locally. Mission’s pilot in this regard clearly mentions that backed by an efficient supply chain, project was launched by State loose cigarettes and tobacco which includes collection centres, Education Minister Dr. Daljeet Singh products do not carry a pictorial or a central processing center (CPC) and written warning so they are banned. Cheema at a government girl’s cold chain infrastructure. This Earlier state government had banned school in Rupnagar district of state. scheme envisages one time capital sale of nicotine in the form of e- As part of it five teachers have been grant of 50 per cent of the project cigarette. About COTPA Act, 2003 It trained for purpose Padho Punjab- cost (excluding land cost) subject to was enacted by Parliament in 2003. Khedo Punjab Mission. They will a maximum of Rs 50 crore in general It prohibits advertisement and further give training to other teachers areas. 75 per cent of the project cost to physically train students in regulates tobacco business in India. (excluding land cost) subject to a sports. This Act has put restriction on tobacco products which includes ceiling of Rs 50 crore, in difficult and • Punjab government has launched e- cigarettes, gutka, panmasala hilly areas including north east stamping project in the state. It was (containing tobacco), cigar, cheroot, region and J&K. launched by state Deputy Chief Beedi, Snuff, chewing tobacco, • Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab Minister Sukhbir Singh Badal. This hookah, tooth powder containing is being inscribed on the UNESCO project seeks to computarise tobacco. revenue departments of the state in The traditional brass and copper order to remove malpractices and • E-cigarette : It is a battery-powered craft of utensil making among the end leakage of government revenue. vaporizer which has the feel of Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab It also seeks to make revenue tobacco smoking. They do not is being inscribed on the UNESCO transactions safe and secure. Key produce smoke like regular cigarette Representative List of the Intangible facts At present, e-stamping has but rather an aerosol (mist), which is Cultural Heritage of Humanity, 2014. been initiated as a pilot project in inaccurately referred to as vapor. It was announced at UNESCO’s 9th five districts of state. They are They have a heating element that Session of the Intergovernmental Mohali, Amritsar, Jalandhar, atomizes a liquid solution known as Committee (IGC) for the Ludhiana and Bathinda. All districts e-liquid. E-liquids are usually a Safeguarding of Intangible Heritage of state will be covered under this mixture of propylene glycol, glycerin, in Paris, France. project by 31 March 2015. This nicotine, and flavorings. Using an Key facts about Thatheras The craft project will help citizens to pay the E-cigarette is called Vaping. of the Thatheras constitutes the exact fee through a wire transfer, a • Punjab’s first Mega International traditional techniques of draft or even a cheque for stamp Food Park was inaugurated at manufacturing brass, copper and instead of buying it from middlemen Dabwala Kalan, in Fazilka District kansa (an alloy of copper, zinc and at higher cost. E-stamps have Punjab under the aegis of Mega tin) utensils. They have a unique various safety features which Food Park Scheme. It was ethnic and historical identity with an includes a unique ID generated by inaugurated by Union Food oral tradition that underpins their computer and could be verified Processing Industry Harsimrat Kaur skill. The name of the community – online and also UV, ultra violet, micro Badal in the presence of Deputy ‘Thatheras’ is identical with the name

4 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 of the element. These craft utensils It had even told the banks to are exhumed at Ajnala well in of Thatheras have both utilitarian increase the ratio. The overall CD Amritsar district, Punjab. These were and ritualistic value. The tradition of ratio of Punjab has also reduced by our freedom fighters who sacrificed using the metals is recommended by 2.20% to 77.70% as on June 2014. their lives during the First War of the ancient Indian school of • The Punjab Government has agreed Independence in 1857. medicine, Ayurveda. Skills of the to the Ghana Government’s proposal • ‘Kalian Wala Khuh’: Martyrs place Thatheras have been orally offering land to Punjab farmers. As where the remains of over 250 Indian transmitted from one generation to per the proposal, the government of soldiers dumped unceremoniously other generations. During the reign Ghana would provide fertile farmland by the British in a deep well at Ajnala of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1883) – the on a long-term lease to Punjab in the wake of the 1857 uprising. great 19th Century Sikh Monarch, farmers for farm activities. Ghana has Neither the Indian Government nor the Thatheras crafts colony was made this proposal to promote the Government of Punjab, established in Jandiala Guru, Punjab. agriculture as a tool of progress in attempted to extract the bodies of Thus, Jandiala Guru became an area Ghana and if possible then by the martyrs and perform the last rites of repute due to the skill of the Punjab’s expertise in farming. Punjab and restore the honour of the Thatheras. Representative List of the Government has assured Ghana that soldiers of the first freedom struggle. Intangible Cultural Heritage of a high-level delegation of officers as Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj Committee Humanity: The Representative List well as an expert from Punjab (a gurdwara in the border town of of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Agricultural University (PAU), Ajnala) exhumed the remains of of Humanity is made up of those Ludhiana, would be sent to Ghana Indian soldiers who were executed intangible heritage elements that to study the suitability of the entire by the British authorities for help demonstrate the diversity of this project. Ghana also offered Punjab participating in the 1857 mutiny. The heritage and raise awareness about to export finished goods to Ghana. exercise is being done to perform last rites of these soldiers after160 years. its importance. It encourages It has invited Punjabi entrepreneurs The well that was dug was dialogues between communities to visit Ghana to start manufacturing previously known as kalianwala khu worldwide that practice traditional facilities in the country and take (well of the black people) has been metal craftsmanship to manufacture advantage of Ghana’s natural renamed as Shaheedanwala khu (well handcrafted products that are both resources like various minerals, timber, oil, cocoa, palm oil fish and of the martyrs). useful and beautiful cotton. • What British authorities did with the • Punjab rural sector has lowest • The recent 6.5% hike in railway Indian soldiers of the 26th Bengal “Credit Deposit (CD) ratio : freight rate has led to an increase of Native Infantry (in Lahore) in 1857, Along with decline in the overall Rs 300 a tonne in the prices of steel when they revolted against the East Credit Deposit (CD) ratio of banks products across the country. India Company? In the 1857 mutiny, in Punjab for the period ending June Traders are considering a further around 500 soldiers of 26th Native 2014, the CD ratio of state’s rural increase of Rs 700-1,000 a tone in Infantry Regiment revolted at Mian sector has been registered the coming days. Ingot rates at the Mir Cantonment in Lahore. They “lowest” in comparison to that of in standard Mandi Gobindgarh market marched towards Ajnala from Lahore urban and semi-urban sectors. As in Punjab, India’s largest spot steel after hearing the reports of the Sepoy per latest report of State Level market, increased by Rs 300 a tonne mutiny in Meerut where Hindu and Bankers’ Committee (Punjab), the CD to Rs 39,750 a tonne. The cost of Muslim troops rebelled against the ratio of banks in Punjab’s rural sector steel production will certainly surge East India Company over the plunged to 60.76% as on June 2014 on the freight rate hike, with a rise in cartridges for their rifles being from 63.21% in corresponding period iron ore transportation costs. With greased with animal fat. When of year 2013. the increase in freight cost, all raw soldiers were moving ahead to join “Credit Deposit (CD) ratio” refers to materials, including coal and iron ore, the revolt, they had an encounter how much a bank gives as loans of will become dearer. Consequently, with the British troops on the banks the deposits it has mobilized. The coal, iron ore and steel prices will of the Ravi, where 220 soldiers low ratio shows banks are not fully increase. attained martyrdom and their bodies utilizing their resources for banking • The skeletal remains of the Indian were thrown into the river. The activity. The Punjab government soldiers, who were killed by the remaining 280 soldiers were arrested had already expressed concern over British troops for participating in the and were confined in the the low deposit ratio in rural sector. First War of Independence in 1857, overcrowded barracks located at www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 5 Ajnala tehsil complex. Later, the • ‘Santhara’/Sallekhna ritual illegal: part of Jainism and has been British killed these soldiers too and The Supreme Court (SC) of India has mentioned in religious texts. It is also buried them in Kalian Wala Khuh. stayed Rajasthan High Court’s order an intrinsic practice to a person’s India‘s First War of Independence declaring Santhara, a Jain ritual of ethical choice to live with dignity (Indian Rebellion of 1857) Also voluntary and systematic fasting to until death and not an exercise in known as the Sepoy Mutiny, the death illegal. The stay order was trying to achieve an unnatural death. Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, given by SC Bench comprising Chief • President gives assent to re- etc. A violent revolt against the Justice of India H.L. Dattu and promulgation of Land Ordinance for British rule. Immediate cause of Justice Amitava Roy. What is 3rd time: Revolt: The introduction of Enfield Santhara? Santhara is a religious President Pranab Mukherjee has greased rifles whose cartridges were custom of Jain religion that given his assent to re-promulgation said to have a greased cover made embraces voluntary death in order of land ordinance for third time as of beef and pork sparked off the to purge oneself of bad ‘karma’ and per provisions of Article 123 of revolt. It antagonized both Hindu attain ‘moksha’. The practitioners of Indian Constitution. Earlier, Union and Muslim soldiers. The Indian this custom take an oath to stop Cabinet meeting chaired by Prime Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny eating until they die of starvation. Minister Narendra Modi had of sepoys of the East India This oath is taken in consultation approved re-promulgation of the Company’s army on 10th May 1857, with a guru and follows the most ordinance, which was to expire on 3 in the town of Meerut. It soon detailed of procedures. Background June 2015. Currently, The Right to escalated into other mutinies and Earlier in August 2015, Rajasthan Fair Compensation and civil rebellions largely in the upper High Court had banned the practice Transparency in Land Acquisition, Gangetic plain and central India, with of Santhara by declaring it as a Rehabilitation and Resettlement major hostilities confined to present- criminal offence and mentioning it (Amendment) Bill, 2015 is with the day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern as illegal in the eyes of law. The High Joint Committee of Parliament Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi Court in its ruling had made this chaired by BJP MP S.S. Ahluwalia region. Leaders of 1857 revolt: religious practice a punishable for detailed discussion on the Mangal Pandey, Rani Lakshmi bai, offence under section 306 (abetment provisions of the legislation. Earlier, Bahadur Shah II, Begum Hazrat of suicide) and Section 309 (attempt Lok Sabha had passed the bill, Mahal, Babu Kunwar Singh, Nana to commit suicide) of the Indian however in Rajya Sabha it was not Saheb Peshwa, Bakht Khan, etc. Penal Code (IPC). Constitutional able to pass were as government is Outcome of revolt: British victory – Validity Article 25: The Rajasthan in minority and opposition parties Suppression of the rebellion, End of High Court in its ruling had including Congress and Left as well the Mughal and Maratha Empires, mentioned that as per Article 25, as some NDA allies had opposed it. End of Company rule in India and religious liberty and freedom is only Article 123 of Constitution limited to the scope of essential Transfer of rule to the British crown. • It gives legislative power to religious practices of particular • First India-China Yoga College at President. He can issue ordinances religion. So practice of Santhara is Yunnan Minzu University, China : when Parliament is in recess i.e. not not essential religious practice of in session if there is urgent need to Minister of State (MoS) for External Jainism. Article 21: The Rajasthan have a law on some urgent public Affairs V K Singh inaugurated first High Court also mentioned that matter. The promulgated ordinance India-China Yoga College at Yunnan Protection of life and personal liberty has similar effect to an act of Minzu University in Kunming, does not include Right to die. So it parliament. However, every China. is illegal from this point of view. The ordinance must be laid and approved Heron Drones : ruling of High Court was based on by both houses of the parliament public interest litigation (PIL) filed • India has approved to buy 10 Heron within 6 weeks from the TP Drones worth of 400million by advocate and human rights activist Nikhil Soni to ban this reassembling. If not placed and US$ fromIsrael.It will be operated approved by both houses of the by Indian Air Force. centuries old Jain ritual claiming it as social evil and should be parliament after reassembling it Tadoba Festival: considered as suicide. Jain becomes invalid or lapses. • Maharashtra government set to hold Community’s Viewpoint Jain • Food group Nestle on 5 June 2015 a three-day ‘Tadoba festival’ in community clearly mentioned that withdrew the highly popular Mumbai . the practice of Santhara is an integral “Maggi” noodles from sale in India

6 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 following a food scare sparked by People with Disabilities, Ministry of language by 258 million people and reports of excess lead and presence Social Justice and Empowerment, is recognized as the 4th largest of harmful MSG in it. The “Maggi” signed MoU with the New India language in the world. brand of instant noodles is under fire Assurance Company Limitedon • Board of Control for Cricket in India in India as reports of presence of providing affordable Health (BCCI) was founded in 1928. these harmful substances have been Insurance Scheme “Swavlamban • Gandhi Peace Prize 2014 conferred reported from labs of several states Health Insurance Scheme” for on ISRO: across the country. What is the name the Persons with Disabilities • ISRO Chairman A S Kiran of the food inspector belonging to (PwDs). Kumar received the honour which the Uttar Pradesh FDA who had • Sherif Ismail sworn in as new carries Rs one crore in cash, a taken the first step against Nestle’s Prime Minister of Egypt: plaque and a citation.ISRO has “Maggi” noodles in 2014 for • Urdu scholar Shamim Hanfi achieved 29 successful flights of the allegedly flouting food safety wins first Jnangarima Manad PSLV SRO scripting space history norms? – V.K. Pandey Alankaran Award on September 24, 2014 by successfully placing the Mars • India and Bangladesh on 6 June 2015 • Odisha celebrates the Festival Orbiter Mission Mangalyaan around ratified the Land Boundary Nuakhai Agreement (LBA) to settle the land Mars in its first attempt. launching ·•Nuakhai, is a festival of boundary dispute between the two not only Indian satellites but also Harvest observed by the countries through exchange of 45 satellites of 19 other countries. people of western Odisha in territories. This ratification thus • Earthquake of 8.3-magnitude on India. sealed an agreement signed by the Richter scale has hit off Chile’s coast • Prime Minister, Narendra then Indian Prime Minister Indira in Illapel, the capital of Choapa Modi and Odisha Chief Gandhi and her Bangladeshi Province in central Coquimbo Minister Naveen Patnaik have counterpart Mujib-urRehman. When Region of Chile. US Geological greeted the people of Odisha on That path-breaking agreement was Survey has noted its epicenter at a this festival. signed?–1974 (Under the depth of 12.5 kilometers off Chile’s agreement, India will have an • Prime Minister, Narendra Modi coast in Illapel. After the initial earthquake, two aftershock quakes advantage of 500 acres and 10,000 said in a statement, ”Nuakhai of magnitudes 6.2 and 6.4 occurred acres will go to Bangladesh.) Juhar! Greetings to the people of Odisha as they celebrate the west of Illapel. •6th BRICS summit, being hosted by festival of Nuakhai. May this • India s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle Brazil, started on 15 July 2014. Which festival further happiness in (PSLV-C23) successfully put five Brazilian city is hosting this summit? society.” satellites from abroad into their – Fortaleza • Salman Rushdie’s Two Years Eight perfect orbits on 30 June 2014. These • Who was awarded the Gandhi Peace Months and Twenty Eight released 5 satellites belonged to which four Prize for 2013 by the President A book titled ”Two Years Eight countries? – France, Germany, Pranab Mukherjee on 15 July 2014?– Months and Twenty Eight Canada and Singapore (The PSLV Chandi Prasad Bhatt, the noted Nights” written by the British Indian put into orbit SPOT satellite from Environmentalist novelist Sir Ahmed Salman France, AISAT from Germany, • 5th Commonwealth Youth Games: Rushdie was released. NLS7.1 and NLS7.2, both from They were held in Apia, the capital • SK Biswas, has been honoured with Canada, and VELOX-1 from of Samoa. India ranks 5th in the prestigious Rajbhasha Kirti Singapore. commonwealth Youth Games 2015 at Award (third) the award from • Which wildlife sanctuary was Samoa. President Pranab Mukherjee at a recently notified as 47TH Tiger India : 9 gold, 4 silver, 6 bronze glittering ceremony. September 14: Reserve of India? – Bor Wildlife Total =19 National Hindi DivasIt is celebrated Sanctuary (Maharashtra) as an event every year on 14th of • The United States has named a • “Swavlamban Health Insurance September, because the Hindi mountain in Antarctica in honour Scheme” for persons with language was first adopted by the of an eminent Indian-American disabilities 22 september, 2015 Constituent Assembly of India as scientist whose pioneering • The Trust Fund for Empowerment the official language of the Republic biological research expedition has of Persons with Disabilities under of India on 14th of September in provided critical data about animal the Department of Empowerment of 1949. Hindi is spoken as a native populations. What is the name of this www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 7 Indian scientist who was born in Malaysian capital Kuala Lumpur • The 2-day Summit of G7 countries Bihar? – Akhouri Sinha from which European city? – started on 7 June 2015. This summit • Pentagon, the defence headquarters Amsterdam is being held at which place? – of the United States, recently notified • Which city hosted the summit of Schloss Elmau (Germany) the sale of the antiship missiles to IBSA (India, Brazil and South Africa) • Who won the men’s singles title of India. What is the name of it? in 2015? – New Delhi French Open 2015 by defeating the Harpoon • Which country became the first in much-fancied Novak Djokovic • What is the name of the large and the world to legalise child labour (Serbia) in the finals on 7 June 2015 powerful typhoon that was heading recently? –Bolivia to become the oldest winner of the northwest toward Japan s southern • What is India’s Human Development French Open in 25 years? – Stanislas islands on 7 July 2014 and it hit Index (HDI) rank in the recently Wawrinka (Switzerland) • Okinawa on early 8 July with winds released Human Development • On 6 June 2015 former Prime Minister of up to 150 mph? – Typhoon Report (HDR) 2014? – 135 out of Atal Bihari Vajpayee was conferred Neoguri 187 countries with which award by the Bangladesh • What is the name given to the • What is the name of the typhoon Govt. for his role in the country’s mission to provide total sanitation which killed thirteen people in China independence struggle and to every Indian by 2019, which was and affected about 2.5 million people consolidating India’s friendship with announced in the Union Budget before being dissipated on 26 July the nation? – “Bangladesh 201415? – 2014? –Typhoon Matmo Liberation War Honour” Swachh Bharat Abhiyan • What is the name of the mission • Who was appointed as the new • Germany created history by winning announced by the Union Govt. on Central Vigilance Commissioner the FIFA World Cup 2014 on 13 July 28 July 2014 envisioned to protect (CVC) by the Union Government on 2014 at the Maracana Stadium in Rio. the indigenous breeds of cows in the 8 June 2015? – K.V. Chowdary Germany defeated Argentina by 1-0. country? – Rashtriya Gokul Mission • Who was appointed by the Union This win was Germany s ………..title • A new plant to produce the paper Govt. as the new Chief Information win of FIFA World Cup? – Fourth for high-denomination currency Commissioner (CIC) on 8 June 2015? • Who won the prestigious Golden notes domestically was inaugurated – Vijai Sharma Boot award for FIFA World Cup by the Union Finance Minister Arun • Cambodia has recently lodged a 2014? –James Rodriguez of Jaitley on 30 May 2015. This plant is protest to India over a private trust’s Colombia at which place? – Hoshangabad plans to build an Angkor Wat replica • Who won the „Golden Ball award (Madhya Pradesh) in Bihar. It alleged that the plans of for FIFA World Cup 2014? – Lionel • India and five nations on 3 June 2015 this Bihar temple, seriously violates Messi (Argentina) signed an agreement to join 60 the 12th century Hindu temple and a • Who won the „Golden Glove award countries, including Switzerland, to world heritage property which holds in FIFA World Cup 2014? – Manuel exchange financial information exceptional and universal value. Neuer (Germany) automatically from 2017. What is the What is the name of the trust in this • Which country is to host the 21th name of this agreement that would case, which is planning to construct FIFA World Cup to be held in 2018? pave way to have a control on black a replica of the largest Hindu temple – Russia money overseas? – Multilateral in the world at Angkor Wat? – Mahavir Mandir Trust • What is the name of the Northwest Competent Authority Agreement Pacific typhoon that struck into the (MCAA) • A first of its kind operation of Philippines on 15 July 2014 and is • The appointment of the first woman operation was carried out by the expected to bring in heavy rains in President of Mauritius was Indian Army on 9 June 2015 when it India too? – Typhoon Rammasun approved by the country’s conducted an anti-terrorist • A Malaysian Airlines passenger Parliament on 4 June 2015. What is operation on a foreign soil for the plane (Flight No. MH-17) carrying her name? – Ameenah Gurib-Fakim first time. This bold operation was 295 people crashed in Eastern • Serena Williams won Grand Slam title carried out in which country with Ukraine on 17 July 2014. Reports and third French Open women’s strategic support from that country? suggested that the ill-fated plane singles title at Roland Garros on 6 – Myanmar was shot down in a missile attack June 2015. Whom she defeated in • Noted Indian author Amitav Ghosh’s but the reports were not confirmed. the final? – Lucie Safarova (Czech third and final book under the “Ibis This plane was on its flight to Republic) trilogy” was published recently.

8 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 What is the name of this book? – • Who was chosen for th 22nd edition Ashok Chakra, India’s highest “Flood of Fire” of the Rajiv Gandhi National peacetime gallantry award? – Late • The World Health Organisation Sadbhavana Award? – Muzaffar Ali, Maj. Mukund Varadarajan (WHO) during June 2015 declared the noted filmmaker • Which Iranian-born professor India free of which infection which • On 3 August 2014 the curtains were became the first woman ever to win was much prevalent in the country raised on the 20 Commonwealth the Fields Medal of the International at a period of time? – Maternal and Games 2014 held at Glasgow Mathematical Union (IMU), which Neonatal Tetanus (Scotland). Which country topped is considered the top prize in the field • Nek Chand Saini, who passed away the medals tally? – England of mathematics? – Dr. Maryam on 12 June 2015 at the age of 90, was • Which city would host the 21st Mirzakhani the creator of which iconic creation Commonwealth Games of 2018? – • Which woman bank officer was in Chandigarh? – Rock Garden Gold Coast City (Australia) appointed as the Executive Director What is the name of the Joint- • What is India’s final position in the of the Bharatiya Mahila Bank on 14 Military Exercise that started medals tally in the 20th August 2014? – SM Swathi between the armies of India and UK Commonwealth Games 2014 that •2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games at Salisbury Plains Training Area, UK culminated on 3 August 2014? – Fifth started on 16 August 2014 in China on 13 June 2015? – “Ajeya Warrior (India won 15 gold medals, 30 silver 2015” with Rugby making its return to the medals and 19 bronze medals. India’s Olympic programme after 92 years • Which state is poised to become the total medal tally was thus 64, which with these Games. Which Chinese first in India to impose streetlight tax th is far less than the 19 city is hosting these Games? – on its citizens as approved by the Commonwealth Games of 2010 at Nanjing state cabinet during June 2015? – New Delhi, where India won a total • Who was appointed the Chairman Andhra Pradesh of 101 medals.) • What is the name of the Indonesian of the Public Accounts Committee • India and Nepal on 4 August 2014 (PAC) by Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra volcano which is in news for being agreed to review, adjust and update Mahajan on 16 August 2014? – K.V. active once again during June 2015 the “Treaty of Peace and Thomas and has been active since 2010 after Friendship” between the countries being dormant for more than 400 with an objective of charting a new • With 16,100 MW wind power years? – Mount Sinabung course in bilateral relations. In which produced in 2013, China was ranked • Which state overtook Gujarat to year this historic treaty was signed World’ top wind power producing become the leader in Solar Energy between the two countries? – In 1950 country in the recently released generation in India? Rajasthan • What is the name of India’s first Renewables 2014 Global Status • World Yoga day : 21 june multi-sensor moored observatory Report. What was India’s rank in this th • What is the name of the last that was deployed between North report? – 5 (China was followed by surviving member of the plane Pole and Norway during July 2014? USA, Germany, Spain and India to named ‘Enola Gay’ that dropped the – IndARC complete the Top 5 nations in this first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, who • What is the name of NASA’s vintage list.) passed away during July 2014? – spacecraft which successfully • A Manipur court on 19 August 2014 Theodore Van Kirk completed a return visit to the ordered the release of Manipuri • Explanation : Van Kirk was the earthmoon system during August woman Irom Sharmila, who has navigator of the plane named 2014? – ISEE-3 staged a 14-year hunger strike in ‘Enola Gay’ that on 6 August • Who was nominated as the new protest at human rights abuses in 1945 on Japanese city of Prime Minister of Iraq to replace Manipur. She began her fast on 4 Hiroshima. Tom Ferebee and Nouri al-Maliki on 11 August 2014? November 2000 after witnessing the Paul Tibbets were the other – Haider al-Abadi killing of 10 people by the army at a members of this mission. • Who was elected as the Deputy bus stop near her home in Manipur. • General Dalbir Singh Suhag on 31 Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 13 Her protests against the abuses July 2014 took charge as new chief August 2014? - M. Thambidurai 55 allegedly committed by security of the Indian Army. He succeeded gallantry awards (peacetime) were forces are subject of which law, Gen. Bikram Singh, who retired on announced on the eve of 68th which has been opposed in the the same day. Suhag is the Independence Day on 14 August state? – Armed Forces Special TH ………Chief of the Army Staff – 26 2014. Who was conferred the lone Powers Act (AFSPA) www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 9 • World-renowned Yoga guru B.K.S. • What was India s place in the State September 2014? – “Yudh Abhyas Iyengar passed away at a Pune of the World s Mothers 2015 Report 20143 hospital on 20 August 2014 at the prepared by „Save the Children that • Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 2 age of 96 years. What is the name of was launched on 6 May 2015?- 140 October 2014 India‘s biggest-ever the iconic book written by him which out of 179 Countries cleanliness drive – the ¯Swachh is considered as the Bible of Modern • Which noted banker of India was on Bharat Abhiyaan (¯Clean India Yoga? – “Light on Yoga” 11 May 2015 appointed as the first Mission ) on the occasion of • What is the name of the ambitious President of the $100-billion New Mahatma Gandhi Jayanti. What is e-governance project of the Union Development Bank (NDB) of the the main objective of this huge Govt., which was approved by the BRICS countries, to be based in mission on which around Rs.62,000 Union Cabinet on 20 August 2014 China s financial hub Shanghai? – crore would be spent? – To and which aims to ensure that KV Kamath accomplish the vision of “Clean government services are available to India” by 2 October 2019 (The 150 • How many agreements between citizens electronically? –‘Digital Birth Anniversary of Mahatma India and China were signed after India’ Project Gandhi) Prime Minister Narendra Modi s th • US space agency NASA s 11year talks with Chinese Premier Li • 17 Asian Games concluded at Old probe mission for Mercury Incheon (South Korea) on 4 October Keqiang on 15 May 2015? – Twenty ended abruptly on 30 April 2015 after 2014 with a glittering closing Four (24) it crashed into the little planet. What ceremony. The next edition of Asian • Who won the 2015 Man was the name of this historic probe? Games would be held in which city? –Messenger International Booker Prize as – Jakarta (Indonesia) announced on 20 May 2015? – • Software giant Microsoft recently • Norwegian couple May-Britt Moser Laszlo Krasznahorkai (Hungary) unveiled its new web browser, which and Edvard Moser and would eventually replace the existing • What is the name given to India s AngloAmerican John O‘Keefe were Internet Explorer. What is the name first space observatory which has announced as the winner of the 2014 been developed at ISRO s Satellite of this browser? Edge Which state Nobel Prize for Medicine on 6 Centre in Bangalore and is now govt. on 30 April 2015 issued a October 2014. The three are being circular banning the use of the ready for intensive tests before its rewarded for which of their phrase “Horn Ok Please” on the tentative launch in October 2015? – pioneering work associated with the rear side of commercial vehicles? – AstroSat human mind? –They solved the Maharashtra • Which country became the first mystery – How does the brain create • Which noted Indian scientist was country in the world to give its a map of the space surrounding us chosen for Japan s highest civilian approval to same-sex marriage by a and how can we navigate our way award – the “Order of the Rising Sun, popular vote on 24 May 2015? – through a complex environment? Gold and Silver Star” as announced Ireland • On 7 October 2014 Japanese by the Japanese Govt. on 2 May • What is the name of the Swedish scientists Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi 2015? – Prof. C.N.R. Rao newspaper that came into limelight Amano and American Shuji • In an important development, India after it claimed India had recently Nakamura were named as the s 41-year-old border issue with asked it to delete the reference made winners of the 2014 Nobel Prize for Bangladesh was settled on 7 May by President Pranab Mukherjee to Physics for inventing what? – LED 2015 as Indian Parliament the Bofors scam in an interview to it, light unanimously passed a historic bill a claim protested by the Indian Govt. • What is the name given to the to operationalise the Land Boundary on 27 May 2015? – “Dagens tropical cyclonic storm building over Agreement that provides for Nyheter” the north Andaman Sea which is exchange of territories. This • Which country is witnessing a civil expected to hit the coast of Andhra agreement became possible as the disobedience movement named Pradesh and Odisha on sheer Lok Sabha, showing rare unanimity, =Occupy Central‘ demanding intensity on 12 October 2014? – passed the Constitution (119 electoral reforms in the country? – ”Hud Hud” Amendment) Bill. With the passing Hong Kong • American scientists Eric Betzig and of this bill which Constitutional • What was the name of the 14-day William Moerner and Germany‘s amendment came into effect? – India-US military exercise held in Stefan Hell were announced as the 3 100th Constitutional amendment Uttarakhand that concluded on 30 winners of the Nobel Prize for

10 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 Chemistry on 8 October 2014. They named recipient of the International Heritage Conservation. This award have been honoured for their Female Police Peacekeeper Award recognises the conservation effort contribution in which field of 2014 by the UN‘s Police Division for of sacred sites and its tangible Chemistry? – Optical Microscopy her exceptional achievements with attributes with conservation • The state govt. of Madhya Pradesh the UN mission in Afghanistan. She techniques emphasising on on 9 October 2014 organised Global is currently deployed in the UN architecture and construction. Investors Summit 2014 (GIS 2014), a Assistance Mission in Afghanistan These scared sites employ age-old huge summit of top corporate (UNAMA). Shakti Devi is rituals and conservation techniques houses. This meet is held at which associated with the police force of drawn from vastu shastra focusing city of MP? – Indore which Indian state? – Jammu & on construction and architecture. It Kashmir • Indian child-rights activist Kailash should be noted that, UNESCO’s Satyarthi and Pakistani teenager • India‘s third navigation satellite “Award of Merit” in Heritage Award Malala Yusoufzai were announced IRNSS-1C was launched and placed was bestowed upon 150-year-old as the joint winners of the successfully in its pre-designated Sino-Portuguese former residence of orbit on 16 October 2014. This launch prestigious Nobel Peace Prize for a Thai aristocrat, which now has was executed by ISRO from the 2014 by the Nobel jury on 10 October been converted into a local museum Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) 2014. They were awarded for and historic inn. in Sriharikota at 1.32 a.m. Which promoting child rights in the Indian • IS damages ancient Temple of Bel in rocket of ISRO launched this sub-continent. What is the name of Syria’s Palmyra satellite? – PSLV-C26 the movement started by Satyarthi • Islamic State (IS) militant group has to fight Child labour? – „Bachpan • Which country became the sixth destroyed part of historical Temple Bachao Andolan West African country to be hit by of Bel in the ancient site of Palmyra the deadly Ebola virus after its • Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 11 in Syria. The ancient temple was government on 23 October 2014 October 2014 launched the dedicated to the Palmyrene gods confirmed first case of Ebola in the ambitious Saansad Adarsh Gram and was one of the best preserved country? – Mali(The other five West Yojana (SAGY) on the occasion of parts of the historical sites of African countries to be hit by Ebola the birth anniversary of renowned Palmyra. Key facts The ancient site socialist leader Jai Prakash Narayan. are Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, of Palmyra in ancient times was one What is the primary aim of SAGY? – Senegal and Nigeria.) of the most important cultural centres Every MP of Indian Parliament to • India is to purchase 8,356 units of and now has monumental ruins of take responsibility to develop 3 Israel‘s Spike anti-tank guided great ancient city. The site boasts a villages of the country by 2019 missile as agreed in the meeting of number of monumental projects • Who won the Nobel Prize for the Defence Acquisition Council including more than thousand Economics for 2014 as announced (DAC) on 25 October 2014. With this columns and more than 500 tombs. by the Royal Swedish Academy of decision India rejected the rival offer The art and architecture of this city Sciences on 13 October 2014? – from the United States for similar is blend of Greco-Roman techniques French economist Jean Tirole missile. What is the name of the U.S. with combination of local traditions missile for which Washington had • Australian author Richard Flanagan and Persian influences, dating back lobbied hard? – Javelin was awarded the prestigious Man to the 1st and 2nd centuries. The Booker literature prize for 2014 on 14 • What was India s rank in World ancient city of Palmyra is a UNESCO October 2014. Flanagan‘s which Economic Forum s 2014 gender gap World Heritage site. It was a major literary work was chosen for this index that was released on 27 tourist attraction of Syria before it award? – „The Narrow Road to the October 2014? – 114th descended into civil war. Earlier in Deep North • India wins UNESCO Award for August 2015, IS militant group had • What was India‘s position in the conserving Sree Vadakkunnathan destroyed the ancient Temple of Global Hunger Index 2014 (GHI) that Temple in Kerala Baalshamin in same region of was released on 13 October 2014 by • India has won the UNESCO prize Palmyra. the International Food Policy ‘Award of Excellence’ 2015 for the • Union Government launches School Research Institute (IFPRI)? – 55 out conservation efforts of the Sree Nursery Yojana of 76 countries Vadakkunnathan Temple in Kerala. • Union Government has launched • Woman police inspector from India The top award was given in the Asia the School Nursery Yojana in a bid – Inspector Shakti Devi has been Pacific Heritage Award for Cultural to bring school students closer to www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 11 nature by involving them in raising going to discuss issues like Hindi in Punjab province. The post of of saplings in school nurseries. The administration, foreign policy and Premier is same as that of Chief scheme was launched by Union law during the event. An exhibition Minister in today’s terms. Environment Minister Prakash showcasing assimilation of Hindi • First CM of Punjab (After Javadekar in New Delhi. About with modern techniques also has Independence) School Nursery Yojana Objective: To been set up at the conference venue. With the independence of India in create an everlasting bond between World Hindi Conference The First 1947, there came the partition of the young school students and World Hindi Conference was Punjab into East Punjab (today’s plants, trees. It also seeks to provide organized in Nagpur by then Prime state of Punjab in India) and West an opportunity to the students to Minister Indira Gandhi. It was held Punjab (Punjab province in learn about nature. It will develop from 10 to 12 January 1975. Since then Pakistan). Dr. Gopi Chand Bhargava an organic linkage and positive every year 10th January is being was elected as the leader of emotions for the environment observed as the World Hindi Day. assembly of East Punjab and hence among the school students and in In the first conference, then Prime became the first CM of Punjab after turn keep the schools and the Minister of Mauritius Seewoosagur independence. neighbourhood green. Activities: Ramgoolam was Chief Guest and it • Some details about Dr. Gopi Chand Schools will distribute saplings to was attended by 122 delegates from Bhargava : He was born in 1889 in students to plant in their homes and 30 countries. Ninth edition of World Sarsa district of undivided Punjab, surroundings through School Hindi Conference was held in which is now in Haryana. He passed Nursery. The school nursery will be Johannesburg, South Africa in 2012. in small space of a minimum of 100 MBBS from Medical College, Lahore • International cricket council: sq meters in premises of school in 1912 and started medical established in 1909. which will provide essential facilities profession in 1913. He belonged to for raising saplings. In this nursery President : Zaheer Abbas Indian National Cogress (INC) and students will prepare beds for raising Chairman: N.Srinivasan became chief minister of the state for saplings and use it for other Total member countries : 106 three times. He first became chief minister of Punjab on 15 August, nursery-related activities such as Full member countries : 10 preparing mixture of soil, good earth 1947 and was in the chair till 13 April, Chief Ministers of Punjab and manure and storage of seeds. 1949. Then he again became CM of Other activities: The schools also • The current chief minister of Punjab the state for second time from 18 take up other activities like is S. Parkash Singh Badal. He has October, 1949 to 20 June 1951. On 21 composting, rain water harvesting become the chief minister of the state June, 1964 he became the cm of and water recycling. Thus, the for the fifth time. The last elections Punjab for the third time and scheme will seek to inculcate best held in 2012 were for the 14th Punjab remained the chief minister till 6 July, environmental awareness practices Assembly and S. Parkash Singh 1964. He died on 26 December, 1966. in young minds. Badal formed the government with • First CM of PEPSU clear majority of 68 seats from a total • Tenth World Hindi Conference When India got independence, there of 117 seats and Sardar Parkash begins in Bhopal were many princely states which Singh Badal became the chief were ruled by Kings or Nawabs and • The Tenth World Hindi Conference minister of state. (fo'o fgUnh lEesyu) has begun in were not under the rule of • Dr. Gopi Chand Bhargava was the Government of India. The control of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh with the first CM of Punjab. theme of Hindi Jagat-Vistar and such states, falling within the • First CM of Punjab (Before Sambhavnaye. The three-day boundary of India, was taken over Independence) conference was inaugurated by by the government. In 1948, eight Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It Punjab Legislative Council (Punjab princely states of Punjab region were has been organised in Madhya Assembly or Punjab Vidhan Sabha) merged to form a new state named Pradesh for the first time and being was formed under the Government PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab held in India after 32 years. It is joint of India Act of 1935 and the first States Union). These states were - event of Union Ministry of External elections were held in 1937. In these 1. Patiala, 2. Jind, 3. Nabha, 4. Affairs in partnership with the state elections, Unionist Party won 95 Faridkot, 5. Kapurthala, 6. Kalsian, Government of Madhya Pradesh. seats and its leader Sir Sikander 7. Malerkotla, 8. Nalagarh. Gian Singh This edition of conference will host Hayat Khan formed the government Rarewala was the first chief minister scholars from 39 countries who are and became the first Premier of of PEPSU. He was the first non-

12 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 Congress chief minister of any state • First Non-Congress CM of Punjab for second time on 17 April, 1952 and in independent India. • Justice Gurnam Singh was the first resigned from the post on 23 January, • CM during reorganization of Punjab akali chief minister and he belonged 1956. He was ramained the governor in 1956 to Akali Dal (Sant Fateh Singh of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. • On 1 November 1956, PEPSU state group). He was in the office for less 3. S. Partap Singh Kairon was merged with larger state of than a year, from 8 Mar 1967 to 25 4. Shri Ram Kishan Punjab under the States Nov 1967. This was the first time 5. Giani Gurmukh Singh Mussafir when a non-congress government Reorganization Act of 1956. This 6. S. Gurnam Singh merger was done on the was formed in the state. He again 7. S. Lachhman Singh Gill recommendations of States became chief minister of the state in Reorganization Commission, which February 1969, this time as a 8. S. Parkash Singh Badal : S. Parkash Singh Badal is the current chief was formed to recommend the Shiromani Akali Dal member. minister of Punjab. He is a member restructuring of states of India. • First CM from Shiromani Akali Dal of Shiromani Akali Dal. He became Partap Singh Kairon was the chief In today’s politics of Punjab, the chief minister of the state for the minister of Punjab at that time. The Shiromani Akali Dal is a major fifth time. He became the chief leaders of the PEPSU assembly were political party so some of the readers minister in 1970, 1977, 1997, 2007 and included into Punjab assembly and may be willing to know that when 2012. He also has the record of the then chief minister of PEPSU did this party first came into power. becoming MLA of the state for Gian Singh Rarewala was included Shiromani Akali Dal formed the maximum number of times. In 2012 as a cabinet minister in Punjab government for first time in 1967. S. elections, he was elected MLA for government headed by Kairon as Lachhman Singh Gill was the first the 10th time and represents Lambi chief minister. chief minister belonging to Shiromani constituency in Sri Muktsar Sahib Akali Dal and he became the chief • Division of Punjab and CM of new district. Punjab In 1966, then state of Punjab minister on 25 Nov 1967. S. Parkash Singh Badal, chief patron was divided into Punjab, Haryana • A complete list of all the chief of Shiromani Akali Dal, was choosen and Himachal Pradesh on linguistic ministers of Punjab is given here. of Padma Vibhushan award in year basis. The division was made 1. Dr. Gopi Chand Bhargava - After the 2015, by Narendra Modi led BJP effective through The Punjab independence, he was the first chief government in the center. It is the Reorganization Act 1966. Hence the minister of Punjab. He was born in second highest civilan award in today’s state of Punjab came into 1889 in Sarsa district of undivided India. He was honoured with this existence on 1 November 1966 and Punjab. He name of his father was award for his life time contribution this day is celebrated every year as Munshi Badri Prasad. He passed to the political scene in India. He was New Punjab Day. Ram Kishan was MBBS from Medical College, Lahore presented this award on 30 March, the last chief minister, till July 1966, in 1912 and started medical 2015 by the President of India Sh. before this divison and the state was profession in 1913. He became chief Pranab Mukherjee. The citation under President’s rule (from July 1966 minister of Punjab on 15 August, presented to Badal termed him the till October 1966) at the time of 1947 and was in the chair till 13 April, “grand patriarch on the Indian divison. Giani Gurmukh Singh 1949. Second time, he was the chief political scene.” Musafir became the first chief minister of the state from 18 October, minister of new Punjab and he took 1949 to 20 June 1951. On 21 June, 9. Giani Zail Singh the charge on 1 November 1966. He 1964 he became the chief minister for 10. S. Darbara Singh was a member of Indian National the third time and remained the chief 11. S. Surjit Singh Barnala Congress. minister till 6 July, 1964. He died on 12. S. Beant Singh 26 December, 1966. • First Lady Chief Minister of Punjab 13. S. Harcharan Singh Brar 2. Shri Bhim Sen Sachar - This freedom Smt. Rajinder Kaur Bhattal is the first 14. Smt. Rajinder Kaur Bhattal - She was figher of Punjab was born on 1 lady chief minister of Punjab and is the chief minister for less than 3 December, 1893 in the house of Rai the only women to become cm of this months, from 21 November 1996 to state till date. She is a senior leader Sahib Nanak Chand Sachar at 11 February 1997. Till date, she is of Indian National Congress. She Peshawar (now in Pakistan). He was the only female chief minister of was the chief minister for less than 3 the chief minister of Punjab from 13 Punjab. months, from 21 November 1996 to April, 1949 to 18 October, 1949. He 11 February 1997. was again elected as chief minister 15. Capt. Amarinder Singh www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 13 QUESTION Sikh religion. The percentage of Sikh religion in Punjab is Hindu religion, population in Punjab is 57.69% of which is followed by the 38.49% of Q. Who is the current speaker of the total population of the state. the total population. The Sikh and Punjab Vidhan Sabha? This is the only state in India having Hindu community forms more than A. S. Charanjit Singh Atwal is the majority of population belonging to 96% of the total population of state. current speaker. He is MLA from Sikh community. At national level, The population of each religious Payal constituency of Ludhiana Sikh population is 20833116 (2.08 community and their ratio in total district. Crore) which forms 1.7% of the total popoulation of the state is given Q. In the independent India, when was population of India. The next major below: the first elections of Punjab Population of Punjab By Religion Assembly held? Religion Total Persons Total Ratio Rural Urban A. The first elections were held in 1952. Sikh 16004754 57.69% 12348455 3656299 Q. Who was the first speaker? Hindu 10678138 38.49% 4396066 6282072 A Kapur Singh was the first speaker. He was the speaker from 1947 to 1951. Muslim 535489 1.93% 278825 256664 Punjab Census : Christian 348230 1.25% 242977 105253

• According to 2011 census, the total Literacy Rate In Punjab Population of Punjab is 2,77,43,338. • The literacy rate in Punjab is 75.84% which is better than the national average of The decadal change i.e. increase in 73.0%. The male literacy rate is 80.4% and female literacy rate is 70.7%. The male population from 2001 to 2011 is literacy rate is slightly less than national average of 80.9%. But the female literacy 13.89%. The decadal growth rate is rate in Punjab is better than that of India. The female literacy rate in India is lowest since 1961. The population 64.6%. See complete details at : Literacy Rate In Punjab of Punjab in 2001 was 2,43,58,999. As per figures of 2011, the male Population Density In Punjab population is 1,46,34,819 and female • Punjab is one of the densely populated states of India. The population density population is 1,30,69,417. The male/ is 551, which is higher as compared to all India average of 382. Amongst all the female ratio in Punjab is 895 which is districts of Punjab, Ludhiana has the highest population density of 978, followed much lower than the national ratio by Amritsar with population density of 928. of 940. The below table shows some Rural Vs Urban Population important figures: • In Punjab, majority of people live in rural areas. In terms of percentage of Current Population of Punjab population, urban population constitutes only 37.5% whereas rural population • The population of Punjab in 2011 is 62.5% of the total population. Total rural population is 1,73,44,192 i.e. 1.73 was 2.77 crore. The decadal change crore and the urban population is 1,03,99,146 i.e. 1.04 crore. The decadal change from 2001 to 2011 was 13.89%. If we from 2001 figures for urban population is 25.9% whereas the rural population has calculate the increase in population increased only 7.8%. according to these figures, the Sex ratio in Punjab estimated current population of • The low sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males) in Punjab has always been Punjab in 2015 will be around 2.96 a matter of concern. With the effors of the state government and the public crore. This is just an estimate, not awareness, it has improved during the last decade but its still low. The total an official figure. Actual population number of females per 1000 males is 895 in 2011. It is 907 is rural population and survey is done after every 10 years and 875 in urban population. The figures are better in rural area than the urban area. the next census will be held in 2021. The corresponding figures in 2001 were - 876 (Total), 890 (Rural), 849 (Urban). Religion Wise Population of Punjab • Sex ratio in Punjab in the age group of 0 to 6 years is just 846, which will create a • The government released the serious social problem in the coming times. The value is 844 is the rural folks and religion wise population of Punjab 852 in the urban people. and other states in August 2015. According to this data, the majority of population of Punjab belong to

14 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 District Wise Population of Punjab • India s first CNG (Compressed • The below table shows the population of all districts of Punjab: Natural Gas) based train was flagged- off by the Union Railway Minister District Population 2011 Population 2001 Suresh Prabhu on 15January 2015 Ludhiana 3498739 3032831 from which station? –Rewari Amritsar 2490656 2157020 (Haryana) Gurdaspur 1621725 2103455 • Which country became the first Jalandhar 2193590 1962761 country in the world to give its Firozpur 965337 1746107 approval to same-sex marriage by a Patiala 1895686 1584780 popular vote on 24 May 2015? – Sangrur 1655169 1473242 Ireland Hoshiarpur 1586625 1481292 • Two Indians have been chosen for Bathinda 1388525 1183295 this year’s Ramon Magsaysay Award 2015 – bureaucrat Sanjiv Chaturvedi, Tarn Taran 1119627 939057 who blew the whistle on alleged Moga 995746 894793 scam at the premier All India Institute Mohali (S.A.S. Nagar) 994628 746987 of Medical Sciences, and Anshu Mukatsar (Shri Mukatsar Sahib) 901896 777493 Gupta, who heads the NGO Goonj. Kapurthala 815168 754521 • The world’s largest animal sacrifice Mansa 769751 688758 ritual, the Gadhimai festival of which Rupnagar 684627 628846 of the following countries is no more Faridkot 617508 550892 a bloody affair as the animal sacrifice Nawan Shahr (S.B.S. Nagar) 612310 587468 at the festival has been banned? Nepal Fatehgarh Sahib 600163 538470 Barnala 595527 526931 • MAST (Multi-Application Solar Telescope):Asia’s biggest telescope Pathankot 676598 0 was inaugurated at the Udaipur Solar Fazilka 1063737 0 Observatory in Rajasthan. Graphical view of population of Punjab • Which town of Punjab’s Gurdaspur NOTE : In 2011, two new districts Pathankot and Fazilka were created. Pathankot district came to news on 27 July 2015 district was created from Gurdaspur district and Fazilka district was created from with the incident of ahuge terrorist Firozpur district. According to census held in 2011, the population of Gurdaspur attack taking place here resulting in before the creation of Pathankot was 2298323 and the population of Firozpur the death of seven persons? – before the creation of Fazilka was 2029074. Dinanagar Frequently asked questions: • The Sinhastha Kumbh Mela, held Q. How much is the total population of Punjab? after every 12 years on Godavari A. According to the latest census of India held in 2011, the total population of River, started at which place in Punjab is 27743338. Maharashtra on 14 July 2015? – Q. Which district has the highest population? Trimbakeshwar (Nasik) A. The district of Punjab with highest population is Ludhiana. It is followed by • According to the UN’s 2015 Revised Amritsar and Jalandhar respectively. World Population Prospect report released recently, India will become Q. Which district of Punjab has the lowest population? the most populous nation by 4) 2022 A. District Barnala has the lowest population amongst the districts in Punjab. It is followed by Fatehgarh Sahib as the second least populated district. • Cyclone ______hit parts of West Bengal and north Odisha recently. Q. How much is the population density of Punjab? Komen A. The population density of Punjab is 551. It is higher than the national average. • RBI keeps key rates unchanged(5TH Q. How many villages are there in Punjab? August 2015 data): A. There are total 12673 villages in Punjab. • Rates and Ratios www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 15 • CRR 4% 25 July 2015? – Roelant Oltmans Russia as a counterweight to • SLR 21.5% • Prime Minister Narendra Modi Western alliances? –Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) • Bank Rate 8.25% launched the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana • Shanghai Cooperation Organisation • Repo Rate 7.25% (DDUGJY) in Patna on 25 July 2015. is political, economic and military • Reverse Repo Rate 6.25% What is the primary objective of organisation that was founded in • MSF 8.25% DDUGJY? –Facilitating 24×7 supply 2001 by 6 countries in Shanghai – • Rural Development Minister of power in rural areas of the country China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Chaudhary Birender Singh on 4 • Prime Minister Narendra Modi Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and August 2015 launched SAMANVAY, launched the “Skill India Mission” Kyrgyzstan.With inclusion of India a compilation of all schemes of both on 15 July 2015 on the occasion of and Pakistan in SCO, its total Union and State governments for the World Youth Skills Day. What membership reached- 8 Gram Panchayats. SAMANVAY was are the main objectives of the “Skill • Serena Williams (US) won her sixth launched with an aim to help MPs in India Mission”? – To converge and Wimbledon women’s singles title on utilising relevant schemes in the monitor all skill development 11 July 2015. This was her fourth planning and implementation of schemes across the country, Grand Slam championship in a row Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana promoting entrepreneurship and and 21 Grand Slam title overall. (SAGY). Saansad Adarsh Gram equipping 500 million Indians with Whom she defeated in this final, who Yojana was launched in October 2014 skills by 2022 that would enable them had made into her first Grand Slam under which MPs are to develop to find jobs final appearance? – Garbine three Adarsh Gram Panchayats by • India on 13 July 2015 formally Muguruza (Spain) 2019. The objective of the launched the Satellite Based • Sania Mirza of India created history programme is to create Model Augmentation System GAGAN, on 11 July 2015 when she won the Villages. which will offer seamless navigation Wimbledon women’s doubles title • Dr. Amalendu Krishna has won the to the aviation industry. With this with her Swiss partner Martina Ramanujan Prize for year 2015. India has become the fourth country Hingis. What history was made by • India will host the heads of 14 island to offer space-based satellite Sania in this title win? – She became nations at the Forum for India-Pacific navigation services to the aviation the first female player from the Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) on 21 sector. Which 3 countries/ country to win a women’s doubles August 2015. This important event continents have successfully Grand Slam trophy will be hosted at which city as developed this technology before • History was created on 10 July 2015 reported on 3 August 2015? – Jaipur India? – US, Europe and Japan when Indian space agency ISRO • The newest and the 18th Indian • Novak Djokovic defeated Roger launched its heaviest commercial Institute of Technology (IIT) of the Federer by 7-6, 6-7, 6-4, 6-3 in the mission that carried five satellites on country was opened on 3 August men’s singles final of Wimbledon board PSLV-C28 from the spaceport 2015 with a total of 117 students. This 2015 on 12 July 2015 to bring to a of Sriharikota (AP). With the overall IIT is in which city? –Palakkad disappointing end Federer’s bid to mass of five satellites is about (Kerala) become the oldest champion of the 1,440kg, this launch became the Open Era at the championships. With heaviest commercial mission ever • Which country became the latest this win Djokovic has won how many undertaken by ISRO. The 5 satellites and the 206th member of the Olympic singles titles at Wimbledon? –Three launched through this mission family after the International Olympic • Who became the sixth Indian to win belonged to which country? – Britain Committee (IOC) approved its a Grand Slam junior title after winning •7th BRICS Summit, which concluded inclusion? – South Sudan the boys doubles trophy at the on 9 July 2015 and featured five of th • The 14 Special Olympics Games Wimbledon championships on 12 the largest developing economies of (Summer) were inaugurated on 25 July 2015? – Sunil Nagal the world, was held at which city of July 2015 in which city? –Los • India and Pakistan were given Russia? –Ufa Angeles (United States) membership of which international • Which country won FIFA Women’s • Who was appointed as the Chief organisation on 10 July 2015,at Ufa Football World Cup 2015 on 5 July Coach of the Indian hockey team on (Russia), which is often seen by 2015? – The United States

16 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • The “leap second” meant that the of thousands of people living in 161 2015 to fill one of the two vacancies last minute of June 2015 was of 61 border enclaves to choose their in the three-member body? – Achal seconds instead of 60 seconds. The nationality. It will also permanently Kumar Jyoti last minute of June 2015 was kept fix the contours of the 4,000 km • In an important development,India one second longer, for a process India-Bangladesh border. This s 41-year-old border issue with known as “leap second”. The leap ratification was done on the Bangladesh was settled on 7 May second and leap years are added as occasion of Prime Minister Narendra 2015 as Indian Parliament basic ways to keep the clock in sync Modi’s 2-day state visit of unanimously passed a historic bill with the Earth and its seasons. When Bangladesh that started on the same to operationalise the Land Boundary was the last time that the “leap day. Under the agreement, India will Agreement that provides for second” was observed? – June 2012 have an advantage of 500 acres and exchange of territories. This • Blue Moon is July 31: The second 10,000 acres will go to Bangladesh. agreement became possible as the of two full moons in a calendar month The Land Boundary Agreement Lok Sabha, showing rare unanimity, is often called a Blue Moon. it’ll be (LBA) between India and passed the Constitution (119 on July 31,2015. Bangladesh was agreed upon Amendment) Bill. With the passing initially in 1974, when the Prime • Which African country is on its way of this bill which Constitutional Ministers of the two countries to legally end its virtually worthless amendment came into effect? –100th signed the agreement to exchange local currency which has witnessed Constitutional amendment enclaves and simplify the hyperinflation as high as 500 billion • Which noted Indian scientist was international border. percent in the recent times? chosen for Japan s highest civilian Zimbabwe • The appointment of the first woman award – the “Order of the Rising Sun, President of Mauritius was • A tropical storm in the Arabian Sea Gold and Silver Star” as announced approved by the country’s was declared as a severe cyclonic by the Japanese Govt. on 2 May Parliament on 4 June2015. What is storm on 8 June 2015. What is the 2015? – Prof. C.N.R.Rao her name? – Ameenah Gurib-Fakim name given to this storm which is • US space agency NASA s 11year old • What is the name of the Swedish expected to affect Karnataka, Goa probe mission for Mercury ended newspaper that came into limelight and Maharashtra coasts during the abruptly on 30 April 2015 after it after it claimed India had recently next two days? –”Ashobaa” crashed into the little planet.What asked it to delete the reference made • Who was appointed as the new was the name of this historic by President Pranab Mukherjee to Central Vigilance Commissioner probe?–Messenger the Bofors scam in an interview to it, (CVC) by the Union Government on a claim protested by the Indian Govt. • A Russian spacecraft loaded with 8 June 2015? – K.V. Chowdary on 27 May 2015? – “Dagens cargo for the International Space • Who won the men’s singles title of Nyheter” Station (ISS) that was launched on 25April 2015, went out of control and French Open 2015 by defeating the • J. Jayalalithaa, who took over as the was on its way to crash into the earth much-fancied Novak Djokovic Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 23 (Serbia) in the finals on 7 June 2015 May 2015, has now become state s s atmosphere. What is the name of to become the oldest winner of the Chief Minister how many times? –5 this space mission? –”Progress 59" French Open in 25 years? – Stanislas times • Union Govt. on 27 April 2015 Wawrinka (Switzerland) • Which African country came to announced extending e-Tourist Visa • Serena Williams (US) won her 20 news in May 2015 for a failed coup scheme for 31 more countries.With Grand Slam title and third French against its President? – Burundi this extension the scheme will be Open women’s singles title at Roland available for how many countries • Which West African country, which Garros on 6 June 2015. Whom she from 1 May 2015? – 76 was at the center of the largest Ebola defeated in the final? – Lucie epidemic so far, was declared free of • What is the name given to an Safarova (Czech Republic) Ebola by the World Health ambitious road project proposed by • India and Bangladesh on 6 June 2015 Organization on 9 May 2015? – the Union Govt. from Gujarat ratified the historic Land Boundary Liberia toMizoram to be built along India s Agreement between the two • Who was appointed as the new vast West-to-East land border? – countries that will finally allow tens Election Commissioner on 7 May “Bharat Mala” www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 17 • What was India s rank in the 2015 award was conferred on him by historic 35,000-km round-the-world World Happiness Report published President Pranab Mukherjee, who in journey from Abu Dhabi on 9 March by the United Nations (UN) during a departure from protocol, drove to 2015? – Solar Impulse – 2 April 2015? –117th Vajpayee s residence in New Delhi • The joint military exercise Surya • What is the name given to Indian to give the honour. Atal Bihari Kiran-VIII, that started from Army s relief and rescue operation Vajpayee became the 23February 2015, involves India and in Nepal that was launched after the ………….awardee of the Bharat which country? – Nepal devastating earthquake in the Ratna –44 • Cyclone Marcia and Lam struck country on 25 April 2015? – • Which film personality was chosen which country on 20 February 2015 “Operation Maitri” for the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for that left a trail of destruction in the • At least 1,500 people died in a the year 2014 as announced by the country? – Australia massive earthquake and a series of Union Govt. on 23 March 2015? – • Lunar New Year of numerous Asian aftershocks that hit several parts of Shashi Kapoor countries including China started on 19 February 2015. This year is being Nepal and India since morning of 25 • Who became the highest run scorer observed as year of which animal April 2015. Which district of Nepal in an ICC World Cup match by according to the traditional Chinese was the epicentre of the quake? – scoring an unbeaten 237 runs on 21 zodiac system?– Year of the Sheep Lamjung March 2015? – Martin Guptill(New • Who was selected for Jnanpith • What is the name of the volcano in Zealand) Award for 2014, which is the most Chile which erupted for the firsttime • Lee Kuan Yew, who passed away on prestigious literary honour in India?– in more than 42 years on 22 April 23 March 2015, was the architect and Bhalchandra Vanaji Nemade 2015 resulting in evacuation of the first Prime Minister of which (Marathi litterateur) residents from nearby areas? – Asian country? – Singapore • India s Leander Paes and Swiss Calbuco Volcano • South Africa stormed into the ICC Martina Hingis won the • What will be the name of the new World Cup semi-finals with a mixeddoubles title of 2015 Australian capital of Andhra Pradesh as comprehensive nine-wicket victory Open on 1 February 2015. They approved by the Cabinet of the state over Sri Lanka at the Sydney Cricket defeated third seeds Daniel Nestor on 1 April 2015? –”Amaravathi” Ground on 18 March 2015. Who and Kristina Mladenovic by 6-4, 6-3 • Australia lifted the ICC World Cup became the first South African to take in the final. With this win, both Paes and Hingis have now won 2015 on 29 March 2015 by defeating a hat-trick in the World Cup during similarnumber of Grand Slam titles New Zealand in the final by 7 wickets this match? – JP Duminy respectively. What is this identical at the Melbourne Cricket Ground • Which former Union Minister number of Grand Slam title wins for (MCG). This was the 5 ODI cricket belonging to Congress was chosen both? – Fifteen World Cup title for Australia thus for the prestigious Saraswati • During January 2015, excavations at further cementing its reputation of Samman for year 2014 as announced which two Harappan sites in India being the mostdominant team in ODI on 9 March 2015? –M.Veerappa was started as announced by the cricket. Who was chosen as the Moily Archaeological Survey of India Player of Tournament this edition of • In a bizarre incident, 10 people (ASI)? – Rakhigarhi (Haryana) and the World Cup? – Mitchell Starc including three top French sports Binjor (Rajasthan) (Australia) stars were killed when two • What name was given to the winter • How many Mega Food Parks (MFPs) helicopters collided in Argentina on snow storm that hit the northeastern were sanctioned by the Union Govt. 9 March 2015 during the filming of a states of the United Stateson 26 and during March 2015 for which an reality TV show. The dead included 27 January 2015 that resulted in huge investment of Rs. 2330 crore will be Olympic swimmer Camille Muffat, amount of snowfall and shutting incurred? – 17 yachtswoman Florence Arthaud and down of public transport and cancellations of thousands of • Former Prime Minister and veteran boxer Alexis Vastine. This illfated flights? –„Juno parliamentarian Atal Bihari Vajpayee shooting was being done for which was conferred with the Bharat French reality show? – “Dropped” • The BSE Sensex crossed which Ratna, India s highest civilian • What is the name of the milestone level for the first time on honour, on 27 March 2015. This solarpowered plane that started its 22 January 2015? – 29,000 points

18 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • Which scheme of the Union Govt. • Who took over as the new Chairman by the Indian Science Congress was conferred with the Guinness of Indian Space Research Association (ISCA)? – M.Y.S. Prasad record on 20 January 2015? – Organisation (ISRO) on 14 January • Whose name was cleared as the first Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana 2015? – Alur Seelin Kiran Kumar CEO of NITI Aayog by the Union (PMJDY) (A.S. Kiran Kumar) Govt. on 6 January 2015? – • Union Ministry for Water Resources • Who was named as the new Chief Sindhushree Khullar would celebrate year 2015-16 as Election Commissioner (CEC) of • On 5 January 2015 who was named which year to spread the message India on 14 January 2015? – as the first Vice-Chairman of the the message of water conservation Harishankar Brahma (H.S.Brahma) newly announced NITI Aayog as announced on 17 January 2015? • Who was selected for the (Policy Commission), which replaced – „Jal Kranti Varsh (Water prestigious Vikram Sarabhai Planning Commission? – Arvind Revolution Year) Memorial Award for 2015 presented Panagariya

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www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 19 WORLD HISTORY AND 2 HISTORY OF INDIA

The Renaissance very wealthy and the wealthy were · Artists and architects would often compete for a job, or commission, to • The Renaissance was a period of willing to spend their money create a piece of art. time from the 14th to the 17th century supporting artists and geniuses. in Europe. This era bridged the time • City-states played a big role in the Renaissance Art: between the Middle Ages and rule of Italy at the time. They were • Many of the new ideas and attitudes modern times. The word often ruled by a powerful family. that marked the Renaissance times “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. Some important city-states included were portrayed in art. A new idea Coming out of the Dark Florence, Milan, Venice, and Ferrara. called humanism put a focus on human interests, needs, and • The Middle Ages began with the fall The Renaissance Man abilities. This new idea changed how of the Roman Empire. Much of the • The term Renaissance Man refers to artists painted their subjects as well a person that is an expert and advances in science, art, and as the choice of subjects they talented in many areas. The true government that had been made by painted. the Greeks and Romans were lost geniuses of the Renaissance were Renaissance art is often divided up into during this time. Part of the Middle great examples of this. Leonardo da two periods: Ages is actually called the Dark Vinci was a master painter, sculptor, Ages because so much of what was scientist, inventor, architect, • Early Renaissance (1400-1479) - Artists learned by trying to emulate learned earlier was lost. engineer, and writer. Michelangelo classical artists focusing on was also a superb painter, sculptor, The Renaissance was a time of symmetry and creating the perfect and architect. “coming out of the dark”. It was a form. This era featured such artists rebirth of education, science, art, Fun Facts about the Renaissance as Giotto, Masaccio, and Donatello. literature, music, and a better life for • One of the most popular Greek • High Renaissance (1475-1525) - A people in general. philosophers was Plato. Many men rising interest in perspective and A Cultural Movement studied Plato’s writings at the space gave the art even more realism. • A big part of the Renaissance was a Academy in Florence. Great artists such as Michelangelo, cultural movement called humanism. • Venice was famous for its glass work, Leonardo da Vinci, and Rafael Humanism was a philosophy that all while Milan was famous for its iron flourished during this period. people should strive to be educated smiths. Change of Subjects and learned in the classical arts, • Francis I, King of France, was patron • In the Middle Ages the subject of literature, and science. It looked for of the arts and helped Renaissance almost all European art was religion, realism and human emotion in art. It art spread from Italy to France. specifically Christianity and the also said that it was okay for people • Artists were initially thought of as Catholic Church. Although to pursue comfort, riches and craftsmen. They worked in Renaissance artists continued to beauty. paint religious paintings, they also workshops and belonged to a guild. • The Mona Lisa : perhaps the world’s branched out to other subjects • Two of the biggest changes to art most famous painting - was painted including Greek and Roman during the Renaissance from the Middle Ages were the mythology, historical subjects, and concepts of proportion and It began in Italy portraits of individuals. They also perspective. focused on the details of everyday • The Renaissance started in • Michelangelo and Leonardo became life. Florence, Italy and spread to other rivals when Michelangelo mocked da city-states in Italy. Part of the reason Realism Vinci for not finishing a statue of a it began in Italy was because of the • One of the big changes in art was to horse. history of Rome and the Roman paint and sculpt subjects Empire. Another reason it began in • Hunting was a popular form of realistically. This is called realism and Italy was because Italy had become entertainment for the wealthy. involves a number of techniques that

20 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 make the subjects and background music was to interweave several Dancing look like they would in real life. This different vocal melodies at the same • There were two main types of dances also meant giving the subjects more time. This type of music was called during the Renaissance: court emotional qualities. polyphony and became popular in dances and country dances. Court New Techniques and Styles choirs. dances were formal dances • Many new techniques were Madrigal performed by trained dancers. introduced during the Renaissance. • Another popular form of vocal Country dances were dances where These techniques helped to music was the madrigal. The anyone could participate. Each enhance the quality and realism of madrigal usually had between three dance had specific steps and the art. and six singers, but could have more. movements. • Perspective : perspective is drawing The madrigal also had several Here are few examples of or painting a picture such that it melodies that were sung at the same Renaissance dance steps : looks like there are three dimensions. time by different voices. The songs • Reverence - This was a “greeting” It gives the illusion that some objects were often romantic poems and sung step where the dancers would face in the painting are further away than with emotion. each other. They would then slide others. Instruments the left foot back and bend both • Balance and Proportion : Drawing • A number of new and improved knees to bow to the other dancer. subjects such that they are the instruments were developed during correct size when compared to each • Saltarello - This is a lively dance step the Renaissance. Perhaps the most other. where the dancer would take three famous is the violin which was first steps forward and then hop. • Use of Light and Dark : Many made in Italy in the 1500s. Other artists starting using light and • Pavane - A slow “walking” dance popular instruments included horns shadows in their works to add that gave the dancers a chance to such as the early trumpet and the drama, perspective, and timing to show off their fancy clothes and cornett, stringed instruments such their art. gowns. It was usually the first dance as the lyre and the hurdy gurdy, • Sfumato : This was a technique of the night. and woodwind instruments such as used by Leonardo da Vinci to add • Italian Double or Doppio - A step the bagpipe and the recorder. additional perspective and where the dancers would take two dimension to paintings. It was a way • Harpsichord - This instrument looks elegant steps forward and then rise of blurring the lines between like piano with keys, but when a key up on their toes. is played a string is plucked rather subjects. This technique was used Interesting Facts about than hit (like with a piano). in Leonardo’s Mona Lisa. Renaissance Music and Dance • Foreshortening : Another • Hurdy gurdy - A stringed instrument • Most public celebrations and shows technique that added perspective similar to a violin, where melodies are were accompanied by music and and depth to paintings, foreshortening played on a small keyboard and a dance. is a way of shortening lines to give crank-turned wheel rubs against the the illusion of depth. strings to make the tone. • In general, instrumental music was considered less important than • Lute - A stringed instrument similar Renaissance Music and Dance singing music. to a guitar with a round back. The • During the Renaissance one of the strings were plucked to make the • Two popular types of Renaissance main forms of entertainment was notes. vocal music that preceded the music and dance. Music became a madrigal were the frottola in Italy and Composers part of everyday life as people began the chanson in France. to play music and sing for enjoyment. • There are many famous composers • Sometimes percussion instruments They experimented with new types from the Renaissance. They were were added to the music including of instruments and combinations of able to use the printing press for their drums and tambourines. voices. Music was both an art form music allowing an even wider and a form of entertainment. audience. Some of the most famous • The ballet was first introduced Choirs composers include William Byrd, during the Italian Renaissance courts of the nobles. It moved to France • Some of the great music of the Josquin Des Prez, and Thomas Tallis. and became very popular when Renaissance was sung in churches The first dramatic opera was written Catherine De Medici became queen. in large choirs. One new style of by Claudio Monteverdi in 1607. www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 21 Renaissance Science and Inventions was later refined by scientists such hoped to find a way to make gold as Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton. and become rich. • The Renaissance came about Astronomy because of a change in the way of Renaissance Astronomy • Many of the great scientific thinking. In an effort to learn, people • During the Renaissance people discoveries made during the began to want to understand the began once again to explore and Renaissance were in the area of world around them. This study of experiment with the world around astronomy. Great scientists such as the world and how it works was the them. One area of science which Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler all start of a new age of science. made great leaps during this time was made major contributions. This was Science and Art astronomy. Astronomy is the study such a big subject that we devoted of celestial bodies in outer space • Science and art were very closely an entire page to it. Learn more about such as the Moon, the planets, and related during this time. Great artists, it at our page onRenaissance the stars. such as Leonardo da Vinci, would Astronomy. study anatomy to better understand Earth as the Center of the Universe Microscope/Telescope/Eyeglasses the body so they could create better • For almost 2000 years the people of • Both the microscope and the paintings and sculptures. Architects Europe had relied on the discoveries telescope were invented during the such as Filippo Brunelleschi made of the Ancient Greeks. Greek Renaissance. This was due to advances in math in order to design scientists such as Aristotle and improvements in making lenses. buildings. The true geniuses of the Ptolemy had produced theories that These improved lenses also helped time were often both artists and the Earth was the center of the with making eyeglasses, which scientists. They were both Universe. They said that the sun and would be needed with the invention considered talents of the true the planets orbited around the Earth. of the printing press and more people Renaissance man. People considered this as a fact for reading. The Scientific Revolution all that time. Clock • Near the end of the Renaissance, the Nicolaus Copernicus • The first mechanical clock was scientific revolution began. This was • Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus invented during the early a time of great strides in science and put forth a new theory during the Renaissance. Improvements were mathematics. Scientists like Francis Renaissance. He said that made by Galileo who invented the Bacon, Galileo, Rene Descartes, theSun was the center of pendulum in 1581. This invention and Isaac Newton made discoveries the universe and that the Earth and allowed clocks to be made that were that would change the world. the planets orbited the Sun. Of much more accurate. Printing Press course, he was right about the Earth Warfare and the planets orbiting the Sun, but • The most important invention of the • There were also inventions that very few people believed him! Renaissance, and perhaps in the advanced warfare. This included history of the world, was the printing Galileo Galilei cannons and muskets which fired press. It was invented by • Galileo was one of the greatest metal balls using gunpowder. These German Johannes Gutenberg around scientists in history. A lot of his new weapons signaled the end of 1440. By 1500 there were printing scientific work was in the area of both the Middle Age castle and the presses throughout Europe. The astronomy. Galileo was already knight. printing press allowed for interested in studying the planets Other Inventions information to be distributed to a when he heard about the concept of wide audience. This helped to • Other inventions during this time the telescope. He improved spread new scientific discoveries as include the flushing toilet, the the telescope and constructed one well, allowing scientists to share wrench, the screwdriver, wallpaper, that could be used to observe the their works and learn from each and the submarine. planets. other. Alchemy • Using his telescope, Galileo was able Scientific Method • Alchemy was sort of like chemistry, to make all sorts of new discoveries. • The Scientific Method was further but generally wasn’t based on a lot He found out that the Moon was not developed during the Renaissance. of scientific facts. A lot of people really smooth, but covered with Galileo used controlled experiments thought that there was a single craters. He also thought that the and analyzed data to prove, or substance from which all other moon didn’t make its own light, but disprove, his theories. The process substances could be made. Many reflected light from the sun. Other

22 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 discoveries included the moons Florence. This dome was an interior of any Christian church in of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and ambitious undertaking as it was to the world and is considered by many sunspots. be the largest dome built since the to be the greatest Christian church Galileo Agrees with Copernicus Pantheon in Ancient Rome, which building. It took 120 years to • After recording and studying his had been built 1500 years earlier. complete from 1506 to 1626. observations of the planets and the • The entire dome, including the • The Sistine Chapel - A chapel that moon with his telescope, Galileo lantern on top, would take much of is part of the official residence of the believed that Copernicus’ theory of Brunelleschi’s life to complete. The Pope in Vatican City, this building is the planets, including the Earth, gold ball at the top weighed nearly most noted for its ceilings painted rotating the Sun was correct. He two tons by itself. It also took over by Michelangelo. wrote a famous work that explained four million bricks to construct the • Palazzo Pitti - Originally built in 1458 why he thought this was the case. dome. Brunelleschi also had to for Florence banker Luca Pitti, this The Catholic Church did not agree, invent new ways of lifting heavy palace later became part of the however, and put Galileo under objects high into the air, which would Medici family empire. house arrest. later be used by other architects. • Palazzo Farnese - A palace from the • Brunelleschi also designed two Tycho and Kepler High Renaissance built in Rome for churches in Florence; the church of • Two other major astronomers from the Farnese family. the Renaissance were Tycho Brahe San Lorenzo and the church of Santo Spirito. These churches were • El Escorial - This majestic building and Johannes Kepler. Tycho was a was built in the late 1500s as the Danish nobleman who took many built with symmetry and order. Many more churches throughout Europe palace of the King of Spain. It is laid precise measurements of the planets out in orderly symmetric squares as and stars over a long period of time. would mimic this basic design in the coming years. shown in the picture below. Some Tycho made many strides in the work believe that the floor plan was to Features of Renaissance Buildings of observing the heavens. mimic Solomon’s Temple. • Renaissance architecture had some • Kepler was a German astronomer • Pazzi Chapel - This chapel is said who worked as Tycho’s assistant for distinct features that were fairly to be a masterpiece of the simple form a time. Kepler developed the three common to major construction: of the architecture of the time. It is laws of planetary motion and • Square - Many buildings were thought that the original design was supported Copernicus’ view of the built as square or rectangle by Filippo Brunelleschi even though planets orbiting the Sun. He also symmetrical shapes. the building wasn’t finished until charted the orbit and position of • Front - The front or “façade” nearly 20 years after his death. many of the planets showing that of the buildings were generally American Revolution: they did not need to orbit the sun in symmetrical around the vertical a perfect circle. axis. • The Revolutionary War was between the Kingdom of Great Renaissance • Columns - They used Roman Britain and the Thirteen American Architecture and Buildings type columns. colonies. The colonists did not like • Arches and Domes - Arches • During the Renaissance architects the way the British were treating and domes were popular. This began to look back to the Romans them, especially when it came to was again taken from Roman and Greeks for inspiration when taxes. Eventually small arguments and Greek architecture. designing buildings. Much of turned into larger fights and the Renaissance architecture style was • Ceilings - The ceilings of colonists decided to fight for their taken from Ancient Romeand buildings were generally flat. own country, independent of Greece and then altered to fit their Previously in the Middle Ages Britain. current lifestyle. ceilings were often left open. Events that led up to the war: Examples of Renaissance Buildings Filippo Brunelleschi • The Stamp Act (March 22, 1765) - • Brunelleschi was considered the first • Basilica of St. Peter - This is perhaps Britain sets a tax that requires a Renaissance architect. Some the most famous building built stamp on all public documents like historians consider the start of the during the Renaissance. Several newspapers or legal documents. The Renaissance to be 1419, when he architects worked on the design for colonists did not like having this tax won the commission to build the the building including placed on them. This led to unrest in dome above the cathedral of Michelangelo. It has the largest the colonies and the Stamp Act www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 23 Congress (October 1765). October 17, 1777) - British General May of 1789 with an aim to solve the • The Boston Massacre (March 5, John Burgoyne surrenders his army monarchy’s financial crisis. There 1770 - 5 Boston colonists are shot to the Americans after suffering were three classes represented by by British troops. defeat at the Battles of Saratoga. the Estates General: the nobles, clergy and the rest of the population • The Boston Tea Party (Dec. 16, 1773) • Valley Forge (Winter of 1777-1778) or the so-called Third Estate. Each - Angry with a new tax on tea, some - The Continental army under George estate had only one vote. As a result, Boston colonists calling themselves Washington spends the winter the nobility and clergy could always the Sons of Liberty board British training at Valley Forge. overrule the Third Estate. Fearing ships and dump crates of tea into • Alliance with France (Feb. 16, 1778) they would be forced to bear the the Boston Harbor. - France recognized the United States as an independent country burden of the financial crisis, the • The First Continental Congress with the Treaty of Alliance. members of the Third Estate decided Meets (Sept. 1774) - Representatives to form their own National Assembly. • Articles of Confederation (March 2, from the colonies get together to After being locked out of the 1781) - Defined the official unite and oppose British taxes. meeting of the Estates General, they government of the United States. The Revolutionary War Begins moved to an indoor tennis court • Battle of Yorktown (Oct. 19, 1781) - where they pledged the so-called • Paul Revere’s Ride (April 18, 1775) The last major battle of the American Tennis Court Oath, vowing to remain - The Revolutionary War starts and Revolutionary War. British General there until a new constitution had Paul Revere makes his famous ride Cornwallis’ surrender at Yorktown been written. to warn the colonists that the “British was the unofficial end to the war. Fall of the Bastille are coming”. • Treaty of Paris (Sept. 3, 1783) - • On July 14, 1789, an angry crowd • Battle of Lexington and Treaty that officially ended the war. marched on the Bastille, a medieval Concord (April 19, 1775) - The actual Major Events of the French Revolution fortress in east Paris that was mostly fighting starts with the first “shot housing political prisoners. To many heard around the world”. The • The French Revolution was a major people in France, it was considered Americans win as the British retreat. event in modern European history. The causes of the French Revolution as a symbol of the much hated Louis’ • Capture of Fort Ticonderoga (May were many: the monarchy’s severe regime. Angry, unemployed and 10, 1775) - The Green Mountain debt problems, high taxes, poor hungry Parisians saw it as a place to Boys led by Ethan Allen and harvests, and the influence of new vent their frustrations. The Benedict Arnold capture Fort political ideas and the American commander of the Bastille, Marquis Ticonderoga from the British. Revolution, to mention only a few. de Launay and his troops resisted • Battle of Bunker Hill (June 16, Starting as a movement for for a few hours before they 1775) - Major battle where William government reforms, the French surrendered to the mob. After Prescott told the American troops Revolution rapidly turned radical and learning about the fall of the Bastille, “don’t fire until you see the whites violent, leading to the abolition of King Louis XVI withdrew the royal of their eyes”. the monarchy and execution of King troops from the French capital and • The Declaration of Independence is Louis XVI. Though the monarchy recalled finance minister Jacques Adopted (July 4, 1776) - The was eventually restored, the French Necker whom he dismissed just three Continental Congress agrees to Revolution changed France and the days earlier. However, he could no Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of rest of Europe forever. It inspired a longer reverse the Revolution, while Independence. number of revolutionary movements the National Assembly (from July 9 formally called the National • George Washington Crosses the of the nineteenth and early twentieth Constituent Assembly) became de Delaware (Dec. 25, 1776) - George centuries that made the final end to facto the French government. Washington and his troops cross the institutions such as absolutism, Delaware River on Christmas night feudalism, class privilege and legal March on Versailles and surprise the enemy. inequality, and spread the principles • Many people in Paris and the rest of of natural right, equality and freedom • America Chooses a Flag (June 14, France were hungry, unemployed throughout the world. 1777) - The Continental Congress and restless. In October, a large adopts the “Stars and Stripes” Flag Meeting of the Estates General crowd of protesters, mostly women, sewn by Betsy Ross. • The Estates General were reluctantly marched from Paris to the Palace of summoned by King Louis XVI in Versailles, convinced that the royal • Battles of Saratoga (September 19 - 24 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 family and nobility there lived in 30, 1791. France was proclaimed a of about 20,000 people attacked the luxury, oblivious to the hardships of constitutional monarchy, while the Tuileries Palace. The King and the French people. They broke into National Assembly was dissolved Queen had escaped the Palace and the quarters of Queen Marie and replaced by a new political body placed themselves under the Antoinette who as an Austrian was named the Legislative Assembly. No protection of the Legislative particularly despised. The crowd member of the National Assembly Assembly. Fearing further violence, demanded bread and wanted to was elected to the new legislative the Assembly placed them under bring the King and his family back body as it was agreed earlier that the arrest. The Revolution was moving to Paris to “live among the people”. members of the National Assembly into a more radical phase. Over the Louis conceded to their demands would not be allowed to hold a seat next month, hundreds of suspected and agreed to go to Paris with the in the new parliament. The result was royalists were executed in what mob, believing it would only be a the loss of everyone with valuable became known as the “September temporary inconvenience. As they political experience. The Legislative Massacre”. Many French men and left Versailles the crowd chanted that Assembly was composed of various women fled for their lives. it was “bringing back the baker, the political factions, ranging from Declaration of the Republic and the Trial baker’s wife and the little baker’s moderate royalists to radical of Louis apprentice!” republicans. • Following the arrests of Louis XVI Flight to Varennes War and Marie Antoinette, the • The National Assembly continued • The issue of war dominated the Legislative Assembly disbanded and working on a new constitution for debate in the new Legislative replaced itself with a new political France. After much debate, members Assembly. Tensions with the rest of body named the National of the Assembly decided to impose Europe continued to rise. Convention. The first act of the latter limits to the King’s authority. The Revolutionary France was viewed was to declare France as a republic King would have veto power but the with both fear and anger by the on September 21, 1792. Meanwhile, National Assembly could overrule European monarchies, especially by the French military had halted the his veto. These restrictions appalled the neighboring Austrian monarchy. foreign invasion and pushed back Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. In France, the support for war was the Austrians and Prussians. Louis They also felt like prisoners in their growing as well. Louis XVI and hard was charged with treason. The vote Tuileries Palace in Paris. They line monarchists wanted war at the end of the trial was unanimous: decided to leave France and seek because they believed that foreign Louis was guilty. The vote on the refuge in Austria, hoping to armies would easily overthrow the death penalty was much closer but eventually be reinstated on the new government. The it passed. On January 21, 1793, Louis throne as absolute monarchs. Before revolutionaries, on the other hand, was driven through the streets of leaving, Louis wrote a manifesto pushed for war because they Paris to a guillotine and decapitated. denouncing the Revolution. On June thought it would unify the nation Marie Antoinette had a short trial 20, 1791, the royal family quietly left and spread the ideas of the next. She was accused of numerous Paris. They managed to get within a Revolution to the rest of Europe. On crimes, many of them based on few miles of the border before being April 20, 1792, France declared war rumors. On October 16, she too was recognized in the town of Varennes on Austria. found guilty and guillotined the and forced to go back. The incident Attack on the Tuileries Palace same day. was devastating for the National • In spring and summer of 1792, the Reign of Terror Assembly. The King’s attempt to French government found itself in a • The new National Convention was flee and his denouncement of the very difficult situation. The Austrian dominated by the Committee of Revolution came just as the new army and its Prussian allies started Public Safety. One man in particular, constitution was about to be advancing into the French territory. Maximilien Robespierre came to implemented. Now they had to deal Economic stagnation continued dominate the Committee and with a monarch who was against the throughout the country. The King established himself as the leader of constitution and very unpopular was widely viewed as a traitor for the so-called Reign of Terror. with the people. trying to flee the country. The Robespierre wanted to rid France of Dissolution of the National Assembly Legislative Assembly was divided all enemies of the Revolution and to • The long awaited constitution and Paris was getting increasingly protect the “virtue” of the nation. finally came into effect on September radicalized. On August 10, a crowd From September 1793 to July 1794, www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 25 an estimated 16,000 people were industries, along with the homes (giving rise to the term guillotined. Many radicals were development of the steam engine, cottage industry), with merchants executed along with moderates. played central roles in the Industrial often providing the raw materials Most leaders of the French Revolution, which also saw and basic equipment, and then Revolution were now either dead or improved systems of transportation, picking up the finished product. had fled the republic. Opposition to communication and banking. While Workers set their own schedules Robespierre grew both in the industrialization brought about an under this system, which proved Committee of Public Safety and increased volume and variety of difficult for merchants to regulate within the National Convention. The manufactured goods and an and resulted in numerous execution of popular Committee improved standard of living for some, inefficiencies. In the 1700s, a series member George-Jacques Danton and it also resulted in often grim of innovations led to ever-increasing Robespierre proclaiming himself as employment and living conditions productivity, while requiring less the leader of a new religion of the for the poor and working classes. human energy. For example, around Supreme Being caused much 1764, Englishman James Hargreaves Britain : Birthplace resentment. On July 27, 1794, (1722-1778) invented the spinning of the Industrial Revolution Robespierre was arrested. He was jenny (“jenny” was an early guillotined the following day. • Before the advent of the Industrial abbreviation of the word “engine”), Directory and the Rise of Napoleon Revolution, most people resided in a machine that enabled an individual small, rural communities where their • After the dramatic fall of to produce multiple spools of daily existences revolved around Robespierre, the National threads simultaneously. By the time farming. Life for the average person Convention created a new of Hargreaves’ death, there were was difficult, as incomes were constitution for France that was over 20,000 spinning jennys in use meager, and malnourishment and implemented in 1795. Leading the across Britain. The spinning jenny disease were common. People was improved upon by British new government was the Directory produced the bulk of their own food, inventor Samuel Compton’s (1753- consisting of an executive council clothing, furniture and tools. Most 1827) spinning mule, as well as later of five members. Almost from the manufacturing was done in homes machines. Another key innovation start, the Directory became mired in or small, rural shops, using hand in textiles, the power loom, which corruption, political conflict, tools or simple machines. mechanized the process of weaving financial problems and depended on cloth, was developed in the 1780s the army to remain in power. In 1799, • A number of factors contributed to by English inventor Edmund a successful military commander Britain’s role as the birthplace of the Cartwright (1743-1823). named Napoleon Bonaparte returned Industrial Revolution. For one, it had from a military expedition in Egypt great deposits of coal and iron ore, • Developments in the iron industry and ousted the Directory. Napoleon which proved essential for also played a central role in the industrialization. Additionally, established what he called the Industrial Revolution. In the early Britain was a politically stable Consulate and himself as the First 18th century, Englishman Abraham society, as well as the world’s Consul. Darby (1678-1717) discovered a leading colonial power, which meant cheaper, easier method to produce The Industrial Revolution : its colonies could serve as a source cast iron, using a coke-fueled (as • The Industrial Revolution, which for raw materials, as well as a opposed to charcoal-fired) furnace. took place from the 18th to 19th marketplace for manufactured goods. In the 1850s, British engineer Henry centuries, was a period during which • As demand for British goods Bessemer (1813-1898) developed the predominantly agrarian, rural increased, merchants needed more first inexpensive process for mass- societies in Europe and America cost-effective methods of producing steel. Both iron and steel became industrial and urban. Prior production, which led to the rise of became essential materials, used to to the Industrial Revolution, which mechanization and the factory make everything from appliances, began in Britain in the late 1700s, system. tools and machines, to ships, manufacturing was often done in buildings and infrastructure. Innovation and Industrialization people’s homes, using hand tools or • The steam engine was also integral basic machines. Industrialization • The textile industry, in particular, was to industrialization. In 1712, marked a shift to powered, special- transformed by industrialization. Englishman Thomas Newcomen purpose machinery, factories and Before mechanization and factories, (1664-1729) developed the first mass production. The iron and textile textiles were made mainly in people’s practical steam engine (which was

26 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 used primarily to pump water out of Wheatstone system, and in 1866, a Britain’s working-class began to mines). By the 1770s, Scottish telegraph cable was successfully gradually improve by the later part inventor James Watt (1736-1819) had laid across the Atlantic.The of the 19th century, as the improved on Newcomen’s work, and Industrial Revolution also saw the government instituted various labor the steam engine went on to power rise of banks and industrial reforms and workers gained the right machinery, locomotives and ships financiers, as well as a factory system to form trade unions. during the Industrial Revolution. dependent on owners and Industrialization Transportation and the managers. A stock exchange was Moves Beyond Britain Industrial Revolution established in London in the 1770s; the New York Stock Exchange was • The British enacted legislation to • The transportation industry also founded in the early 1790s. In 1776, prohibit the export of their underwent significant transformation Scottish social philosopher Adam technology and skilled workers; during the Industrial Revolution. Smith (1723-1790), who is regarded however, they had little success in Before the advent of the steam as the founder of modern economics, this regard. Industrialization spread engine, raw materials and finished published “The Wealth of Nations.” from Britain to other European goods were hauled and distributed In it, Smith promoted an economic countries, including Belgium, France via horse-drawn wagons, and by system based on free enterprise, the and Germany, and to the United boats along canals and rivers. In the private ownership of means of States. By the mid-19th century, early 1800s, American Robert Fulton production, and lack of government industrialization was well- (1765-1815) built the first interference. established throughout the western commercially successful steamboat, part of Europe and America’s and by the mid-19th century, Quality of life During Industrialization northeastern region. By the early steamships were carrying freight • The Industrial Revolution brought 20th century, the U.S. had become across the Atlantic. As steam- about a greater volume and variety the world’s leading industrial nation. powered ships were making their of factory-produced goods and Russian Revolution debut, the steam locomotive was raised the standard of living for many also coming into use. In the early people, particularly for the middle • In 1917, two revolutions swept 1800s, British engineer Richard and upper classes. However, life for through Russia, ending centuries of Trevithick (1771-1833) constructed the poor and working classes imperial rule and setting in motion the first railway steam locomotive. continued to be filled with political and social changes that In 1830, England’s Liverpool and challenges. Wages for those who would lead to the formation of the Manchester Railway became the first labored in factories were low and Soviet Union. In March, growing to offer regular, timetabled passenger working conditions could be civil unrest, coupled with chronic services. By 1850, Britain had more dangerous and monotonous. food shortages, erupted into open than 6,000 miles of railroad track. Unskilled workers had little job revolt, forcing the abdication of Nicholas II (1868-1918), the last Additionally, around 1820, Scottish security and were easily replaceable. Russian czar. Just months later, the engineer John McAdam (1756-1836) Children were part of the labor force newly installed provisional developed a new process for road and often worked long hours and government was itself overthrown construction. His technique, which were used for such highly hazardous by the more radical Bolsheviks, led became known as macadam, resulted tasks as cleaning the machinery. In by Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924). in roads that were smoother, more the early 1860s, an estimated one- durable and less muddy. fifth of the workers in Britain’s textile Russian Revolution : Background industry were younger than 15. Communication and Banking • By 1917, most Russians had lost faith Industrialization also meant that in Industrial Revolution in the leadership ability of Czar some craftspeople were replaced by Nicholas II. Government corruption • Communication became easier machines. Additionally, urban, was rampant, the Russian economy during the Industrial Revolution with industrialized areas were unable to remained backward, and Nicholas such inventions as the telegraph. In keep pace with the flow of arriving repeatedly dissolved the Duma, the 1837, two Brits, William Cooke (1806- workers from the countryside, Russian parliament established after 1879) and Charles Wheatstone resulting in inadequate, the 1905 revolution, when it (1802-1875), patented the first overcrowded housing and polluted, opposed his will. However, the commercial electrical telegraph. By unsanitary living conditions in which immediate cause of the February 1840, railways were a Cooke- disease was rampant. Conditions for www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 27 Revolution–the first phase of the • The imperial government was forced • July 23 - Austria-Hungary makes Russian Revolution of 1917–was to resign, and the Duma formed a demands on Serbia for retribution. Russia’s disastrous involvement provisional government that Serbia does not meet demands. in World War I (1914-18). Militarily, peacefully vied with the Petrograd • July 28 - Austria-Hungary declares imperial Russia was no match for Soviet for control of the revolution. war on Serbia. Russia begins industrialized Germany, and Russian On March 14, the Petrograd Soviet mobilizing its troops. casualties were greater than those issued Order No. 1, which instructed • August 1 - Germany declares war on sustained by any nation in any Russian soldiers and sailors to obey Russia. previous war. Meanwhile, the only those orders that did not conflict • August 3 - Germany declares war on economy was hopelessly disrupted with the directives of the Soviet. The France as part of the Schlieffen Plan. by the costly war effort, and next day, March 15, Czar Nicholas II moderates joined Russian radical abdicated the throne in favor of his • August 4 - Germany invades elements in calling for the overthrow brother Michael (1878-1918), whose Belgium. Britain declares war on of the czar. refusal of the crown brought an end Germany. to the czarist autocracy. • August 23 to 30 - The Battle of February Revolution : 1917 Tannenberg is fought between • The February Revolution (known as Bolshevik Revolution : 1917 Germany and Russia. The Germans such because of Russia’s use of the • In the aftermath of the February defeat the Russian Second Army. Julian calendar until February 1918) Revolution, power was shared • September 5 to 12 - The advancing began on March 8, 1917 (or February between the weak provisional German army is stopped before Paris 23 on the Julian calendar), when government and the Petrograd by the British and French at the First demonstrators clamoring for bread Soviet. Then, on November 6 and 7, Battle of the Marne. The Germans took to the streets in the Russian 1917 (or October 24 and 25 on the dig in and four years of trench capital of Petrograd (now called St. Julian calendar, which is why this warfare begins. Petersburg). Supported by huge event is also referred to as the • October 19 to November 22 - The crowds of striking industrial October Revolution), leftist Allies defeat the Germans at the First workers, the protesters clashed with revolutionaries led by Bolshevik Battle of Ypres. police but refused to leave the Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched • November 2 - The British begin a streets. On March 10, the strike a nearly bloodless coup d’état naval blockade of Germany. spread among all of Petrograd’s against the provisional government. • November 11 - The Ottoman Empire workers, and irate mobs destroyed The Bolsheviks and their allies declares war on the Allies. occupied government buildings and police stations. Several factories • December 24 - An unofficial truce other strategic locations in elected deputies to the Petrograd is declared between the two sides at Petrograd, and soon formed a new Soviet, or council, of workers’ Christmas. government with Lenin as its head. committees, following the model 1915 devised during the 1905 revolution. • Lenin became the virtual dictator of the first Marxist state in the world. • February 4 - The Germans begin to • On March 11, the troops of the His government made peace with use submarines against Allied Petrograd army garrison were called Germany, nationalized industry and merchant ships around the island of out to quell the uprising. In some distributed land, but beginning in Britain. encounters, regiments opened fire, 1918 had to fight a devastating civil • April 25 - The Allies attack the killing demonstrators, but the war against anti-Bolshevik White Ottoman Empire at the Battle of protesters kept to the streets and the Army forces. In 1920, the anti- Gallipoli. This campaign will last over troops began to waver. That day, Bolsheviks were defeated, and in eight months and will end as a Nicholas again dissolved the Duma. 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist victory for the Ottomans and the On March 12, the revolution Republics (USSR) was established. retreat of the Allies. triumphed when regiment after • May 7 - The Lusitania, a luxury World War I : Timeline regiment of the Petrograd garrison British passenger ship, is sunk by a defected to the cause of the 1914 German submarine. 1,195 civilians demonstrators. The soldiers • June 28 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand, were killed. This act sparks subsequently formed committees prince to the Austria-Hungary international outrage and that elected deputies to the Petrograd throne, is assassinated in Sarajevo contributes to the United States Soviet. by a Serbian named Gavrilo Princip. joining the war against Germany.

28 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • October 14 - Bulgaria enters the war 1919 • Other Allied countries included by declaring war on Serbia. • June 28 - The Treaty of Versailles is Japan, Italy, Belgium, Brazil, Greece, 1916 signed by Germany and World War Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia. • February 21 - The Battle of Verdun I comes to an end. Leaders • France: Georges Clemenceau - begins between France and Allied Powers Germany. This battle will last until Clemenceau was Prime Minister of • World War I was fought between December of 1916 and will finally France from 1917 to 1920. His two major alliances of countries: the result in a French victory. leadership helped hold France Allied Powers and the Central together during the most difficult • May 31 - The largest naval battle of Powers. The Allied Powers were times of the war. His nickname was the war, the Battle of Jutland, is largely formed as a defense against “The Tiger.” Clemenceau fought between Britain and Germany the aggression of Germany and represented the French at the peace in the North Sea. the Central Powers. They were also talks and advocated for harsh • July 1 - The Battle of the Somme known as the Entente Powers punishment for Germany. because they began as an alliance begins. Over 1 million soldiers will • Britain: David Lloyd George - Lloyd between France, Britain, be wounded or killed. George was the Prime Minister of and Russia called the Triple Entente. 1917 Britain during much of the war. He Countries • January 19 - The British intercept was an advocate of Britain entering the Zimmerman Telegram in which • France - Germany declared war on the war and kept the country Germany tries to convince Mexico France on August 3, 1914. France together during the war. had been preparing for war after to join the war. This will result in the • Britain: King George V - King of Germany and Russia went to war. United States declaring war on Britain during the war, George V was The majority of the fighting along Germany. a figurehead with little power, but the Western Front took place inside often visited the front to inspire the • March 8 - The Russian Revolution of France. British troops. begins. Tsar Nicholas II is removed • Britain - Britain entered the war • Russia: Tsar Nicolas II - Tsar from power on March 15. when Germany invaded Belgium. Nicholas II was leader of Russia at • April 6 - The United States enters They declared war on Germany on the start of World War I. He entered the war, declaring war on Germany. August 4, 1914. British troops joined the war in defense of Serbia. • November 7 - The Bolsheviks, led by French troops on the Western Front However, the war effort was Vladimir Lenin, overthrow the to stop the advance of Germany across Western Europe. disastrous in the eyes of the Russian Russian government. people. The Russian Revolution • Russia - The Russian Empire was an • December 17 - The Russians agree occurred in 1917 and Nicolas II was early entry into the war. Germany to peace with the Central powers and removed from power. He was declared war on Russia on July 31, leave the war. executed in 1918. 1914. They expected that Russia 1918 would defend Serbia against the • United States: President Woodrow • January 8 - President Woodrow invasion of Serbia by Germany’s ally Wilson - President Woodrow Wilson issues his “Fourteen Points” Austria-Hungary. The Russian Wilson was re-elected on the for peace and an end to the war. Empire also included Poland and platform that he kept America out of the war. However, he was given little • March 21 - Germany launches the Finland. After the Russian choice and declared war on Germany Spring Offensive hoping to defeat Revolution, Russia left the Allied in 1917. After the war, Wilson the Allies before reinforcements from Powers and signed a peace treaty advocated less harsh terms on the United States can be deployed. with Germany on March 3, 1918. • United States - The United States Germany, knowing that a healthy • July 15 - The Second Battle of the German economy would be Marne begins. This battle will end tried to remain neutral during the war. However, it entered the war on the important for all of Europe. on August 6 as a decisive victory side of the Allied Powers on April 6, for the Allies. Central Powers 1917 when it declared war on • November 11 - Germany agrees to an Germany. Around 4,355,000 • World War I was fought between armistice and the fighting comes to American troops were mobilized two major alliances of countries: an end at 11am on the 11th day of during the war with around 116,000 the Allied Powers and the Central the 11th month. losing their lives. Powers. The Central Powers began www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 29 as an alliance between Germany • Austria-Hungary: Emperor Franz • 1940 May 10 to June 22 - Germany and Austria-Hungary. Later the Josef - Franz Joseph ruled the uses quick strikes called blitzkrieg, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria Austrian Empire for 68 years. When meaning lightning war, to take over became part of the Central Powers. the heir to his throne, Archduke much of western Europe including Countries Ferdinand, was assassinated by a the Netherlands, Belgium, and Serbian nationalist, he declared war • Germany - Germany had the largest northern France. on Serbia beginning World War I. army and was the primary leader of • 1940 May 30 - Winston Churchill Franz Joseph died during the war in the Central Powers. Germany’s becomes leader of the British 1916 and was succeeded by Charles I. military strategy at the start of the government. • Ottoman Empire: Mehmed V - war was called the Schlieffen Plan. • 1940 June 10 - Italy enters the war Mehmed V was Sultan of the This plan called for the quick Ottoman Empire during World War as a member of the Axis powers. takeover of France and Western I. He declared war on the Allies in • 1940 July 10 - Germany launches Europe. Then Germany could 1914. He died just before the end of an air attack on Great Britain. These concentrate its efforts on Eastern the war in 1918. attacks last until the end of October Europe and Russia. • Bulgaria: Ferdinand I - Ferdinand I and are known as the Battle of • Austria-Hungary - World War I was Tsar of Bulgaria during World Britain. essentially began when Archduke War I. He gave up his throne at the • 1940 September 22 - Germany, Italy, Ferdinand was assassinated. end of the war to his son Boris III. and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact Austria-Hungary blamed the creating the Axis Alliance. assassination on Serbia and World War II : Timeline • 1941 June 22 - Germany and the subsequently invaded Serbia setting • World War II lasted from 1939 to Axis Powers attack Russia with a off a chain of events that resulted in 1945. There were several major huge force of over four million the war. events leading up to the war and then troops. • Ottoman Empire - The Ottoman during the war. Here is a timeline • 1941 December 7 - The Japanese Empire had strong economic ties to listing some of the major events: attack the US Navy in Pearl Harbor. Germany and signed a military Leading up to the War The next day the US enters World alliance with Germany in 1914. The • 1933 January 30 - Adolf Hitler War II on the side of the Allies. entrance into the war led to the becomes Chancellor of Germany. His eventual downfall of the Ottoman Nazi Party, or the Third Reich, takes • 1942 June 4 - The US Navy defeats Empire and the formation of the power and Hitler is essentially the the Japanese navy at the Battle of country of Turkey in 1923. dictator of Germany. Midway. • Bulgaria - Bulgaria was the last • 1936 October 25 - Nazi Germany and • 1942 July 10 - The Allies invade and major country to join the war on the Fascist Italy form the Rome-Berlin take the island of Sicily. side of the Central Powers in 1915. Axis treaty. • 1943 September 3 - Italy surrenders Bulgaria claimed land held by Serbia • 1936 November 25 - Nazi Germany to the Allies, however Germany helps and was eager to invade Serbia as and Imperial Japan sign the Anti- Mussolini to escape and set up a part of the war. Comintern Pact. This was a pact government in Northern Italy. against communism and Russia. Leaders • 1944 June 6 - D-day and the • 1937 July 7 - Japan invades China. • Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm II - Normandy invasion. Allied forces Wilhelm II was the last Kaiser • 1938 March 12 - Hitler annexes the invade France and push back the (emperor) of the German Empire. He country of Austria into Germany. Germans. was related to both the King of This is also called the Anschluss. • 1944 August 25 - Paris is liberated England (George V was his first World War II from German control. cousin) and the Tsar of Russia • 1939 September 1 - Germany • 1944 December 16 - The Germans (Nicholas II was his second cousin). invades Poland. World War II launch a large attack in the Battle of His policies were largely the cause begins. the Bulge. They lose to the Allies of World War I. He eventually lost • 1939 September 3 - France and Great sealing the fate of the German army. the support of the army and held Britain declare war on Germany. • 1945 February 19 - US Marines little power by the end of the war. He • 1940 April 9 to June 9 - Germany invade the island of Iwo Jima. After abdicated the throne in 1918 and fled invades and takes control of a fierce battle they capture the the country. Denmark and Norway. island. 30 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • 1945 April 12 - US President country against the Axis Powers and which was a treaty against Franklin Roosevelt dies. He is turned the tide of World War II in communism. succeeded by President Harry the favor of the Allies. • An even stronger alliance was Truman. Leaders of the Allied Powers: signed between Germany and Italy • 1945 March 22 - The US Third Army • Great Britain: Winston Churchill - on May 22, 1939 called the Pact of under General Patton crosses the Prime Minister of Great Britain during Steel. This treaty would later be Rhine River. most of World War II, Winston called the Tripartite Pact when Japan • 1945 April 30 - Adolf Hitler commits Churchill was a great leader. His signed it on September 27, 1940. suicide as he knows Germany has country was the last country fighting Now the three main Axis Powers lost the war. against the Germans in Europe. He were allies in the war. • 1945 May 7 - Germany surrenders is known for his famous speeches Leaders of the Axis Powers to the Allies. to his people when the Germans were • The three main member countries of • 1945 August 6 - The United States bombing them during the Battle of the Axis Powers were ruled by drops the Atomic Bomb on Britain. dictators. They were: Hiroshima, Japan. The city is • United States: Franklin D. • Germany: Adolf Hitler - Hitler devastated. Roosevelt - One of the greatest became Chancellor of Germany in • 1945 August 9 - Another atomic presidents in the history of the 1933 and Fuhrer in 1934. He was a bomb is dropped on Nagasaki, United States, President Roosevelt ruthless dictator who hated Jewish Japan. led the country out of the Great people. He wanted to purge Germany Depression and through World War • 1945 September 2 - Japan of all weak people. He also wanted II. surrenders to US General Douglass to take control of all of Europe. MacArthur and the Allies. • Russia: Joseph Stalin - Stalin’s title • Italy: Benito Mussolini - Mussolini was General Secretary of the was supreme dictator of Italy. He The Allied Powers Communist Party. He led Russia founded the concept of a fascist through terrible and devastating • World War II was fought between government where there is one battles with Germany. Millions and two major groups of nations. They leader and one party that has total millions of people died. After winning became known as the Axis and Allied power. He was an inspiration to the war, he set up the Eastern Bloc Powers. The major Allied Powers Adolf Hitler. of Soviet led communist states. were Britain, France, Russia, and the • Japan: Emperor Hirohito - Hirohito United States. • France: Charles de Gaulle - Leader reigned as Emperor of Japan from of the Free French, de Gaulle led the • The Allies formed mostly as a 1926 until 1989. He remained Emperor French resistance movement against defense against the attacks of the after the war. The first time his Germany. Axis Powers. The original members subjects heard his voice was when he announced Japan’s surrender on of the Allies included Great Britain, The Axis Powers France and Poland. When Germany the radio. • World War II was fought between invaded Poland, Great Britain and Most Important Facts France declared war on Germany. two major groups of nations. They became known as the Axis Powers Russia becomes and Ally Evolution of Man and the Allied Powers. The major • First Fossile : Male -Ramapithecus • At the start of World War II, Russia Axis Powers were Germany, Italy, Female : Shivapithecus and Germany were friends. However, and Japan. on 22 June 1941 Hitler, the leader of (10-14 million years ago) The Forming of the Axis Powers Germany, ordered a surprise attack • These fossils were found in Shivalik • The alliance began to form in 1936. on Russia. Russia then became an and Salt range. First, on October 15, 1936 Germany enemy of the Axis Powers and joined • Homoerectus : Found in Hathnora the Allies. and Italy signed a friendship treaty that formed the Rome-German Axis. (Lower Palaeolithic) 10 lakh B.C. The US Joins the Allied Powers It was after this treaty that Italian • Homo sapiens : Found in Upper • The United States had hoped to dictator Benito Mussolini used the Palaeolithic Regions remain neutral during World War II. term Axis to refer to their alliance. • First broken skull specimen of Homo However, the US was attacked by Shortly after this, on November 25, Erectus is discovered from surprise at Pearl Harbor by the 1936, Japan and Germany both Hathnaura (Narmada basin) (Lower Japanese. This attack united the signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, Palaeolithic age) www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 31 • Bhimbetaka caves:200 rock shelters situated in Haryana Rakhigarhi, second largest is Dholavira in Gujarat. and caves are located on Bhimbetka • Major Harappan cities that acted as ports : Lothal, Balakot, Suktagendor and hills having thousands of paintings. Allahdin (Pakistan) (Middle Palaeolithic & Upper • The Harappan city with most impressive drainage system : Mohenjo-daro Palaeolithic Age) • Harappan script is regarded as pictographic since its signs represent birds, fish • Mehargah : Earlies Farming and a variety of human forms. The script was boustrophedon. written from right community in india(Neolithic age). to left in one line and then from left to .right in the next line. The number of signs • Neolithic age : Invention of wheel, of the Harappan script is known to be between 400 and 600. The language of the Invention of Fire, Boat making, Harappans is still unknown and must remain so until the Harappan script is spinning cotton and wool. deciphered. • Chirand : Evidence of first pottery • Seals,Most commonly made of steatite (soft stone). The technique of cutting in india. and polishing these seals with white luster was a unique invention of the • Koldihwa (near allahbad):First Harappans. Unicorn is the animal most frequently represented on the seals. evidence of rice cultivation. • Harappa-Great granary, 40 % of total seals found here; Seals usually made of Indus Valley Civilization: steatite depicting elephant, bull, unicorn, rhinoceros; figurines - torso A Kushana period Stupa has been • Mohenjodaro - “Mound of the dead”; largest of all cities; Great Bath; granary; found from Mohenjo-daro. city was flooded occasionally, figurines of yogi, bronze dancing girl, seal bearing • Largest Harappan site in India is Pashupati.

Name of Year of Excavators Region/River Features Sites Excavation Harappa 1921 Daya Ram Sahni Montgomery district of 1. City followed grid planning Punjab (Now in Pakistan) 2. Row of six granaries on the left bank of Ravi 3. Only place having evidences of coffin burial 4. Evidence of fractional burial and coffin burial 5. Cemetery-H of allien people. Mohenjodaro 1922 R.D. Banarjee Larkana district in Sind 1. City followed grid planning on the right bank of indus 2. A large granary and Great bath (Now in Pakistan) a college 3. A piece of woven cotton alongwith spindle whoris and needles 4. Town was flooded more then seven times. Chanhudaro 1931 N. Gopal Situtated in Sind on the 1. The city has no citadal Majumdar, bank of Indus 2. Famous for bead makers shop Mackey 3. A small pot, possibly an inkpot 4. Foot prints of a dog chasing a cat Kalibangan 1953 A. Ghosh Situated in Rajasthan on 1. Show both Pre Harappan and the Bank of Ghaggar Harappan phase 2. Evidence of furrowed land 3. Evidence of seven fire altars and camel bones 4. many houses had their own well

32 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 5. kalibangan stand for black bangles Lothal 1953 S.R. Rao Situated in Gujarat on 1. A titled floor which bears Bhogava river near Gulf intersecting design of circles of Cambay 2. Remains of rice husk 3. A ship designed on a seal 4. Beads & trade ports 5. An instrument for measuring angles, pointing to modern day compass Banwali 1974 R.S. Bist Situated in Hissar district 1. Mother Godess Terracotta of Haryana Figurine 2. Good quantity of barley found here Surkotada 1964 J.P. Joshi Situated in Kutch (Bhuj) 1. Bones of horses district of Gujarat Sutkagendor 1927 Stein, R.L. Situated in Baluchistan 1. Trade point between Harappa on Dast River and babylon, belong to mature phase Amri 1935 N.G. Majumdar Situated in Sind on the 1. Evidence of antelope Bank of Indus Dholavira 1985-90 R.S. Bisht Situated in Gujarat in 1. Seven cultural stages Rann of Kutch 2. Three parts of city 3. Unique water management Rangpur 1953 M.S. Vats, B.B. Lal Situated on the bank of 1. Rice was cultivated & S.R. Rao Mahar in Gujarat Kot Diji 1953 Fazal Ahmed Situated on the bank of 1. Stone Indus 2. house, knowledge of metallurgy, artistic toysetc. Ropar 1953 Y.D. Sharma Situated in Punjab of 1. Evidence of burying a dog the banks of Sutlej below the human bural Balakot 1963-76 George F Dales Situated on the Arabian 1. The mounds rise to the height Sea of about 9.7 mts and are spread 2.8 sq. hectare of area Alamgirpur 1958 Y.D. Sharma Situated on Hindon in 1. Usually considered to be the Meerut eastern boundary of the Indus culture Vedic age: • Marut as Agriculturist - Satpatha Brahmana • Transmigration of Soul (punrjanm)- Brahadaranyka Upanishada • Conversion between Yam & Nachiketa - Katha Upanishada • Origin of Indian Music - Samveda • Mention of Word ‘Shudra’ - Rigveda 10th Mandala • Gayatri Mantra (For Savit)- Rigveda • Battle of Ten kings (Parushani River)- Rigveda (10th Mandala) • Mention of four Ashrams - Jabala Upanishada www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 33 • Four fold division of Society - all: Siksha (phonetics), Kalpa century A.D. was a great Pali scholar. Rigveda 10th Mandala (rituals), Vyakarna, Nirukta • Dinnaga : The last mighty • Satyameva Jayate - Mundaka (Etymology) Chhanda (metrics) & intellectual of the fifth century, also upanishada Jyotisha. well known as the founder of the • We notice the practice of Regions and Kings Buddhist logic. levirate(niyog partha ) and widow Eastern King Samrat • Dharmakirti : Lived in the seventh remarriage in the Rig Veda. Western King Suvrat century A.D.; was another great Buddhist logician, a subtle • The institution of gotra appeared in Northern King Virat later Vedic times(Atharvaveda). philosophical thinker and Southern King Bhoja • II, III, IV, V, VI & VII are oldest dialectician. King of middle country Raja mandalas of Rigveda. Arthashastra • Puranas - Divided into sarga, Some Jaina Sects pratisarga, manvantantar, vamsa • Written by Chankaya/Vishnugupta/ (genealogical list of kings) & • Yapaniyan - Karnataka, impact of Kautilya Tantricism Came out of Swetambara. • vamsanucharita. 18 main puranas • Divided in 15 Adhikarnas and 180 & 18 subsidiary puranas. • Finds mention in inscription of Prakarnas Vikramaditya VI· • Vedas - Meaning “knowledge”. • Is related to money and politics Rigveda (hymns), Yajurveda • Pujiramat - came out of • Is divided into 15 parts (sacrificial formulae), Atharvaveda Swetambara· • 6000 sholakas (magical charms & spell), Samveda. • Terapainthi - Came out of • Comment-Pratipada Panchika Vedas are called aparusheya (not Swetambara commented by-Bhataswamy created by man) & nity. • Sammiya - Came out of Digambara. • Manuscript discovered by Arya • Upanishads-About 200 in number. • Bispanthi - Came out of Digambara. Sharma Shastri in 1904. Deal with philosophy. Oldest & most Supported idol worship Asoka’s Hellenistic Contemporaries important are Chhandogya & The Important Buddhist Writers Brihadranyaka. Other important are • Asvaghosha : Contemporary of Antiochus II Theos Syria Kathak, Isa, Mundaka, Prasna etc. Kanishka. He was poet, dramatist, Ptolemy II Philadelpus Egypt Do not believe in sacrificial musician, scholar and debator. Magas Cyrne ceremonies. • Nagarjuna : He was a friend of Antigonus Gonatas Macedonia • Brahmanas-Talks about vedic contemporary of Satvahana king Alexander Epirus hymns, their application, stories of Yajnasri Gautamiputra of Andhra. their origin. Each Brahmana is • Asanga and Vasubandhu : Two Various Names Epithets Of Asoka associated with one of the four brothers who flourished in the Devanamkpriya Monarchial VedasAitareya brahmana is Punjab region in the fourth century Epithet associated with Rig Veda & A.D. Asanga was the most important Satapatha Brahmana with Yajur teacher of Yogachara or Vijnanavada Ashokavardnan Purana veda. school founded by his guru Piyadassiraja Barabar cave • Aranyakas-Meaning ‘the forest Maitreyanatha. Vasubandhu’s inscription books’. They discuss philosophical greatest work, Abhidharmakosa is Ashoka Maurya Junagarh meditation & sacrifice. still considered an important Inscription • Vedangas-Evolved for proper encyclopaedia of Buddhism. Piyadasi Kandhar understanding of the Vedas. Six in • Buddhaghosa : Who lived in the fifth inscription

34 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 Asoka’s Epic and Inscriptions and they are subject First First major rock edict Prohibition on animal slaughter Second Second major rock edit Mention of places of Cholas, Pardayans. Satayaputras and Keralputras Third Third major rock edit Directions to Predeshikas. Yuktas and Rajukas for propagation of .Dhamma Forth Forth major rock edit Impact of Dhamma on society. Fifth Fifth major rock edit Appointments of Dhammamahamatras. Sixth Sixth major rock edit Welfare majors. Seventh Seventh major rock edit Propagation of peace, balance of mind and faith Eighth Eighth major rock edit Details of visit to Bodhi tree. Ninth Ninth major rock edit Stress on ceremony of Dhamma Tenth Tenth major rock edit Asoka’s desire to gain popularity for Dhamma Eleventh Eleventh major rock edit Appraisal of Dhamma Twlevth Twlevth major rock edit Promotion to religion of different faiths Thirteenth Thirteenth major rock edit Largest of all, victory over Kalinga’s destruction of war, mention of Greek rulers Fourteenth Fourteenth major rock edit Nature of all other rock edictsInclusion of Asoka into Sangha It is bilingual. It tells that fishermen and hunters gave up hunting Faith of ruler and kingdom in Dhamma. The Three Sangam Kingdoms Kingdoms Capital Emblems Famous sport Cholas Uraiyur, later Puhar Tiger Puhar(Kaveripattam) Cheras Vanji or Karur Bow Muzris, Tondi, Bandar Pandyas Madurai Carp (Fish) Korkai, Saliyur Famous Temples of The Got the Age Vishnu Temple Tigawa(Jabalpur) Shiva Temple Bhumara(Nagaud) Parvati Temple Nachria Kuthara Dasavtar Temple Deogarh(Jhansi) Shiva Temple Koh(Nagaland) Bhitragaon Temple Bhitragaon Lakshman Temple Kanpur(Brick made) Lakshman Temple Sirpur (Raipur) Mukund Darra Temple Kota Dhammekh Temple Sarnath Jarasangh’s Sitting Rajgrih (Bihar) Chandragupta II’s Nine Gems Person (Field) Famous works Amarsimha Lexicography Amarkosha Dhanvantri Medicine Ayurveda Harisena Poetry Allahabad Inscription Kalidesa Abhijananashakuntalam Kahapanaka Drama and Poetry Jyothisyashastra Sanku Astrology Shilpashastra Varahamihira Architecture Brihadsamhita Vararuchi Grammer Vyakarana Vetalabhatta Magic Mantrashastra www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 35 Ancient Books & Authors: • Si-yu-Ki : Hiuen Tsang • Prasannaraghava : Jayadeva • Mudrakshasha, Devichandra- • Dasakumaracharita : Dandin • Siddhanta Shiromani [4 parts – guptam- Vishakhadatta • Astanga-Sangraha, Astanga- Lilavati, Bijaganita, Grahaganita & • Malavikagnimitram (Pushyamitra Hirdaya - Samhita : Vagabhatta Gola (on Astronomy)] Bhaskaracharya Sunga): Kalidas • Panchsiddhantika, Suryasiddhanta, • Rajmariganka (On Astronomy) : • Gudavaho (Yasovarman of Kannauj): Brihatsamhita Varahamihira King Bhoja Vakpati • Karpuramanjari, Bala Ramayana, • Mitakasara : Vijnanaeshvara • Vikramanakadevacharita (Chalukya Bala Bharata, Kavyamimamsa, • Sushruta Samhita (encyclopedia on king Vikramaditya) Bilhana Bhuvana Kosha; Haravilasa : surgery) : Sushruta • Kumarapalacharita : Jayasimha Rajshekhara • Charaka Samhita (Teachings of • Navashasankacharita:Padmagupta • Adinathacharita (Jaina Narrative): Atreya) : Charaka • Prithvirajcharita : Chandrabardai Vardhamana • Buddhacharita, Suandarananda : Asvaghosha • Meghaduta, Raghuvamsa, Kumara- • Shantinathacharita (Jaina Narrative): sambhava, Vikramorvasiyam, Devachandra • Mahabhasya : Patanjali Abhijnanashakuntalam (Drama) : • Parsvanathacharita (Jaina Narrative): • Harshacharita, Kadambari: Kalidas Devabhadra Banabhatta • Mrichakatika : Sudraka • Prithviraja Vijay : Jayanka • Ravan Vadha : Bhattin • Uttarama- Charita, Malati Madhava: • Harikeli Nataka : Visaladeva Bhavbhuti Famous Inscriptions Inscription King Aspect Junagarh Rock Rudradaman (Saka) Sanskrit. Says that a dam on the sudarshana lake was constructed by Pushyagupta a governor of Chandragupta Maurya Allahabad Pillar Samudragupta Sanskrit. Composed by Harisena Aihole Inscription Pulakeshin II Mentions Harsha defeat by Pulakeshin II. Composed by Ravikriti Vishnuvardan son of King. Gwalior Inscription Bhoja Most famous Pratihara king. Hathigumpha Kharvela – – – Uttaramerur Chola Period Chola village assemblies Besnagar Inscription Near Vidisa (MP) Mentions Heliodorus the ambassador of king Antialcidas called himself Bhagvata & erected garudadhvaja in his honour of Vasudev.

• Charvaka-Believes only in Bimbisara the king of Magadha. known as ‘Set in motion the wheel of materialism. No life beyond death, Mahavira was married to Yasoda. Left law’. Eight fold paths. Buddhism denies no soul no god. home at 30 & attained Kaivalya at 42. He efficacy of vedic rituals & superiority of Jaina accepted4 doctrines of Parsava & added brahmanas. Followers were upasakas & The names of two tirthankaras, celibacy to it. Chandragupta Maurya bhikshus. Died at the age of 80 in Rishabhanath & Aristhanemia finds patronized it. Passed away at Pawapuri. Kushinagar. mention in Rig Veda. Twenty third was Buddha Forms of marriage Parsva, son of Ishvaku king Asvasena. Gautama (known as Siddhartha as • Brahma - Duly dowered girl to a man Said to have flourished 300 yrs before prince) was born in Lumbini near of the same class Mahavira. Mahavira, the last Tirthankara Kapilvastu to Suddhodhana, the king of • Daiva - Father gives daughter to a born in Kundagrama near Vaisali. His Sakya republic & Mayadevi who died sacrificial priest as a part of his fee father Siddhartha was the head of seven days after his birth. Gautama was • Arsa - A token bride price of a cow gyatrika clan & mother Trisala was the married to Yasodhara from whom he had & a bull is given in place of the sister of Chetaka, a Lichchhavi noble. a son Rahul. 6 years of meditation led to dowry Chetaka’s dauthter was married to enlightenment. First sermon in Sarnath

36 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • Prajapatya - Father gives girl without • The Chauhans : Helped Pratihara paintings are divided into the Rajput dowry & without demanding the against Arabs, based in eastern School of Art and the Pahari School of bride price Rajasthan. Art. The Rajasthani School flourished in • Gandharva - Love Marriage • The Solankis : Also called Mewar, Bikanar, Jaipur, Jodhpur adn • Asura - In which bride was bought Chalukayas of Gujarat, based in Jaisalmer and specialized in depicting from her father Kathiwara. scenes fromKrishna Lila, Nayika Veda • Rakshasa - Marriage by capture, • The Pawars of Parmars : and Ritu Charita. The Pahari School was practiced especially by warriors. Established their control in Malwa patronized by the rulers of Himalayan states especially in the regions of Basoli, • Paishacha - Marriage by seduction with their capital at Dhar near Indore. Mandi, Jammu, Kangra and Garhwal. Buddhist Councils Rajputs Paintings : The Rajputs • I Buddhist Council atRajgaha- Dynasties and their Capitals Ajatsataru. Presided by Mahakasyapa Name of State Location Capital • II Buddhist Council at Vaishali - Maithrakas Gujarat Vallabhi Kalasoka Yashodhrama Malwa Mondasar • III Buddhist Council at Pataliputra Mukharis Kanauj Kanauj Ashoka-Presided by Moggaliputta Gurjaras Jodhpur Jodhpur Tissa Gurajaras Nandipur Naandoda • IV Buddhist Council-Kashmir- Samantha guptas Magadha Patalipura Kanishka-Presided by Vasumitra & Gowdas Bengal Rangmati Asvaghosha.Division into Hinayana & Mahayana. Lichavis Nepal Kathmandu Varmas Kamarupa Pragjothishyapura Mahajanapadas: Manas Orrisa Padmakoti Kasi Varanasi Huns Punjab Sialkot Kosala Sravasti Vakatakas Vidharba Parverapura Kuru Indraprashta Kadambas Goa Panaji Kamboja Rajput Kadambas Hanagal Hanagal Anga Champa Nolambas Hemavati Hemavati Avanti Ujjayini & Gangas Kalinga Kalinga City Mahishmati Trikutas Aparantha Anirudapura Ashmaka Potana Shilaharas Konkan Balipattana Malla Kusinagar & Kalabras Kodumbalur Kodambalur Pawa Satyaputras Konganadu Kongunadu Magadha Rajgriha or Vishnu Kundis Vinukonda Vinukonda Giriraj Solankis Vengi Venipura Matsya Virat Nagari Anands Guntur Kundapur Vajji Vaisali Brihadphalyanas Mashipotam Mashipotam Vatsa Kausambhi Ikshwakus Nagarjunakonda Nagarjunakonda Surasena Mathura Cholas Uraiyur Uraiyur Panchala Aichhatra Pallavas Kanchi Kanchi Chhedi Shuktimati Pandyas Madurai Madurai Gandhara Taxila & Ganges Talkad Kuvalala Pushkalavati Alupas Udyavara Udyavara The four Agnikula Rajputs Clans Alupas Barakur Barakur • The Parihara : Also known as Cheras Kondangallur Kondangallur Pratihara, based themselves in southern Rajasthan. www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 37 Attacks of Muhmud of Ghazni: Dynasties (Regions) King/Kings Hindu Shahi (Kabul and Punjab) Jayapala, Anandapal Lohar (Kashmir) Rani Didda, Sangam Raj Tomar (Delhi) Angapal Pratihara (Kannauj) Rajyapala Paramara (Malwa) Sindhuraj Chaulkya (Gujarat) Chamundaran, Durlabharaj Chandellas (Bundelkhand) Vidyadhara Kalachuri (Tripuri) Kokkal II, Gangeyadeva Pala (Bengal) Mahipala Chalukyas of Kalyani (Maharashtra) Jaisimha II Raids of Muhmammad Ghori

Ist Raid 1175 AD Over Multan and Uchha IInd Raid 1178 AD Over Abu and Anilwar IIIrd Raid 1179 AD Over Punjab (Peshawar) IVth Raid 1185 AD Over Sialkot Vth Raid 1186 AD Defeated Malik Khusoro of Lahore and captured Punjab VIth Raid 1191 AD Ist Battle of Tarain VIIth Raid 1192 AD IInd Battle of Tarain VIIIth Raid 1194 AD Against Kannauj, defeated Jaichand IXth Raid 1205,1206 AD Against Khokkar (A tribe of Punjab)

Important Battles Fought By Babur Central Asia and various Indian defeated Dara (1659). • Battle Of Panipat (1526) : He (Bengal and Gujarat) styles. It is also • He took the title of Alamgar in 1659.· defeated Ibrahim Lodhi. This was known as Epic Poem in Red He was also called as Zinda Pir the his fifth expedition in India in which Sandstone. living saint. he was successful. • Two unusual building at Fatehpur • In 1662, Mir Jumta, Aurangzeb’s • Battle of Khanwa (1527) : He Sikri are Panch Mahal and Diwan-i- ablest general, led the expedition defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar. Khas. against Ahoms. • Battle of Chanderi (1528) : Barbur • Panch Mahal has the plan • He forbade inscription of Kalma on defeated Medini Rai. He was the first of Buddhist Vihara. the coins. to entitle himself as the ‘Padshah’. • The Jodhabai’s Palace, Diwan-i-Aam • He ended the celebration of Navroz After the Kushanas, he was the first and Diwan-i-Khas are Indian in theri Festival. to bring Kabul and Kandahar into plan. • He forbade music in the court. the Indian Empire. • Buland Darwaja (built after Gujarat • He ended Jarokha Darsha , use of • Battle of Ghaghra (1529) : He fought victory) formed the main entrance to almanacs and weighing of the against the Allied forces of Afghans Fatehpur Sikri. It is built in the Iranian emperor. in Bihar and Bengal. Sultan Nusrat Style of half dome portal. • Aurangzeb compiled Fatwa-i- Shah of Bengal faced crushing • He built the Jahangiri Mahal in Agra Alamgir. defeat. fort according to Hindu design based • Jaziya was reintroduced. However Architectural development by Akbar on Man Mandir the Hindu mansabdars maintained • Building built by Akbar are : Agra • He also began to build his own tomb their high proportion during his rule. Fort (1565), Lahore Palace(1572), at Sikandara which was later • The Mughul conquest reached a Fatehpur Sikri, Bulan Darwaza and completed by Jahangir climax during his reign, as Bijapur Allahabad fort (1583) Highlights of Aurangzeb’s reign and Golconda were annexed in 1686 • The architecture at Fatehpur Sikri is • The second coronation of and 1687 respectively. an excellent blending of Persian, Aurangzeb took place when he

38 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 The story Of Kohinoor Diamond • Battle of Plassey was fought on 23 • Mir Jafar (1763) was again placed on After the battle of Panipat, Babur ordered June 1757, Owing to the conspiracy, the throne. his son Humayun to secure the treasures the Nawab was defeated. Nizam-ud-Daulah (1765-72) at Agra, which had been the capital of The following betrayed the Nawab : • On Mir Jafar’s death, his son Nizam- the Lodhi dynasty since 1502. Mir Jafar – Mir Bakshi ud-daulah was placed on the throne When Babur joined Humayun at Agra, Manikchand – Officer in charge of and signed a treaty on 20th Feburary, Humayun presented him a magnificent Calcutta 1765 by which the Nawab was to diamond. It has always been a matter of Aminchand – Rich Sikh merchant disband most of his army and to some disputs, but it seems almost certain Jagat Seth – Biggest banker of Bengal administer Bengal through a Deputy that his splendid gem was Kohinoor Khandim Khan – Commanded a large Subahdar nominated by the (mountain of light), making its first number of Nawab’s Troops Company. appearance in history. The Kohinoor was • “Black hole Tragedy” is associated • Clive concluded two seperate given to Humayun by the family of in the Sirajudaulah. treaties of Allahabad with Shuja-ud- the Raja of Gwalior, whom he had given Mir Jafar (1757-60) daula and Shah Alam II protection. Humayun later gave the • The Company was granted • Dual system of government started diamond to Shah Tahmasp of Persia. The undisputed right to free trade in in Bengal. The Company acquired Shah sent it as a present to Nizam Shah in Bengal, Bihar and Orrisa. It received both Diwani and Nizamat rights from the Deccan. Somehow, the gem returned the Zamindari of 24 Parganas. Mir Najam-ud-Daula (1765-66), the new during the 17th century into the treasury Jafar, however, fell into arrears and nawab of Bengal. But the Company of the Mughal emperor,Shah Jehan. was forced to abdicate in favour of did not take over direct adminis- When Nadir Shah plundered Delhi in his son-in-law Mir Qasim tration and revenue collection. 1739, he seized the diamond along with Mir Qasim (1760-64) Warren Hastings ended the Dual the other Moghul jewels and named • Mir Qasim ceded Burdwan, system of Government in 1772. it Koh-i-noor. The Kohinoor passed Midnapore and Chittagong. He Acquisitions of Indian States in through several hands before finally shifted his capital from Murshidabad British Empire resting in the Tower of London, where it to Monghyr. • Under Subsidiary Alliance: remains on display. • Mir Qasim soon revolted as he was Hyderabad (1798), Mysore (1799), Siraj-ud-Daula (1756-57) angry with the British for misusing Awadh (1801m), Peshwa (1802), • He seiged the English factory at the dastaks (free duty passes.) Bhonsle and Scindia (1803), Udaipur, Kasim bazar on 20th June 1756. Fort However, having been defeated by Jodhpur and Jaipur (1818). William surrendered but Robert Clive the British, he fled to Awadh, where • Under Doctrine of Lapse: Satara recovered Calcutta he formed a confederacy with Shuja- (1848), Jhansi, Sambhalpur of • On 2nd January 1757, Treaty of ud-daulah and Shah Alam. Orrisa (1849), Baghat (1850), Alinagar was signed, whereby Siraj • Battle of Bauxer (1764) Shauja-u- Jaipur of Bundelkhand (1849), conceded practically all the demands. Daulah, Shah Alam and Mir Qasim Udaipur in Rajputana (1852), British then captured Chandernagore, were defeated by Munro. Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854). the French settlement, on March 1757.

Anglo Maratha Treaties At a Glance Treaty of Surat,1775 was signed by Raghunath Rao wherein he promised to hand over Bassein and Salsette and a few islands near Bombay to the British. Treaty of Purandhar,1776 was signed by Madhav Rao II. The company got a huge was indemnity and retained Salsette. Treaty of Wadgoan,1779 was signed by British and Bombay government to relinquish all territories acquired by the Bombay office of the East India Company since 1773. Treaty of Salbai,1782 was signed by Mahadji Scindia whereby the British influence in Indian politics and mutual conflicts increased amongst the Marathas. Treaty of Bassein,1802 was signed between Baji Rao II. This treaty gave effective control of not only Maratha but also Deccan regions to the Company. Treaty of Deogaon,1803 by Bhonsle assured British supremacy over the Maratha Kingdom. Treaty of Surji-Arjangaon,1803 by Daulat Rao Scindia assured the same. www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 39 A Brief Survey of the Major Centres of the Revolt of 1857 Centre Leaders British Officials who Fate of the Leader suppressed the Revolt Delhi Bahadur Shah, General Nicholson, Lt Wiloughby, Bahadur Shah deported to Rangoon, Bakht Khan of Bareilly regiment Lt Hudson Bakhst Khan died in battlefied. Lucknow Befum Hazrat Mahal of Avadh Colin Campbell Escaped to Nepal Kanput Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, Colin Campbell, Henry Havelock, Nana Saheb escapted to Nepal, Azimullah Henry Lawrence Tantia tope was hanged, Azimullah died of illness. Jhansi Lakshmibai Hugh Rose Died in battlefield. Arrah Kunwar Singh William Tyler and Eyre died of wound sustained in the fight

Pre-Congress Nationalist Organisations

Organisation Founder (S) Year Place Landholder’s Society Dwarakanth Tagore 1830 Calcutta Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha — 1836 Calcutta Zamindari Association Landholder’s Society 1837 Calcutta Poona Sarvajani Sabha Justice Ranade and others 1870s Poona British India Society William Adam 1839 London Bengal British India Society — 1843 Calcutta British India Association (Result of Devendranath Tagore 1851 Calcutta the merger of first two organisations) Madras Native Association — 1852 Madras Bombay Association Jagannath Shankeshet 1852 Bombay East India Association Dadabhai Naroji 1866 London National Indian Association Mary Carpenter 1867 London Poona Sarvajanik Sabha Justice Ranade and others 1870 Poona Indian society Ananda mohan Bose 1872 London India League Babu Sisir Kumar Ghosh 1875 Calcutta Indian Association Anandamohan Bose and S.N. Banerji 1876 Calcutta Madras Mahajan Sabha G.S Aiyer, M Viraraghavachari, 1884 Madras Anandacharlu, P Rangayya Naidu Bombay Presidency Association Pherozeshah Mehta K T Telang , 1885 Bombay Braduddin Tyabji etc

Leaders of the Swadeshi movement beyond Bengal

Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh Delhi Syed Haider Raza Madras Chidambaram Pillai Maharastra Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak Andhra Harisarvottam Rao

40 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 Year Residents Venue 1885 W.C. Bannerjee Bombay 1886 Dadabhai Naoroji Calcutta 1887 Badruddin Tyabji Madras 1888 George Yule Allahabad 1889 Sir William Wedderburn Bombay 1890 Pherozshah Mehta Calcutta 1891 P. Ananda Charlu Nagpur 1892 W.C. Bannerjee Allahabad 1893 Dadabhai Naoroji Lahore 1894 Alfred Webb Madras 1895 S.N. Banerjea Poona 1896 Rahimtulla M Sayani Calcutta 1897 C. Sankaran nair Amravati 1898 Ananda Mohan Bose Madras 1899 R.C Dutt Lucknow 1900 N.G. Chandavarkar Lahore 1901 D.E. Wacha Calcutta 1902 Hasan Imam, S.N Bonerjea Bombay, Ahmedabad 1903 Lal Mohan Ghose Madras 1904 Sir Henry Cotton Bombay 1905 G.K Gokhale Benaras 1906 Dadabhai Naoroji Calcutta 1907 Dr Rash Behari Ghosh(suspended) Surat 1908 Dr Rash Behari Ghost Madras 1909 Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Lahore 1910 Sir William Wedderburn Allahabad 1911 Pandit B.N Dar Calcutta 1912 R.N. Mudholkar Bankipore 1913 Nawab Syed Mohammed Bahadur Karachi 1914 Bhupendra Nath Basu Madras 1915 Lord Satyendra Prasad Singha Bombay 1916 Ambica Charan Majumdar Lucknow 1917 Dr. Annie Besant Calcutta 1918 Hassan Imam (special session) – 1918 Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Delhi 1919 Motilal Nehru Amritsar 1920 Lala Lajpat Rai (suspended) Calcutta Nagpur C.Vijayraghavachariar (annual) 1921 C.R Das (in prison)Hakim Ajmal Khan(acting) Ahmedabad 1922 Desbhandu Chittaranjan Das Gaya 1923 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (suspended) Kakinada Muaulana Mohammad Ali(annual) 1924 Mahatma Ghandi Belgaum 1925 Mrs Sarojini naida Cawnpore www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 41 1926 S. Srinivasa lyengar Guwahati 1927 Dr. M A Ansari Madras 1928 Pandit Motilal Nehur Calcutta 1929 Jawaharlal Nehru Lahore 1930 (no session) but Independece Day – Pledge was adopted on 26th January 1930. 1931 Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel Karachi 1932 R. Amritlal (session was banned) – 1933 Mrs. J. M Sen Gupta(session was banned) Calcutta 1934 Dr Rajendra Prasad(continued again for 1935) Bombay 1936 Jawaharlal Nehru Lucknow 1937 Jawaharlal Nehru Faizpur 1938 S.C Bose Haripur 1939 S.C Bose(re-elected for 1939) Tripuri 1940 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Ramgarh 1941-45 (No session caused by arrest and Jailing) – 1946 Acharya J. B kripalani Merrut 1948 B. Pattabhi Sitamayya Jaipur

• The Ghadar Movement : It was in passengers to be carried directly by led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Tilak America that the Ghadar Movement train to Punjab. The inmates won the case. have taken its birth on November 1, however refused to board the Punjab • In September 1916, Besant 1913 when Lala Hardayal had set up bound crime. In this battle 22 persons announced the formation of Home the Ghadar Party at San Francisco. died. Role League, with George Arundale, Sohan Bhakhna was the first • Home Rule Movement: In 1916, two her Theosophical follower, as the President of this party. Lala Hardayal Home Rule Movements were organising secretary. Jamnadas himself was elected as its General launched in the country: one under Dwarkadas, Shankarlal Banker, Secretary and Kashiram as its the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Indulal Yagnik, George Arundale, L.P. treasurer. A paper by the name of Tilak and the other under Annie Ramaswamy Lyer were among the Ghadar was also brought out. Besant. prominent members of Besant’s Ghadar used to be sent to many • Tilak’s Rule League : Tilak setup League. countries to spread the muscles of a the Home Rule League at the Importance Of The Year 1919 revolution. Bombay Provincial conference held • The year 1919 constitutes an • Komagatu Maru Incident : One Baba at Belgaum in April 1916. The Tilak’s important landmark in the history Gurdit Singh, a public-spirited Sikh, League who was to work in of British India. who had settled in Singapore Maharashtra (including Bombay • The Rowlatt Bills and the reign of chartered a Japanese ship Komagata city), Karnataka, the central terror in Punjab culminated in Maru for Vancouver along with some Provinces and Berar. Tilak’s League Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. Siksh. It sailed from Hong Kong on was organised into six branches. • The emergence of M. K. Gandhi· Travel four, 1914. After it reached • As soon as the Tilak’s movement for Development Pan-Islamism as a Vancouver, the Canadian authorities Home Role began to gather force of Indian politics. refused permission to the ship to momentum, the government hit back. • The passing of Government of land and the ship returned to Budge, On July 8 23, 1916, Tilak’s 60th India Act, 1919 on the basis of Calcutta on 27 September, 1914. The birthday, government sent a notice Montagu-Chelmsford Report. inmates of the ship and many to Tilak asking him to show cause • Gandhiji experimented the weapon Indians believed that the British why he should not be bonded over government has inspired the Satyagraha for the first time in South for good behaviour. Tilak moved the Africa in September 1906 to protest Canadian authorities. The High Court against the notice and Government of India ordered all the against the Asiatic Ordinance issued was defended by a team of lawyers against the Indians in Transval.

42 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • Gandhiji’s first imprisonment was in disperse, Gen Dyer ordered the To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat 1908 at Johannesberg in South troops to fire. Officially 379 people Rai, Bhagat Singh shot dead General Africa. were killed. The Government pointed Saunders. • Champaran Satyagraha: Gandhiji’s a Committee of Enquiry (consisting • On Feb. 12, 1928 Gandhiji had first great experiment in Satyagraha of four British entry Indian members) decided to resume. Satyagraha’ in came in 1917, in Champaran, in under the chairmanship of Lord Bardoli which was abandoned after Bihar. Accompanied by Babu Hunter to enquire into the Chauri - Chaura Massacre, this Rajendra Prasad, Mazharul-Huq, J.B. Jaliahwalabagh. Satyagraha was led by Vallabai Patel Kripalani, and Mahadev Desai • Khilaft Movement: The Muslims like and Abbas Tyabji. Vallabhai Patel Gandhiji reached Champaran in 1917 the Ali brothers, Muhammad Ali was honoured with the popular title For conducting a detailed enquiry Hasrat Mohani and Shaukat Ali and “Sardar”. Maulana, Abul Kalam Azad had into the condition of the peasantry. • Some major recommendation of the organised a Khilafatparty. October • Ahmedabad Mill Strike : Ambalal Nehru Report were (a) Dominion 17, 1919 was observed Sarabhai’s sister, Anasuya Behn, Status to India. (b) Freedom of asKhilafat Day. Gandhiji was elected was one of the main lieutenants of conciouseness, Professing and President of the All-India Khilafat Gandhiji in this struggle in which her practice of one’s religion. (c) the Conference which met at Delhi on brother and Gandhiji’s friend was lower houses in the centre and November 23, 1919. one of the main advisories. provincial legislature consists of Significance Of The • Kheda Satyagraha: In 1918, Gandhiji members elected by joint mixed organised Satyagraha and asked the Non-Corporation Movement electorates with reservation of seats cultivators not to pay land revenue • The Non-Corporation Movement to the Muslims (d) adult universal till their demand for remission was was of great historical importance suffrage and (e) Fundamental Rights. met. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was because. • He started his Salt Satyagraha or one of the many young persons who • It converted the National the Dandi March on the morning of became Gandhiji’s follower during Movement into a mass movement. 12 March 1930 with a band of 78 the Kheda peasant struggle. • It used unique methods hitherto volunteers. • Rowlatt Satyagraha: In March 1919, unparalleled in the annals of • It was 385km (240 miles) Journey from the government passed the Rawlatt history: Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad to Act even though every single Indian • It cut across religious and caste member of the Central Legislature Dandi on the West Coast. On April lines and bound the nation in a 5, at 6 in the morning Gandhiji and Council opposed it. This act common bond. authorised the government to his volunteers picked up Salt lying • It futher strengthened the Hindu- imprison and a person without trial on the sea-shore. (Sarojini Naidu, at Muslim unity. and conviction Endicott of law. this hailed Gandhiji as ‘‘Law Gandhiji suggested that • The Indian masses displayed breaker’’) a Satyagraha to be launched against immense courage and spirit of • The Communal Award was the Rowlatt Act. A Satyagraha sacrifice. announced on August 16, 1932 by Sabha was formed in 1919 in • It gave political training to British Prime Minister Ramsay Mac Mumbai. thousands of people who in later Donald. movements came to the forefront • Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy: In protest • The Poona Pact was signed on 25 to the Rowlatt Act, Amritsar C.R. Das and Motilal September 1932 at Bombay. By this observed hartal peacefully both on Nehru resigned from congress the separate electorate for 30th March and sixth of April 1919. • On 31 December, 1922 and founded depressed classes was abolished. The government decided to made the Swaraj Party on 1st January 1923. Provincial Autonomy was the popular protest with repression. • The Simon Commission paid two established on April 1, 1937. Burma On April 10, 1919, Dr Satyapala and visits to India (Feb.- March 1928 and was separated from India in 1937 and Dr Kitchlew, two popular leader of Oct. 1928 - April 1929); published its made it a Cram Colony. the province, were deported from report on May 27, 1930 . • The Lahore Session of the Muslim Amritsar. The public meeting was • Lala Lajpat Rai was severely League adopted the PAKSTAN announced for 13 April, 1919 at 4:30 wounded in a police lathi charge and (Pakisthan) Resolution on March 23. PM in Jallinwalla Bagh. Without died while protesting against the P- Punjab, A-Afghanistan, K- giving any warning to the people to Commission. Kashmir, S-Sind, TAN- Baluchistan. www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 43 The League demanded the partition Mehta and friends for few months. (1943-47): Wavell Plan, Shimla of India through a Resolution. In Satara a parallel govt. was setup conference Congress represented by Gandhiji called the Cripps Mission by Nana Patil. In Tamluk, a national Maulana Azad,RIN Mutiny (1942) "a postdated Cheque of a Govt. was installed. (1946),Interim Government was drowning bank". On 8th August the • The idea of Indian National Army formed (September 2, 1946), Prime govt. charged that the congress was was first conceived by Mohan Minister of Britain Clement Atlee preparing for unlawful, dangerous Singh at Malaya, an officer in British announced to give independence to and violent activities. On 9th Indian Army.Subash Chandra Bose India by July 1948., Cabinet Mission August, the Police arrested Gandhiji, set up two INA headquarters at 1946.,16th August 1946, Muslim Kasturba, Sarojini Naidu etc; from Rangoon and Singapore. C. League begins ‘Direct Action day the Birla House, Bombay and was Rajagopalachari evolved, in 1944, a • Lord Mountbatten (1947-48):His taken to Agakhan Palace at Poona. formula called the CR Formula to end plan to make India free on August In Bombay Congress Radio the struggle between the Congress 15 1947 is also known as June 3rd broadcasts were made by Usha and Muslim League. n Lord Wavell Plan.

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44 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 3 EVERYDAY SCIENCE

• Usually candles are made from a contains selenium oxide. Fibre glass: • "The pungent smell of garlic is due mixture of paraffin wax or some other It is produced by passing molten to"? slow-burning substance like tallow glass through rotating spinners a sulphur compound when it gets converted into fine (stearic acid). • "The light emitted by firefly is due threads. It is used as an insulating • Soaps are sodium or potassium salts to"? material for heat, electricity and of long chain organic acids (called burning of phosphorus fatty acids) like stearic acid and sound in different equipment like electric ovens, geysers, refrigerators, • Which one among the following palmitic acid. etc. It is also used for reinforcing metals is used in fireworks to make • Sodium or potassium salts of these plastics and rubber to make bodies a brilliant white light? sulphonic acids are known as of cars and scooters and safety Magnesium detergents. Detergents can be helmets. Flint or optical glass: It is • A polymer which is used for manufactured in solid form (for used for making lenses, prisms, making ropes and carpet fibres is? washing powders) or in liquid form spectacles, etc. because of its polypropylene (for shampoos and liquid soaps). excellent optical properties. It is • The head of matchstick consists of composed of alkalis, lead oxide and • Which one among the following a mixture of potassium chlorate and silica. It is also known as flint glass. salts causes hardness to the water?. antimony trisulphide bound A superior variety of optical glasses Calcium bicarbonate together by glue. The striking surface is made by adding cerium oxide. It • Why is the meat preserved in the on the matchbox is a mixture of red cuts harmful ultra violet rays that are brine solution is not spoil as quickly phosphorus and powdered glass harmful to eyes. It is known as as fresh meat? Crooke’s glass. Borosilicate glass held by glue. The bacteria will fall victim to /Pyrex.: It is sodium aluminium • The basic raw materials needed for osmosis and shrivel up and die making glass are: Washing soda borosilicate. It can withstand rapid heating and cooling without • Phenol is used for the manufacture which is sodium carbonate, of bakelite? Limestone which is calcium breaking. It is used for making Reason (R) Bakelite is heat carbonate, Sand which is silica. Soda- kitchenware and laboratory lime glass or soft glass:It is used apparatus. It is sold under the trade resistant thermosetting plastic for manufacture of bottles ordinary names Borosil and Pyrex. used for making electric switches crockery, ordinary laboratory glass • Balloons are filled with ? helium and switch board. apparatus like soda glass test tubes • The gas used to extinguish fire, is? • “Which one of the following is used etc. Hard glass: If instead of sodium carbon dioxide as a mordant in dyeing and tanning carbonate, potassium carbonate is • Gobar gas contains mainly? methane industry? “ used for making glass another • Which of the following is used in Magnesium sulphate variety of glass known as hard glass beauty parlours for hair setting? • Which one of the following is the is produced. It can withstand very Sulphur reason for keeping the chloroform high temperatures. It is used for • "Metal used to make wires for in brown-tinted glass containers? making hard glass laboratory safety fuses must have"? high apparatus like hard glass test tubes, With UV-rays and 02, it forms resistivity and low melting point beakers, conical flasks etc. Coloured poisonous gas phosgene glass: It is made by adding small • "Which one among the following • The flavour of apple is mainly due quantities of oxides of different polymers is used to make personal to which one of the following? armour such as combat helmets, metals to basic ingredients. Blue Ethanol glass contains traces of cobalt or ballistic face masks, and ballistic vests?" • KO2 (Potassium superoxide) is copper oxide, green glass contains used in oxygen cylinders in space Kevlar chromium ferrous oxide, red glass and submarines because it? www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 45 absorbs C02 • Bleachi ng Powder i s chemically • White paints are made by using • Which one among the following is calcium chloride hypo chlorite Titanium dioxide. the chief compound used in Pepper • Egg shell, Marble, Limestone etc • The whitest compound ever known spray, a riot control agent? contain Calcium Carbonate. is Titanium dioxide. Capsaicin • Coral reefs are made of calcium • Tit anium is referr ed as • Which one among the following carbonate. wondermetal. Titanium is used to polymers is re-synthesised from • Green house effect is created by make Air Crafts. the naturally occurring polymer? Carbondioxide, methane, • Nitrous oxide is used as an anaesthetic Rayon watervapour etc. • Tranquilizers are chemicals used as • Which one of the following • Dry ice is solid Carbondioxide. medicine for mental disorderness. chemical compounds is responsible • Zinc Phosphide and Arsenic for the stimulation of tear glands sulphide are used as Rat poison • Barbituric Acid and its salts are used a Tranquilizers. by the onion? (rodenticide) • Sodium compound used in A sulphide compound • Laughing gas is Nitrous Oxide. Benzyl chloride is used as tear gas. respiratory equipments and • “Many communities put salt on submarine is sodium peroxide. their roads after a snowfall, Why?" • Sodium peroxide is used as airpurifier in Submarines. • Sweetest sugar is Fructose (present • To keep the melted snow from in Fruits). refreezing • Tin Amalgam (Sn + Hg) is used to coat on mirror. • Honey contains Glucose and • Why hard water does not give Fructose • Paper is chemically cellulose. lather with soap? “ pH of hard water • Rocket propellent contains fuel and • The most abundant carbohy drate is less oxidiser. (organic compound) present in • A pale blue gas with a fish-like nature is cellulose. • Rocket fuel is liquid Hydrogen. odour restores the colour of a (LHG) • Cellulose is not absorbed by blackened lead painting. The gas is • Fuel of the future is Hydrogen. also used as rocket fuel. It is? humanbody, due to the absence of cellulase in body. • The element which is used to coat Ammonia the photocopying drum of Xerox is • Rust is chemically hydrated ferric • The rusting of iron nail? selenium. oxide. increases its weight • Silicon, Germanium etc used in the • Freezing mixture contains calcium manufacture of transistors and IC • Which one of the following chloride and sodium chloride. pollutants contains in water due to chips due to their semi conductivity. • The gas responsible for Bhopal gas modern agricultural practices lead • Water gas a mixture of Carbon tragedy was methyl iso cyanate to ‘methemoglobinaemia’ when monoxide and Hydrogen is used as (MIC). combines with our blood Industrial fuel. • Fluorosis is due to the excess intake haemoglobin? • Producer gas a mixture of Carbon of Fluoride salts along with drinking monoxide and Nitrogen is used as Nitrates water. ‘Industrial Fuel’. • The common refrigerents are • Copper oxy chloride is used as Ammonia and Freon. • Coke is the refined form of coal fungicide in pepper plants. (contains the element carbon) • Non stick kitchen vessels are • Silver iodide is used to make coated with Teflon. • Bat hi ng salt i s sodium carbonate artificial rain used to reduce the hardness of water. • Teflon is chemically Tetra • Acid rain is caused by the pollution flouroethylene • Baking Powder is mixture of of environment due to nitrogen sodiumbicarbonate and Tartaric • Photographic films are coated with oxide and sulphurdioxide. Acid salt. Silver Bromide. • Aluminium is used to make CDs. • Hydrogen sulphide is a gas with the • Artificial rain is done by using Silver • Aspirin is called Wonder Drug. smell of rotten egg. Iodide. • Aspirin is chemically Acetyl • Coral reefs are made of calcium • Phosphine has the smell of rotten Salicyclic Acid. carbonate. fish. • Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) • Impure sodium carbonate obtained • Hydrogen sulphide gas has the contains the major component in the industrial process is called smell of rotten egg. Calcium oxide (Lime) black ash.

46 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • Flint glass contains lead chromate. • The non-metal, which shows • The l ightest and simplest element • Lead chromate is used as pigments electric conductivity Graphite (gas) - hydrogen. called chrome yellow. (Carbon) • Metals kept under kerosene ar e • Rising of dough in the process of • The natural element having highest Sodi um, Pot assi um, Caesium etc. manufacture of bread is through the atomic weight is Uranium. • Iodine is also kept under kerosene. action of carbon dioxide. • The el ement with highest mel t i ng • The lightest metal element lithium • The gas responsible for green poi nt i s Car bon (diamond) (4000K) • The heaviest gaseous element - house effect is carbon dioxide. • The metal with highest melting point radon • Ferr omagneti c powder i s coated in is Tungsten. (3868K) • The heavi est (densest ) element - tape recorders. • The most harmful metal to human osmium • Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. beings is Lead. • Most stable element - Lead • Carbon dioxide is used in fire • Lead has poorest electrical conduct • Lithium is kept by covering with extinguishers. i vi t y, si l ver has highest electrical paraffin wax. • Cryolite is a double fluoride of and thermal conductivity. aluminium and sodium. Metal Ore • Silver halides are used in photographic plates because they 1. Aluminium Bauxite are readily reduced by light. 2. Iron Haematite, Magnetite, Iron pyrites • Rat poison is zinc phosphide. 3. Copper Copper pyrites, copper glance, malachite • The aluminium compound used in 4. Zinc Zinc blend, calamine fire extinguishers is alum. 5. Uranium Pitch blend, Carnotite • Calcium compound used in freezing 6. Thorium Monozite mixture is calcium chloride. 7. Lead Galena, Litharge, Cerussite • The chemical used as a ‘fixer’ in 8. Magnesium Magnesite photography is sodium 9. Sodium Rock salt (Halite) thiosulphate. 10. Antimony Stibnite • Liquid sodium is employed as a coolant in nuclear reactors. 11. Manganese Pyrolusite • Diffusion of light in the atmosphere 12. Chromium Chromite takes place due to water vapour. 13. Nickel Garnierite, pentlandite • Ferrous sulphate crystals are known 14. Titanium Rutile as ‘Green vitriol’. 15. Silver Argentite, Pyrargyrite, Stephanite, Born silver • The main constituents of pearl are 16. Mercury Cinnabar calcium carbonate and magnesium 17. Lithium Petalite, Lepidolite carbonate. 18. Potassium Carnallite, Sylvine kainite The metal which regulates Blood • 19. Calcium Gypsum, Limestone, Dolomite, Fluorspar Pressure in human beings is sodium. 20. Barium Barite • The metal related to arthritis is 21. Zinc Zincite, Sphalerite Potassium. 22. Tin Cassiterite • The metal present in Insulin is zinc. • Zinc is concentrated on the eyes of • The hardest metal is chromium. • Radium is used in the dials of clocks. human beings. • Heaviest metal occuring in nature • Cobalt is useful in making rust • The most common halide by weight iss uranium. resistant alloys. in ear th’s cr ust is Fluoride. • The fir st known super conductor • ‘King of metal’ is gold. is mercury. • Liquid metals at room temperature • Silver, platinum and gold are known • Metals like gold and copper are are Mercury, Gallium, Caesium, mostly found in old igneous rocks. as noble metals. Francium. • The metal whi ch is least affected • Platinum metal occurs in its pure • Liquid non-metal at by the exposure to the atmosphere form in earth’s crust. roomtemperature is Bromine. is tin. • Mercury flows so easily and rapidly www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 47 that it is sometimes called quick • Some metals react with acid and and refining them for use is called silver. replace the hydrogen atom in their metallurgy. • Metal present in the bath soap is molecules. Gold, Copper and silver • Titanium is the metal of future. potassium. are unaffected with hydrochloric • Sparkling and colour after the blast • Metals usually combine with acid. of fire cracker is due to the presence oxygen to form basic oxides. • Wrought iron is the purest type of of strontium. • The first metal to be used by man is iron that contains least amount of • Iron coated with zinc is called copper. carbon. galvanised iron and with tin is called • Some metals react with water. • When iron rusts, its weight tin - plate. Sodium reacts violently even wi th increases. • El ement extr acted fr om monozite col d wat er for mi ng sodi um hydr • Aluminium is the most abundant sand is thorium. oxide and hydrogen. Gold does not Metal in the earth’s crust. • White phosphorous is a strong react even with steam. • Extraction of metals from their ores poison.

Alloys Constituent Metals Uses 1. Steel Iron (Fe), Carbon (C) Construction of ships, tanks, railway lines, bridges and machinery. 2. Aluminium Bronze Aluminium (Al), Copper (Cu) To make coins, statues. 3. Invar Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni) To make clock pendulum. 4. Bronze Copper (Cu) Tin (Sn) Statues, Ornaments, coins, cooking utensils, (Bell metal) bells and medals. 5. Alnico Aluminium (Al), Nickel (Ni), To make magnets Cobalt (CO), Iron (Fe) 6. Nichrome Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), To make heating elements Iron (Fe) 7. Manganese Iron (Fe), To make rock driller, plates, Steel Manganese (Mn) rails, protecting shields etc. 8. Constantan Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni) To make electrical instruments. 9. Brass Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) Utensils, parts of machinery, wires, musical in- struments, Ornamental objects. 10. Duralumin Aluminium (Al), Copper (Cu), aircraft parts Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn) 11. Magnelium Aluminium (Al), Magnesium (Mg) external parts of troller, steamer etc. 12. Phospher Copper (Cu), Tin (Sn), Springs and suspension Bronze Phosphorous (P) filament in electrical instruments. 13. Silumin Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si) engine parts 14. Type metal Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), To make types in printing Tin (Sn), Antimony (Sb) 18. Chrome Steel Iron (Fe), Springs, Chromium (Cr) tools etc 19. Gun metal Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) Tin (Sn) barrels of gun 20. Nickel steel Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni) drills crankshaft bearings 21. German Copper (Cu), Utensils, resista- Silver Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn) nce wire etc 22. Stainless Iron (Fe), Cooking utensils Steel Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) Cutlery, surgical instruments. 23. Solder Lead (Pb), Tin (Sn) Electrical connections

• The major acid present in grapes is • Tamarind contains tartaric acid. • The chemical name of aspirin is Tartaric Acid. • Tea contains tannic acid. acetylsalicylic acid. • Oil of vitriol is sulphuric acid. • Urine contains uric acid. • The acid used in lead storage batteries is sulphuric acid. • The acid present in vinegar is acetic • Ants contain formic acid in their acid. body. • Earliest known acid is acetic acid. • Oranges and lemons contain citric • Sulphuric acid is called the ‘King of • To purify gold, it should be treated acid. with concentrated nitric acid. Chemicals.’ • Curd contains lactic acid. • The acid that can be used as a • Sulphuric acid is mainly • Old name of hydrochloric acid (HCl): hypnotic is barbituric acid manufactured by contact process. muriatic acid. • Vitamin C is chemically ascorbic acid

48 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • Dilute phenol is called Carbolic is prepared by reaction between anaesthetics. They are used during Acid. terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. small surgical operations and tooth • Weakest (inorganic) acid is It is crease resistant, durable and is extraction. Hydrocyanic Acid. not damaged by insects like moths • Polythene is a soft plastic, which • The acid functions as digesting and mildew. Therefore, it is suitable softens on heating. It is used for agent in our body is hydrochloric for making garments because they making bottles, buckets, and pipes, acid. can be set into permanent creases as covering for electrical wires and and pleats. It has also been used to • The acid which fumigates when cables and as film for making bags. repair or replace segments of blood exposed to air is nitric acid. • Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used for vessels. In the form of thin sheets it making rain coats, handbags, toys • Apple contains ascorbic acid and is used for manufacture of adhesive malic acid. including dolls, electrical goods and tapes and recording tapes. as a covering of electrical wires. • Pure milk contains no acid but sour • Antacids:Antacids are used to treat milk contains lactic acid. • Bakelite (Phenol-formaldehyde acidity in stomach. Digene, ranitidine resin) is hard and quite a strong • Boric acid is a mild antiseptic, used and omeprazole are some examples material. It is used for making combs, as a eye-lotion of antacids. electrical switches, and plugs and • Cola contains phosphoric acid. • Antipyretics are the medicines which for making handles of many kitchen • Ordinary soda water is chemically are used to bring down body utensils and electrical appliances like Carbonic Acid. temperature in high fever. Common pans, pressure cookers, electric • Sulphuric acid is used in the examples are aspirin, paracetamol, irons, kettles, and toasters. manufact ur e of dynami t e analgin and phenacetin. • Synthetic rubber is made from the (explosive). • Antibiotics monomer butadiene. It has • The acid used in tanning and Antibiotics are medicines which are particularly good resistance to wear printing industry is hydrochloric used to kill bacteria, fungi and and tear, which makes it especially acid. moulds. The first antibiotic useful for making tyres. Some Other • Old name of nitric acid is Aquafortis. discovered was penicillin which is types of synthetic rubbers are also • The acid which fumes in air is nitric very effective for pneumonia, made by mixing other monomers like acid. bronchitis, sore throat, etc. styrene and chloroprene (commonly Ampicillin is a slight modification of known as neoprene) with butadiene. • Benzoic acid is used for food penicillin. It has wider applications. preservation. • Natural rubber is chemically poly- Other commonly used antibiotics are cis-isoprene which is formed from • Gastric juice contains hydrochloric streptomycin, tetracycline and the monomer isoprene. It comes from acid chloramphenicol. the sap of the Para rubber tree, Hevea • Potassium hydroxide is used in • Analgesics brasiliensis. alkaline batteries, sodium hydroxide • Analgesics are used for relieving • Rubber is made elastic by heating it in the manufacture of soap,calcium pain. Aspirin, paracetamol, morphine with a small amount (1 to 3%) of hydroxide in softening of hard water. are some examples of analgesics. sulphur. This process is known as • Nylon: Nylon is a polymer of small They must be used only under vulcanization. Carbon black is monomeric units called amide (-CO- medical supervision. added to make it stronger, flexible NH-) i.e. it is a polyamide. It is • Anaesthetics and more resistant to wear and tear. prepared by reaction of adipic acid Anaesthetics are drugs which For making car tyres, 2 parts of and hexamethy lenediamine. rubber are mixed with 1 part carbon Terylene is crease resistant, durable produce a loss of sensation and consciousness. General anaesthetics black. If flexibility is not important and is not damaged by insects like fillers, such as clay or chalk, are moths and by mildew (fungi that result in loss of sensation and consciousness in the entire body. added to make rubber hard and stiff. form a white growth on plants and Rubber for floor tiles and mats materials like cloth and paper). Examples are divinyl ethers, cyclopropane, etc. They are used contains fillers of this type. • Polysters: Polyesters are another during major surgical operations. • Copper + Zinc = Brass category of polymers. One important Some anaesthetics like Novocain and Copper + Lead = Bronze member of this family is dacron Xylocaine which show their effect which is also known as terylene. It Copper + Gold = Rolled Gold in a limited area are called local www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 49 • Classification of Animals: Platozoa – Single species identified as Trichoplax adherens. Porifera – Sponges Coelenterata (cnidaria) – Coral, hydra, jellyfish, Portuguese man-of-war, sea anemone Platyhelminthes – Flatworms, flukes, tapeworms Nematoda or Aschelminthes – Ascarids, vinegar eels, cyst nematodes, Pinworms, roundworms hookworms Annelida – Lugworms, earthworms, leeches Arthropoda – Crustaceans: prawn, shrimp ,Insects: butterfly, housefly, mosquito, cockroach Arachnids: Scorpion, wolf spider, King Crab Myriapods: Centipede, Millipede Mollusca – Chitons, oysters, snails, clams, squid Echinodermata – Star fish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers 20. Types of Vertebrates Jawless fishes (Agnatha) – Hagfish, Lamprey Cartilaginous fishes – Sharks Bony fishes – Sturgeon, herring, Amphibians – Frogs and Toads, salamanders Reptiles – Snakes, crocodiles, alligators, lizards, turtles, tortoises Aves – Penguin, flamingo, eagle, parrot Mammals – Platypus, Kangaroo, Bat, Lion, Mouse, Seal, antelope, dolphin, whale, monkey, human

• Possible Combinations of Blood Groups: Male Female Blood group of Children not possible A A B & AB AB - AABO A O B or AB B B A, AB BABO B O A, AB AB AB O AB O O, AB O O A, B, AB • Elements/Compounds & Their Uses: Potassium Dichromate : Used in breath analyzer for detecting alcohol. Safe limit is < .1 %. Xenon : High speed photographic tubes. Electric valves & t.v. tubes Krypton : Incandescent bulb. Airfield lights because of characteristic red colour. Lithium : Deoxidizer and to remove unwanted gases during the manufacture of metals. Beryllium : X-ray (transparent) window. Moderator in nuclear reactions around the core. Neon : Neon lights. Cryogenics Hopsalite : Mixture of oxides of manganese, cobalt, copper & silver – Anti pollution Ammonia : Refrigerant, fertilizers

50 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 Yttrium : Used in TVs to produce red colour Bismith : Joined with iron to make it malleable Sodium : Street lamp Gadolinium : CDs. Aluminium is sometimes used to coat the disc. Cesium : Atomic clocks Tellurium : Tint glass (one way visibility used in cars). Technetium : Superconductor at -262 degree Celsius. Paraformaldehyde : Common disinfectant & contraceptives • Types of Colloidal Systems : • Solid Sol-Some Coloured Glasses • Sol-Muddy water • Gel-Cheese, Butter, jellies • Emulsion-Milk, Hair Cream • Solid Foam-Pumice stone, foam rubber • Foam -Froth,whipped cream • Ninhydrin, silver nitrate & fuming iodine are all used in fingerprinting. • Carbon tetrachloride is used in fire extinguishers. • Standard Units: Viscocity – Pascal Second Power – Dioptre Luminous intensity – Candela Inductance – Henry Loudness – Phon Magnetic Inductance – Tesla Magnetic Flux – Weber Electric Charge – Farad, Coulomb • Select Measuring Instruments Magnetron Produces microwave. Used in ovens. Actinometer Used to measure intensity of electromagnetic radiation Altimeter Aneroid barometer for measuring altitude. Bolometer For measuring heat radiation Dasymeter Measuring density of gas Galvanometer Used for detecting small electric currents. Gyroscope Determine orientation in aircraft, ships etc. Katharometer Measuring thermal conductivity Manometer Measuring the pressure of a gas. Nethoscope Determining the speed of celestial bodies. Rectifier Converts AC into DC. Tonometer Measures pitch of sound Venturimeter Measures rate of flow of fluids Udometer Rain guage.

www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 51 • Rainbow is formed by dispersion & = 1.85 km. One gallon = 4.5 litres. 1 mm Hg = 133.3 pascal. One ounce (oz) = 31.1 total internal reflection . grams. Parsec = 3.26 light years. • Red + Green = Yellow. Red + Blue = • Isotones are nuclei having same number of neutrons but different number of Magenta & Green + Blue = Cyan. protons. Isotopes have same number of protons but different neutrons. Isobars Two colours which when mixed give are nucleides with the same mass number. white are known as secondary colours like blue & yellow. Vitamin Names Deficiency Diseases • Hypermetropia is treated by conver- Vitamin A (retinol) – Xerophtalmia Lachrimal glands stop ging lens & myopia by diverging lens. producing tears leading to blindness. • An inverter converts DC into AC. In Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – Beriberi domestic AC supplies 220 V is the Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) effective value. The peak value of Niacin (Nicotinamide) – Pellagra voltage is 311 V. The frequency is 50 Cobalamin(Vitamin B12) – Perinicious or Megaloblastic Anemia Hz. A Fuse is made of tin-lead alloy. A fluorescent tube contains mercury Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) – Scurvy vapours at low pressure. Infra red Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) – Rickets,Osteomalacia signals are used in TV. Vitamin E (Tocopherol) • In fission Uranium (235) splits into Vitamin K (Phylloquinone) Barium (56) & Krypton (36) & ejects Potassium Deficiency – Rise in heart beat rate. Kidney damage. 3 neutrons. Graphite or Heavy water Disease Hypokalemia is used as moderator. Boron or Sodium Deficiency Disease – yponatremia Low blood pressure. Cadmium is used as controlling rods. Proteins Deficiency Disease – Kwashiorkar Potbelly due to retention of • One mile = 1.6 km. One nautical mile water by the cells (Oedema). ORGANISATIONS • CRRI Central Road Research • NAL National Aerospace • CBRI Central Building Research Institute New Delhi Laboratory Bangalore Institute Roorkee (Uttarakhand) • CSIO Central Scientific Instruments • NBRI National Botanical Research • CCMB Centre for Cellular and Organization Chandigarh Institute Lucknow Molecular Biology Hyderabad • CSIR Council of Scientific and • NCL National Chemical Laboratory • CDRI Central Drug Research Industrial Research New Delhi Pune Institute Lucknow • IHBT Institute of Himalayan • NEERI National Environmental • CECRI Central Electro Chemical Bioresource Technology Palampur Engineering Research Institute Research Institute Karaikudi (T.N.) (H.P.) Nagpur • CEERI Central Electronics Engineering • CSMCI Central Salt and Marine • NGRI National Geophysical Research Institute Pilani (Raj) Chemicals Research Institute Research Institute Hyderabad • CFRI Central Fuel Research Institute Bhavnagar (Guj.) • NIO National Institute of Dhanbad • ERDA Electronics Research and Oceanography and Development • CFTRI Central Food Technological Development Association Vadodara Studies Panaji, Goa Research Institute Mysore • IICB Indian Institute of Chemical • NISTADS National Institute of • CGCRI Central Glass and Ceramic Biology Kolkata Science, Technology and New Delhi Research Institute Kolkata • IICT Indian Institute of Chemical Development Studies • CIMAP Central Institute of Technology Hyderabad • NML National Metallurgical Medicinal and Aromatic Plants • IIP Indian Institute of Petroleum Lucknow Dehradun Laboratory Jamshedpur • CLRI Central Leather Research • IMT Institute of Microbial • NPL National Physical Laboratory Institute Chennai Technology Chandigarh New Delhi • CMERI Central Mechanical • INSDOC Indian National Scientific • PID Publication and Information Engineering Research Institute Documentation Centre New Delhi Directorate Delhi Durgapur (W.B.) • ITRC Industrial Toxicology Research • RRL Regional Research Laboratory • CMRI Central Mining Research Bhopal, Jorhat, Institute Dhanbad Centre Lucknow

52 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 TES Tocklai Experimental Station method for dissemination of 4. K computer • SERC Structural Engineering socioeconomic information/ 5. Mira Research Centre Chennai knowledge in rural areas as 6. Stampede compared to traditional methods/ Thiruvananthapuram, Jammu, 7. JUQUEEN Bhubaneswar media. 8. Vulcan • Vivek Darpan : Project Vivek Darpan World’s TOP 10 Supercomputers 9. SuperMUC (PVD) is designed to demonstrate 1. Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) 10. Tianhe-1A and propagate the use of the audio 2. Titan visual media as a more cost effective 3. Sequoia

Technologies Scientific Principal(s) Steam engine Laws of thermodynamics Nuclear reactor Nuclear fission Radio and television Propagation of electromagnetic waves Computers Distal logic Lasers Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (population inversion) Production of ultra-magnetic fields Superconductivity Rocket propulsion Newton’s law of motion Electric generator Farday’s Laws of electromagnetic induction Hydroelectric power Conversion of gravitational potential energy into electric energy Aeroplane Bernoull’s principle in fluid dynamics Particle accelerator Motion of charged articles in electromagnetic fields Sonar Reflection of ultrasonic waves

Names Major Contribution/Discoveries Country of Origin Isaac Newton Universal Law of gravitation; Laws of Motion;Reflecting Telescope U.K Galileo Galilei Lawof Inertia Italy Archimedes Pricniple of Buoyancy; Principle of the lever Greece James Clerk Maxwell Electromagnetic theory;Light and electromagnetic wave U.K. W.K. Roentgen X-rays Germany Marie Sklodowska Curie X-rays Poland Albert Einstein Law of Photoelectricity;Theory of relativity Germany S.N. Bose Quantum Statistics India James Chadwick Neutron U.K. Niels Bohr Quantum Model of Hyderogen atom Denmark Earnest Rutherford Nuclear model of atom Denmark C. V Raman Inelastic scattering of light by molecules India Christian Huygens Wave theory of light Holland Michael Faraday Laws of electromagnetic Induction U.K Edwin Hubble Expanding Universe U.S.A Homi Jehangir Bhabha Cascade process in cosmic radiation India Abdus Salam Unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions Pakistan R.A. Millikan Measurment of electronic charge USA Earnest Olando Lawrence Cyclotron U.S.A www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 53 Wolfgang Pauli Quantum Exclusion Principles Austria Louis victor de Broglie Wave Nature of matter France J.J. Thomson Electron UK S. Chandrasekhar Chandrasekhar limit, structure and evolution of starts India Lev Davidovich Landau Theory of condensed matter;Liquid Helium Russia Heinrich Rudolf Hertz Electromagnetic waves Germany J.C. Bose Ultra short radio waves India Hideki Yukawa Theory of Nuclear forces Japan Werner Heisenberg Quantum Mechanics; Uncertainty Principles Germany Victor Francis Hess Cosmic Radiation Austria M.N. Saha Thermal Ionization India G.N. Ramachandran Triple Helical Structure of Proteins India

• The most slippery substance in the • The element Californium is often • While only 2% in weight, the human world – called the most expensive substance brainrequires 15% of the body’s heart polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE, in the world (as much as $68 million work, 20% of oxygen and 25% of all or Teflon) for one gram.) glucose. • Gallium is a metal which melts on palm • Hot water freezes faster than cold • The adult heart pumps about 7,500 of the hand, due to its low melting water (the Mpemba effect.) litres of blood every day. point (29.76 °C). • Chalk is made of trillions of • In seahorses, it’s the male who gives • Gold and Copper are the only two microscopic skeleton fossils birth to the young. non-white metals. of plankton (a tiny sea creature.) • The human eye blinks an average of • The average speed of asneeze is • Talc is the softest known substance. 4,200,000 times each year. around 160 km (100 mi) per hour. • An average adult body contains • A fish never closes its eyes. • One inch (2.5 cm) of rain is equal to around 250 g (1/2 lb) of salt. • Bacterial Diseases in Humans 10 inches (25 cm) of snow. • The metal with the highest melting • Disease Causative Pathogen Mode • Water expands by about 10% as it point is tungsten, at 3410 degrees of Transmission Incubation freezes. Celsius (6170F). • Septic Sore throat Streptococcus • If you slowly pour a handful • Air becomes liquid at about minus Sp. Bacteria infect throat and nasal of salt into a totally full glass of 190 degrees Celsius. membranes by droplets 3-5 days and water it will not overflow. In fact, the • The lizard Tuatara has a third eye direct contact. water level will go down. for ultraviolet light (called a parietal • Diphtheria Irregular rod (Coryne- Bacteria infect respiratory tract by • A bee sting is acidic and a wasp eye.) carrier, direct contact, 1-7 days sting is alkali. To treat a sting by one • The water animal Hydra never gets bacterium diptheriae) droplets and of these you should use the old, and can live forever. food. opposite type of chemical. • The Barbados Threadsnake is the • Pneumonia Diplococcus Bacteria • The burning sensation we get from smallest snake in the world. transmitted to respiratory tract, chilli peppers is because of a • A kangaroo rat (genus dipodomys) including the lungs variable chemical calledCapsaicin. can spend its entire life without pneumoniae by droplet infection. drinking water. • The lighter was invented before the • Tuberculosis Irregular rod • Dolphins and whales don’t drink match(in 1816 by J.W. Dobereiner). (Mycoba- Bacteria transmitted to water. • Copper is the only metal that is lungs, bones and other organs by naturally antibacterial. • The catfish father keeps the eggs in variable cterium tuberculosis) • Osmium is the densest known stable his mouth until they are ready to be direct contact, droplet infection, hatched. element on Earth. food and milk. • Corneas are the only tissues that • The eight ‘Noble metals’ — • Plague or Bubonic Short rod Rat flea don’t require blood. ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, spreads disease from rat to man 2-10 osmium, iridium, platinum and gold • The lightest organ in the human days plague (Yersinia pestis) — do not rust. body is the lung. • Tetanus or lock-jaw Clostridium

54 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 tetani Bacteria in soil, enter through • Common Cold Rhinovirus Contact Some Useful Algae wound 2-40 days 2-5 days • Product Secreted by • Typhoid Salmonella typhi Flies, food, • Influenza/Flu Orthomixo-virus • Iodine Laminaria (brown algae) faeces, water and carriers 10-14 days Contact (droplets), virus transmitted • Agar and Caragheen Red algae through discharge from respiratory • Cholera Vibrio Cholerae Flies, food, • Alginic Acid Brown algae 1-2 days tracts of persons infected stools, water and carriers 1-2 days • Soil Fertilizer Blue green algae with disease • Whooping cough Bordetella • Edible forms Vulva, porphyra, • Measles Measles virus Direct pertussis Droplets projected during Chlorella coughing and sneezing 7-14 days contact, virus transmitted through air by droplets 10-14 days (Paramyxo HUMAN DIGESTIVE ENZYMES & • Gonorrhoea (Clap) Diploccus Sexual virus) during talking Coughing and THEIR ACTION intercourse 2-8 days sneezing. • Parts Digestive juice Enzyme present • Syphilis Treponema paltidium Direct • Mumps Mumps virus Direct contact, Enzyme act on Changed into contact, chiefly sexual intercourse virus in saliva & secretion of nose • Mouth Saliva Ptylin Starch Dextrin 10-90 days invades salivary glands 12-21 days Maltose • Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae • Viral Encephalitis virus Some • Stomach Gastric Juice (a) Long and close conact with infected domestic animals reservoir of virus, Pepsin+HCl Proteins Simpler persons. — transmitted by 4-21 days encephalitis Polypeptides • Botulism Clostridium botulinum (arbovirus) mosquito bite to man (b) Rennin Milk Curdled into Cashein Organism produces poison in food • Poliomyelitis Poliovirus Contact, (c) Gastric Lipase Fat Fatty acids and 18-66 hrs. housflies, fleas, food and and water Glycerol Some Useful Bacteria 7-14 days Liver Bile juice No enzyme Name Use • Rabies Rabies virus Bite of a mad • Pancreas Pancreatic juice (rabid) dog 2-16 days • Lactobacillus Curding of milk (a) Trypsin Simpler Polypeptides Tri, Di • Rhizobium and Clostridium Nitrogen • Dengue fever Dengue virus & Mono peptides Mosquito (Aedes) bite 4-8 days fixation in soil (b) Amylase Starch Maltose • Herpes simplex Herpes virus simplex • Streptomyces griseus Streptomycin (c) Pancreatic Emulsified fat Fatty acids Contact, Saliva, stools, contaminated & Glycerol • Streptomyces venezullae articles. Chloromycetin Small Succus • Herpes Zoster Herpes virus zoster • Streptomyces remosus Terramycin Contact droplets 7-14 days (a) Peptidases Poly, Tri & Amino acids Viral Diseases in Humans • Acquired Immuno Human T-cell Intestine entericus Dipeptides • Disease Causative Pathogen Mode Leuke- Via blood and sperm among (b) Invertase Sucrose Glucose & of Transmission Incubation homosexuals, heterosexuals, 2 fructose • Small Pox Variola virus Direct contact months (c) Lipase Fat emulsions Fatty acids and (droplets), indirected by infected • Deficiency Syndr- mia virus (HTLV- glycerol articles 12 days III); intravenous drug users, (d) Maltase Maltose Glucose • Chicken Pox Varicella virus Direct haemophiliacs, promiscuous to 10 (e) Lactase Lactose Glucose + contact (droplets), indirected by yrs. ome (AIDS) also called LAV Galactose infected objects 12-16 days individuals and prostitutes

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www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 55 POLITICAL THEORY & INTERNATIONAL 4 ORDER, INDIAN POLITY

EQUALITY DIMENSIONS OF EQUALITY citizens on the basis of social status, color, caste, creed, rank, etc. It is • The concept of equality is dynamic MEANING opposed to the grant of special one and has kept on changing • Equality, like liberty, is an important privileges to any person on the basis according to times. Accordingly pillar of democracy. In common of his social status or caste, religion, different scholars have suggested parlance the term equality is used etc. It may be observed that social different dimensions or kinds of for identity of treatment and equality cannot be established equality. Laski mentions only two identity of rewards. However, this through law alone. It can be kinds of equality – political and is not a correct use of the term achieved only through regulation of economic. Lord Bryce refers to four because absolute equality is not social habits and institutions. kinds of equality – civil, political, possible. Like liberty, equality has Education can also play a social and natural. also been assigned both negative significant role in bringing social 1. Civil Equality and positive meaning. In the equality. negative sense, equality means the • Civil equality implies equality of all 4. Economic Equality absence of special privileges. It before law. All citizens irrespective implies the absence of special of their status and position should • In modern times scholars have privileges. It implies the absence be treated at par and no distinction attached great importance to of barriers like birth, wealth, caste, should be made on the basis of economic equality and consider it color, creed, etc. In the positive caste, creed, sex, political opinion, as vital to the existence of other sense, equality means provision of social status, place of birth, etc. The types of equality. Economic equality adequate opportunities for all the laws of the state should be passed does not imply that there should be members of the society. It may be for the benefit of all and should not equal distribution of wealth. On the observed that adequate be used as instrument for the other hand it means that there should opportunities do not mean equal promotion of interest of a particular not be concentration of wealth in opportunities. Therefore, equality section of population. Equal rights few hands only and certain really means the provision of should be available to all the minimum standards of income adequate opportunities to all persons and nobody should be should be assured to all. citizens without any discrimination. denied enjoyment of any right. 5. Natural Equality Nobody should be debarred from 2. Political Equality • The concept of natural equality certain facilities simply because of rests on the principle that nature has his status, caste, creed, etc. In • Political equality means that all the created every one as equal. Nature short, equality implies the following citizens have the right to participate has not bestowed all human beings things. First, all persons should be in the affairs of the state without any with the same qualities. Interpreted provided with adequate discrimination on ground of caste, in this sense the idea of natural opportunities for the development color, creed, sex, etc. All the avenues of the personality. Second, no class of authority should be open equally equality is a myth. or caste or group enjoys special to all the citizens and they should 6. Legal Equality privileges that are not available to enjoy right to vote, right to contest • Here equality means that all people other members of the society. election, right to criticize the are alike in the eye of the law and Third, there should not be any government, right to hold public that they are entitled for its equal discrimination among members of office, etc. The doctrine of political protection. Thus the principle of society and if there is any equality is based on twin principles equality implies equal protection of of universal adult franchise and discrimination it should be based life and liberty for everyone under human dignity. on reasonable grounds. Fourth, the law, and equal penalties on rights are equally distributed among 3. Social Equality everyone violating them. In a strictly all and all have equal access to • It assumes that there should not be technical sense, the principle of opportunities leading to authority. any discrimination among various equality implies equal protection of

56 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 law to all denying discrimination on society. That is all people have to John Seeley, “liberty is the any artificial ground whatsoever. liberty to compete in the midst of opposite of over-government”. The Viewed in a wider perspective it also equal opportunities with the result meaning of liberty has two means justice at a low cost at the that those who can make best use dimensions negative and positive. earliest practicable time so that of their chances may go ahead of In a negative sense, it implies the everyone irrespective of his social others. Inequalities in the midst of absence of restraints as far as or economic status may get it equal opportunities are thus a valid possible. Negative liberty meant according to the established affair. But the Marxist view of that there should not be any procedure of the land. equality always associates with hindrance in the path of one’s 7. International Equality class war. Equality cannot exist in a actions. Here the point of stress is • It means the extension of the society ridden with class that restraint is bad, because it principle of equality to the contradictions. All kinds of class effects curtailment of individual international sphere. All nations of distinctions can be eliminated freedom. J. S. Mill and F. A. Hayek, the world should be treated equally through the dictatorship of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Adam irrespective of their demographic, proletariat. A classless society is Smith, Jeremy Bentham are geographical, economic or military necessary for the liberty and exponents of negative liberty. Mill compositions. That is the principle equality maintained that there should not be of internationalism requires that all any hindrance in the path of man. Liberty Meaning nations of the world should be Hayek says that every individual treated on identical terms whether • The theme of liberty is integrally has some assured area of personal they are big or small in terms of their connected with the theme of rights. freedom with which others cannot size, location, natural resources, It is the provision of rights with their interfere. The negative view of wealth, military potential and the due enforcement by the state that liberty is not appreciated in the like. It also implies that international ensures freedom to a citizen and present times. Now individual disputes should be settled through thereby enables him to seek the best liberty is sought to be reconciled pacific means in which every nation possible development of his with state authority. Restraints are has right to discuss matters in a free personality. The term ‘liberty’ comes essential if the state desires to and frank manner and that the use from the Latin word ‘liber’ that means achieve the goal of public welfare. of force, or a threat of this type, is ‘free’. The meaning of liberty The positive concept of liberty ruled out from consideration. generally taken a wrong way as it is admits that there must be Liberty and Equality identified with the absence of compulsion if liberty is to have a restraints and limitations. No man practical meaning. It is a • The relationship between liberty can be absolutely free. In the sense contribution of T.H. Green. He and equality has been a matter of of unrestrained freedom liberty is defines it as a positive power of controversy that has two sides; the not possible in society. Thus doing something that is worth negative view is that liberty and viewed, liberty means man’s right to enjoying in common with others. equality are incompatible terms. do what he wants for the sake of Since man is social creature, his life Lord Action and F. A. Hayek argue making the best possible should be regulated by certain social that bringing about a condition of development of his personality. bonds. Hegel, Rousseau, Herder, equality has in practice led to inequality and tyranny. The positive Social life is regulated by a set of Marx, H. J. Laski, Barker are other view takes liberty and equality as principles or norms that make man’s advocates of positive liberty. life civilized. These restraints lay compatible terms. In fact both are Liberal Versus Marxist Views necessarily connected with the down the line of distinction between supreme worth and dignity of human good and bad, right or wrong, moral • The Marxist interpretations personality and the spontaneous and immoral, legal and illegal. In fine, regarding real meaning and nature development of its capacities. the real meaning of liberty should of liberty hinge mainly on the nature be understood with this point in and scope of economic liberty Liberal Versus Marxist view that the liberty of an individual available in the pattern of social life. Interpretations is relative to that of others. Liberty The liberals define liberty as a • The liberal doctrine of equality is defined by Mahatma Gandhi as bundle of rights that enable a man stands on the premise of the follows, “liberty does not mean the to seek the best possible ‘equality of adequate opportunities’ absence of restraint but it lies in development of his personality. available to every member of the development of liberty.” According They do not bother for the kind of www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 57 social life of man. On the other hand, in compliance with the restraints to earn money through some the Marxist view of liberty covers imposed on him in the general occupation. The individual should the case of man’s life in the society interest. This kind of liberty consists be free from the constant fear of he lives and the conditions he is in the rights and privileges in the unemployment and insufficiency subjected to. It follows that in the society, which is protected by the that perhaps more than any other Marxist view, there can be no real state. Thus social liberty liberates a inadequacies affect the whole freedom unless the capitalist system man from the fear of arbitrary strength of the personality. is replaced with the socialist system. aggression. 6. Domestic Liberty The Marxist concept of liberty 3. Personal Liberty • It is by and large a sociological rejects the case of ‘free will’ as the • Personal liberty means the concept that takes the discussion ingredient of liberty. Man is not only availability of those conditions in of liberty to the spheres of man’s a social creature who can which the individual can act without family life. It implies that of all understand the pattern of his social being under any type of arbitrary associations within the state, the existence and then change it restraint. Every individual has the miniature community of family is the bymeans of his conscious right not to permit any other most universal and of the strongest revolutionary social activity. It is individual to interfere in his personal independent vitality. There was a quite obvious that Marxist view of affairs. Every individual should have time when the authoritarian state liberty cannot be appreciated by the the liberty to dress, food, standard was reflected in the authoritarian liberal thinkers who identify liberty of living, marriages, education of family. Thus with the advent of with constitutional government, children, etc. Personal liberty stands democracy, liberty pervaded the political democracy and orderly for the personal security, personal sphere of family life as well. It administration based on common freedom in movement, and intends the freedom enjoys in a law system. They are, Milton enjoyment of personal property. family to have respectable relations Freidman, Louis Fischer and Arthur The state should not interfere in the with others. Koestler. personal matters of the individual. 7. National Liberty Dimensions or Kinds of Liberty Such liberty is essential for the free • It is synonymous with national development of human society. • Simply stated, liberty implies a independence. As such it implies 4. Political Liberty condition of freedom especially that no nation should be under the opposed to political subjection, • Political liberty refers to the power subjection of another. It stands for imprisonment or slavery. In a wider of the people to be active in political national independence, freedom sense, it is a multiple concept affairs of the state. Thus it is from imperialism, etc. Like having these important varieties. integrally connected with the life of individuals nations also think in man as a citizen. It requires two terms of liberty. As a matter of fact 1. Natural Liberty things – political education and free national liberty is another name for • It implies complete freedom for a man supply of news. By political liberty national sovereignty. Every nation to do what he wills. It means no Laski means the freedom of the wishes to remain free. And without restraint to any kind whatsoever on individual to participate in the affairs independence the progress of the the doing of a man. Just as all of the state. Political liberty includes nation or the state is not possible. creatures live according to their will liberty to vote, to contest in In a slave country people cannot in the world of nature, so should be elections, to hold public office, to enjoy the comforts of life. For this the pattern of man’s life. Let a man express political views and criticize love for national liberty is identified do what he wills. But liberty in government, to have free and fair with patriotism. modern society is within restraints. election, freedom for public opinion, 8. International Liberty So the idea of natural liberty is etc. • The ideal of liberty covers the world therefore an errant nonsense. As a 5. Economic Liberty as a whole. Thus in the international social creature man should lead a • Economic liberty allows individuals sphere, it means that renunciation life regulated by social restraints. to be engaged in some gainful of war, reduction in arms production 2. Social Liberty occupation. It means liberty to earn and abandonment of use of force • Social liberty relates to man’s one’s own daily bread. In simple and pacific settlement of freedom in his life as a member of words, every individual regardless international disputes. It also social organization. As such it refers of caste, color, creed, place of birth, desires adequate curbs on the to a man’s right to do what he wills sex and religion should have liberty strength of military force so that it

58 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 may not crush the liberties of the of news is a necessary condition of and freedom of the individuals as local people or people of a different liberty. If the facts are not presented derogatory or unjust. However, this country. in their true aspects and are doesn’t preclude imposition of 9. Moral Liberty deliberately perverted, the judgment restrictions on the freedom of the will be unrelated to truth. • It stands for the freedom of the individual in larger interest of the individual to act as per his rational 7. Eternal vigilance members of society. Fifth, the self. Every individual should have • The most important safeguard of concept of justice is intimately connected with the concept of the liberty to develop his liberty is popular vigilance. It has equality. Absence of equality is personality according to his will. been said that ‘eternal vigilance is considered as a violation of the This type of freedom is contained the price of liberty’. principle of justice. For example, in the idealistic interpretations of Justice Meaning legal justice implies the existence of thinkers from Plato and Aristotle in a feeling of fraternity among the the ancient to Rousseau, Kant, • The concept of justice occupies a members of society. Finally, justice Hegel and Green in modern times. prominent position in political implies due consideration of the theory. Different people attached Conditions of Liberty natural limitations. In short, justice different meanings to the term tries to reconcile the individual justice at different times and places. • Every state guarantees liberty in its rights with the social good. own way. Liberty can be The word justice is derived from the safeguarded in the following ways. Latin word ‘justitia’ that means Dimensions of Justice 1. Enunciation of Fundamental Rights joining of fitting. In the words of Rafel “the idea of justice is plainly • The concept of justice has four-fold • The constitution defines the powers concerned with the general ordering dimensions – legal, political, social of the government and sets a limit and economic. It shall be desirable to its action. The basic rights of the of the society.” Plato interpreted justice in terms of functions and to deal with these dimensions of citizen are clearly enlisted in the justice in some details. constitution and the violation of it Aristotle interpreted justice in the Legal Dimensions of Justice leads to punishment. sense of fairness and equality. The idea of justice is a dynamic affair. • The legal dimension of justice has 2. Separation of judiciary from As such, its implications change executive been emphasized by the writers of with the passage of time. What was the analytical school, John Austin, • Judiciary should be separated from justice in the past may be injustice Hobbes, etc. They assert that law is the executive and it should be today or vice versa. the chief instrument of justice and impartial also. Montesquieu in its absence there can be no justice. regarded separation of powers as an Attributes of Justice It implies the existence of rational essential safeguard of liberty. If the law, customary law, statutory law, people cannot secure speedy and • First, the concept is related to impartial justice, liberty is in danger. dealings amongst human beings. etc. Each individual is entitled to the Second, it implies impartiality in the protection of law and the violation 3. Decentralization of power treatment of various persons and of the law is punished in accordance • Decentralization of power also requires that no discrimination with the law. In short, it implies safeguards liberty. Centralization of should be made amongst the ‘equality before law’ and ‘equal power may lead to despotism. various members of religion, caste, protection of laws.’ Secondly, for the 4. Political Party System sex, place of birth, family, etc. Third, enforcement of the law there must • A well-organized party system justice does not essentially mean be courts or other semi-judicial always protects liberty by preventing doing away with all types of bodies that can decide the disputes despotism and misuse of power. discrimination. It permits some sort in accordance with the existing laws. 5. Rule of Law of discrimination on reasonable Sometimes the courts decide the • Rule of law implies equality before grounds. For example, the special cases on the basis of equity and law and ends up discrimination. It treatment promised to the backward natural law to meet the requirements upholds the maxim that all are equal classes under the Indian of justice. Thirdly, justice is before law including the ruling class. Constitution does not violate the intimately connected with 6. Free Press concept of justice. Fourth, it punishment. A consensus exists emphasizes the importance of that more serious crimes must be • Laski considers the provision of an personal dignity and all those honest and straight-forward supply severely punished so that it acts as actions, which restrict the rights, a deterrent for others. Fourthly, legal www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 59 justice demands that equal rights social institutions play a vital role and enjoyment of rights without should be made available to all the in its accomplishment. any distinction makes liberty and members and no discrimination Economic Dimensions of Justice equality meaningless. In order to should be made on the basis of • In recent years the economic live, man must have some rights; in caste, color, creed, sex, place of dimensions of justice has assumed order to develop his personality to birth, etc. great importance. It is asserted that the best possible extent, he must Political Dimensions of Justice there cannot be any social or have some particular rights. If state is the first condition of a civilized • Political dimensions of justice imply political justice without economic life, the civilized life requires a set that the people should be given a justice. Economic justice means that of special rights that a man must chance of fair and free participation the basic needs of all the members have. According to Laski, “rights are in the political life of the country. of the state must be met and the those conditions of social life This generally finds outlet in the national economy should be so without which no man can seek to grant of universal adult franchise so shaped that the benefits are shared be himself at his best.” A proper that all the people may be able to by the maximum number of people. definition of right has three participate in the election of their There should not be wide economic ingredients. First, it is a claim of the representatives. People are granted disparities and the principle of equal individuals. However, not every equal rights and opportunities to pay for equal work should prevail. claim can be a right; the claim should influence the policies of the Theories of Justice be of a common interest or government. Recruitment to public something which is capable of services is made without • Regarding the nature of justice universal application. Secondly, a discrimination. In short, people are different theories emerged with claim of the individual must receive given a fair chance to determine the different arguments. The Natural social recognition. For instance, an policies of the government in Theory of justice stipulates that man individual’s claim that receives keeping with the prevailing should follow the principles of a social recognition only if every requirements. The political parties, moral life as sanctioned by the law of nature. With the advent of individual wishes in the same the pressure groups, etc. play a vital Christianity law of nature became direction. Finally, we come to the role in giving concrete shape to the law of God. Critics say that the idea point of political recognition. Rights political justice. In short, political of natural or divine justice is a matter are, like moral declarations, until justice is concerned with the actual of myth. It is too abstract and they are protected by the state. The implementation of the principles of metaphysical in nature. state translates socially recognized legal justice. • The Legal Theory of justice claims of moral rights into terms of Social Dimensions of Justice identifies the whole idea of justice law and thereby accords them legal • The concept of social justice has with that of courts. They believe that recognition. It, therefore, acts like a very wide dimensions and covers the legislature has the authority to coercive agency to prevent the practically everything that promotes make laws and the judiciary has the operation of selfish wills of the the general welfare of the members power adjudicate. The advocates of individuals. of the community. It lays emphasis imperative theory of jurisprudence Dimensions or Kinds of Rights on the elimination of all kinds of like Hobbes, Bentham, Austin and discrimination and privileges based dicey fully supports this view. The • Rights are of different kinds. A on caste, color, creed, sex, birth, etc. Marxian Theory of justice is watertight classification of rights is It also enjoys upon the state the identified with class domination. not possible because of its duty to make concerted effort to According to Marxists justice interrelated nature. Laski puts rights improve the lot of the weaker prevails in a classless society. It into two categories – general and sections of the community. It also shows tha tthe liberal interpretation particular. But Barker divides them implies the doing away of social evils of justice is quite flexible that places into three main heads relating to prevailing in the society. In case of judiciary in an impartial and fraternity, equality and liberty. For conflict between the social and independent position, the Marxist convenience we? pected by his individual interest the former notion desires its committed form. students. But the difficulty with prevails. It is not worthy that social Rights Meaning such rights is that they cannot be justice cannot be forced on the enforced by rules, their enforcement people by the state through rigid • Rights, liberty and equality are three depends upon the good sense of rules alone. The social habits and inter-related themes; possession the community. When moral rights

60 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 are converted into legal rights, they must have a right to form unions and • The Natural Theory of rights become enforceable by the action associations for protecting and argues that nature is the author of of the state. promoting their interests. certain rights that have a universal 3. Civil Rights • The socialists go to the extent of character. Ancient philosophers and • These rights relate to the person and including right to social insurance Thomas Hobbes agree to this view property of the individuals. They are and self-government in industry in point. John Locke treats right life, called civil or social as they relates this category. liberty and property as natural to the essential conditions of a 6. Human Rights rights. The UDHR invokes the spirit of this theory when it declares, “all civilized life. This broad category • Human rights are commonly human begins are born free and includes a number of rights like those understood as inalienable equal in dignity and rights”. relating to life, personal liberty, fundamental rights to which a • When we come to the Legal Theory thought and expression, property, person is inherently entitled simply of rights, it holds that right is a religion and the like. Of all the civil because she or he is a human being. creation of law. If there is no law rights, right to life is most important, Human rights are those rights which there is no right. Hobbes, Bentham since enjoyment of all other rights are inherent in the mere fact of being andAustin are the advocates of this depends on it. It implies that no human. The concept of human rights person can take the life of another. theory. But critics say that people is based on the belief that every Allied to this is the right to personal have so many rights because of the human being is entitled to enjoy her/ liberty. It includes right to live like a force of custom behind them. his rights without discrimination. free citizen. Right to think and • The Historical Theory of right takes The modified version of natural express also comes under this the factor of time in the creation of rights coupled with civil rights has category. rights. Every right is based on the assumed a significance of its own force of long observance. The 4. Political Rights since the formulation of the essential sanction behind a right is • These rights relate to a man’s Universal Declaration of Human for this reason, is a tradition or a participation in the affairs of the Rights (UDHR) by UN in December state. custom. Sociologists like MacIver 1948. and Edmund Burke are the • This category includes right to vote, 7. Fundamental Rights advocates of this theory. Thus legal right to contest in elections, right to • By fundamental rights we mean theory and historical theory are public employment, right to public those rights which form the opposing each other. opinion, etc. In other words, these essential conditions of good life and rights enable a person to send • In Idealistic point of view rights are which constitute the essentials of petitions to the government for the highly moral in nature. Rights are human progress. In the absence of redressal of certain wrongs, rooted in the minds of man. Thus following a particular policy, making these rights the growth and they believe human consciousness or unmaking a particular law and development of human personality postulates rights and liberty. The expressing views for the creation of is not possible. In order to make objective of this theory is the ‘best a healthy public opinion. them inviolable they are enshrined possible development of human Democracy is regarded as the best in the constitutions of democratic personality’. An ardent advocate of form of government for the obvious countries. People are ensured this theory is T. H. Green. reason that it ensures all these fundamental rights through • The Marxian Theory of rights links rights. constitutions in India, Japan, USA, up the case of rights with that of the 5. Economic Rights France, Switzerland, etc. If any of prevailing economic system in a the fundamental rights is violated, society. The dominant class creates • These rights to relate to a man are the person concerned can go to the the rights for their sake. Thus rights vocation, his engagement in a court and seek help. will be safeguarded only in a gainful employment for livelihood. socialist system. It implies right to earn money Theories of Rights through proper means. Right to work Protection of Rights falls within this category. Allied to • From time to time, various this is the right to rest and leisure interpretations regarding the origin • Following are the measures for so that a person may take relief for and nature of rights were born which protection of the rights. the sake of maintaining and lead to the emergence of different 1. Rights should be enlists in the increasing efficiency. So the workers theories. constitution. www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 61 2. Rule of Law should prevail The terms duty and obligation are depends entirely on the conscience 3. Free and honest press. used in a situation in which a person of the individual to perform moral 4. Decentralization of powers. has no choice but to carry out or to duties or not to perform them. But abstain from carrying out an action. an individual is legally bound to 5. Independent and impartial judiciary In these cases we say that a person perform legal duties. If he does not 6. Associations and organizations has the duty of paying the price perform them, he will be punished 7. Eternal vigilance. stipulated in the contract or the duty by the state. It is the legal duty of to help a person injured. There is a every citizen to show obedience to Duties clear difference between people who the constitution, commands of law • As a member of society or the state carries out an action in threat. and pay taxes regularly and a man must behave in a way which Although the concept of duty can honestly. It is our legal duty to is good for all and which is helpful be seen in relationship among remain loyal to our country. Traitors in promoting the welfare of society. individuals and diverse spheres are tried by the judiciary and are Society calls upon the individuals such as of families, church, etc. in punished by the state. to follow certain norms. These are this entry duty will only be studied 3. Positive and Negative Duties obligations or duties. Thus a duty from a moral and political • Duties are classified into positive is an obligation. As a member of perspective. and negative according to their society or state, the individual has 1. Moral Duties fulfillment. If a duty requires an to observe these obligations of • Moral duties are those obligations action, then it is positive duty and if society. A man is said to have a duty that we should observe but we are a duty requires an omission then it in any matter when he is under an not legally bound to observe them. is a negative duty. In addition, duties obligation to do or not do It is our moral duty that we should can be general or special. General something. My right of living serve our parents, teachers, duties are those whose fulfillment involves any duty to allow others brothers and sisters and the can benefit anybody, as the duty the same condition of life. What is a relatives. It is our moral duty of not to kill. Special duties are those right in regards to one’s self is a duty every one that one should lend a duties that benefit people who have in regard to others. Rights and helping hand to the poor and a concrete relationship with the duties are the two sides of a same downtrodden. It is our moral duty person who is obligated by the duty. coin. Ifone looks at them from one’s that we should serve our village, our Positive duties are usually special own standpoint, they are rights; one province, nation and the world to duties, whereas negative duties are look at them from the standpoint of all possible extents. usually general duties. While others, they are duties. They are the negative duties are easy to fulfill • The reason why we have moral same conditions seen from different because they are omissions, duties has been one of the central angles. In the absence of duties, positive duties demand an effort that discussions of western philosophy rights become insignificant and can be more or less stringent, but for centuries. Two great political duties are fruitless in the absence they cannot have a limitless traditions have arisen from this of rights. A valid claim is both a duty character. discussion. The first of them argues and right. If we have right to enjoy that moral duty is an essential United Nations Charter our rights, it is our cardinal duty to characteristic of human condition perform our duties. If the state • October 24, 1945 - The official because individuals are moral guarantees the enjoyment of certain United Nations Charter is ratified by agents. In consequence, duties rights to us, the state at the same China, France, the Soviet Union, the should be fulfilled simply because time wants us to perform certain United Kingdom, the United States of their existence, regardless of duties also. Otherwise we are and a majority of countries. whether or not they serve the punished. Important duties of a • The U.N. Charter states that the attainment of a certain end. The citizen are allegiance to the state, to purposes of the U.N. are to: second of these traditions, by obey laws, payment of faxes, honest “Maintain international peace and contrast, explains the existence of exercise of franchise and, holding a security...” duties insofar as they are part of the public office, assistance in • “To develop friendly relations fulfillment of a certain superior end. maintenance of law and order, etc. among nations...” 2. Legal Duties Besides we have certain moral • “To achieve international co- duties to perform and certain legal • There is marked difference between operation in solving international duties that we are bound to perform. legal duties and moral duties. It problems...”

62 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • “To be a centre for harmonizing the • A new president, 21 vice-presidents, reports about states’ implementation actions of nations in the attainment and the chairmen of the six Main of treaty obligations and subse- of these common ends.” Committees of the General Assembly quently issue their comments in so- • The main bodies of the U.N. are: are elected at the start of each called Concluding Observations. the General Assembly, the Security regular session. (see question:” What are Conclu- Council, the Economic and Social • The General Assembly’s regular ding Observations”). Most treaty Council, the Trusteeship Council, sessions begin on the third Tuesday bodies also decide upon individual the International Court of Justice in September. They continue until complaints and some may take the and the Secretariat. the third week of December, but can initiative to initiate themselves • There are 193 Member States in the also go on year-round. inquiries into human rights U.N. (see list of entry dates below) violations. • The General Assembly also may Secretary-General meet in special sessions if so The Human Rights Council • The Secretary-General is the head requested by the Security Council • The Human Rights Council of the Secretariat, which carries out or if a majority of the Member States (HRC) is the most important the work of the U.N. as directed by requests it. political human rights body of the General Assembly, the Security the United Nations. Its 47 members • An emergency special session may Council and other U.N. bodies. are elected by the UN General be called within 24 hours if any of Assembly. Since 2006, the Human • The Secretary-General is “appointed the nine members of the Security Rights Council is tasked with the by the General Assembly on the Council request it or if a majority of recommendation of the Security regular examination of the human the Member States request it, or if Council.” rights situation within all UN one Member State requests it and member states (Universal Periodic • The Secretary-General serves a five- the majority concur. year term, which is renewable. Review) In addition, the Council Member States - 193 members. • Ban Ki-Moon is the eighth follows up on the situation in Secretary-General of the United • What is the role of the United individual countries - in the form of Nations. He is from South Korea. Nationsfor the monitoring of human country reports and resolutions. It rights? • Ban’s first term began on January 1, also appoints Special Rapporteurs 2007. He was confirmed to a second • At the international level, various for specific topics. term on June 21, 2011. bodies within the United Nations • The UN High Commissioner for General Assembly: system monitor the compliance of Human Rights, General Assembly states with their human rights • “Main deliberative, policymaking and Security Council obligations. A short overview: and representative organ” of the • The UN High Commissioner for U.N. • These are in particular the so- Human Rights (OHCHR) is in • The decisions of the General called treaty bodies, but also the charge of the coordination of Assembly have no legal binding Human Rights Council, the General human rights work within the system force. Assembly and the Security Council. of the United Nations. Besides the International human rights NGOs • Made up of representatives from head office in Geneva, it maintains each Member State. Each Member are likewise essential for monitoring regional and country offices and State has one vote in the General human rights practices. On the offers technical support for the Assembly. regional level, the organs of the implementation of human rights. European, Inter-american, and • Decisions on major issues such as • The UN General Assembly (GA) peace or security issues, new African human rights protection adopts human rights treaties by Member admissions or budget system are important since the resolution. Furthermore, the General issues require a two-thirds majority. rulings of regional human rights Assembly discusses and decides on Other decisions require only a courts are binding for the member many human rights issues. majority vote. states. • Last but not least, the UN Security • The Presidency of the General • Treaty bodies in the international Council (SC) can impose political, Assembly rotates among five system of human rights protection economical or military sanctions groups of Member States: African, ò The treaty bodies are expert panels against states that systematically Asian, Eastern European, Latin created on the basis of the violate human rights, as it has done American/Caribbean, and Western respective human rights treaty. in 2011 against Libya in Resolution European and other Member States. They examine and evaluate the state 1970. www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 63 Parts of the Constitution Schedules of the Constitution Part Articles Areas Schedule I Deals with territories of the 28 states & 7 union territories I 1-4 The Union & its Territories Schedule II Salaries allowances of president, V.P, II 5-11 Citizenship Speaker, Judges, CAG etc. III 12-35 Fundamental Rights Schedule III Various forms of Oaths & affirmation IV 36-51 Directive Principles of State Policy which various incumbents have to take. Schedule IV Seats allotted to various states & UTs IV A 51A Fundamental Duties (42nd in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) Amendment) Schedule V Administration & Control of scheduled V 52-151 The Union Government areas. VI 152-237 The State Government Schedule VI Administration of tribal areas in Assam, VII 238 Dealt with states in Part B of the Meghalaya & Mizoram First Schedule. Repealed in 1956 Schedule VII Subjects in the three lists – Union, State by the Seventh Amendment. & Concurrent VIII 239-241 Union Territories. Article 242 Schedule VIII List of 22 regional languages repealed. Schedule IX Certain acts & regulations dealing with IX 243 A-O The Panchayats land reforms & zamidari system abolition. IX-A 243 P-ZG The Muncipalities ((Added by first constitutional amendment). X 244-244 A The Scheduled & Tribal Areas Schedule X Disqualifications on grounds of XI 245-263 Relations between the Union & the defection. (52nd Amendment) States Schedule XI 29 subjects on which panchayats can XII 264-300A Finance, Property, Contracts & legislate. (73rd Amendment) Suits Schedule XII 18 subjects on which municipalities have XIII 301-307 Trade, Commerce & Intercouse control. (74th Amendment) within the territory of India XIV 308-323 Services under the Union & the Indian Constitution Borrowed Features States 1. British Constitution Parliamentary form of XIV A 323A-323B Administrative Tribunals (42nd Government, Rule of Law, Amendment 1976) Law making procedure, XV 324-329 Elections Single Citizenship; XVI 330-342 Special Provisions (Reservations Institution of Speaker. of SC, ST, Anglo Indian etc) 2. American Constitution Judicial System, XVII 343-351 Official Language Fundamental Rights, XVIII 352-360 Emergency Provisions 3. Canadian Constitution Federal System with a strong central authority; XIX 361-367 Miscellaneous Provisions Residual powers, Centre (Immunity of President, State Relation. Legislature etc) 4. Irish Constitution Directive Principles, XX 368 Amendment of the Constitution Election of the President XXI 369-392 Temporary, Transitional & Special of India Provision 5. Australian Constitution Concurrent list; Freedom XXII 393-395 Short Title, Commencement, of Trade & Service within Authoritative country 6. Weimar Constitution Emergency Provision 7. Soviet Constitution Five Year Plans; Fundamental duties 8. Govt of India Act 1935 Office of the governor, powers of the federal jury. 9. South African Amendment of Constitution.

64 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 Parliamentary Terms • Concurrent list (52) : Criminal law, maximum 6 months period. Not a electricity, factories, forests, member of Rajya sabha only an ex- • Censure Motion : At least 50 education, marriage & divorce, officio chairman. members support it & speaker drugs, newspapers, books & • Prime Minister : If the prime should admit it. If the motion is printing press, social insurance, minister is taken from Rajya Sabha passed in the Lok Sabha, the council trade unions, preventive detention, he cannot part in voting when a vote of ministers have to resign. stamp duties. (Originally 47 but 5 of no confidence is under • Adjournment Motion : Moved to items transferred to this list from consideration. In the event of his draw the attention to a recent matter state list). death the council of ministers stand of urgent public importance. Only if President automatically dissolved. 50 members support it & speaker • Deputy PM: Position not known to Disputes in connection with the grants permission. the constitution although 7 persons election of President are decided by • Question Hour : First hour of every have occupies this post. Vallabhbhai Supreme Court. sitting in the two houses of the Patel, Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, Oath by Chief justice of India parliament is devoted to asking & Jagjivan Ram, Y.B Chavan, Devi Lal • MLAs & members of both house of answering questions known as & L. K. Advani have served the the parliament vote in the election. Question hour. The questions office. consist of starred (oral), unstarred • The president submits his • Council of Ministers: Should be a resignation to the Vice President. (written) & short notice question. member of either house or do so • Impeachment can be initiated by • Zero Hour : The hour after the within 6 months. Vote of no either house of parliament (2/3 question hour. There is no mention confidence against any minister majority). Nominated members can of zero hour in the rules of the leads to resignation of entire also participate but they do not council. Present the budget before parliamentary procedure & the term participate in the election of the parliament. Collectively was coined by press in the early president. MLAs do not participate responsible to parliament but 1960’s. Members raise matters in impeachment. In case the office individual ministers responsible to which cannot brook any delay. becomes vacant fresh elections President. • Cut Motion : Motions to reduce the within 6 months. The president • Lok Sabha: Strength of Lok Sabha amount of demand for grants. They enjoys suspensive veto powers & fixed at 543 plus 2 nominated are of 3 types: Disapproval of policy it applies only to the non money bills. members of Anglo-Indian cut, Economy cut, Token Cut. community. Minimum 25 years of • With regards to constitutional • Guillotine : When the discussion age. No candidate can contest amendments president has no veto cannot be completed within elections from more than 2 powers. President can promulgate stipulated time, the speaker can put constituencies. Oath before ordinances when the parliament is the matter to vote even without in recess only on matters in the president or some person appointed concluding discussion. union & concurrent list. by him. Can vacant seat by writing to speaker. Seat vacant if absents Lists • The ordinances must be approved from meetings for 60 days without by parliament within 6 weeks. • Union List (99) : Defence, Foreign intimation. The speaker continues affaris, currency, banking, • All money bills originate on the in the house even after the recommendation of the President. communication, inter-state trade, dissolution of the Lok Sabha till a Appoints finance commission. If commerce, atomic energy, railways, newly elected Lok Sabha meets. The there is no party with clear cut highways, aerodromes. (Originally joint session is called if a bill passed majority the president can use his is rejected by other house or no 97 items – one deleted, 3 added). discretion. He cannot declare any action is taken. Speaker presides • State List (61) : Health, sanitation, emergency on his own. Can over joint sessions. public order, agriculture, prisons, summon both houses separately. • Rajya Sabha : 238 elected & 12 local government, liquor, • Vice President: More than 35 years nominated. Minimum 30 years of transportation, relief of disabled, of age. Elected by the members of age. Elected by members of state sales tax & octroi, taxes on Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha at a joint legislative assemblies on the basis entertainment & wealth. (Originally meeting. Oath before the president of proportional representation 66 items out of which 5 transferred or some other person appointed through a single transferable vote. to concurrent list). by him. Can act as president for a www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 65 It is not subjected to dissolution. In Minerva Mills Case the Supreme according to 44th amendment, the event of dissolution of Lok court struck down those provisions. national emergency cannot be Sabha, any bill pending in the Rajya • Maneka Gandhi Vs Union of India: declared on grounds of internal Sabha but not passed by Lok Sabha Right to live is not merely confined disturbances. does not lapse. to physical existence but includes • Emergency due to constitutional • Governor: Oath before chief justice within its ambit the right to live with failure in state: Ceases to be in of high court of that state. 35 human dignity. operation after the expiry of two years of age. Adresses first session Commissions/committees & their months unless approved by each of state legislature after elections. Purpose: house. After approval valid for 6 Appoint one sixth members of • S.K Dhar committee : months. It can be extended by legislative council. Nominates one Reorganization of states on parliament for a further period of 6 member of Anglo Indian community linguistic basis months. To extend further election commission should certify & still to the legislative assembly. Makes • JVP committee : Jawahar, Vallabh, maximum period is 3 years. Declared laws through ordinances. Can grant Pattabhi Sitaramayya (same as more than 100 times, first time in pardon but not in case of death above) sentence. Reserve a bill for Punjab. The court can strike down • Shah Commission : Punjab president’s consideration. He is emergency if found Reorganization Act permitted to act without the advice unconstitutional & revive the • Tarkunde Committee : Electoral of the council of ministers unlike dissolved state assembly. Reforms. Voting age to be reduced president. Ordinance issued by him • Financial Emergency : Remains in to 18 years (61st amendment). Voter remains in force for a maximum 6 force for a period of 2 months unless councils to be formed. months. The constitution does not approved. After approval 6 months. contain any provision for his • Dinesh Goswami Committe : The maximum period is 3 years. impeachment. Electoral Reforms. To save the President can reduce salary of security candidates should secure judges of all courts & ask all money Important Cases of the Constitution at least 1/4th of valid votes. bills passed by state legislature to • Berubari Case: Preamble not a part • Balwant Rai Mehta Committee : be reserved. of the constitution Recommendations approved by • Parliamentary Committees: • Golaknath Case 1967: Supreme NDC. Rajasthan first adopted 3 tier • Estimates Committee : 30 members. court held that the Parliament had structure, followed by Andhra Examines Annual Estimates & no power to amend any of the Pradesh & Bihar. suggests alternative policies provisions of Part III (Fundamental • Ashok Mehta Committee : Working • Public Accounts Committee : 22 rights) The Indira Gandhi of panchayati raj institutions. members. 15 LOKSABHA & 7 R.S. government in 1971 carried out the • Rajamannar Commission : Assisted by Comptroller & Auditor 24th Amendment with a view to Recommended abolition of IAS & general. It acts as a watch dog of assert the right of the parliament to the IPS. expenditure. amend any part of the constitution. • National Emergency : The • Committee on Public Undertakings • Keshvanada Bharti Case: Preamble proclamation of emergency should : 15 members. 10 M.Ps & 5 R.S. was a part of the constitution & can be approved by both houses within Examines working of public be amended by Parliament under one month of the date of issue & undertakings Article 368. Parliament can also passed by 2/3rd majority otherwise amend the fundamental rights • Business Advisory Committee :15 ceases to operate in one month. members. Speaker is chairman (Against Golaknath case) but ruled Once it has been approved it • Committee on Private Members that the parliament cannot destroy remains in force for a period of 6 Bills & Resolutions : 15 members. the basic structure of the months. The life of Lok Sabha can Deputy Chairman is chairman. constitution. be extended upto one year at a time Classifies bills according to • Minerval Mills Case 1980: The & up to the period not exceeding importance. 42nd.amendment carried out in 1976 beyond six months after the gave asserted that parliament had proclamation ceases to operate. • Rules Committee : 15 members. unlimited powers to amend the Fundamental rights except Speaker is head. Rules of House constitution & tried to accord guaranteed in article 20 & 21 cannot • Committee on Privileges : 15 precedence to Directive principles be suspended. Emergency was form members. Violation of Privileges of over fundamental rights. But in the 1962-68 & 1971-78. However M.P

66 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • Committee on Welfare of constitutional remedies. However, or otherwise altered through a Scheduled Castes & Scheduled the right to property was removed constitutional amendment, passed Tribes : 30 Members. 20 L.S. & 10 from Part III of the Constitution by by a two-thirds majority of each R.S. the 44th Amendment in 1978. House of Parliament. The imposition • The right to property (Article 31) • The purpose of the Fundamental of a state of emergency may lead to eliminated from the list of Rights is to preserve individual a temporary suspension any of the fundamental rights by 44th liberty and democratic principles Fundamental Rights, excluding amendment in 1978. Now it is a based on equality of all members of Articles 20 and 21, by order of the constitutional right. society. They act as limitations on President. The President may, by • The administrators are known as the powers of the legislature and order, suspend the right to lieutenant governors (Daman & executive, under Article 13, and in constitutional remedies as well, Pondicherry), Chief commissioners case of any violation of these rights thereby barring citizens from (Andamans & Chandigarh) & as the Supreme Court of India and the approaching the Supreme Court for administrators (Lakshadweep). High Courts of the states have the the enforcement of any of the • The government of India instituted power to declare such legislative or Fundamental Rights, except Articles Bharat Ratna & Padma Shri under executive action as 20 and 21, during the period of the Article 18 of the constitution. unconstitutional and void. These emergency. Parliament may also • The procedure of election of the rights are largely enforceable against restrict the application of the President can be modified through the State, which as per the wide Fundamental Rights to members of an amendment passed by two- thirds definition provided in Article 12, the Indian Armed Forces and the majority by both the houses & be includes not only the legislative and police, in order to ensure proper ratified by legislatures of at least half executive wings of the federal and discharge of their duties and the of the states. state governments, but also local maintenance of discipline, by a law • The salary & emoluments of the administrative authorities and other made under Article 33. president are exempt from income agencies and institutions which Right to Equality tax. This is not the case with chief discharge public functions or are of justice of India & election • The Right to Equality is one of the a governmental character. However, commissioner. chief guarantees of the there are certain rights – such as Constitution. It is embodied in • Only war & external aggression can those in Articles 15, 17, 18, 23, 24 – lead to suspension of fundamental Articles 14–16, which collectively that are also available against rights under article 19. Armed encompass the general principles of private individuals. Further, certain rebellion does not cause the equality before law and non- Fundamental Rights – including suspension. discrimination, and Articles 17–18 those under Articles 14, 20, 21, 25 – • U.K has no written constitution. which collectively further the apply to persons of any nationality New Zealand was the first country philosophy of social equality. Article upon Indian soil, while others – such to grant franchise to women. 14 guarantees equality before law as those under Articles 15, 16, 19, as well as equal protection of the • Fundamental Rights 30– are applicable only to citizens law to all persons within the territory • The Fundamental Rights, embodied of India. of India. This includes the equal in Part III of the Constitution, • The Fundamental Rights are not subjection of all persons to the guarantee civil rights to all Indians, absolute and are subject to authority of law, as well as equal and prevent the State from reasonable restrictions as treatment of persons in similar encroaching on individual liberty necessary for the protection of circumstances. The latter permits the while simultaneously placing upon public interest. In the Kesavananda State to classify persons for it an obligation to protect the Bharati v. State of Kerala case in legitimate purposes, provided there citizens’ rights from encroachment 1973, the Supreme Court, overruling is a reasonable basis for the same, by society. Seven fundamental a previous decision of 1967, held that meaning that the classification is rights were originally provided by the Fundamental Rights could be required to be non-arbitrary, based the Constitution– right to equality, amended, subject to judicial review on a method of intelligible right to freedom, right against in case such an amendment violated differentiation among those sought exploitation, right to freedom of the basic structure of the to be classified, as well as have a religion, cultural and educational Constitution. The Fundamental rational relation to the object sought rights, right to property and right to Rights can be enhanced, removed to be achieved by the classification. www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 67 • Article 15 prohibits discrimination have been held to be valid by the procedural difficulties in on the grounds only of religion, race, Supreme Court on the ground that maintaining order, and therefore it caste, sex, place of birth, or any of they are merely decorations and ought to be excluded from the them. This right can be enforced cannot be used by the recipient as a Constitution altogether. The against the State as well as private title. Constituent Assembly in 1948 eventually omitted the phrase “due individuals, with regard to free Right to Freedom access to places of public process” in favour of “procedure entertainment or places of public • The Right to Freedom is covered in established by law”. As a result, resort maintained partly or wholly Articles 19–22, with the view of Article 21, which prevents the out of State funds. However, the guaranteeing individual rights that encroachment of life or personal State is not precluded from making were considered vital by the framers liberty by the State except in special provisions for women and of the Constitution, and these accordance with the procedure children or any socially and Articles also include certain established by law, was, until 1978, educationally backward classes of restrictions that may be imposed by construed narrowly as being citizens, including the Scheduled the State on individual liberty under restricted to executive action. Castes and Scheduled Tribes. This specified conditions. Article 19 However, in 1978, the Supreme Court exception has been provided since guarantees six freedoms in the in the case of Maneka Gandhi v. the classes of people mentioned nature of civil rights, which are Union of India extended the therein are considered deprived and available only to citizens of India. protection of Article 21 to legislative in need of special protection. Article These include the freedom of speech action, holding that any law laying 16 guarantees equality of and expression, freedom of down a procedure must be just, fair opportunity in matters of public assembly, freedom of association and reasonable, and effectively employment and prevents the State without arms, freedom of movement reading due process into Article 21. from discriminating against anyone throughout the territory of In the same case, the Supreme Court in matters of employment on the India,freedom to reside and settle in also ruled that “life” under Article 21 meant more than a mere “animal grounds only of religion, race, caste, any part of the country of India and existence”; it would include the right sex, descent, place of birth, place of the freedom to practice any profession. All these freedoms are to live with human dignity and all residence or any of them. It creates subject to reasonable restrictions other aspects which made life exceptions for the implementation of that may imposed on them by the “meaningful, complete and worth measures of affirmative action for State, listed under Article 19 itself. living”. Subsequent judicial the benefit of any backward class The grounds for imposing these interpretation has broadened the of citizens in order to ensure restrictions vary according to the scope of Article 21 to include within adequate representation in public freedom sought to be restricted, and it a number of rights including those service, as well as reservation of an include national security, public to livelihood, clean environment, office of any religious institution for order, decency and morality, good health, speedy trial and a person professing that particular contempt of court, incitement to humanitarian treatment while religion. offences, and defamation. The State imprisoned. The right to education • The practice of untouchability has is also empowered, in the interests at elementary level has been made been declared an offence punishable of the general public to nationalise one of the Fundamental Rights by law under Article 17, and the any trade, industry or service to the under Article 21A by the 86th Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 exclusion of the citizens. Constitutional amendment of 2002. has been enacted by the Parliament • The freedoms guaranteed by Article • Article 20 provides protection from to further this objective. Article 18 19 are further sought to be protected conviction for offences in certain prohibits the State from conferring by Articles 20–22. The scope of respects, including the rights any titles other than military or these articles, particularly with against ex post facto laws, double academic distinctions, and the respect to the doctrine of due jeopardy and freedom from self- citizens of India cannot accept titles process, was heavily debated by the incrimination. Article 22 provides from a foreign state. Thus, Indian Constituent Assembly. It was specific rights to arrested and aristocratic titles and titles of argued, especially by Benegal detained persons, in particular the nobility conferred by the British Narsing Rau, that the incorporation rights to be informed of the grounds have been abolished. However, of such a clause would hamper of arrest, consult a lawyer of one’s awards such as the Bharat Ratna social legislation and cause own choice, be produced before a

68 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 magistrate within 24 hours of the Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) institution, and educational arrest, and the freedom not to be Act, 1986, providing regulations for institutions receiving aid from the detained beyond that period the abolition of, and penalties for State cannot compel any of their without an order of the magistrate. employing, child labour, as well as members to receive religious The Constitution also authorises provisions for rehabilitation of instruction or attend religious the State to make laws providing former child labourers. worship without their (or their guardian’s) consent. forpreventive detention, subject to Right to Freedom of Religion certain other safeguards present in • Any person can change their Cultural and Educational Rights Article 22. The provisions religion according to their wish no • Every person has the right to get pertaining to preventive detention person can force a person to change education no person can were discussed with skepticism and his/her religion. The Right to discriminate against going to misgivings by the Constituent Freedom of Religion, covered in school.The Cultural and Assembly, and were reluctantly Articles 25–28, provides religious Educational rights, given in Articles approved after a few amendments freedom to all citizens and ensures 29 and 30, are measures to protect in 1949. Article 22 provides that a secular State in India. According the rights of cultural, linguistic and when a person is detained under any to the Constitution, there is no religious minorities, by enabling law of preventive detention, the official State religion, and the State them to conserve their heritage and State can detain such person is required to treat all religions protecting them against without trial for only three months, impartially and neutrally. Article 25 discrimination. Article 29 grants any and any detention for a longer guarantees all persons the freedom section of citizens having a distinct period must be authorised by an of conscience and the right to language, script culture of its own, Advisory Board. The person being preach, practice and propagate any the right to conserve and develop detained also has the right to be religion of their choice. This right the same, and thus safeguards the informed about the grounds of is, however, subject to public order, rights of minorities by preventing detention, and be permitted to make morality and health, and the power the State from imposing any a representation against it, at the of the State to take measures for external culture on them. It also earliest opportunity. social welfare and reform. The right prohibits discrimination against any to propagate, however, does not Right against Exploitation citizen for admission into any include the right to convert another educational institutions maintained • The Right against Exploitation, individual, since it would amount to or aided by the State, on the contained in Articles 23–24, lays an infringement of the other’s right grounds only of religion, race, caste, down certain provisions to prevent to freedom of conscience. Article 26 language or any of them. However, exploitation of the weaker sections guarantees all religious this is subject to reservation of a of the society by individuals or the denominationsand sects, subject to reasonable number of seats by the State. Article 23 provides prohibits public order, morality and health, to State for socially and educationally human trafficking, making it an manage their own affairs in matters backward classes, as well as offence punishable by law, and also of religion, set up institutions of reservation of up to 50 percent of prohibits forced labour or any act their own for charitable or religious seats in any educational institution of compelling a person to work purposes, and own, acquire and run by a minority community for without wages where he was legally manage property in accordance with citizens belonging to that entitled not to work or to receive law. These provisions do not community. remuneration for it. However, it derogate from the State’s power to permits the State to impose acquire property belonging to a • Article 30 confers upon all religious compulsory service for public religious denomination. The State is and linguistic minorities the right to purposes, including conscription also empowered to regulate any set up and administer educational and community service. The economic, political or other secular institutions of their choice in order Bonded Labour system (Abolition) activity associated with religious to preserve and develop their own Act, 1976, has been enacted by practice. Article 27 guarantees that culture, and prohibits the State, Parliament to give effect to this no person can be compelled to pay while granting aid, from Article. Article 24 prohibits the taxes for the promotion of any discriminating against any employment of children below the particular religion or religious institution on the basis of the fact age of 14 years in factories, mines institution. Article 28 prohibits that it is administered by a religious and other hazardous jobs. religious instruction in a wholly or cultural minority. The term Parliament has enacted the Child State-funded educational “minority”, while not defined in the www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 69 Constitution, has been interpreted democracy, as proposed by the few, and distribution of community by the Supreme Court to mean any Preamble. They set forth the resources to “subserve the common community which numerically forms humanitarian and socialist good”. These clauses highlight the less than 50% of the population of instructions that were the aim of Constitutional objectives of the state in which it seeks to avail social revolution envisaged in India building an egalitarian social order the right under Article 30. In order by the Constituent Assembly. The and establishing a welfare state, by to claim the right, it is essential that State is expected to keep these bringing about a social revolution the educational institution must principles in mind while framing laws assisted by the State, and have been have been established as well as and policies, even though they are used to support the nationalisation administered by a religious or non-justiciable in nature. The of mineral resources as well as public linguistic minority. Further, the right Directive Principles may be utilities. Further, several legislations under Article 30 can be availed of classified under the following pertaining to agrarian reform and even if the educational institution categories: ideals that the State land tenure have been enacted by established does not confine itself ought to strive towards achieving; the federal and state governments, to the teaching of the religion or directions for the exercise of in order to ensure equitable language of the minority concerned, legislative and executive power; and distribution of land resources. rights of the citizens which the State or a majority of students in that • Articles 41–43 mandate the State to must aim towards securing. institution do not belong to such endeavour to secure to all citizens minority. This right is subject to the • Despite being non-justiciable, the the right to work, a living wage, power of the State to impose Directive Principles act as a check social security, maternity relief, and reasonable regulations regarding on the State; theorised as a a decent standard of living. These educational standards, conditions yardstick in the hands of the provisions aim at establishing a of service of employees, fee electorate and the opposition to socialist state as envisaged in the structure, and the utilisation of any measure the performance of a Preamble. Article 43 also places aid granted by it. government at the time of an upon the State the responsibility of Right to constitutional remedies election. Article 37, while stating promoting cottage industries, and that the Directive Principles are not • Right to constitutional remedies the federal government has, in enforceable in any court of law, furtherance of this, established empowers the citizens to move to a declares them to be “fundamental court of law in case of any denial of several Boards for the promotion of to the governance of the country” the fundamental rights. For khadi, handlooms etc., in and imposes an obligation on the instance, in case of imprisonment, coordination with the state State to apply them in matters of the citizen can ask the court to see if governments. Article 39A requires legislation. Thus, they serve to it is according to the provisions of the State to provide free legal aid to emphasise the welfare state model the law of the country. If the court ensure that opportunities for of the Constitution and emphasise finds that it is not, the person will securing justice are available to all the positive duty of the State to have to be freed. This procedure of citizens irrespective of economic or promote the welfare of the people asking the courts to preserve or other disabilities. Article 43A safeguard the citizens’ fundamental by affirming social, economic and mandates the State to work towards rights can be done in various ways. political justice, as well as to fight securing the participation of The courts can issue various kinds income inequality and ensure workers in the management of of writs. These writs are habeas individual dignity, as mandated by industries. The State, under Article corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo Article 38. s, in order to ensure 46, is also mandated to promote the warranto and certiorari. When a equitable distribution of land interests of and work for the national or state emergency is resources. economic uplift of the scheduled declared, this right is suspended by • Article 39 lays down certain castes and scheduled tribes and the central government. principles of policy to be followed protect them from discrimination and • Directive Principles of State by the State, including providing an exploitation. Several enactments, Policy: adequate means of livelihood for all including two Constitutional • The Directive Principles of State citizens, equal pay for equal work amendments, have been passed to Policy, embodied in Part IV of the for men and women, proper working give effect to this provision. Constitution, are directions given to conditions, reduction of the • Article 44 encourages the State to the State to guide the establishment concentration of wealth and means secure a uniform civil code for all of an economic and social of production from the hands of a citizens, by eliminating

70 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 discrepancies between various from executive in public services, in the judgment in the Kesavananda personal laws currently in force in order to ensure judicial Bharati case, has adopted the view the country. However, this has independence, and federal of the Fundamental Rights and remained a “dead letter” despite legislation has been enacted to Directive Principles being numerous reminders from the achieve this objective. The State, complementary to each other, each Supreme Court to implement the according to Article 51, must also supplementing the other’s role in provision. Article 45 originally strive for the promotion of aiming at the same goal of mandated the State to provide free international peace and security, establishing a welfare state by and compulsory education to and Parliament has been means of social revolution. Similarly, children between the ages of six and empowered under Article 253 to the Supreme Court has used the fourteen years, but after the 86th make laws giving effect to Fundamental Duties to uphold the Amendment in 2002, this has been international treaties. Constitutional validity of statutes which seeks to promote the objects converted into a Fundamental Right Relationship between the and replaced by an obligation upon laid out in the Fundamental Duties. Fundamental Rights, Directive These Duties have also been held the State to secure childhood care Principles and Fundamental Duties to all children below the age of six. to be obligatory for all citizens, subject to the State enforcing the Article 47 commits the State to raise • The Directive Principles have been same by means of a valid law. The the standard of living and improve used to uphold the Constitutional Supreme Court has also issued public health, and prohibit the validity of legislations in case of a directions to the State in this regard, consumption of intoxicatingdrinks conflict with the Fundamental with a view towards making the and drugs injurious to health. As a Rights. Article 31C, added by the provisions effective and enabling a consequence, partial or total 25th Amendment in 1971, provided citizens to properly perform their prohibition has been introduced in that any law made to give effect to duties. several states, but financial the Directive Principles in Article • Art. 3: Formation of new States & constraints have prevented its full- 39(b)–(c) would not be invalid on alteration of areas, boundaries or fledged application. The State is also the grounds that they derogated names of existing States mandated by Article 48 to organise from the Fundamental Rights agriculture and animal husbandry conferred by Articles 14, 19 and 31. • Art. 12 : General Definition (For the on modern and scientific lines by The application of this article was word “ theState”) improving breeds and prohibiting sought to be extended to all the • Art. 39 A : Equal justice (Equal Pay Directive Principles by the 42nd slaughter of cattle. Article 48A for Equal Work)& free legal aid. Amendment in 1976, but the mandates the State to protect the • Art. 371 : Special provision with Supreme Court struck down the environment and safeguard the respect to the States of Maharashtra extension as void on the ground that forests and wildlife of the country, and Gujarat. it violated the basic structure of the while Article 49 places an obligation • Art. 371 A : Special provision with Constitution. The Fundamental upon the State to ensure the respect to the State of Nagaland. Rights and Directive Principles have preservation of monuments and • Art. 371 B : Special provision with also been used together in forming objects of national importance. respect to the State of Assam. the basis of legislation for social Article 50 requires the State to welfare. The Supreme Court, after • Art. 371 C : Special provision with ensure the separation of judiciary respect to the State of Manipur.

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www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 71 GEOGRAPHY AND 5 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Most Important Facts Moraines • Important Isopleths: Isogones Equal magnetic LAKES: • A valley glacier carries a large amount of rock waste called moraine. declination • Fresh water lakes e.g. the great lakes The moraine forming along the sides Isohel Equal amount of of U.S.A. of a glacier is called lateral moraine; sunlight. • Saline lakes e.g. great salt lake of that along the front of a glacier is Isobront Thunderstorm at the Utah, Caspian sea, dead sea, lake called terminal moraine; that at the same time van etc. bottom of a glacier is the ground Isocheim Same mean winter • Fluvial lakes e.g. Wular lake, Marigot moraine. temperature lake, Mayeh lake Drumlins Isothere Same mean summer • Lakes formed by volcanic Activity: • The swarms of rounded hummocks temperature Crater and Caldera Lakes- Lake resulting from the deposition of Oregon (USA), Lakes Toba (Sumatra) Isanomal Isopleth of Anomaly glacial till are called drumlins. They Isochrones Equal travel time • Lakes formed by earth movements: look like inverted boat or spoon. from a common • Tectonic Lakes: - Lake Titicaca Cirque center. (Andes), (highest Lake of world), • Cirques are the most common of Caspian Sea (Largest Lake of the Isonif Amount of Snow landforms in glaciated mountains. world). Isophene Isopleths of seasonal The cirques quite often are found at phenomena • Rift valley Lakes:- Tanganyika, the heads of glacial valleys. Malawi, Rudolf, Edward, Albert, Isopotential Surface to which Stalactites, Stalagmites and Pillars Dead Sea (1256 ft below mean sea artesian water can level the world’s Lowest Lakes) • Stalactites hang as icicles of different rise diameters. Normally they are broad • Lakes formed by deposition: Isorymes Equal frost at their bases and taper towards the • Due to river deposits – Ox-bow Isarithm A line representing free ends showing up in a variety of Lakes continuous value on forms. Stalagmites rise up from the map • Due to marine deposits – Lagoons, floor of the caves. In fact, stalagmites Delta form due to dripping water from the Isonephs Equal cloudiness • Lakes formed by Erosion: surface or through the thin pipe, of Isopach Equal thickness of • Karst Lakes – Lake Scutari the stalactite, immediately below it geological strata (Yugoslavia) Stalagmites may take the shape of a Isotach Same wind speed • Wind – deflated Lakes (Salt Lakes & column, a disc, with either a smooth, Isotherombrose Equal ratio of Pla-yas) rounded bulging end or a miniature summer rainfall to • Lakes formed by Glaciations: crater like depression. The annual rainfall stalagmite and stalactites eventually • Cirque Lakes of Tarns – Lake Red Isochasm Equal frequency of fuse to give rise to columns and Tarn (U.K.) aurorae pillars of different diameters. • Kettle Lakes – Orkney (Scotland) Isodynamic Equal magnetic Delta intensity • Rock-hollow Lakes – Lakes of Finland (the land of lakes) • Deltas are built from primarily river- Isogen Equal birthrates borne sediment. It forms when the • Lake due to Moraines – Lake Isokeraunic Equal occurrence of amount of sediment delivered at the Windermere (U.K.) thunderstorms mouth of a river exceeds the amount • Lakes due to deposition of glacial removed by waves and tidal currents • Important Tribes of the World: drifts-North Ireland. • Gauchos : Cowboys of the pampas of Argentina & Uruguay

72 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • Maory : New Zealand region covering Argentina Paraguay • Equatorial Highland-Malay Type • Punan : Borneo & Bolivia • Equatorial High Plateaus-Ecuador • Pygmies : Congo basin – Zaire, • Ob, Yenisey & Lena: Major rivers of Type Congo, Gabon Russia • Tropical Eastern Margin-Monsoon • Masai : East Africa – Kenya, Uganda • Llanos : Tropical Grasslands of Type • Aboriginal : Austrailia Venezuela • Tropical Interiors-Sudan Type • Samoyed : West Siberia • Campos : Tropical grasslands of • Tropical Western Deserts-Sahara Brazil • Saami or Lapps : Norway, Sweden, Type Finland – Also known as Laplanders • Yucatan Peninsula : Mexico • Warm Temperate/Subtropical • Bushmen or San : Kalahari – • Nordic Countries: Norway, Iceland, Western Margins-Mediterranean Namibia, Botswana, Angola Greenland, Denmark Type • Semang : Malaysia • Matto grosso: Thick jungle in west • Warm Temperate/Subtropical central brazil north of Bolivia Eastern Margin-China Type • Bindibu : Western Australia Clouds: • Warm Temperate/Subtropical • Kikuyu : Kenya’s most populous Interior Lowland -Turan Type ethnic group • Cumuliform or globular clouds. Cirrus or highest clouds & Alto or medium • Warm Temperate/Subtropical • Ainu : Japan clouds. Nimbus or rain bearing Interior Plateau- Iran Type • Semites : Ethiopians clouds. Stratus clouds are very close • Cool Temperate Western Margin- • Fulani/Fula : Cattle herders of to ground surface. Cirrocumulus European Type Nigeria, Senegal, Guinea or Chad clouds form ‘mackerel clouds’ & • Cool Temperate Eastern Margin-St. • Important Mining Centers Of The cirrostratus clouds produce ‘haloes’. Lawrence Type World: Alto-cumulus are called sheep • Cool Temperate Interior Lowland- clouds. Rain falling from nimbo- • Kalgoorlie : Gold (Australia) Prairie Type • Witwatersrand : Gold (S. Africa) stratus but not reaching ground is called virga. Low clouds less than 2 • Cool Temperate Interior Highland- • Rum Jungle: Uranium (Australia) km high are stratus, cumulus, Altai Type • Kelsey Lake,Colerado : Diamond stratocumulus & nimbostratus & • Cool Temperate High Plateau-Tibet (USA) these are the only ones which give Type • Catoca : Diamond (Angola) precipitation. • Polar Lowland-Tundra Type • Damtshaa : Diamond (Botswana) Mountain Passes: Polar Highland- Ice Cap Type • Sudbury : Nickel (Canada) • Burzil pass, Zozi La pass- J & K • IMPORTANT LAGOONS AND • Kinta Valley : Tin (Malaysia) • Bara Lacha pass, Shipki La pass- LAKES: • Montana : Copper ( USA) Himachal • VEMBNAD LAKE(Kerala), • Mount Isa : Silver(Austrailia) • Thagla pass, Niti pass & Lipu Lekh- KAYALS (Popularly called back • Major Discontinuities within the Uttaranchal water in Kerala), KOLLERU LAKE earth: • Nathu La pass, Jelep La pass- Sikkim (Andhra Pradesh), LOKTAK LAKE (Manipur), NAKKI LAKE • Conrad Discontinuity : Between • Bomdila Pass- Arunachal Pradesh (Rajasthan), DEEDWANA LAKE outer & inner crust Uranium distribution in india: (Rajasthan), PULICAT LAKE • Mohorovicic Discontinuity : • Singhbhum District, Jharkhand: (Andhra Pradesh), JAISAMAND Between crust & mantle Jaduguda Mine, Keruadungri, LAKE (Rajasthan), CHILKA LAKE • Repetti Discontinuity : Between Bhatin and Narwapahar. (Orissa, Largest brackish water lake outer & inner mantle Thorium Distribution in India: in Asia), WULAR LAKE (Jammu and • Weichart-Gutenberg Discontinuity: • Kerala : Quilon and Kanyakumari Kashmir, largest fresh water lake), Between mantle & core (Lipuram, Pudur, Kovalam, Varkala • Diamond Distribution in India: • Lehmann Discontinuity : Between and Neendakarai) • Panna (Madhya Pradesh ),Anantpur, outer & inner core • Andhra Pradesh : Bhimunipatnam, Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh ), • Important Places/Regions & Their Vishakhapatnam Bellary(Karnataka ) Locations: Major Natural Regions: • Gold distribution in India: • Chaco / Gran Chaco : Low, flat, arid • Equatorial Lowland-Amazon Type • Kolar (karnatak) gold field produces www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 73 99 percent gold of the country. Other Shillong Plateau, Garo, Khasi, at Devprayag. Rises in Gangotri Ramgiri in Andhra Pradesh, Wynad Jaintia hills (Meghalaya) and other glacier of the Great Himalaya. Its in Kerala and Salem in Tamil Nadu. states. In These regions Orographic total length is 2,525 k.m.. Left Bank Gold is produced from the sand of features play an important role tributaries: Ramganga, Gomati, rivers Subarana Rekha (Jharkhand) because the moisture laden Ghagra, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, and Subansri (Arunachal Pradesh). monsoon winds strike against Kosi(‘Sorrow of Bihar’). Right • INDIA- MAJOR SOIL TYPES: physical barriers the like mountains, Bank tributaries: Yamuna, Son. The • ALLUVIAL SOIL : Northern plains to cause heavy rainfall. Bhagirathi – Hooghly is the western or river basin: Punjab, Haryana, • MODERATE RAINFALL(Rainfall most distributary of the river. Beyond eastern part of Rajasthan, Gujarat, between 100 – 200 cm) : The average Frakka it bifurcates itself into U.P., Bihar, West Bengal and Assam rainfall over North Indian Plain Bhagirathi Hooghly in West Bengal Valley. generally remains between 100 to and Padma-Meghna in Bangladesh. • BLACK COTTON SOIL OR 200 cm. Other areas of moderate • The Yamuna (Largest tributary of REGUR SOIL : It covers lateaus of rainfall are north eastern parts of Ganga) : Important tributaries; Maharastra,Sourth Orissa, Northern Peninsular India, highlands of Central Chamba, Sindh,Betwa and Ken. Karnataka, Parts of Rajasthan (two India, and Tamil Nadu. Rain fall • BRAHMAPUTRA AND ITS districts of Bundi and Tonk)Central between 60 – 100 cm occurs in the TRIBUTARIES : Important and South Tamil Nadu. upper Ganga Valley, eastern parts of tributaries: Subansiri Kameng, Aravallis, eastern Gujarat, internal • RED SOIL : Larger part of Tamil Dhansiri, Dilhang, Lohit, Tista, parts of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Torsa. Manas; Burhi Dihing, etc. It Maharashtra and Karnataka. The Karnataka. Southern parts of flows through Tibet, India and intensity of rainfall decreases from Maharashtra, Eastern Mp, parts of Bangladesh and forms the large delta east to west and north to south in Orissa and Chotanagpur and of the world along with Ganga. the Northern Plains. Bundelkhand. • PENINSULAR RIVERS • SCANTY RAINFALL (Rain fall • LATERITE SOIL : Tropical humid • Mahanadi (M.P., Orissa, Bihar and between 40 – 60 cm): Parts of areas where rainfall is more than 200 Maharashtra): Left bank tributaries: Punjab, Haryana, northern and cm e.g., Western Ghats, Karnataka, Sheonath, Hasdeo, Ib and Mand. western Rajasthan and Kachchh and Tamil Nadu, Chotanagpur Plateau Right bank tributaries :Tel, Ong, and Kathiawar regions of Gujarat. A and slopes of North Eastern states. Jonk. narrow strip of land, lying in rain • ARID OR DESERT SOIL : Punjab, shadow areas of Peninsular India • GODAVARI (Maharashtra, Andhra Southern parts of Haryana, Western receives rainfall below 60cm. The Pradesh, M.P., Orissa, and Rajasthan and Rann of Kachchh in dry regions of Rajasthan, west of the Karnataka) AND ITS Gujarat. Aravalli hills receives rainfall below TRIBUTARIES : Largest river • MOUNTAIN SOILS : Himalayan 20cm, Northern parts of Gujarat and system of the Peninsular India. Left region of Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir are other bank tributaries; Penganga, Wardha, Himachal Pradesh. Also in Western regions which receive scanty rainfall. Wainganga, Indravati and Sabri , and Eastern Ghats as well as in some • WINTER RAINFALL : The Right Bank tributaries: Manjra. region of Peninsular plateau. northwestern parts of India-Jammu • KRISHNA(Karnataka, Andhra • PEATY AND ORGANIC SOIL: & Kashmir, Punjab and U.P. plains. Pradesh and Maharashtra) AND ITS Regions like Kari in Kerala, T.N., Tamil Nadu: Rainfall due to North TRIBUTARIES:Important coastal Orissa, W.B. and North Bihar. East monsoon. tributaries: Bhima, Tungabhadra, • ANNUAL RAINFALL IN INDIA: • HIMALAYAN RIVERS: Ghatprbha, Malaprabha, Musi and Koyna. • HEAVY RAINFALL,(Rainfall • INDUS AND ITS TRIBUTOARIES: between 200- 400 cm): The Arabian Mountain tributaries: Gilgit Shyok, • Kaveri: Left bank tributaries: Sea branch of south west monsoon Skardu, Shigoo. Plain tributaries: Herangi, Hemavati, Shimsha, cause rainfall all along the western Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Arkavati, etc. Right bank tributaries: Ghats and Western coastal regions Beas. Kabani, Bhavani and Amravati etc. from June to September. In North • GANGA (Largest river basin in • WEST FLOWING RIVER East India, the Bay of Bengal branch India) AND ITS TRIBUTARIES: The • Sabarmati(Rajasthan and Gujarat): of monsoonal winds which causes Ganga formed by two head streams Important tributaries: Hathmati, monsoon in the southern hills of Alaknada and Bhagirathi which join Sedhi, Wakul.

74 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • Narmada (M.P. Gujarat and The main aim of the forest policy of Bear, Brown Bear, Serav, Muskdeer, Maharashtra): Largest west flowing 1988 is protection, conservation and Hangul Peninsular river. Left bank tributaries: development of forests. • Dudhwa National Park (Uttar Tawa Burhner, etc. Right Bank • Social Forestry - This programme Pradesh- Lakhimpur Khiri): Tiger, tributaries: Hiran. World’s famous of plantation is started in association Leopard, Sloth bear, Swamp deer, Dhuan Dhar or Cloud of Mist Falls with World Bank. It aims to plant Sambhar, Cheetal,wild Cock, Titar is located on this river. It flows useful trees in waste lands, road side • Keoladeo Ghana National Park through a rift valley between the and canal embankments near (Rajasthan -Bharatpur) :Siberian Vidhyas and the Satpura Range. villages. Creanes, Storks, Sambar, Cheetal, • Tapi (M.p., Maharashtra and • Rare species of National Parks/ Black buck, Civet Cat. Gujarat): Left bank tributaries: Purna, Sanctuaries • Pinvalley National Park(Himachal Veghar, Girna, Bari and the • National Park/ State/Area Rare Pradesh): Snow Leopard, Wild goat, Punjhar,Right Bank tributaries: Species Sanctuaries Ibex. Betul, Arunavati, Ganjal and Gomai. • Manas wild life Sanctuary (Assam- • Jim Corbett National Park • Agricultural Commodities & Their Barpeta): Elephant, Rhinoceros, wild (Uttranchal): Panda, Tiger, Elephant etc. Largest Producer: Buffalo, Indian Bison (Gaur), Pig, • Tiger and Elephant Project :Tiger Palm Oil Malaysia Golden Langur, Tiger, Leopard, Bear, project was started in 1973 in the Aligator, Python, giant Squirrel, Tobacco China country. Its main objective is to Pigmy hog, hrispid hare. protect and conserve the tiger. There Paper USA • Kaziranga National Park ( Assam are 27 tiger reserves in the country. Olives Spain – Jorhat)” One-horn Rhinoceros. To protect and conserve elephants, Milk India • Dhragandhara Sanctuary( Gujarat): elephant project was started 14 Banana India ‘Ghurkahr’ extinct species of wild elephant projects are running in the Mangoes India asses. country. Rye Russia • Keibul-Lamjao National Park • Biosphere Reserves :Biosphere Potato China (Manipur): Brow antlered deer, water reserves are established in the fowl. country to conserve the ecosystem • Conservation of forests in India: • Gir National Park (Gujarat) :Asiatic and preserve the biological • Indian Institute of Forest Lion diversity. 14 Biosphere reserves Management : This institute is have been established in the country. • Desert Sanctuary (Rajasthan): Black established in Ahemdabad in 1978 in buck, Chinkara, Godavan (Jaiselmer, • Kharif Crops - The crops which are collaboration with a Swedish Barmer) sown in the beginning of rainy Company. season (June- July) and ready to • Kanchanjunga National Park • Council of Forestry Research and reap by the end of spring season (Sikkim): Red Panda, Snow Leopard, Education: It was established at after Dusherra (OctoberNovember) Clouded Leopard, Thar Musk Deer. Dehradun. Forestry Research are called Kharif crops. Rice, jawar, Institutes and centres under the • Vedanthangal Water bird bajra, maize, soyabean, sugarcane, council are responsible for Sanctuary(Tamilnadu): Many cotton, groundnut, sesamum are the undertaking research in their species of water birds chief kharif crops. respective eco-climatic zone. • Simplipal National Park (Orissa- • Rabi Crops - The crops, which are • Vanmahotsav - In 1950 K. M. Mayurbhanj): Tiger, Gaur, Cheetal, sown in October-November after Munshi, the then Agriculture Leopard, flying Squirrel, Crocodile. Dussera and are ready to reap by minister hadstarted Vanmahotsav - • Bhitarkanika wild life Sanctuary the beginning of summer season in ”Plant more trees movement” to (Orissa-Baleshwar): Salt water March-April are called Rabi crops. increase the forest area and to Crocodile, Monitor lizards, Leopards, Wheat, gram, barely, mustard, motivate people for plantation. water birds,Ridley Turtle, sea tobacco are the main Rabi Crops. Zaid Vanmashotsava is celebrated from fishing cat Crops - The crops grown in summer 1st to 7th July every year in our • Dachigam National ParK (Jammu & especially vegetables and green country. The forest policy of 1988: Kashmir -Srinagar): Leopard, Black fodder are called Zaid crops.

www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 75 • Position of India in the production of crops Crops Position of India in world Highest producing State in India Wheat Fourth Uttar Pradesh Rice Second West Bengal Jawar First Maharashtra Maize Tenth Uttar Pradesh Cotton Fifth Maharashtra Jute Second West Bengal Sugarcane First Uttar Pradesh Tea First Assam Soyabean First Madhya Pradesh

• Rice is the main food crop of India oil seeds is known as yellow • Iron : and wheat ranks second. In the total revolution. India was self-sufficient • Haematite - It is red and brown in production of food grains wheat till sixties in oilseed production but colour, contains 60 to 70 percent of contributes 12.7% Rice 40.5%, due to decreased area of oil seed iron. This is the best quality iron ore Millets 30.3% and Pulses 16.5%. crops in total cultivable land, negligible found in abundance in India. It is • Pink revolution: Emphasis is given use of manures and fertilizer, limited found in aqueous rocks. Magnatite on growing fruits in tropical and irrigation facilities, increasing - It is a black coloured oxide of temperate climate (Apple, Mango, population, crop security and no use magnetie iron, containing 72 percent Banana, Coconut, Pineapple, of scientific technology has reduced of iron. It is found in igneous rocks. Cashewnut, Oranges, Lemon, Almond) the production in the country.White Mainly found in Karnataka and using the soil and varied climate of Revolution - White revolution is closely Tamilnadu. Limonite - It is formed our country, this is named as pink related to animal rearing. White by the combination of oxygen, water revolution.Blue Revolution - revolution means increase in milk and iron. It contains 10 to 40 percent Progress in production and production with the help of dairy of iron. It is yellow in colour and productivity in fisheries sector in the development programmes in rural areas. found in sedimentary rocks. Siderite country is called Blue Revolution. This is also known as operation - This is also known as iron India is the world’s third largest flood.Green Revolution - Green carbonate formed by the producer of fish. Yellow Revolution - revolution means rapid increase in combination of iron and carbon. It is The strategy of research and agricultural production by the use brown in colour. 10 to 48 percent of development in the field of of seeds of high yielding variety, iron is present in it. production of crops for edible oil and chemical fertilizers and new technology.

• Oil Refineries of India 1. Digboi (Assam) 2. Vishakha Patnam (A. P.) 3. Barauni (Bihar) 4. Koyali (Gujarat) 5. Haldia (West Bengal) 6. Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) 7. Mangalore (Karnataka) 8. Bhatinda (Punjab) 9. Numaligarh (Assam) 10. Trombay (Maharahstra) 11. Noonmati 12. Kochi (Kerala) 13. Chennai (Tamilnadu) 14. Bongaigaon (Assam) 15. Panipat (Haryana) 16. Jamnagur (Gujarat) 17. Narimanam (Tamil Nadu) 18. Tatipaka (Andhra Pradesh

76 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • Natural Gas : Gas reserves are • Himachal Pradesh – Baria Siul • Major Trenches in the Ocean found near Tripura, Gujarat and • Jammu and Kashmir– Lower Jhelum, • Aleutian trench, Tonga trench, western coast in India. Gas reserves Salal, Philippine trench, Peru-Chile trench, are estimated in Cavery and • Rajasthan – Rana Pratap Sagar Mariana Trench (near Micronesia)- Godawari regions. Production of • Uttar Pradesh- Rihand, Yamuna Pacific Ocean natural gas the country is less as Stage II, Chilka, Obera, Ramganga 198 • Puerto Rico trench, South sandwich compare to reserves. Apart from its • Gujarat –Ukai trench, Romanche trench- Atlantic use in the houses as source of Ocean energy, it is also used in petro • Madhya Pradesh – Gandhi Sagar chemical industries and industries • Maharashtra Koyna 880 • Java trench- Indian Ocean producing fertilizers and electricity, • Andhra Pradesh Lower Sileru 400 • Composition of the Earth: 60 percent of it is used in fertilizer • Nagarjun Sagar 510 Earths Crust : Oxygen (46.6%), industries, 20 percent in the • Srisailam 330 Silicon (27.7%), Aluminium (8%), production of electricity, 15 percent • Karnataka Saravati, Kalinadi 810 Iron (5%), Calcium (3.6%), Sodium in internal uses and 5 percent is used (2.8%), Potassium (2.6%), • Kerala : Iddikki, Sabarigiri 300 in other activities. Magnesium (2.1%) • Tamilnadu – Kunda,Mettur 240 • Coal: Whole Earth : Iron (35%), Oxygen • Periyar 140 • Anthracite : It is the best quality (30%), Silicon (15%), Magnesium • Jharkhand – Subarnarekha coal. 85 to 95 percent of carbon is (13%), Nickel (2.4%), Sulphur (1.9%), present in this type of coal. It is • Orissa – Balimela, Hirakund Calcium (1.1%), Aluminium (1.1%) bright and very hard. When burnt it • West Bengal – Damodar • Principal Gases in the atmosphere gives more heat and is smokeless. • Manipur – Loktak Bituminous - It is second grade coal • Geothermal energy – The interior Nitrogen 78.084 containing 70 to 80 percent of of the earth is very hot. Energy Oxygen 20.947 carbon. It is black in colour and gives generated from this heat is called Argon .934 less smoke when burnt. Brown or geothermal energy. Production of Carbon Dioxide .0314 lignite - This is a poor quality coal. this energy depends on springs of Neon .0018 40 to 55 percent of carbon is present hot water and water bodies. There Helium .0005 in this coal. It gives more smoke are about 340 water bodies in when burnt. Peat - This is the primary different parts of our country. The Methane .0002 form of coal. It is deposited in the important water bodies which Krypton .00011 shallow pits due to the produces electricity are situated in Hydrogen .00005 disintegration of vegetation. Carbon North -west Himachal and West Xenon .0000087 content is 20 percent and contains Coast. Pooga in Jammu and Kashmir, 80 percent humidity. mountain valleys of Himachal • Cotton textile industry: The first Coal based Thermal power projects in Pradesh and Western Coastal areas modern textile mill was established india : are producing geothermal energy. A in Calcutta in the year 1818 but it • Singrauli (Uttar Pradesh) 2. Korba plant to produce 300 KW electricity was a failure. The first modern (Chhatisgarh) 3. Ramagundum is developing in Tatapani successful mill was set up in 1851 in (Andhra Pradesh) 4. Farakka (West (Chhattisgarh). The production of Mumbai by Shri Nanabhai Dabur. Bengal) 5. Vindhyachal (Madhya electricity from geothermal energy is • Paper industry: The first successful Pradesh) 6. Rihand ( Uttar Pradesh) controlled by National Geothermal paper mill was set up in India in the 7. Dadri (Uttar Pradesh) 8. Kahalgaon Research Institute, Hyderabad. year 1716 in Trankubar in Tamilnadu. (Bihar) 9. Talchar (Orissa) 10. • Planets & satellites: • Ports of Western coast - Kandla, Unchahar (Uttar Pradesh) 11. Mars Deimos, Phobos Bombay, Nhavasheva (Jawaharlal Badarpur (Delhi) Jupiter Ganymede, Callisto, Nehru Port), Marmagoa, New • Hydroelectricity Producing areas - Manglore and Cochin. North First hydel power station in India was Europa, Eastern Ports - Tuticorin, Innaur, established in 1902 at Shivasamudram Saturn Titan, Tethys, Rhea, Chennai, Vishakhapatanam, in Karnataka. Iapetus, Dione Paradwip, Kolkata (This is the Uranus Oberon, Titania, • Important hydro electric projects of biggest free trade centre not only of Umbriel, Ariel India India but the whole of Asia), and Neptune Triton • Punjab – Bhakar,Dehar,Pong Haldia. www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 77 • Atlantic Ocean: The warm North Nino causes drought conditions in Uralis Kerala Atlantic Drift (NAD) gives rise to the India, Southern Africa, Australia & Varlis Maharashtra, Irminger Current south of Iceland heavy rains in Chile, Colorado. The Gujarat, Dadra & which travels along western and El Nino events of 1982 & 1997 were Nagar Haveli northwestern coasts of Iceland until severe. The Southern Oscillation, a it meets East Greenland Current. more recent discovery, refers to an Yurva Tamil Nadu Another branch of NAD flows along oscillation in the surface pressure Khasis Meghalaya & Norway coast forming Norwegian (atmospheric mass) between the Tripura current. Falkland current brings the southeastern tropical Pacific and the Mikirs Assam cold waters of the Antarctic sea Australian-Indonesian regions. Kukis Manipur, Assam, northward up to Argentina. • Tribal Groups of India Nagaland & Tripura • Pacific Ocean :Kuroshio (or Kuro Angami Nagaland Siwo) Current of Pacific is similar to Gonds MP,Jharkhand Ao Nagaland the gulf stream of Atlantic. One Bhils MP,Gujrat Apatani Arunachal Pradesh branch separates from Kuroshio Oraons Bihar Chutra Assam current & enters the sea of Japan as Khonds Orissa Tsushima current. The Cold Oyashio Garos Meghalaya & Assam Tharu Uttaranchal & MP (or Oya Siwo) Current (similar to Jaintia Meghalaya & Assam Chenchu Andhra Pradesh Labrador current) is also known as Sema Nagaland Kurile current & it flows through the Todas Nilgiri Hills. Classic Lushai Mizoram & Tripura Bering Strait in a southerly direction. example of The cold Okhotsk current flows past polyandry. Lepchas Original Tribals of Sakhalin to merge with Oya Siwo Lahaula Himachal Pradesh Sikkim current near Hokkaido Island & later Badagas Nilgiri region, Tamil Abors Arunachal Pradesh mergers with the warm Kuro Siwo Nadu Chakma Tripura current producing dense fogs. The Baiga M.P. Chang A Naga tribe north pacific drift continues later as Bakkarwals J & K Gallong Arunachal Pradesh Aleutian current which divides into two parts – the northern branch Bhotias Uttaranchal, Sikkim Jarawas Andaman & Nicobar. becomes Alaska current while the & West Bengal Onges Andaman & Nicobar. southern branch becomes California Bhuia M.P. Shompens Andaman & Nicobar. cold current (similar to Canary cold Birhors M.P., Chattisgarh, Sentinelese Andaman & Nicobar. current of Atlantic). Cromwell current Jharkhand & Orissa also called pacific equatorial Gaddis Himachal Pradesh • Various Revolutions in Indian undercurrent is a submarine river & Gujjars J&K & Himachal Economy flows towards east. Mindanao Pradesh Yellow Revolution Oil Seeds current is a southward flowing boundary current along the Irula Tamil Nadu White Revolution- Milk Philippine coast. Kanikar Tamil Nadu Blue Revolution- Fish • Indian Ocean: One branch of the Katkari M.P. Pink Revolution- Shrimp south equatorial current moves Kharia M.P. Brown Revolution- Masaaley southward through the Mozambique Khasa Jaunsar region, Grey Revolution- Wool Channel to form the Mozambique Uttaranchal Golden Revolution- Horticulture Current. This current joins the Moplahs Muslims of Malabar 46. Indian Railways, Headquarters: Agulhas Current & moves to the district, Kerala southern tip of Africa. During the Nothern Raiway Delhi Sabra M.P. northeast monsoon season the Southern Railway Chennai Somali Current flows southward & Kol M.P. & Maharashtra Eastern Raiway Kolkata During the southwest monsoon the Kolam Andhra Pradesh Western Railway Mumbai current develops into an intense Kotas Nilgiri Hills (Churchgate) northward jet Murias Bastar District, North-Western Jaipur • La Nina is opposite of El Nino & Chattisgarh intensifies the Humboldt Current. El Railway

78 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 North-Central Allahabad • Gujarat – Mehsana, Cholka, Kalol, • Non Conventional sources of Nawagam, Ankaleshwar and energy - Solar energy, Wind energy, Railway Kosamba Bio- energy, Geo-thermal energy etc. North-Eastern Gorakhpur • Plantation Crop RUBBER: • Post offices: To provide efficient Railway Kerala(above 90 percent of total services in big cities the dak North-East Guwahati production, Kottayam, Ernakulum, distribution system has bee Frontier Railway Kozhikode and Kollan are the main classified as follows: Capital East Coast Bhubaneshwar producing districts) channel(yellow coloured Railway • Cash Crop TOBACCO: Gujarat (90 letterboxes), Metro channel (Light blue coloured letter boxes), Green East Central Hazipur percent of Tobacco from Vadodara and Kheda districts). Channel(green letter boxes,local Railway • Mt.Rakaposhi : Steepest peak in the letters) West Central Jabalpur world • In cyclone when the Isobars form Railway • Bhangar :Old alluvium concentric closed circles, the smallest Central Railway Mumbai (V.T) circle in the centre indicates a low • Khadar:New alluvium South-Central Secundarabad pressure centre. Air moves from a • Anai Mudi(2,695m) the highest peak Railway high pressure area to a low pressure of South India is in Anaimalai Hills. area. In the Northern Hemisphere the South Eastern Kolkata • NILGIRI HILLS is the meeting point wind blows in a counter clock-wise Railway of Western and Eastern Ghats. direction in a cyclone. In the South-Western Bangalore • Punjab Himalaya(Between Indus and southern Hemisphere, the wind Railway Sutlej), Kumaon Himalaya(Between blows in a clock-wise direction. South-East Bilaspur Sutluj and Kali), • The Anti-cyclone is opposite of Central Railway • Nepal Himalaya(Between Kali and cyclone. Anti cyclone have high Tista), Assam Himalaya(Between pressure in the centre and they are • Irrigation in India – Wells & Tista and Dihang). surrounded by low pressure. he Tubewell (56%), Canal (32%), Tank • Mishmi Hills: The highest range of isobar is usually circular and the (6%), Others (6.5%). Uttar Pradesh Purvanchal Hills which is situated winds blow in clock-wise direction leads in Canal irrigation as well as in the north-eastern part of in the northern Hemisphere and Tubewell irrigation. Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh. counter clock-wise in the southern leads in Tank Irrigation. • IMPORTANT GULFS: GULF Hemisphere. The winds blow • Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, MANNAR separates Sri Lanka and outwards from the centre in such signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an Southern India. condition. intergovernmental treaty which • Renewable resources do not • Block mountain – black forest, Old provides for the conservation and exhaust e.g. Electricity, Wind energy, fold mountain – Appalachian, young wise use of wetlands Solar energy etc. fold mountain – rocky, relict • Oil Fields Distribution: Assam – mountain – Scottish highlands. • Conventional Sources of energy - Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran, and Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas and Sibsagar. Electricity. • Ocean currents Current Ocean Type Agulhas Current Indian Warm Alaska Current North Pacific Warm Benguela Current South Atlantic Cool Brazil Current South Atlantic Warm California Current North Pacific Cool Canaries Current North Atlantic Cool East Australian Current South Pacific Warm Equitorial Current Pacific Warm www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 79 Gulf Stream North Altantic Warm Humboldt (Peru) Current South Pacific Cool Kuroshio (Japan) Current North Pacific Warm Labrador Current North Atlantic Cool North Atlantic Drift North Atlantic Warm North Pacific Drift North Pacific Warm Oyashio (Kamchatka) Current North Pacific Cool West Australian Current Indian Cool West Wind Drift South Pacific Cool

• Rocks joining the north and the south poles for numbering meridians of • Down to a depth of 16 km from the are called meridians of longitude. longitude lying on either side of it surface of land, 95 per cent of the The equator has a latitude of 0°. The — east as well as west. There are earth materials found in the earth’s distance between any two parallels 360 meridians including Prime crust consist of rocks. Rocks are of latitude is always equal. Meridian. Each degree of a longitude made up of individual substances, Important Parallels of Latitude is divided into sixty equal parts, each called minerals, found mostly in • The Tropic of Cancer : It is in the part is called a minute. Each minute solid state. Rocks are usually northern hemisphere at an angular is again divided into sixty equal classified into the following three distance of 23l/2° (23°30’N) from the parts, each part being called a major types. equator. second. • Igneous : These rocks are formed • The Tropic of Capricorn : It is in the • Local Time : Local time of any place directly from the molten material, southern hemisphere at an angular is 12 noon when the sun is exactly when it gets solidified, e.g. Mica, distance of 23l/2° (23°30’S) from the overhead. It will vary from the Granite, etc. equator. Greenwich time at the rate of four minutes for each degree of • Sedimentary : These rocks are • The Arctic Circle : It lies at a longitude. formed from materials which have distance of 66l/2° (66°30’N) north of accumulated as a result of building the equator. • Standard Time : It is the uniform time fixed by each country. It is fixed in up of particles derived from other • The Antarctic Circle : It lies at a relation to mean time of a certain rocks or from the remains of distance of 66l/2° (66°30’S) south of meridian which generally passes organically formed matter or from the equator. There are two solstices through it. deposits created by chemical action, each year, called the Summer Solstice e.g., Gravel, Peat, Gypsum, etc. and the Winter Solstice. • Greenwich Mean Time : The time at 0° longitude is called Greenwich • Metamorphic : These rocks were • Summer Solstice : The day of 21st Mean Time. It is based on local time originally igneous or sedimentary June when the sun is vertically of the meridian passing through but have been changed by pressure, overhead at the Tropic of Cancer Greenwich near London. heat or action of water, e.g. Gneiss, (23°30’N). Marble, Quartzite, etc. • Indian Standard Time : It is fixed on • Winter Solstice : The day of 22nd the mean of 821/2°E Meridian, a • Latitude and Longitude December when the sun is vertically place near Allahabad. It is 51/2hours • A globe has two fixed points—the overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. North Pole and the South Pole. An (23°30’S). • International Date Line : It roughly imaginary line equator is drawn in Meridians of Longitude such a way that at all points it lies corresponds to 180°E or W Meridian • The semi-circles running from pole exactly halfway between the two of longitude and the date changes to pole or from north to south are poles. It divides the earth into two by one day as this line is crossed. If known as meridians of longitude and equal parts i.e., the Northern one crosses this line from east to distance between Hemisphere and the Southern west a day is added, and a day is Hemisphere. One set of lines drawn • them is measured in degrees of subtracted while moving from west in between the two poles in an east- longitude. Greenwich Meridian or to east. west direction are called parallels of Prime Meridian with a value of 0° • Mesozoic Era : This era started latitudes. The other set of lines drawn longitude serves as a common base about 225 million years ago and

80 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 ended about 65 million years ago. • The Air (Prevention and Control of Montreal Protocol This era includes themain period : Pollution) Act of 1981 and • To pursue the objectives of Jurassic period. amendment, 1987 convention for the protection of • Eclipses • The Wild Life (Protection) Act of ozone layer the Montreal • When the light of the sun or the 1972 and Amendment, 1982 • Protocol on Substances that deplete moon is blocked by another body, • The Forest (Conservation) Act of the Ozone layer was agreed to by the sun or moon is said to be in 1980 nations in 1987 and has since been eclipse. • Wetland Convention (Ramsar amended five times so far. Its control • Solar Eclipse : It is caused when the Convention) provisions were strengthened moon revolving around the earth • It is an international convention through five amendments to the comes in between the earth and the came in force in 1975. The Protocol adopted in London (1990), sun, thus making a part or whole of Copenhagen (1992), Vienna (1995), the sun invisible from a particular convention provides the framework for international cooperation for the Montreal (1997) and Beijing (1999). part of earth. Thus, the eclipse can The Protocol aims to reduce and be partial or complete. conservation and wise use of wetland habitats. The United eventually eliminate the emission of • Lunar Eclipse : When the earth Nations Educational, Scientific and man-made ozone depleting comes between the moon and the substances. sun, the shadow cast by the earth Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) • UN Framework Convention on on the moon results in a lunar eclipse. serves as the Depositary for the Convention, and its secretariat, the Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the • BLACK HOLES : For stars in excess landmark international treaty of 50 solar masses, the core collapse Ramsar Bureau, is in Gland, unveiled at the United Nations is so extreme that the whole mass Switzerland. India became signatory Conference on Environment and may collapse into a single point. The to this convention on in 1981. Development in Rio de Janeiro in intense concentration of mass • The Convention aims to halt the loss June 1992. causes a distortion of local space- of wetlands and to ensure the time to such an extent that even conservation of fauna and flora and • In pursuance with the objectives of radiation (i.e. light) cannot escape their ecological processes. the Convention on Climate Change from the ‘sphere of influence’, which Obligations of parties include: the Kyoto Protocol was agreed upon theoretically extends to a radius of • designating one or more wetlands in December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. 29.5 km for a ten solar mass core, for inclusion in the list of Wetlands • The Convention on Biological and would therefore appear as a of International Diversity (CBD) was adopted ‘black hole’ with a diameter of 59 km. • Importance (e.g. six Ramsar wetlands during the United Nations ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION: in India). • Conference on Environment and • India had an Elephant’s • promoting wise judicious use of Development (UNCED - or the Preservation Act of 1879 and a wetlands, including mangroves. “Earth Summit”) in Rio de Janeiro on Forest Act of 5 June 1992. CBD has been • promoting conservation of wetlands • 1927, environment related legislation instrumental in highlighting through establishment of nature came very late in 1972 with Wild Life conservation of biodiversity on the reserves. Protection Act 1971. international agenda and its • Article 48A states “The State shall • irrespective of their listing under the implementation on national level. Convention and managing wetlands endeavour to protect and improve the • Environmental Impact Assessment for the benefit of water fowl. environment and to safeguard the (EIA) which is a tool for preventing forests and wildlife of the country”. • promoting training in the field of adverse environmental impact of • The Environment Protection Act of wetland research, managing and developmental activities, 1986 (EPA) came into force soon after warding. significance , methodology and the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. • consulting with other parties about practice. EIA was introduced in India • The Water (Prevention and Control implementation of the convention, in 1978, with respect to river valley of Pollution) Act of 1974 and especially with regard to trans projects. Amendment, 1988 frontier wetlands, shared water • The Central Pollution Control Board • The Water (Prevention and Control systems, shared species, and (CPCB), is statutory organisation, of Pollution) Cess Act of 1977 development of wetland projects. was constituted in September, 1974 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 81 under the Water (Prevention and • Necton community – eg. Whale • The water vapour rises in the Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. • Benthas community – Octopus, atmosphere and cools, forming tiny • Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL) Hetchet water droplets by a process called condensation. Those water droplets • The IBWL is the apex advisory body Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle) make up clouds. If those tiny water in the field of Wildlife Conservation droplets combine with each other in the country and is headed by the • Water is always on the move. Rain they grow larger and eventually Honorable Prime Minister of India falling where you live may have been water in the ocean just days before. become too heavy to stay in the air. • United Nations Environment And the water you see in a river or Then they fall to the ground as rain, Programme (UNEP) stream may have been snow on a snow, and other types of • UNEP was created by United high mountaintop. Water can be in precipitation. Most of the Nations General Assembly, as an precipitation that falls becomes a part the atmosphere, on the land, in the outgrowth of the United Nations of the ocean or part of rivers, lakes, ocean, and even underground. It is Conference on the Human and streams that eventually lead to recycled over and over through the Environment, held in Stockholm the ocean. Some of the snow and ice water cycle. In the cycle, water 1992. It is headquartered in Nairobi that falls as precipitation stays at the changes state between liquid, solid (Kenya). Earth surface in glaciers and other (ice), and gas (water vapour). Most • The World Health Organization types of ice. Some of the water vapour gets into the (WHO) precipitation seeps into the ground atmosphere by a process called and becomes a part of the • It is one of the original agencies of evaporation. This process turns the groundwater. the United Nations, its constitution water that is at the top of the ocean, formally coming into force on the • Water stays in certain places longer rivers, and lakes into water vapour than others. A drop of water may first World Health Day, (7 April 1948), in the atmosphere using energy from when it was ratified by the 26th spend over 3,000 years in the ocean the Sun. Water vapour can also form member state. The WHO has 193 before moving on to another part of from snow and ice through the Member States. the water cycle while a drop of water process of sublimation and can spends an average of just eight days HELI evaporate from plants by a process in the atmosphere before falling back • To tackle environment related health called transpiration. to Earth. hazards WHO has developed Health Environment Link Initiative (HELI). HELI is a global effort by WHO and UNEP to support action by developing country policymakers on environmental threats to health. • Kyoto Protocol- what it means • The Kyoto Protocol, an international and legally binding agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, entered into force on 16 February 2005. • Crocodile Biosphere Reserve in India Katarniaghat – U.P. • Satkotia – Oddissa • Papikonda – Andhra pradesh • Gundi – Tamilnadu • Central Crocodile breeding and Management Training Institute – Food Chains in Ecosystem Hyderabad • The unidirectional transfer of food energy from the producers, through a series Marine Biotic Community of organ- isms (herbivores to carnivores to decomposers) with repeated eating • Plankton community –eg. coppad, and being eaten, is known as food chain. Producers utilize the radiant energy of Dufocid sun which is transformed to chemical form, ATP during photosynthesis. Thus

82 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 green plants occupy, in any food by a dog. So, we find that there is a patent rights on new technologies, chain, the first trophic (nutritional) sequence in which one organism eats and establish national ozone offices. level- the producers level, and are up the other organisms to fill its belly. • The Cartagena Protocol on called the primary producers. The The sequence of living organisms Biosafety to the Convention on energy, as stored in food matter in a community, in which one Biological Diversity is an manufactured by green plants, is organism consumes another international treaty governing the then utilized by the plant eaters- the organism to transfer food energy, is movements of living modified herbivores, which constitute the called a Food Chain. organisms (LMOs) resulting from second trophic level- the primary Project Tiger modern biotechnology from one consumers level, and are called the • Project Tiger Scheme was launched country to another. It was adopted primary consumers (herbivores). in 1973 as a Centrally Sponsored on 29 January 2000 as a Herbivores in turn are eaten by the Scheme of Government of India. supplementary agreement to the carnivores, which constitute the • Project Elephant (PE) was launched Convention on Biological Diversity third trophic level- the secondary by the Government of India in the and entered into force on 11 consumers level, and are called the year 1992. September 2003. secondary consumers (carnivores). • The Nagoya Protocol on Access to These in turn may be eaten still by • The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Genetic Resources and the Fair and other carnivores at tertiary Equitable Sharing of Benefits Deplete Ozone Layer (adopted, 1987; consumers level i.e. by the tertiary Arising from their Utilization to the entered into force, 1989) consumers (carnivores). Some Convention on Biological Diversity organisms are omnivores eating the • The Montreal Protocol on is an international agreement which producers as well as the carnivores Substances that Deplete Ozone aims at sharing the benefits arising at their lower levels in the food chain. Layer is a protocol under the Vienna from the utilization of genetic • A number of food chains are Convention. The Montreal Protocol resources in a fair and equitable way, interconnected by organisms which stipulates that the production and including by appropriate access to occur in more than one food chain. consumption of compounds that genetic resources and by appropriate All organisms, including man need deplete ozone in the stratosphere— transfer of relevant technologies, food which provides energy for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, taking into account all rights over growth, maintenance and carbon tetrachloride, and methyl those resources and to reproduction. A part of the energy chloroform—are to be phased out. technologies, and by appropriate provided by food is used for Further the ‘Multilateral Fund for the funding, thereby contributing to the biological processes and the rest is Implementation of the Montreal conservation of biological diversity dissipated to the environment as Protocol’ provides funds to help and the sustainable use of its heat energy by the process of developing countries to phase out components. It was adopted by the respiration. Undigested food is the use of ozone-depleting Conference of the Parties to the excreted and enters the detritus path. substances. Funds are used, for Convention on Biological Diversity Now, plants can be eaten by a rat. example, to finance the conversion at its tenth meeting on 29 October The rat, in turn, can be eaten by a of existing manufacturing processes, 2010 in Nagoya, Japan. cat and finally, the cat can be eaten train personnel, pay royalties and

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www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 83 6 INDIAN ECONOMY

Budget 2015-16 & Economic Survey

• Roadmap to achieve Fiscal deficit single tax in the economy for goods be present and all that will be of 3% of GDP in three years: Target and services. This taxation system brought under the GST. Doing is 3.9% in 2015-16, 3.5% in 2016-17, is meant to create a single taxation Business now will be easier and 3% in 2017-18. system in the entire country for all more comfortable as various hidden • National Insurance scheme called goods and services. taxation will not be present. PM Suraksha Bhima Yojana, offering Facts About GST – Advantages Facts About GST – Disadvantages coverage of 2 lakh rupees for just • GST is a transparent Tax and also • Critics say that GST would impact premium of Rs.12 per year. reduce numbers of indirect taxes. negatively on the real estate market. • GST will be put in place state of art With GST implemented a business It would add up to 8 percent to the internationally indirect tax system by premises can show the tax applied cost of new homes and reduce April 1st 2016 in the sales invoice. Customer will demand by about 12 percent. • National Skill Mission to be know exactly how much tax they are • Some Economist says that CGST, launched through skill development paying on the product they bought SGST and IGST are nothing but new and entrepreneurship ministry, to or services they consumed. names for Central Excise/Service develop employability of youth, • GST will not be a cost to registered especially below 25 years of age Tax, VAT and CST and hence GST retailers therefore there will be no brings nothing new for which we • Propose to set-up an IT based hidden taxes and the cost of doing should cheer. student financial aid system under business will be lower. This in turn • 12RBI Governor Raghuram Rajan PM Vidya Laxmi scheme.The new will help Export being more Pradhan Mantri Vidya Lakshmi announced on 12 February 2014 that competitive. Programme will ensure no student in coming days Indian citizens misses out on higher education • GST can also help to diversification without a bank account would be opportunities due to lack of funds of income sources for Government able to withdraw cash from an ATM other than income tax and petroleum • Defer the applicability of GAAR for (automated teller machine) with the 2 years; will only apply tax. help of mobile technology. Payment prospectively after Apr 2017. • Under Goods and Services Tax, the banks will play important role in tax burden will be divided equally facilitating this system under which ECONOMIC SURVEY between Manufacturing and a payment system will facilitate • Growth rate of over eight percent services. This can be done through funds transfers from bank account expected in 2015-16. lower tax rate by increase Tax base holders to those without accounts • Foodgrain production in 2014-15 and reducing exemptions. through ATMs. Which committee estimated at 257.07 million tonnes; • In GST System bothe Central GST had recently recommended will exceed average foodgrain and State GST will be charged on establishment of payment banks? – production of last five years by 8.5 manufacturing cost and will be Nachiket More Committee on million tonnes collected on point of sale. This will Financial Inclusion • Agriculture and allied sectors benefit people as prices will come • 113.Till February 2014, the Reserve contributed 18 percent to GDP down which in turn will help Bank of India has issued the • Services sector clocks double digit companies as consumption will certificate of authorisation to how growth of 10.6 percent increase. many non-bank entities for setting • Facts About GST – What is Goods • Biggest benefit will be that multiple up and operating white label ATMs and Services Tax: taxes like octroi, central sales tax, (WLAs) in India? – Four (The entities which got the permission • The Goods and Service Tax or GST state sales tax, entry tax, license are Tata Communications Payment is a taxation system where there is a fees, turnover tax etc will no longer

84 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 Solutions; Prizm Payment monetary policy framework, which electronic bank accounts to all Services, Mumbai; Muthoot in its recommendations has Indian citizens above the age of 18 Finance , Kochi and Vakrangee suggested that the target for years. What is the deadline for Limited, Mumbai. inflation should be set at 4% with a opening these bank accounts as • Plastic notes in the denomination band of +/- 2% around it? – Urjit recommended by the committee? – of Rs. 10 will be introduced on a trial Patel 1 January 2016 basis in which five cities in the • The Reserve Bank of India during • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) second half of 2014, as stated by January 2014 constituted an 8- on 23 December 2013 warned users, the Union Government on 7 member expert committee to review holders and traders of virtual February 2014 in the Parliament? – the governance of bank boards in currencies, including bitcoins, of Kochi, Mysore, Jaipur, Shimla and India, which includes examining the financial, operational, legal, Bhubaneswar ownership and salary structure of customer protection and security • Who will head the 7th Central Pay banks. Who heads this committee? related risks. Why was this warning Commission which will revise – PJ Naik, given by the RBI for bitcoins type salaries of over 50 lakh central • Which stock exchange retained its currency, which is digital or virtual government employees and position as the world’s largest currency that uses peer-to-peer remuneration of 30 lakh pensioners? bourse in terms of equity trades for technology to facilitate instant – Justice Ashok Kumar Mathur the second consecutive year in payments? – Because bitcoins as a • What is the name of a new fund 2013? – India’s National Stock medium for payments are presently announced on 27 January 2014 by Exchange (NSE) not authorised by any central bank the National Innovation Council • Retirement fund-body the or monetary authority in India (NInC) and the Ministry of Micro, Employees’ Provident Fund (Bitcoin is an alternative currency, Small and Medium Enterprises to Organisation (EPFO) on 13 January which uses cryptography for combine innovation and the 2014 decided to increase the rate of security, making it difficult to dynamism of enterprise to solve the interest on Provident Fund deposits counterfeit. Bitcoin issuance and problems of citizens at the bottom to 8.75 per cent for 2013-14, a move transactions are carried out of the economic pyramid in India? – that will benefit about 5 crore collectively by the network, with no India Inclusive Innovation Fund – subscribers. What was the present central authority. The central bank IIIF rate of interest for EPFO said it was keeping watch at the • What was the GDP growth rate subscribers? – 8.5% developments relating to certain figure for Indian economy for 2012- • SEBI (Securities and Exchange electronic records claimed to be 13 declared by the Union Board of India) Chairman UK decentralised digital currency such Government on 31 January 2014? – Sinha’s term was extended by 2 as bitcoins, litecoins, bbqcoins, 4.5% years during January 2014. Sinha will dogecoins and their usage or trading in the country) • To promote women now head the regulatory body till entrepreneurship, the country’s first 16 March 2016. Among the last four • Who was appointed as the new women’s bank – the Bharatiya chairmen, Sinha is the only one Chairman of the National Bank for Mahila Bank (BMB) – has chosen whose term has been extended. Agriculture and Rural Development to do away with collateral for loans Who is the only SEBI chief to have (NABARD) during December 2013? availed by women. The BMB will held the post for a longer duration – Harsh Kumar Bhanwala provide collateral-free loans for than Sinha? – D.R. Mehta (Mehta • Who on 12 November, 2013 was amounts up to Rs 1 crore. Which appointed as the first Chairperson entity would cover the risk under served as SEBI Chairman for 7 years and Managing Director of Bharatiya this initiative? - Credit Guarantee (1995-2002). Sinha’s three Mahila Bank (BMB), the first all- Fund Trust for Micro and Small predecessors – GN Bajpai (2002- women bank of India? – Usha Enterprises – CGTMSE 2005), M Damodaran (2005-2008) and CB Bhave (2008-2011) – had Anathasubramaniam • Mayaram Panel -The government had set up a four-member committee only got a three-year terms) • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), on headed by Economic Affairs • The committee constituted by the 6 November, 2013, permitted wholly- Secretary Mayaram to define FDI Reserve Bank of India (RBI’s) to owned subsidiary (WOS) of foreign and FII and remove the ambiguity promote financial inclusion headed banks to acquire domestic private between them. by Nachiket Mor in its report, sector banks as well as set up • Who was the head of RBI’s presented to the RBI on 7 January branches anywhere in the country. committee on strengthening 2014, recommended universal It also allowed foreign bank www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 85 subsidiary to list on local stock Group (GAG) – GAG is headed by • Types of unemployment: exchanges. What is the maximum Prof. Umesh Bellur • Disguised unemployment is when holding above which foreign bank • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on people are employed but their subsidiaries would not be able to 19 October, 2013 launched the new marginal productivity is zero. hold in domestic private sector Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) banks? – 74% (It is the sectoral cap system for large-value funds • Functional unemployment occurs for overall foreign investment and transfer. This new RTGS system when people change from one job to would apply in this case too) provides new functionalities like another & there is an interval. This • What was India’s unemployment advance liquidity features, gridlock can happen even in a situation of rate during the five year period resolution mechanism and hybrid full employment. ending 2009-10, data pertaining to settlement facility, facility to accept • Structural unemployment happens which was released by the National future value-dated transactions and when jobs exist for qualified persons Sample Survey Organisation on 26 options to process multi-currency but the unemployed do not have the transactions. It complies with which October, 2013? – 2.8% (This matching qualifications. It also displayed fall of 1% in latest ISO standard system? – ISO occurs when labour is available, but unemployment rate from 3.8% 20022 factors of production are missing. during previous 5-year period. The • Three American economists – data pertaining to unemployment Eugene Fama, Lars Peter Hansen • Cyclical unemployment arises out rate was based on NSSO’s 8th (both with the University of of cycles of recession. Quinquennial survey on Chicago) and Robert Shiller (Yale • WTO terminology: employment and unemployment University) won the 2013 Nobel Prize • Subsidies in general are identified conducted in the 66th round of NSS for Economics. This announcement by “boxes” which are given the during July 2009 to June 2010) was made by the Royal Swedish colours of traffic lights: green • Which city witnessed maximum Academy of Sciences on 14 October, (permitted), amber (slow down — i.e. unemployment rate during the five 2013. What was the area of research year period ending 2009-10, as stated of these three economists for which be reduced), red (forbidden). in the latest NSSO report released they were selected for this • Green Box: For agriculture, all on 26 October, 2013? – Patna (Patna prestigious award? – For developing domestic support measures witnessed unemployment rate of new methods to study trends in considered to distort production and 13.2% during this period and it was asset markets trade (with some exceptions) fall into followed by Kanpur which • Selected Terms: the amber box. In order to qualify for witnessed 7.7% unemployment) • Revenue Deficit : Difference the “green box”, a subsidy must not • Which city witnessed minimum between revenue expenditure & distort trade, or at most cause minimal unemployment rate during the five revenue receipts distortion. It includes amount spent year period ending 2009-10, as stated • Budget Deficit : Difference between on research, disease control, in the latest NSSO report released total expenditure & revenue receipts infrastructure & food security. on 26 October, 2013? – Bhopal • Fiscal Deficit : Budget deficit plus • Blue box subsidies are held to be (Bhopal witnessed an non debt creating capital receipts unemployment rate of just 0.1% trade distorting & include direct • Primary Deficit : Fiscal deficit – during this period. Gujarat’s Surat payment to farmers to limit Interest Payments. was in second place with production & certain government unemployment rate of 0.6%) • Direct & Indirect Taxes: assistance to encourage agriculture • What is the name of a panel Direct Tax Indirect Tax & rural development in developing constituted by the Reserve Bank of Corporation Tax Excise Duties countries. India (RBI) during October 2013, Income Tax Service Tax • Trade Related Investment measures which would give its Interest Tax Central Value (TRIMS) under WTO apply that no recommendations for implementing Added Tax (Vat) a national Indian Bill Payment restrictions will be imposed on Expenditure Tax Sales Tax System so that households will be foreign investment in any sector; all able to use bank accounts to pay Wealth Tax Property Tax restrictions on foreign companies school fees, utilities, medical bills Gift Tax Octroi will be scrapped; Imports of raw and make remittances Estate Duty Customs Duties materials by foreign companies are electronically? – GIRO Advisory Land Revenue Stamp Duties to be allowed freely.

86 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 • Four Modes of Services under by a service supplier of one • Laffer Curve – hypothesis that GATT country in the territory of any other when the tax rate is raised the revenue • Mode - 1: Cross border trade, which country. realized tends to fall. is defined as delivery of a service • Mode - 4 : Presence of natural • Zero-based Budgeting requires that from the territory of one country into persons - which covers services a program be justified from the the territory of other country. provided by a service supplier of one ground up each fiscal year. ZBB is • Mode - 2 : Consumption abroad - country through the presence of especially encouraged for this mode covers supply of a service natural persons in the territory of any Government budgets because of one country to the service other country. expenditures can easily run out of consumer of any other country. • The Phillips curve illustrates the control if it is automatically assumed • Mode - 3 : Commercial presence- relationship between inflation and what was spent last year must be which covers services provided unemployment. spent this year

• Organizations & Their Survey/Reports Wholesale Price Index Ministry of Industry Poverty Ratio Planning Commission Economic Survey Ministry of Finance National Account Statistics CSO World Economic & Social Survey U. N World Investment Report UNCTAD Global Competitiveness Report World Economic Forum World Economic Outlook IMF Business Competitive Index World Economic Forum Green Index World Bank Business Confidence Index NCAER World Development Indicator World Bank Overcoming Human Poverty UNDP Global Development Report World Bank

• PNB is the oldest existing • Components of Money Supply: • L2 : L1 + Term Deposits with Term commercial bank in India. • M1 : Consists of currency with the Lending Institutions and • Bretton Woods Agreement led to the public (ie notes & coins in Refinancing Institutions (FIs) + Term establishment of World Bank & IMF. circulation minus cash with the Borrowing by FIs+ Certificates of Deposit issued by FIs; and • Current Account Convertability – banks) plus demand deposits with • L3 : L2 + Public Deposits of Non- the holders of domestic currency the bank (deposits which can be Banking Financial Companies have the right to convert the withdrawn without notice) plus currency into foreign exchange for other deposits with RBI (usually • Millenium Development Goals: any current account purpose such negligible). Also called narrow • Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger as travel, tourism, trade. money • Achieve universal primary Transactions like those in assets are • M2 : M1 + saving deposits + education not permissible unless there capital Certificate of Deposits (CDs) + term • Promote gender equality and account convertability. deposits maturing within a year. empower women • At present the value of SDR(special • M3 : M2 + term deposits with • Reduce child mortality drawing rights) is fixed in relation to maturity more than a year + term • Improve maternal health a basket of five currencies – US borrowing of banking system. Also • Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and dollar, German mark, British pound, known as broad money. other diseases French frank & Japanese yen. • L1 : M3 + all Deposits with the Post • Ensure environmental sustainability • The CSO is responsible for estimating Office Savings Banks (excluding • Develop a global partnership for the national income in india. National Savings Certificates) development www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 87 • Various Acts & their Enactment • Malhotra Committee :Insurance • Raghvan Committee : Replacement Years: Sector & its regulation. Follow up of MRTP act by competition act. • Banking Regulation Act : 1949 led to setting up of IRDA. • M.S. Verma : Restructuring weak • Industries (Development & • Madhukar Committee : Gold banks Regulation) Act : 1951 exchange traded fund • Lakdawala Committee : Estimating implementation. • MRTP Act : 1969 Poverty line in India • Naresh Chandra Committee : • FERA : 1973 • Rakesh Mohan Committee : Corporate Audit & Governance Development of Infrastructure in • FEMA : 2000 • JJ Irani Committee : Company India • Competition Act : 2002 Law • Abid Hussain Committee : Small • Commissions/Committees & Their • B. Bhattacharya Committee : Scale industry Sector Purpose: Committee on pension reforms • Omkar Goswami Committe : • Arjun Sen Gupta Committee : • Rakesh Mohan Committee : Small Industrial Sickness Public Sector Enterprise Autonomy saving & Administered interest rates • G.V. Ramakrishna : Disinvestment • Rangarajan Committee : • Vijay Kelkar Committee : FRBM Commission Disinvestment of PSUs & Balance (fiscal responsibility & budget • Vaghul Committee : Money of Payments. management) Act implementation Markets India reforms

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88 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 PUNJAB PCS PAPER - I 2013

1. India obtained observer status in 5. What is “Jiyo Parsi”? 1. Free and zero expense delivery the Arctic Council. The Council has (a) An upcoming Bollywood film of pregnant women excluding eight members. Which one of the on the life and contribution Caesarean section. follow ing countries is not a mem- of Tatas. 2. Free drugs and consumables. ber of the Arctic Council? (b) Famous music album com- 3. Essential diagnostics at (a) Russia (b) U.S.A. posed by Parsi children. nominal user charges. (c) U.K. (d) Sweden (c) A scheme to increase the de- 4. Free and zero expense 2. Consider the following statements: clining propulation of Parsis. treatment of sick newborn till 1. Mahatma Gandhi Pravasi (d) A scheme for old population 30 days after birth. Suraksha Youjana (MGPSY) of Parsis for treatment of ge- Choose the correct combination : is a pension and life insur- riatric ailments. (a) 1, 2 and 3 ance fund scheme introduced 6. Consider the following statements: (b) 2 and 4 by the Ministry of External 1. JENVAC is an indigenously (c) 1 and 4 Affairs. produced Japanese encepha- (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 2. The scheme is for the Over- litis vaccine. 9. Cyber Coalition 2013 refers to seas Indian workers having 2. It is a live attenuated vaccine. (a) Cyber security exercise con- Emigration Check Required 3. Japanese encephalitis is a ducted by NATO (ECR) passports. bacterial infection. (b) An organization for cyber Which of the above statements is/ Which of the above mentioned security formed by China are ture? statements is/are correct? (c) A coalition formed by India (a) Both 1 and 2 (a) 1 and 2 and South East Asian coun- (b) 1 only (b) 1, 2 and 3 tries to secure cyberspace (c) 2 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) Cyber security exercise con- (d) None of the above (d) 1 only ducted by Russia 3. What is Ug 99? 7. Match the following : 10. Consider the following statements: (a) A newly discovered Black Name of Country/ 1. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma be- hole located in the constella- Football Player National Team come the first woman to take tion Ophiuchus. A. Marion 1. Germany over office as the Chairper- (b) Gene responsible for sickle- Suarez mata son of the African Union cell anaemia. B. Gareth Bale 2. Spain Commission (AUC). (c) Wheat rust disease which hits C. Robert 3. Wales 2. The African Union headquar- stem of wheat plant. Lewandowski ters are located at Nairobi. (d) The asteroid which had a D. Marco Reus 4. Poland 3. All the African nations are close pass with the Earth in Choose the correct code : members of the African September 2013. Union. ABC D 4. Under the ‘Campaign Clean India’, Which of the above statements is/ (a) 1 2 3 4 an initiative of Ministry of Tourism, are correct? (b) 2 3 4 1 ONGC has adopted six monuments/ (a) Only 1 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 3 2 4 1 tourist destinations in India. Which (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 of the following is not one amongst (d) 4 3 1 2 11. Magnus Carlsen, who won the these? 8. Which of the following statements recent World Chess Championship, are correct regarding the entitle- (a) Taj Mahal hails from which of the following ments under the Janani Shishu (b) Ellora Caves countries? Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) of (c) Elephanta Caves Ministry of Health and Family Wel- (a) Finland (b) Sweden (d) Char Minara fare, Government of India? (c) Russia (d) Norway www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 89 12. What is the ‘Know India Which of the above statements is which has actually added Programme’ of the Government of not correct? lesser population compared India? (a) Only 1 to the previous decade. (a) It is an orientation programme (b) Only 2 4. Dadra and Nagar Haveli has designed by the Ministry of (c) Only 3 the lowest sex ratio among all Finance to familiarise FIIs (d) None of the above the States/UTs of India. with rules of investment in 15. Chemical agent Sarin was used in 5. The logo of Census 2011 India. the chemical attack carried out is comprises of figures of Adult (b) It is a tourism programme Syria in 2013. Which type of chemi- Female, Female Child, Adult designed by the Ministry of cal agent is Sarin? Male and Male Child. Tourism under ‘Incredible (a) Blister Agent Which of the above statements are India’ for promoting tourist (b) Choking Agent correct? arrivals in the country. (c) Blood Agent (a) 2, 3 and 4 (c) It is an orientation programme (d) Nerve Agent (b) 1, 3 and 5 designed by the Ministry of 16. In Cauvery river water dispute, the (c) 1, 2, 3 and 5 Overseas Indian Affairs for determination of share of the wa- (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 diaspora youth to promote ters of river Cauvery is regarding 19. Match the following : awareness on different facets which of the following State (s)/ Railway Zone Headquarters of life in India. Union Territory? A. South Central 1. Kolkata (d) It is an orientation programme 1. Kerala designed by the Ministry of B. South Eastern 2. Secundera 2. Puducherry Art and Culture to promote bad 3. Karnataka awareness regarding the C. South Western 3. Bilaspur 4. Andhra Pradesh cultural aspects of India and D. South East 4. Hubli its States. Which of the following is correct? Central 13. Which among the following sites (a) 1 and 3 Choose the correct code : has been selected under the project (b) 1, 2 and 3 ABCD “Destination Flyways” by United (c) 1, 3 and 4 (a)2143 Nations World Tourism Organiza- (d) 2, 3 and 4 (b)3412 tion (UNWTO) for development of 17. In which of the following countries (c)2314 sustainable tourism? is “Kalahari desert” located? (d)4312 (a) Sunderbanse Delta 1. Namibia 20. Gulf of Bothnia is located between (b) Chilika Lagoon 2. Botswana which of the following countries? (c) Western Ghats 3. South Africa 1. Finland 2. Norway (d) Ashtamudi Lake Choose the correct answer from the 3. Sweden 4. Estonia 14. Consider the following statements: following : Choose the correct answer from the 1. The Lusfonia Games is a mul- (a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 an 3 following : tinational multi-sport event (c) Only 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 organized by the Association 18. Consider the following statements (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1 and 4 of Portuguese Speaking regarding Census 2011 : Olympic Committees 1. The masscot of Census 2011 21. Which one of the following pairs (ACOLOP). was a female enumerator. of countries fought wars over a re- gion called Ogadent? 2. ACOLOP is approved by the 2. Bihar is the most densely IOC (Lnternational Olympic populated State in India with (a) Eritrea and Sudan Committee). 1102 persons per sq. km. (b) Ethiopia and Somalia 3. Bengaluru, India hosted the 3. 2001 - 2011 is the first decade (c) Kenya and Somalia 2014 Lusofonia games. [with exceptionof 1911 - 1921] (d) Ethiopia ans Sudan

90 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 22. Macht List I (Valley) with List II 27. Which of the following separates (a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 2 (State) and select the correct an- the Asiatic Turkey from the Euro- (c) Only 4 (d) 3 and 4 swer using the codes given below pean Turkey? 32. Consider the following statements the lists : (a) Bering Strait about the Attorney General of List I (Valley) List II (State) (b) Bosporus Strait India : A. Johar Valley 1. Uttarakhand (c) Malacca Strait 1. He is appointed by the Presi- dent about the Attorney Gen- B. Dzukou Valley 2. Himachal (d) Strait of Gibraltar eral of India : Pradesh 28. The 98th Constitutional Amend- 2. He must have the same quali- C. Nubra Valley 3. Jammu and ment Act, 2012, has added a new fications as are required for a Kashmir article 371-J in the Constitution. It judge of the High Court. D. Parvati Valley 4. Nagaland relates to creating special provi- sions regarding which of the fol- 3. He has the right to speak in Codes : lowing regions? either House of Parliament. ABCD (a) Telangana - Rayalaseema 4. He can be removed by following (a)2431 the process of impeachment. (b) Karnataka - Hyderabad (b)3412 5. He has the right of audience (c) Vidarbha - Marathwada (c)1432 in all courts in the territory of (d) Rayalaseema - Seemandhra India. (d)3421 29. Which of the following States Which of the above mentioned 23. On which river and between which joined the Indian Union after the statements are correct? two places is the National Water- conduct of special opinion poll in (a) 1, 2 and 4 way No. 2 situated? 1975? (b) 2, 3 and 5 (a) Brahmaputra, Sadiya - Dhubri (a) Manipur (b) Meghalaya (c) 1, 2, 3 and 5 (b) Ganga, Haldia - Allahabad (c) Goa (d) Sikkim (d) 1, 3 and 5 (c) West Coast Canal, Kottapuram 30. Consider the following statements 33. Consider the following statements: Kollam regarding lapsing of bills in the Par- 1. The ‘veto’ power of the (d) Godavari, Nasik-Rajahmundry liament : President is limited because 24. Equator does not pass through 1. A Bill pending in the Parlia- if after reconsideration, the which of the following countries? ment lapses by reason of the Parliament passes the same 1. Columbia prorogation of the Houses. bill again and sends it back 2. Brazil 2. A Bill pending in the Rajya to the Presided, then, the Sabha but not passed by Lok President has to give assent 3. Democratic Republic of sabha lapses when Lok Sabha to that bill. Congo dissolves. 2. There is no mention in the 4. Bolivia Which of the above statements is/ Constitution about the time 5. Angola are correct? limit within which the President Choose the correct answer from the (a) Only 1 must send the bill back for following : reconsideration. (b) Only 2 (a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 4 Which of the above statements is/ (c) Both 1 and 2 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 4 and 5 are correct? (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (a) Only 1 25. In which of the following States is 31. Which of the following places (b) Only 2 Gugamal National Park located? do(es) not fall under the territorial (c) Both 1 and 2 (a) Karnataka establishment jurisdiction of (b) Andhra Pradesh Bombay High Court? (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) Maharashtra 1. Daman and Diu 34. Which of the following subjects are a part of ‘State List’ as specified in (d) Odisha 2. Dadra and Nagar Haveli the Seventh Schedule of the Con- 26. In demography, the biological ca- 3. Goa stitution of India? pacity for reproduction is called 4. Lakshadweep 1. Markets and fairs (a) Fertility (b) Birth Rate Choose the correct option from the 2. Public health an sanitation; (c) Vitality (d) Fecundity following : hospitals and dispensaries www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 91 3. Cultivation, manufacture, and 38. Which of the following statements (c) Eight Geographical and one sale for export, of opium is not correct? reserved for Army Postal 4. Insurance (a) The Chairman of a Joint Service 5. Relief of the disabled nad Public Service Commission (d) Ten Geographical and two unemployable is appointed by the President. reserved for Army Postal Choose the correct option from the (b) A member of a Joint Public Service following : Service Commission holds 41. Natal, Recife and Fortaleza are (a) 1, 2 and 3 office for a term of six years (a) Names of experimental sub- (b) 2, 3 and 5 from the date on which he jects in recently conducted enters upon his office or until (c) 3, 4 and 5 experiments in Nanotech- he attains the age of nology (d) 1, 2 and 5 sixty-five years, whichever is (b) Names of drugs associated 35. Which of the following is/are men- earlier. tioned in the Directive Principles of with the treatment of Psycho- (c) As nearly as may be one-half State Policy? logical disorders of the members of every (c) Names of famous tourist 1. Securing a social order for the Public Service Commission places in South Africa promotion of welfare of the shall be persons who at the people. (d) Names of host cities of 2-14 dates of their respective 2. Organization of Agriculture appointments have held office FIFA World Cup in Brazil and Animal husbandry. for at least ten years either 42. In 2002, National Dairy Develop- 3. Provision of giving opportu- under the Government of ment Board had standardised pack- nities and facilities to the chil- India or under the Govern- age design of milk for consumers dren for their development in ment of a State. to identify the type of milk. the a healthy manner. (d) A member of a Joint Public colour identity of milk packets is 4. Provision of safeguarding Service Commission may, by common for all milk cooperatives public property. writing under his hand, including Verka of Punjab. In this Choose the correct answer from the addressed to the President, context, identify the incorrect pair following : resign his office. (s) of the following : (a) 2 and 3 39. Which of the following comprises Colour of Packet Type of Milk (b) 1, 3 and 4 the electoral coolege of the Vice- 1. Blue - Double Toned (c) 1, 2 and 3 President of India? 2. Green - Standard (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 1. Members of Lok Sabha 3. Purple - Skimmed 36. When the office of the Chief 2. Members of Rajya Sabha 4. Orange - Full Cream Justice of India is vacant or when 3. Members of State Legislative 5. Yellow - Toned the Chief Justice is, by reason of Assemblies Choose the answer from the follow- absence or otherwise, unable to 4. Members of State Legislative ing : perform the duties of his office, the Councils duties of the office are performed (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 3 and 4 by and acting Chief Justice. Who Choose the correct answer from the (c) 1 and 5 (d) Only 3 following : appoints the acting Chief Justice? 43. Which of the following institutes (a) President of India (a) 1 and 2 prepares and issues new sugar (b) Seniormost Judge of the Su- (b) Only 2 standards for the sugar industry preme Court (Ex-officio) (c) 1, 2 and 3 every year? (c) Prime Minister of India (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (a) The Bureau of Sugar Stan- (d) Vice-President of India 40. India is divided into how many dards 37. Which of the following languages Postal Index Number (PIN) regions? (b) The Bureau of Indian Stan- is not mentioned in the Eighth (a) Six Geographical and one dards Schedule of the Constitution of reserved for Army Postal (c) Central AGMARK Labora- India? Service tory (a) Maithili (b) Nepali (b) Seven Geographical and two (d) National Institute of Food (c) Bhojpuri (d) Snathali reserved for Army Postal Service Processing

92 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 44. Dr. Sugata Mitra, Chief Scientist at 48. Consider the following statements (c) a method of keeping record NIIT, is credited with the discovery about the National Population of progress of crops and crop of “Hole-in-the-Wall”. This famous Register (NPR) : analysis for maximizing yield. experiment in innovative learning 1. It is an identity database to (d) a method of cropping more is formally known as be maintained by the Regis- than one variety of crops. (a) Closely Supervised Education trar General and Census 52. What are the differences between (b) Distantly Monitored Education Commissioner of India. asteroids and comets? (c) Minimally Invasive Education 2. It is a Register containing 1. Asteroids are composed of (d) Non-Monitored Education entries of only the citizens of rocks and metals, while comets contain lot of ice 45. Who among the following wrote the country. along with rocks and hydro- the famous poem on Rani of Jhansi 3. It is a substitute for Aadhaar/ carbons. with the popular line “Khoob lari UID (Unique Indentification) 2. Asteroids are found mostly mardani woh to Jhansi wali rani Number. thi”? in Kuiper belt beyond the 4. The biometric details of indi- orbit of Neptune and in Oort (a) Sumitranandan Pant viduals who are registering cloud in outer Solar System, (b) Bhawani Prasad Mishra are captured through finger- while comets are found in the (c) Bharatendu Harishchandra prints and iris prints. belt between Mars and Jupiter. (d) Subhadra Kumari Chauhan Which of the above statements are 3. The surface of asteroids is 46. In Islam, offering prayers five times not correct? solid and stable, whereas the a day is called (a) 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3 surface of comets is very unstable and changeable. (a) Sawn (b) Zakat (c) 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 4 Which of the statements given (c) Salat (d) Shahada 49. The film “The Lunchbox” was above is/are correct? 47. Consider the following statements screened as a part of the Interna- (a) 1 and 2 regarding the Right to Fair Com- tional Critics’ Week as the 2013 (b) 1 and 3 pensation and Transparency in Cannes Film Festival, where it won Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation the Critics’ Week Viewers Choice (c) 3 only and Resettlement Act, 2013 : Award, also known as Grand Rail (d) 1, 2 and 3 1. It is mandatory to carry out d’Or. Who is the writer of this film? 53. The resistivity of a wire varies with Social Impact Assessment (a) Anurag Kashyap its Study in consultation with (b) Arun Rangachari (a) Length the Panchayat, Municipality (b) Cross-section or Municipal Corporation. (c) Prasoon Joshi (c) Mass 2. The Social Impact Assessment (d) Ritesh Batra (d) Material Study should be completed 50. In an effort to protect critically-en- within three months from the dangered vultures from being ex- 54. A piece of ice is floating in a jar date of its commencement. tinct, Bombay Natural History So- containing water. When the ice melts, then level of water 3. Public hearing to ascertain the ciety (BNHS) has decided to set up (a) Rises views of affected families for Vulture Safe (VSZ) in Social Impact Assessment is (a) Bundelkhand, Madhya (b) Falls mandatory. Pradesh (c) Remains unchanged 4. There is no exemption from (b) Krishna, Andhra Pradesh (d) Rises of falls depending upon the mass of ice undertaking Social Impact (c) Ramnagar, Karnataka Assessment Study even 55. Sound travels with a different speed (d) Nasik, Maharashtra when the land is proposed to in different media. In which order be acquired under urgency 51. Crop logging is does the velocity of sound increase clause. (a) a method to assess crop in these media? Which of the above mentioned damage. (a) Water, iron and air statements is/are not correct? (b) a method to identify parasitic (b) Iron, air and water (a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 4 weeds associated with a (c) Air, water and iron (c) Only 3 (d) Only 4 crop. (d) Iron, water and air www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 93 56. "Beaufort Scale" is used to Choose the correct answer from the 67. The Department of Currency Man- measure following : agement, RBI receives notes from (a) Atmospheric pressure (a) 1 and 2 four currency note printing presses (b) Wind velocity (b) 2 and 3 in the country. Two of the currency note printing presses are owned by (c) Himudity (c) 1 and 3 the Government of Indi and two are (d) Hydraulic pressure (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 owned by the Reserve Bank. Which 57. Match the following : 62. Aflatoxins are produced by which one of the following is not amongst Type of Colloid Example of the following? these? A. Gel 1. Paing (a) Bacterium (b) Fungus (a) Salboni (b) Mysore B. Emulsion 2. Butter (c) Algae (d) Virus (c) Dewas (d) Hyderabad C. Sol 3. Fog 63. Which of the following natural food 68. The first bank-note issued by D. Aerosol 4. Milk colours is most commonly added Reserve Bank of India in January Choose the correct code : in butter and cheese? 1938 was bearing the portrait of AB CD (a) Annatto (b) Paprika which of the following? (a)2143 (c) Betanin (d) Pandan (a) George VI (b)1423 64. Paa is a 2009 Indian comedy-drama (b) Queen Victoria (c)2413 film directed by R. Balakrishan in (c) George V (d)4312 which Amitabh Bachchan is shown (d) Edward VIII 58. Consider the following pairs of to suffer with a rare genetic disease 69. Consider the following statements metals and their ores: of childhood characterized by dra- regarding the High Powered matic, premature ageing. What is Money: Metal Ore this type of disorder called? 1. It is the total liability of 1. Iron – Siderite (a) Conn's syndrome Monetary Authority of In- 2. Copper – Calamine (b) Acromegaly dia. 3. Zinc – Sphalerite (c) Progeria 2. It consist of currency (notes Which of the above mentioned and coins in circulation with (d) Down's syndrome pairs is/are not correctly matched? the public and vault cash of (a) 1 and 2 (b) Only 2 65. In computer terminology, little text- commerial banks) and depos- (c) 2 and 3 (d) Only 3 based faces and objects that help its held by the Government give the reader a sense of the 59. A light and a haevy body have of India and commercial writer's feelings behind the text are eqaul momentum. Which one has banks with RBI. known as greater kinetic energy? 3. The deposits are not (a) The light body (a) Joystick (b) Emoticon refundalbe by RBI on demand from deposit-holders. (b) The heavy body (c) Emulation (d) Captcha Which of the above statement(s) (c) Both have equal kinetic energy 66. Which of the following is not cor- rectly matched? is/are correct? (d) Data given is incmoplete (a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 2 60. In the binary number system, 111 (a) Snivitz : A computer represents pro-blem (c) 2 and 3 (d) Only 3 (a) Three (b) Gigaflops : A measure of 70. Consider the following statement computer regarding "Managed Floating" ex- (b) Four perfo-mance change rate system: (c) Seven (c) Gnutella : A challenge res 1. It is a mixture of fixed and (d) One hundred and eleven ponse test that flexible exchange rate 61. Which of the following are the pri- determines systems. mary limphoid organs? whether a user 2. It is also called dirty floating. 1. Bone marrow is human or an 3. India's exchange rate policy 2. Thymus automated bot has not yet shifted to "man- 3. Spleen (d) Favicon : A small website aged floating" exchange rate 4. Tonsils icon system.

94 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 4. Under this system, the Govt./ 74. Consider the following statements: (b) Lack of positive credit rating Central banks do not inter- 1. Forward Markets Commis- and high fiscal deficit vene to buy and sell foreign sion of India was earlier over- (c) Situation of huge outflow of currencies in an attermpt to seen by the Department of FIIs and rising fiscal deficit moderate exchange rate Consumer Affairs uner the (d) Situation of large current ac- movements. Ministry of Consumer Af- count and fiscal deficit Which of the above statements is/ fairs, Food and Public Distri- 77. Consider the following liquid are not correct? bution. assests: (a) Only 2 (b) 1 and 3 2. At present the Forward Mar- kets Commission is overseen 1. Demand deposits with the (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 3 and 4 by the Department of Eco- banks 71. Goods and Services Tax (GST) is nomics Affairs under the Min- 2. Time deposits with the banks the next logical step towards com- istry of Finance, Government 3. Savings deposits with the prehensive indirect tax reforms in of India. banks the country. Consider the follow- 3. Forward Markets Commis- ing statements with respect to GST : 4. Currency sion regulates the Commod- The correct sequence of their de- 1. With the introduction of GST, ity Futures and Financial Fu- creasing order of liquidity is the burden of Central Sales tures Trading in the country. Tax (CSL) will be removed. (a) 1-4-3-2 (b) 4-3-2-1 Which of the above statements is/ 2. For introduction of GST at are correct? (c) 4-1-3-2 (d) 4-3-1-2 State level, States should be (a) Only 1 78. Which of the following is/are a part given the power to levy tax (b) Only 2 of Capital Account of Balance of on services. Payments? (c) 1 and 2 Which of the above statements is/ 1. Portfolio Investment (d) 1, 2 and 3 are true? 2. External Assitance 75. Consider the following statements (a) Only 1 regarding the Non-Performing As- 3. NRI Deposits (b) Only 2 set : Choose the correct answer from the (c) Both 1 and 2 It is a loan or an advance where following % (d) Neither 1 nor 2 1. interest and/or instalment of (a) 1 and 2 72. Which of the following measures principal remain overdue for (b) 1, 2 and 3 would contribute to inflation more? a period of more than 90 days (c) Only 1 (a) Repayment of Public Debt in respect of a Term Loan. (d) Only 3 (b) Borrowing from public to fi- 2. the instalment of principal or 79. Where is the Stock Exchange lo- nance Budget deficit interest thereon remains over- cated in Punjab? (c) Reducing Fiscal Deficit due for two crop seasons for short duration crops. (a) Jalandhar (d) Creating new money to fi- (b) Patiala nance Budget deficit 3. the bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days (c) Amritsar 73. Demutualization in the context of in tha case of bills purchased stock markets means (d) None of the above and discounted. 80. Match the following : (a) Separation of ownership from Which of the above statements is/ Authors Writings the management of the stock are correct? exchange (a) Only 1 A. Minhaj al- 1. Malfuzat-i- (b) Conversion of a stock ex- Siraj Juzjani timuri (b) 1 and 3 change into a non-profit or- B. Ziauddin 2. Fatwa-i- (c) 1 and 2 ganization Baani Janadari (d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) Unlisting of a blue chip com- C. Isma 3. Tabaqat-i- 76. Twin deficit basically refers to pany from the stock exchange Nasiri (a) Lack of investor confidence (d) Awarding trading rights by a D. Amir timur 4. Futuh-us and high deficit company to a merchant bank Salatin www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 95 Choose the correct code: (a) Only 1 Punjab their cause and measures ABCD (b) Only 2 taken to cope with them. (a) 2 1 3 4 (c) Both 1 and 2 Which of the following were not member(s) of the Committee? (b) 1 2 3 4 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 1. Justice G. C. Rankin (c) 3 2 4 1 85. According to Buddhist texts, who 2. Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad (d) 4 3 2 1 was the first woman to enter 3. Pt. Jagat Narayan 81. Mansur, the court painter if Sangha and ordained as Jahangir, wast famous for painting "bhikkuni"? 4. Sultan Shamsher Beig which of the following? (a) Mahamaya Mayadevi 5. W. F. Rice (a) Historical monuments (b) Mahapajapati Gotami Choose the answer from the follow- (b) Human portaits (c) Mahadevi Yashodhara ing: (c) Lanscapes (d) Shailbhanjika Anandi (a) 2 and 3 (b) 3 and 4 (d) Plants, birds and animals 86. Mathc the following : (c) Only 4 (d) Only 5 82. There were five major political cen- Foreign Country of 89. Arrange the following in a chrono- logical order: tres in the Mauryan Empire includ- Travellers Origin ing the capital Pataliputra and four A. Afanasii 1. England 1. Wavell Plan provincial centres. Which one of Nikitich Nikitin 2. Poona Pact the following is not amongst these B. Duarte 2. Russia 3. Gandhi Irwin Pact provincial centres? Barbosa 4. Individual Satyagraha (a) Kaushambi C. Peter Mundy 3. Portugal 5. Communal Award (b) Ujjayini D. Antonio 4. Spain Choose the correct code : (c) Tosali Monserrate (a) 3, 5, 2, 4, 1 (d) Suvarnagiri Choose the correct code : (b) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1, 83. Consider the following statements: ABCD (c) 3, 2, 5, 4, 1 1. Prabhavati Gupta was the (a) 2 1 3 4 (d) 2, 5, 3, 1, 4 duaghter of one most impor- (b) 3 4 1 2 90. "New Lamps for Old" a series of tant rulers in early Indian his- (c) 3 4 2 1 articles criticising moderate poli- tory, Chandragupta I. tics, was authored by (d) 2 3 1 4 2. She was married into the rul- (a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak 87. Emperor Akbar classified the lands ing family of the Vakatakas, (b) Chittaranjan Das who were powerful in the in various categories and fixed dif- (c) Bipin Chandra Pal Deccan. ferent revenue to be paid by each. In this context, examine which of (d) Aurobindo Ghaosh Which of the above mentioned the following defines Polaj land? statement is/are correct? 91. During World War II, which of the (a) Land which is annually culti- following countries was invaded (a) Only 1 vated for each crop in suc- by Germany under the code name, (b) Only 2 cession and is never allowed "Operation Barbarossa"? (c) Both 1 and 2 to lie fallow. (a) Great Britain (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (b) Land left out of cultivation for (b) Soviet Union 84. Consider the following statements: a time that it may recover its (c) France 1. Satavahana rulers were iden- strenght. (d) U.S.A tified through metronymics (c) Land that has lain fallow for 92. In 1942, Battle of Midway was (names derived from that of three four years. fought between the naval forces of the mother). (d) Land uncultivated for five which of the following belligerent 2. In Satavahana rulers, the suc- years and more. nations? cession to the throne was 88. The Disorders Inquiry Committee (a) Germany and France generally patrilineal. (1919–1920) headed by Lord Hunter (b) Germany and Great Britain Which of the above mentioned was constituted to investigate the (c) Japan and U.S.A. statements is/are correct? disturbances in Bombay, Delhi and (d) Japan and Soviet Union

96 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 93. Consider the following statements Choose the answer from the 3. Fuel Supply for Rajpura Ther- regarding River Beas : following : mal Power Plant will be given 1. River Beas originates from (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 by Mahandi Coalfields Lim- Borasu Pass in Kinnaur dis- (c) 2 and 4 (d) 1 and 3 ited (MCL), whereas for trict, Himachal Pradesh. Talwandi Sabo Thermal 96. The battle of Balakot was fought in Power Plant, it will be given 2. Pandoh reservoir and Pong 1831 A.D. between the forces of reservoir are built over this by South Eastern Coalfields (a) East India Company and the river. Limited (SECL). Afghans 3. It joins river Satluj at Hari-ke- Which of the above mentioned (b) East India Company and the Pattan. statements is/are correct? Marathas Which of the above mentioned (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) Maharaja Ranjeet Singh and statement is/are not correct? the Marathas (c) Only 3 (d) Only 2 (a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 2 (d) Maharaja Ranjit Singh and 99. Arrange the following places of (c) Only 3 (d) 1 and 3 Syed Ahmad Barelvi Punjab with respect to their loca- 94. Match the following : tion from South to North : 97. Match the following : Rivers Ancient Name 1. Maur Assemble District A. Beas 1. Askini constituency 2. Qadian B. Ravi 2. Vipasa A. Nihal 1. Hoshiarpur 3. Sardulgarh C. Chenab 3. Parushni/ Singhwala 4. Nihal Singhwala Airavati B. Shutrana 2. Sangrur 5. Kanjli D. Jhelum 4. Vitasta C. Chabbewal 3. Gurdaspur Choose the correct code : Choose the correct code : (a) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 ABCD D. Dirba 4. Patiala (b) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5 (a) 2 1 3 4 5. Moga (b) 3 4 1 2 Choose the correct code : (c) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5 (c) 2 3 1 4 ABCD (d) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 (d) 4 3 1 2 (a) 3 2 1 5 100. On the basis of Census 2011, ar- 95. Which of the following pairs is/are (b) 5 4 1 2 range the following districts of Punjab with respect to their popu- not matched correctly? (c) 3 4 1 2 lation in the increasing order : Name of Location (d) 5 1 4 2 1. Rupnagar Wildlife Sanctuary 98. Consider the following statements: 2. Faridkot 1. Jhajjar – Rupnagar 1. HMEL is developing 3. Muktsar Bachauli Talwandi Sabo Thermal 2. Kathlaur – Sangrur Power Plant. 4. Mansa Kushlian 2. L & T Power Development Choose the correct code : 3. Bir Aishwan – Hosiarpur Limited is developing Rajpura (a) 1, 2, 4, 3 (b) 2, 1, 4, 3 4. Bir Dosanjh – Patiala Thermal Power Plant. (c) 2, 1, 3, 4 (d) 1, 3, 2, 4

www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 97 ANSWERS KEY - 2013

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)

11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)

21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (d)

31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (c)

41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (c) 45. (d) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (a)

51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (c)

61. (a) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (d) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (d)

71. (c) 72. (d) 73. (a) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (d) 77. (c) 78. (b) 79. (d) 80. (c)

81. (d) 82. (a) 83. (b) 84. (c) 85. (b) 86. (d) 87. (a) 88. (c) 89. (a) 90. (d)

91. (b) 92. (c) 93. (a) 94. (c) 95. (b) 96. (d) 97. (b) 98. (d) 99. (a) 100. (b)

98 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 PUNJAB PCS PAPER - I 2012 G. S. PAPER - I

1. Atom 6. Pressure cooker helps us in cook- 11. Corrected vision of human eye can (a) is the smallest particle of an ing food faster because. be achieved by prescription element (a) it raises the boiling point of glasses which use the principle of (b) can exist independently liquids due to increase in (a) Reflection (c) can retain chemical properties pressure. (b) Refraction of the element (b) it can conserve heat being (c) Chromatic Aberration (d) all of the above made of special metal. (d) None of these 2. Which of the following is not a (c) it does not allow atmosphere 12. Usually the outside rear view mir- method of heat transfer between to cool down the food. rors of a motor vehichle are two bodies? (d) provides better medium of (a) Concave mirrors (a) Conduction conduction of heat to food. (b) Convex mirrors (b) Convection 7. Desities of water and ice are (c) Plane mirrors (c) Absorption (a) Equal (d) Concavo convex mirrors (d) Radiation (b) Different 13. Electric current flows in a conduc- 3. Land breeze and sea breeze are (c) Canbe equal or different tor due to caused by difference in rate of cool- (d) None of the above (a) Amperage ing of the Earth and water. Mark 8. An aircraft, which is heavier than the correct answer: (b) Wattage air, flies in air due to. (a) Sea breeze moves from sea to (c) Potential difference (a) Buoyancy land during night. (d) None of these (b) Forward motion of the aircraft (b) Sea breeze moves from sea to 14. Vaccines are used to build immu- land during day. (c) Difference in pressure on the nity to disease by upper and lower sides of the (c) Land breeze moves from sea (a) simulating disease in the wings to land during night. body to produce antibodies. (d) Jet propulsion (d) None of the above. (b) injecting antibodies in blood 9. Rate of cooling of a body depends 4. Woollen clothes keep us warm dur- stream. on ing winter, which of the following (c) enhancing immunity by a facts is incorrect? (a) Its size and the velocity of air large dose of vitamins. around it (a) Wool is a bad conductor of (d) enhancing immunity by a heat. (b) Difference in temperature be- large dose of enzymes. tween the body and the sur- (b) Electro-static charge of fibres 15. Which fact about speed and veloc- roundings retains heat. ity is incorrect? (c) Method of heat transfer (c) Wool keeps air trapped in its (a) Speed is the distance trav- fibres. (d) Is independent of the tem- elled by a body in a particular (d) Wool resists escape of body perature of surroundings time. heat to environment. 10. When a substance passes from (b) Speed must be in a particular 5. At what temperature do the Celsius solid state to vapour state without direction. passing through liquid state, the and Fahrenheit scales will read the (c) Velocity is the speed in a par- same? phenomenon is called. ticular direction. (a) - 32 degree (a) Vaporisation (d) Both speed and velocity de- (b) 32 degree (b) Mutation pend on distance and time. (c) 40 degree (c) Condensation 16. Bio-gas plant used for producing (d) Absolute zero (d) Sublimation domestic fuel produces_____gas www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 99 (es), which burn (s) without giving (c) Transport of amino acids (c) Hasham Shah - Sassi Punnu any smoke. (d) Transport of oxygen (d) Kadar Yaar - Sohni Mahinwal (a) Ethane 23. Which one of the following is not a 29. Fateh Burj is: (b) Methane web browser? (i) 100 metres tall (c) Octane (a) Internet Explorer (ii) Is taller than Qutab Minar (d) All of the above (b) Windows Explorer (iii) Is a monument to commemo- 17. A solar water heater cannot be used (c) Google Chrome rate Baba Banda Singh’s win to get hot water on (d) Safari over Sirhind (a) a sunny day 24. Adobe Acrobat files have suffix (iv) Is located at Chapar Chiri Which fact (s) given above is/are (b) a cloudy day (a) .doc (b) .xls correct? (c) a hot day (c) .pdf (d) .mp3 (a) Only (i) and (iii) are correct. (d) a windy day 25. CAG has pointed out certain irregu- (b) Only (iii) and (iv) are correct. 18. Which of the following constitutes larities in allotment of spectrum to a food chain? cell phone operators. What is spec- (c) Only (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct. (d) All are correct. (a) Grass, wheat and mango trum? 30. What moved Shahid Bhagat Singh (b) Grass, goat and human (a) It is them territory over which in his early life to resist the English (c) Goat, cow and elephant an operator can provide ser- vices without roaming rule? (d) Grass, fish and goat charges. (a) Non-cooperation movement 19. At the time of a short circuit, the (b) It is the frequency channels (b) Simon Commission current in the circuit. which the operator can use (c) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (a) redyces substantially for telecommunication. (d) Naujuan Bharat Subah (b) does not change (c) It is the total number of cell 31. Which one of the following is not a (c) increases heavily phones which an operator traditional Punjabi dance? (d) varies continuously can use on certain frequency. (a) Sammi (b) Vain 20. Which of the following correctly (d) None of the above. (c) Gidha (d) Bhangra describes the magnetic field near a 26. Which is correct about the radio 32. What is correct about Singh Sabha? long straight wire carrying current? frequencies? (a) It was founded in 1907 at (a) The field consists of straight (a) Higher the frequency, lower Lahore. lines perpendicular to the will be the wavelength.00 (b) It aimed at protecting the in- wire. (b) Higher the frequency, higher terests of Sikhs through edu- (b) The field consists of straight will be the wayelength. cation and literature. lines parallel to the wire. (c) Higher the frequency, higher (c) It prescribed social code of (c) The field consists of radial will be the amplitude. conduct for Sikhs. lines originating from the wire. (d) Higher the frequency, lower (d) It was aimed at protecting the (d) The field consists of concen- will be the amplitude. honour of Sikh women and tric cireles centred on the 27. Bhartiya Sahitya Akademi award children. wire. winner, Dalip Kaur Tiwana, was 33. Which fact about Punjab is not 21. Kidneys in human beings are part awarded this honour for which of true? of the system for. her writings? (a) Its area is about 50,000 square (a) Nutrition (a) Eho Hamara Jeewana kilometres. (b) Respiration (b) Ik Chhit Chanan Di (b) Punjab has more than 12000 (c) Excretion (c) Ik Mian Do Talwaran villages. (d) Locomotion (d) Adh Chanani Raatd (c) There are more Panchayats than the 22. The xylem in plants are responsible 28. Which of the writers and his work number of villages. for have been paired wrongly? (d) Population density in Punjab (a) Transport of water (a) Pilo - Mirza Sahian is about 600 people per (b) Transport of food (b) Waris Shah - Heer Ranjah square kilometre.

100 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 34. Kandi area, an important 39. Over the last decade, Punjab has manent members to the Security agroclimatic zone of Punjab, has fol- achieved least growth in employ- Council. They include lowing characteristics: ment generation in (i) North Korea and Luxembourg (i) Sub- mountainous undulat- (a) Primary Sector (ii) South korea and Rwanda ing terrain (b) Secondary Sector (iii) Australia and Argentina (ii) Lack of perennial water (c) Tertiary Sector (iv) India and Brazil source (d) No growth (a) (i) and (iii) are correct (iii) High cost of cultivation 40. Sluggish growth in the agriclture (b) (ii) and (iii) are correct (iv) Extremely fertile land sector in Punjab is due to. (c) (i) and (iv) are correct (a) (i) and (iv) are correct (a) Per acre yield of crops has (d) (iii) and (iv) are correct (b) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct peaked 47. The killings of Sarpanches by mili- (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct (b) Decrease in average land tants and their mass resignations (d) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct holding of farmers in the news recently, were in 35. Namdhari movement also called (c) Increased dependence on (a) Chhatisgarh (b) Assam Kuka movement was started by ground water (c) J&K (d) Bihar whom and when? (d) All of the above 48. UN Department of Economics and (a) Bhai Dial Singh on 1st April, 41. Punjab Land Records Society Social Affairs data showed that in 1857 (PLRS) was formed by the Punjab 2000, which of the following coun- st (b) Bhai Ram Singh on 1 April, Government to tries had female infant mortality 1857 (a) Implement Land Reforms Act rate higher than male infant mortal- th (c) Bhai Dial Singh on 13 April, (b) To study flaws in Land ity? 1925 Records (a) Pakistan and Indian th (d) Bhai Ram Singh on 13 April, (c) Provide efficient Land Record (b) Pakistan and Sri Lanka 1925 related services (c) China and India 36. Arrange the following important (d) To settle disputes related to (d) Egypt and Iraq events in the history of Punjab in Land Records chronological order: 49. BRICS Summit 2012 at New Delhi 42. Balari Rakshak Yojana launched by (i) Jallianwala Bagh Incident was the Punjab government is aimed at (ii) Kamagata Maru Incident (a) Second BRICS Summit (a) Correcting child sex ratio (iii) The Ghadar Movement (b) Third BRICS Summit (b) Reducing child mortality (iv) Battle of Saraghari (c) Fourth BRICS Summit (c) Encouraging family planning (a) (i), (ii), (iv) and (iii) (d) None of the above (d) All of the above (b) (iii), (ii), (i) and (iv) 50. The headquarters of the Interna- tional Monetary Fund (IMF) is in (c) (iv), (iii), (i) and (ii) 43. Mealy bug is a pest which affects the yield of ____crop in Punjab. (a) Geneva (d) (iv), (iii), (ii) and (i) (a) Maize (b) Oil seeds (b) Washington D.C. 37. As per 2011 census the most and the least densely populated dis- (c) Cotton (d) Pulses (c) Rio de Janeiro tricts in Punjab are 44. In Punjab the maximum number of (d) New York City (a) Amritsar and Masna Ministers can be 51. Which of the following statements (b) Ludhiana and Muktsar (a) 16 (b) 18 is false? (c) Ludhiana and Mansa (c) 20 (d) 22 (a) India is a secular state with (d) Amritsar and Muktsar 45. Who is Jin Yong Kim? equality to all religions. 38. In comparison to 2001 census the (a) He is a famous tennis player. (b) India does not have an offi- cial state religion. population of Punjab as per 2011 (b) He is the President of the census has increased. World Bank. (c) No religious instruction is given in the government (a) From 2.28 crores to 2.77 crores (c) He is the new king of Malaysia. aided schools. (b) From 2.48 crores to 2.77 crores (d) None of the above (d) The word ‘secular’ was in- (c) From 2.44 crores to 2.77 crores 46. The UN General Assembly elected serted in the Preamble by the (d) From 2.58 crores to 2.77 crores in October, 2012, five new non-per- 44th Amendment, 1976. www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 101 52. The idea of G-20 was proposed by (a) Creating a database of nurses 65. In 2012, who said “Coalition Poli- (a) Paul Martin (b) Creating awareness among tics has slowed pace of reforms”? (b) John Major consumers (a) Manmohan Singh (c) Bill Clinton (c) Creating a database of Indian (b) Pranab Mukerjee citizens (d) George W Bush (c) P. Chidambaram (d) Creating awareness among 53. Who is regarded as the Father of (d) Sonia Gandhi children Local Self Government in India? 66. Who has been awarded honorary 60. The basic structure of the Indian (a) Lord Mayo Doctorate of Arts by the Edinburgh Constitution cannot be altered be- Napier University for outstanding (b) B.R. Ambedkar cause contribution to Indian cinema in (c) Lord Rippon (a) this is clearly mentioned in the 2012? (d) None of the above Constitution itself. (a) Amitabh Bachchan 54. The 11th Schedule of the Indian (b) it will negatively affect the Constitution is concerned with the vote bank of the ruling party. (b) Abhishek Bachchan (a) Panchayats and Nagarpalikas (c) it has clearly emerged from (c) Shahrukh Khan (b) State Fianance Commission the judicial interpretation. (d) Sharmila Tagore (c) Minorities (d) none of the above. 67. What is SHADE? (d) Panchayats 61. Expression of ‘Fundamental Duties’ (a) It is a mechanism to check sea 55. The provision of District Planning is a feature of Indian Constitution piracy in Indian Ocean by Committee is given in the which was borrowed from naval forces of three coun- tries jointly. (a) 73rd Amendment Act (a) England (b) It is a new trade pact signed (b) 74th Amendment Act (b) USA by India, Japan and st (c) Former USSR (c) 81 Amendment Act Bangladesh. (d) Ireland (d) None of the above (c) It is a new gene discovered 56. Who is the present Chief Election 62. A Nager Panchayat is constituted in a in maize plant by the UK sci- Commissioner of India? entists. (a) Small urban area (a) S.Y. Quraishi (d) Its national intelligence grid (b) Large urban area (b) Navin Chawla to access all intelligence data. (c) Metropolitan area (c) N. Gopalaswami 68. To explore the planet Mars, NASA (d) None of the above (d) V.S. Sampath last year launched a Rover nick- 63. Which of the following statements 57. 86th Amendment, 2002 inserted named is correct? (a) Right to Education under Ar- (a) Crusty (b) Courtesy (a) A Panchayat constituted af- ticle 21A (c) Curiosity (d) Cursory ter mie-term election shall (b) Fundamental Duty under Ar- have a full term of five years. 69. Anna Hazare has emerged as a ticle 51K popular leader. What is meant by (b) 33% seats in Panchayats “Anna” in Marathi? (c) Both of the above shall be reserved for women. (a) Food (d) None of the above (c) Panchayat Samitis may not be 58. Who termed the Right to constituted in a State having (b) Army man Constiutional Remedies as “the a population not exceeding (c) Elder brother heart and soul of the Constitu- 20 lakh.0_)0 (d) Social activist tion”? (d) All of the above statements 70. Which of the following statements (a) Mahatma Gandhi are correct. is true regarding London Olympics (b) J.L. Nehru 64. Which among the following words 2002? (c) Sardar Patel appears first in the Preamble to the (a) USA topped the medal tally, Constitution of India? (d) None of the above followed by Argentina. (a) Equality (b) Justice 59. The AADHAAR program of the (b) USA topped the medal tally, UIDAI is an important step towards (c) Liberty (d) Fraternity followed by China.

102 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 (c) USA topped the medal tally, (c) Smt. Ambika Soni (a) To make them easier to re- followed by Great Britain. (d) Ms. Jayanti Patnaik member when issuing warn- ings. (d) China topped the medal tally, 77. The 16th NAM Summit 2012 was (b) They are named arbitrarily followed by USA. held at after unpopular female char- 71. The legacy of Kapil Sibal as the (a) New Delhi (b) Dhaka acters. Union Education Minister does not (c) Islamabad (d) Tehran include (c) To remember the names of the 78. Coal allocation controversy came people who died in the Ti- (a) Passage of RTE Act into light with draft report of the tanic. (b) Making class X board exami- CAG of India_____. (d) All of the above. nations optional (a) Dr. S.Y. Quraishi 82. Which country granted Wikileaks (c) Allowing foreign education (b) Shri Vinod Rai founder Julian Assange political providers asylum? (c) Shri T.N. Seshan (d) Replacing marks with grades (a) Iran (b) Ecuador (d) Shri R. Srinivasam 72. Which of the following is incor- (c) Syria (d) Egypt 79. The literacy rate of India as per the rectly matched? 83. Which country adopted Compre- Population Census of India in 2011 (a) Devdutt Pishorimal Anand - hensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) was Dev Anand recently? (a) 65.78% (b) 68.58% (b) Shivaji Rao Gaikwad - (a) India (c) 82.04% (d) 74.04% Rajnikanth (b) South Korea (c) Jatinder Khanna - Rajesh 80. Who won Nobel Prize for Medicine (c) Indonesia Khanna for stem cell research? (d) None of these (d) Aamir Hussain Khan - Aamir (a) John Gordon 84. Who was appointed ‘UN Goodwill Khan (b) Shinya Yamanaka Ambassador for UNAIDS’ re- 73. What is the name of the Pak For- (c) Both of the above cently? eign Minister who visited India last? (d) None of the above (a) Shabana Azmi (a) Honey Irani 81. Hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were (b) Amitabh Bachchan (b) Hina Rabbani Khar in the news recently. Why are the (c) Shahrukh Khan (c) Mohammed Nasheed hurricanes named? (d) Aishwarya Riai Bachchan (d) None of the above 85. In the light of recent Union Cabinet reshuffle, match the following :

74. “Dengue” is caused by (i) M. Veerappa (1) Huma Resources Development (a) Anopheles mosquito (ii) Pawan Kumar Bansal (2) Law (b) Aedes Aegupti mosquito (iii) M.M. Pallam Raju (3) External Affairs (c) A bacteria (iv) Salman Khursheed (4) Petroleum & Natural gas (d) Climate change (5) Railways 75. Vijay Kelker Committee Report 2012 (i) (ii) (ii) (iv) is a roadmap for: (a) (2) (5) (3) (1) (a) Improvement in sports like (b) (4) (1) (5) (2) hockey (c) (4) (5) (1) (2) (b) Fiscal consolidation (d) (4) (5) (1) (3) (c) Stopping global warming (d) None of the above 86. On the basis of the Planning (a) Sikkim 76. Who is the Chairperson or National Commission’s Environmental Per- (b) Madhya Pradesh Commission for Women? formance Index (EPI), which State (c) Uttrakhand is named as the best performing (a) Dr. Girija Vyas (d) Himachal Pradesh State in terms of environmental (b) Smt. Mamta Sharma standards? www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 103 87. Who won the Formula 1, Indian 94. Napoleon Bonaparte was estab- 101. Why Buddha’s eight-fold path is Grand Prix in 2012? lished as the Emperor of France in known as middle path? (a) Fernando Alonso (a) 1804 (b) 1814 (a) Convergence of all religions (b) Mark Webber (c) 1808 (d) 1812 (b) Eternal truth of all religions (c) Felipe Massa 95. The World War II is said to have (c) Balanced way of life (d) Sebasitan Vettel commenced when Germany at- (d) The divine truth tacked 88. 2012 has been designated as the 102. The war between Chandragupta National Year of_____. (a) Russia (b) France Maurya and Nanda Kings is de- (a) Science (c) Poland (d) Bulgaria scribed in (b) Environment 96. Which one of the following coun- (a) Dipavamasa (c) Mathematics tries was not attacked by Germany (b) Puranas on 10th May 1940? (d) Health (c) Mudrarakshasa 89. Industrial Revolution first took (a) Belgium (d) None of the above place in (b) Czechoslovakia 103. Which of the following Sultans of (a) England (b) America (c) Netherlands the Slave Dynasty did not belong (c) France (d) Germany (d) Luxembourg to the Ilbari Tribe? 90. The Non-Cooperation Movement 97. German Instrument of Surrender (a) Qutabudding Aibak did not envisage th was signed on 29 April 1945 at (b) Iltutmish (a) riviving hand-spinning and (a) Prague weaving as part of encourag- (c) Razia Sultana ing Swadeshi (b) Reims (d) Gyasuddin Balban (b) deliberate violation of laws (c) Berlin 104. Which of the following Bhakti (c) boycott of foreign goods (d) None of the above Movement Saints wrote ‘Vinay (d) refusal to cooperate with the 98. The Harappen Civilization was Patrika’? Government mainly concentrated in (a) Tulsidas (b) Sankardev 91. Permanent Revenue System of Lord (a) Punjab, Rajasthan and (c) Namdev (d) Tukaram Gujarat Cornwallis proved oppressive to 105. The reason behind Nana Sahib’s the tenants because they were (b) Punjab, Rajasthan and taking leadership of the 1857 Re- (a) forced to produce more Madhya Pradesh volt was (b) exploited by the Zamindars (c) Punjab, Rajasthan & U.P. (a) His claim to Peshwaship was (c) asked to pay yearly revenue (d) Delhi, Bengal and Haryana abolished. in advance 99. The most common features of all (b) The Britishers refused to pay (d) asked to pay under military Indus Valley sites are him the pension earlier paid pressure (a) Elaborate drainage system to his father Peshwa Bajirao 92. Nazi ideology was synonymous and use of baked bricks II. with the Hitler’s Worldview. What (b) Desert and Zoological fea- the Nazi ideology did not (c) The British humiliated him by emphasise upon? tures saying that he was not a natu- ral son of Bajirao II. (a) Purity of the Nordic Aryan (c) Building and burial system rach (d) Climate, flaura and fauana (d) His friendship with Mangal (b) Make the Aryans stronger 100. Which one of the following is con- Pandey. (c) Empower women for achiev- sidered to be the homeland of the 106. Which of the following played a ing the goals Indo - Aryans? very important role in the 1857 Re- (d) Dominate the world (a) Central Europe volt at Avadh? 93. Which was not part of the Allies in (b) India (a) Nana Sahib Peshwa the First World War? (c) Central Asia and Southern (b) Tantia Tope (a) England (b) Austria Russia (c) Birjis Qadar (c) France (d) Russia (d) Australia (d) Begum Hazrat Mahal

104 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 107. Which of the following wasn’t a (c) Both the above statements 121. PURA aims to reform introduced by William are right. (a) strengthen urban infrastructure Bentinck? (d) Both the above statements (b) reduce overall poverty (a) Abolishment of Slavery are worng. (c) increase rural connectivity (b) Abolishment of Sati 113. Indian Economic Planning is (d) remove overall unemployment (c) Suppression of the organized (a) totalitarian in nature 122. Demographic dividend implies bands of thugs (b) totally centralized (a) improvement in the employ- (d) Removal of disabilities due to (c) essentially imperative ability of labour force change of religion (d) None of the above (b) increase in the ratio of labour 108. Which of the following revolution- 114. The link between infrastructure force ary activist died in Lahore jail after and economic development is (c) greater availability of job op- 64 days of fast in 1929? (a) a once for all affair portunities (a) Jatin Das (b) casual and symbiotic (d) All the above (b) Madanlal Dhingra (c) insignificant 123. The Fiscal Responsibility and Bud- (c) Chandrashekhar Azad (d) an ongoing process get Management Act aims to con- trol (d) Batukeshwar Dutt 115. Which one of the following is not 109. Which of the following was not one regarded as a social sector indica- (a) Fiscal deficit of the people to have propounded tor? (b) Public expenditure profligacy the so called ‘twonation theory’ (a) IMR (b) Hunger ratio (c) Revenue deficit prior to Pakistan resolution of the (c) NNP (d) Literacy level (d) Private sector extravagance Muslim League? 116. The New Agricultural Policy was 124. The focus of Eleventh Five Year (a) Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan presented in Parliament in the year Plan was. (b) Vir Savarkar (a) 1991 (b) 2000 (a) Inclusive growth (c) Lord Curzon (c) 2001 (d) 2011 (b) Higher growth (d) Mohammad lqbal 117. India’s share in the world trade (c) Balanced growth 110. Which of the following Indian revo- since 1950 has (d) Self-sufficient growth lutionaries was the author of ‘In- (a) remained constant 125. The present base year for the com- dian War of Independence’? (b) increased putation of National Income at con- (a) Vinayak Savarkar stant prices is (c) shown a mixed trend (b) Bipin Chandra Pal (a) 2004 - 05 (b) 2001 (d) declined (c) Madanlal Dhingra (c) 2001 (d) 1993 - 94 118. The term Mini-Navratna is used in 126. The most acceptable indicator of (d) Bhagat Singh regard to economic development is 111. The pre-reform economic policy (a) Micro Enterprises (19487-91) eas marked by (a) a rise in the Monetary Na- (b) Public Sector Enterprises (a) (Near) public monopoly over tional Income. (c) Small Enterprises heavy industry (b) a rise in the Real National In- (d) Co-operative Enterprises (b) (Strict) investment licensing come. for private industry 119. Over time, the share of agriculture (c) a rise in the Per Capita Mon- in the GDP has etary Income. (c) import substitution and ex- (a) risen port promotion strategy (d) a rise in the Real per Capita (b) fallen Income. (d) All the above (c) remained stable 127. Inflation measured in terms of WPI 112. The banks were nationalized to (d) fluctuated is called (a) ensure their greater penetra- (a) Core inflation tion into ‘unbanked’/ 120. In which Five Year Plan poverty (b) Food inflation ‘underbanked’ areas. removal was given top priority? (c) Headline inflation (b) ensure their reach to the ‘un- (a) Seventh (b) Third reachable’. (c) Tenth (d) Fifth (d) None of the above www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 105 128. The National Income Statistics are 1. Population size of 5000 per- (d) Troposphere, Stratosphere, computed by sons. Mesosphere, Thermosphere, (a) Planning Commision 2. More than 75 percent of its Exosphere (b) CSO male work force engaged in 140. Generally the coral polyps are (c) NSSO non-agricultural activities. found between the altitudes of (d) All of them 3. Density of 600 persons per (a) 5º - 25º N sq. km. 129. Of the following which is the most (b) 5º - 25ºS Which of the criteria given above important source of saving? (c) 25º N and 25ºS is/are correct? (a) Households (d) 35º - 65º N and S (a) 1 and 2 only (b) Corporate sector 141. Which one of the following types (b) 2 only (c) Government of clouds are often accompanied by (c) 1 and 3 only heavy rains? (d) None of these (d) 1, 2 and 3 (a) Cumulonimbus 130. The objective (s) of the National 135. Which one among the following Manufacturing Policy is to (b) Stratocumulus gases is heavier than the others? (c) Altocumulus (a) increase growth of manufac- (a) Carbon dioxide turing to 12-14 percent in the (d) Nimbostratus (b) Argon medium period. 142. The subsistence agriculture is char- (c) Oxygen (b) enable manufacturing to con- acterized by (d) Nitrogen tribute at least 25 percent of 1. Small and scattered holding 136. The normal lapse rate throughout GDP by 2022. 2. Majority of farmers practice it the troposphere is (c) enhanc e global competitive- 3. Most of the food production (a) 1ºC per 150 metre ascent ness of Indian manufacturing. if marketed (b) 3ºC per 500 metre ascent (d) All the above Select the correct answer using the (c) 3ºC per 1000 metre ascent 131. Which one of the following ports codes given below: th (d) 2.5ºC per 400 metre ascent has been developed as 12 major (a) Only port of India? 137. Which one of the following gases (b) 1 and 2 only (a) Tuticorin is not a greenhuse gas? (c) 2 and 3 only (b) Jawaharlal Nehru (Navasheva) (a) Ozone (d) 1,2 and 3 (c) Ennore (b) Methane 143. Human Development Index (HDI) (d) Kandla (c) Nitrous oxide (d) Chlorine is a composite measure of 132. Which one of the following pairs is 1. Life epectancy not correctly matched? 138. Combustion of coal and oil releases 2. Educational attainment (a) Blue revolution - Fish (a) Carbon monoxide 3. Standard of living (b) Yellow revolution - Oil seeds (b) Sulphur dioxide Select the correct answer using the (c) Golden Revolution - Fruits (c) Nitrogen oxide codes given below: and Vegetable (d) Non-methane hydrocarbons (a) 1 only (d) White revolution - Cotton 139. Which is the correct sequence of layers of the atmosphere from the (b) 2 and 3 only 133. Which one of the following is con- Earth surface sidered as the best indicator of de- (c) 1 and 3 only velopment? (a) Stratosphere, Thermosphere, (d) 1, 2 and 3 Troposphere, Mesosphere, (a) Infant mortality 144. Maximum water - vapour that ex- Exosphere (b) Female literacy ists in the atmosphere by its vol- (b) Troposphere, Mesosphere, ume of air is (c) Per Capita Income Exosphere, Straatosphere, (a) 1 - 2 percent (d) Degree of urbanization Thermosphere (b) 3 - 4 percent 134. Criteria used by the census of (c) Thermosphere, Stratosphere, India to designate settlement as Mesosphere, Troposphere, (c) 5 - 6 percent ‘urban’ are Exosphere (d) 8 - 10 percent

106 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 145. ‘Horse latitudes’ are characterized (a) 303 and 206 respectively don recently for her services in by (b) 287 and 253 respectively France during World War II. Her name is 1. High pressure condition (c) 31508198 and 27892876 re- 2. Subsidence and piling of air spectively (a) Balbir Kaur 3. Calm condition with feeble (d) 48962378 and 31685230 re- (b) Noor Inayat Khan winds spectively (c) Dalip Kaur Select the correct feature/s from the 147. Which political leader recently (d) Nargis Fatima above using the code below : stirred a controversy by allegedly 149. Immediately after Sandy which (a) 1 and 2 only terming Lord Ram as “bad hus- New York? (b) 2 and 3 only band”? (a) Laurin (b) Morris (c) 2 only (a) Sonia Gandhi (c) Athena (d) Terry (d) 1, 2 and 3 (b) Salman Khursheed 150. Doldrums is a zone of 146. I n the 2012 US Presidential (c) Ram Jethmalani (a) Mid latitudes Elections, Barack Obama and Mit (d) Buta Singh (b) Inter-tropical convergence Romney obtained how many 148. In England a bronze bust of Indian (c) Inter - tropical divergence electoral votes? origin woman was unveiled in Lon- (d) Sub-polar

www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 107 ANSWERS KEY - 2012

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)

11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (d)

21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (c)

31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (d)

41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (b)

51. (d) 52. (a) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (c)

61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (b) 66. (d) 67. (a) 68. (c) 69. (c) 70. (b)

71. (c) 72. (c) 73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (b) 76. (b) 77. (d) 78. (b) 79. (d) 80. (c)

81. (a) 82. (b) 83. (c) 84. (d) 85. (d) 86. (c) 87. (d) 88. (c) 89. (a) 90. (b)

91. (b) 92. (c) 93. (b) 94. (a) 95. (c) 96. (b) 97. (b) 98. (a) 99. (a) 100. (c)

101. (c) 102. (c) 103. (a) 104. (a) 105. (b) 106. (d) 107. (a) 108. (a) 109. (a) 110. (a)

111. (d) 112. (c) 113. (d) 114. (b) 115. (c) 116. (b) 117. (d) 118. (b) 119. (b) 120. (d)

121. (c) 122. (d) 123. (b) 124. (a) 125. (a) 126. (d) 127. (c) 128. (b) 129. (a) 130. (d)

131. (c) 132. (d) 133. (a) 134. (a) 135. (a) 136. (c) 137. (d) 138. (b) 139. (d) 140. (c)

141. (a) 142. (b) 143. (d) 144. (b) 145. (d) 146. (a) 147. (c) 148. (b) 149. (c) 150. (b)

108 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 Punjab PCS Main Notes (Question-Answer Format)

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110 www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 Kushmanda’s “How to read THE HINDU” (Distance Learning Programme)

$ Kushmanda IAS view on Latest UPSC Papers Trend/Pattern. • UPSC keeps an eye on all the study material released by prominent coaching classes of delhi (Photostate/xerox material in mukherjinagar etc,Delhi ), to make sure no questions are asked from such material.(last 2 years analyses) • UPSC significantly changed the question pattern/trend in 2013,2014’s preliminary paper/main papers, most senior players were shocked and caught unguarded. ”UPSC is trying not to fix a permanent trend/ pattern (last 2 years analyses)”. Competition is tough and exam is not friendly to anyside, anymore, whether you’re a coaching/no-coaching/ first timer/senior player…you too should adapt and study hard.

$ QUESTIONS FROM THE HINDU, 6th MARCH,2015. 1. Does India really have freedom of speech/expression? Is it justified for the government of India to ban the documentary “India’s Daughter”? Name any 5 banned books in India? Why? (Most Expected for IAS Main 2015 & IAS Interview 2014)(MARCH 6,2015.THE HINDU,PAGE 1,After government …) 2. Who is responsible for corruption in India, and why? Explain any two cases of political corruption in India? What is one thing that can end corruption in india? (Most Expected for IAS Main 2015 & IAS Interview 2014)(MARCH 6,2015.THE HINDU,PAGE 1,10 year jail term of chautala …) 3. How can an average Indian contribute to getting rid of corruption in India? Is India in the top 10 list of Most corrupt nations in the world ? (Most Expected for IAS Main 2015 & IAS Interview 2014)(MARCH 6,2015.THE HINDU,PAGE 1,10 year jail term of chautala …) 4. What possible resolutions could have been adopted instead of india’s partition to deal with communal differences and minority rights in India? (Most Expected for IAS Main 2015 & IAS Interview 2014)(MARCH 6,2015.THE HINDU,PAGE 1, Maharashtra scraps muslim quata….…) 5. "… religion or caste or creed… has nothing to do with the business of the State." in the light of this jinnah’s statement ,was Jinnah a liberal rather than a devout religious leader? (Most Expected for IAS Main 2015 & IAS Interview 2014)(MARCH 6,2015.THE HINDU,PAGE 1, Maharashtra scraps muslim quata….…) 6. What are the rights given to minorities in india ? critically explain ? (Most Expected for IAS Main 2015 & IAS Interview 2014)(MARCH 6,2015.THE HINDU,PAGE 1,Maharashtra scraps muslim quata….…) 7. "India-Sri Lanka relations appear to be reaching a phase of stagnation." In the light of the statement critically analyze the India- Srilanka relations. (Most Expected for IAS Main 2015 & IAS Interview 2014)(MARCH 6,2015.THE HINDU,PAGE 1, sushma in colombo….…) 8. In your view,what role Panchayat Institutions of India have played for the development of villages and villagers?(Most Expected for IAS Main 2015 & IAS Interview 2014)(MARCH 6,2015.THE HINDU,PAGE 1, functions galore….…) 9. Which is not correctly matched?(Most Expected for IAS Prelim 2015)(MARCH 6,2015.THE HINDU,PAGE 2, holi festivitiies….…) (a) Yaosang - Manipur (b) Shimga - Sikkim (c) Dol Yatra - West Bengal (d) Dulandi - Haryana 10. Vazhuvoor (or Vizhuvur) is one of the original styles of (a)Bharatanatyam (b) Kuchipudi (c) Kathakali (d) Kathak?(Most Expected for IAS Prelim 2015)(MARCH 6,2015.THE HINDU,art & culturePAGE, A Daughter….…)

$ Now more Questions from THE HINDU Only: • 4-5 questions/day or 120-150 questions/month for IAS Main Exam 2015. • ( Total 1500-1800 Questions & their model answrs ,from November 2014 to November 2015), • Fee:Rs 6000/-Only. $ Now more Questions from THE HINDU Only: • 8-10 questions/day or 240-300 questions/month for IAS Prelim Exam 2015. • ( Total 2500-3000 Questions(mcq) & their answrs ,from August 2014 to July 2015), • Fee:Rs 6000/-Only. www.kushmanda.com Help line : 8607570992, 9728926678 111 KUSHMANDA’S FINAL SELECTION IN HCS 2011 (EXAM HELD IN 2012-2013) • Seema Saini (Kurukshetra) • Virender Bansal (Ambala) • Wakil Ahmad(Mewat) • Pooja Goyat(Jind) • Abhishek Batra(Kaithal)

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$ Online Test Series available* IAS PRELIMINARY EXAM 2016 MOST EXPECTED QUESTIONS $ 10,000 Questions & Answers (Most Expected & Probable Questions) • “Making good decisions is a crucial skill at every level.” So join us immediately. $ IAS Prelims Notes ( Objective Type Questions -Answer Format,Covered complete syllabus) $ Join Kushmanda’s Distance Learning Programme $ “Most Practicle, Simple, Focused, Best & Complete Approach & Strategy “ • ( 10,000 Most Expected,Probable & Most Important Questions for GS I, IAS PRELIM 2016) GENERAL STUDIES PAPER I $ What you will get: · Total 10,000 Expected,Probable & Most Important Questions ( Complete Syllabus in Question Answer Format) · Answers of Every Question (Most Realistic Practice) · All Questions are based on UPSC Latest Pattern, Covering Complete Syllabus, The Hindu,Frontline,Businessline, India Year Book 2015, Economic Survey 2015,Yojana,Kurukshetra,Science Reporter etc. · Expert Support(through email- [email protected]) · English Medium · Fee:Rs 10000/- ‰‰‰‰‰

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