PNG Final Report 26 Aug 12

Informing the conservation status of the Australian snubfin dolphin by assessing its distribution and abundance in adjacent waters

Final Report Submitted to the Australian Marine Mammal Centre 16 December 2011

• Title – Informing the conservation status of the Australian snubfin dolphin by assessing its distribution and abundance in adjacent waters • Chief Investigators – Dr. Isabel Beasley (JCU), Mr. Vagi Rei (DEC), Olo Gebia (WWF) • Organisation – James Cook University • Collaborating Institutes – Department of Environment and Conservation, PNG, and WWF – Melanesia Program

Activity Period – 11 July – 16 December 2011

1 Activity Summary A clear summary of approximately 500 words outlining the work undertaken and any significant findings Background

Very little is currently known of the marine mammals inhabiting the coastal waters of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Fifteen cetacean species and the dugong have been confirmed to occur in the waters of PNG, and at least a further six species remain unconfirmed (Miller 2007). The majority of marine mammal surveys and anecdotal observations from PNG are from deep-water coral regions in eastern PNG waters (Visser 2002, Visser and Bonoccorso 2003, Munday 1994), with only one cetacean study known from the southwestern Kikori region (Bonaccorso et al. 2000), which reported Indo-pacific humpback dolphins, Sousa chinensis and Orcaella sp. There is virtually no current information on the conservation status of these species in PNG waters, including what species of Orcaella occurs in PNG.

Project Objectives

The aim of this project is to ‘investigate the conservation status of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin and Orcaella sp. In Papua New Guinea – potentially depleted populations of unknown taxonomic status.’ The specific objectives of this project are:

Objective 1. Conduct informal discussions with local fishers and villagers in the Kikori Delta and Daru regions of PNG to investigate historical and current day distribution of marine mammals; local perceptions on potential threats to marine mammals; and attempt to locate Orcaella skeletal material or carcasses

Objective 2. Undertake reconnaissance boat surveys for marine mammals in the Kikori Delta region of PNG; and investigate the feasibility of conducting line-transect surveys and biopsy sampling.

This project was conducted in collaboration with the Department of Environment and Conservation PNG and WWF-Melanesia Program.

Major Results

Field surveys were undertaken in PNG from 19 July to 10 August 2011 in collaboration with the Department of Environment and Conservation and WWF- Melanesia program. Thirty-three informal interview surveys were undertaken in Daru and the Kikori Delta region, followed by five days of reconnaissance boat surveys in the Kikori Delta region.

Informal interviews confirmed that long- and short-nosed dolphins are frequently sighted in both Daru and Kikori Delta waters. Local people in these regions reportedly do not hunt dolphins, and have no specific folklores or beliefs about

2 dolphins. Two cetacean skeletal remains were recovered during Kikori surveys, one possible bottlenose/humpback dolphin skull (juvenile) and a possible risso’s dolphin lower mandible.

The weather conditions were unfavourable for vessel surveys in both Daru and Kikori, with consistently high winds, rough seas and heavy rain. Although surveys were not possible around Daru, some surveys were possible around the Kikori region within the delta.

During boat surveys in the Kikori Delta, one group of six Orcaella were sighted feeding near the Era River. Although close views were not possible as a result of the dolphins elusive surfacing and distance from the survey boat, preliminary indications are that Orcaella in the Kikori region are most similar to Australian snubfin dolphins (Orcaella heinsohni), rather than their close relative the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris). This initial conclusion is based the following external features observed on the dolphins sighted: 1. subtle three-tone colouration pattern (compared to the 2. head and back showing a smooth rounded back, rather than any indication of a dorsal groove

Further at-sea observations, examination of skeletal material and genetic analysis will be required to confirm which species of Orcaella occurs in PNG.

Based on the results from this reconnaissance survey, a three-year research program, consisting of boat surveys, a series of community workshops and training of relevant PNG nationals to conduct marine mammal research is planned to begin in January 2012.

2. The Outcomes/Objectives List of the Project Objectives Objective 1. Conduct informal discussions with local fishers and villagers in the Kikori Delta and Daru regions of PNG to investigate historical and current day distribution of Orcaella and associated marine mammals; local perceptions on potential threats to marine mammals; and attempt to locate Orcaella skeletal material or carcasses

Objective 2. Undertake reconnaissance boat surveys for Orcaella (and associated marine mammals) in the Kikori Delta region of PNG; and investigate the feasibility of conducting line-transect surveys and biopsy sampling. The degree to which the Activity has achieved each of the objectives Objective 1. Informal discussions with local fishers and villagers were undertaken successfully in both Daru (n=4) and Kikori (n=29). Two marine mammal skeletal items were located (probable bottlenose/humpback dolphin and risso’s dolphin), with great potential for future collaborations with villagers to collect skeletal material once it is found.

Objective 2. Reconnaissance boat surveys were hindered by unfavourable weather

3 conditions, which resulted in boat surveys not being conducted in Daru, and surveys being limited to riverine/inshore areas in Kikori. Despite this set-back, it was useful to get an idea of the region and boat availability, observe Orcaella, and be able to assess how future surveys would be designed.

3. Appropriateness The appropriateness of the approaches used in the development and implementation of the Activity Objective 1. Informal interviews were appropriate for these initial reconnaissance surveys, since IB and MG were new to the area, and a workshop had not yet been conducted to inform villagers of the objectives and project activities.

WWF had arranged for a local boat driver and crew from the Kikori/Goari region, which significantly assisted with informal interviews since the boat driver already knew the majority of villagers in this area.

The reconnaissance surveys were appropriate for these surveys, since neither IB or MG had previously been to the area, and were not familiar with the style of boat to be used, geography of the area, or apparent distribution of dolphins in the delta.

Surveys were hindered by unfavourable weather, which prevented appropriate surveys in calm sea conditions. However, the reconnaissance survey has provided adequate information on the region and logistics to design dedicated surveys to be conducted in January 2012.

Boat survey time in Kikori was reduced because of the long transit time from Port Moresby to Kikori. The Kikori Airport was closed for repairs, and so rather than a one-hour flight from Port Moresby, it took three days to get to Kikori via Moro. Additional time for travel delays and flight cancellations will be built into future survey schedules and planning.

4. Effectiveness The degree to which the Activity has effectively met its stated objectives Objective 1. Both informal interviews and identification of skeletal material effectively met the stated objectives. It was however disappointing not to locate more skeletal material, particularly an Orcaella skull. Initial discussions with villagers from both Daru and Kikori indicated that local people are eager to assist with the carcass recovery program to learn more about marine mammals in their region.

Objective 2. As a result of poor weather conditions, the boat surveys did not met the stated objectives of observing humpback and bottlenose dolphins and dugong. However, Orcaella were sighted, which was the primary species of interest for these

4 reconnaissance surveys.

Interview reports indicate that dolphins are commonly sighted around the Kikori Delta region, so this area will be a focus for future surveys.

5. Communication How results will be communicated to management The results will be communicated through the following:

-- submission of final project report to Department of Environment and Conservation, WWF-Melanesia Program and the National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea

-- submission of final project report to OilSearch, who assisted with survey logistics

-- submission of final project report to Exxon PNG, to inform management of the importance of dolphins in the region when planning to place the LNG pipeline along the Omati River section of the Kikori Delta

-- development of an educational brochure/leaflet on marine mammals in the Kikori Delta for distribution to village heads and villagers at local workshops (January 2012)

-- submission of a manuscript entitled ‘marine mammals of Papua New Guinea’ to a peer-reviewed journal

-- submission of an article in a popular magazine regarding ‘marine mammals of PNG’

6. Financial Account of the Activity To be provided by James Cook University

5 Project Approvals

This project was conducted through James Cook University in collaboration with the Department of Environment and Conservation PNG, and WWF Melanesia Program. Appendix One outlines the various approvals that were obtained to undertake this project.

Project Personnel

James Cook University Dr. Isabel Beasley (Adjunct Lecturer/Postdoctoral Research Fellow) Mr. Mathew Golding (Research Assistant)

Department of Environment and Conservation Mr. Vagi Rei (Manager, Marine Division) Mr. Ronald Gumaira (Marine Division)

WWF – Melanesia Program Eric Verheij (Country Director) Mr. Olo Gebia (Manager, Kikori Program) Ms. Saina Jeffery (Moro Office)

Community Development Initiative John Aitau (CDI Kikori Director) Thomas Nagaii (boat driver) Nagaii Thomas (boat assistant) Samual Thomas (boat assistant) James Thomas (boat assistant)

Ecoseeds, Daru Diana Exon

Oil Search John Kawak (assistance with accommodation and transport arrangements) Mathew Wa'abia (assistance with accommodation and transport arrangements) Andrew Nema (assistance with accommodation and transport arrangements)

Primary survey team (from left): Isabel Beasley (JCU), Olo Gebia (WWF), Samual Thomas (CDI), James Thomas (CDI), Thomas Nagaii (CDI), Mathew Golding (JCU), Nagaii Thomas (CDI)

Summary Project Schedule

19 July 2011 Hobart to Port Moresby 20 July 2011 Port Moresby (meetings) 21 July 2011 Port Moresby (meetings) 22 July 2011 Port Moresby (meetings) 23 July 2011 Port Moresby (flight to Daru cancelled) 24 July 2011 Port Moresby to Daru 25 July 2011 Daru (meetings and interviews) 26 July 2011 Daru (interviews) to Port Moresby 27 July 2011 Port Moresby 28 July 2011 Port Moresby (field-trip preparation) 29 July 2011 Port Moresby (field-trip preparation) 30 July 2011 Port Moresby to Moro 31 July 2011 Moro to Gobe 1 August 2011 Gobe to Kopi 2 August 2011 Kopi to Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) 3 August 2011 Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) 4 August 2011 Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) 5 August 2011 Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) 6 August 2011 Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) 7 August 2011 Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) 8 August 2011 Kikori to Moro (via Kopi and Gobe) 9 August 2011 Moro to Port Moresby 10 August 2011 Port Moresby to Townsville 11 August 2011 Townsville (meetings) 12 August 2011 Townsville (meetings) 13 August 2011 Townsville to Hobart

Background

Project Objectives

Objective 1. Conduct informal discussions with local fishers and villagers in the Kikori Delta and Daru regions of PNG to investigate historical and current day distribution of Orcaella and associated marine mammals; local perceptions on potential threats to marine mammals; and attempt to locate Orcaella skeletal material or carcasses

Project Methodology

Study Area

The Kikori Delta region (Figure 1) is an extremely remote area in southwestern PNG, with extensive mangrove and estuarine ecosystems. The Kikori/Daru region borders Torres Strait, Australia, where transboundary management issues are likely to occur if Orcaella sp. And humpback dolphins are found to travel between the two countries.

Figure 1. The study area (circle), which is a remote coastal estuarine area located adjacent to Torres Strait, Australia

Objective 1. Discussions with fishers and villagers

Informal interviews with fishers and villagers in the Kikori Delta region (Figures 2 and 3) were conducted in parallel with boat surveys to (1) investigate: (a) local perceptions regarding marine mammals; (b) historical and present-day distribution of marine mammals; (c) potential threats to marine mammal populations in the region; and (2) attempt to locate marine mammal skeletal material or carcasses. JCU human ethics approval was obtained prior to interview surveys. After each interview, a marine mammal field guide with photographs of various marine mammals was shown to the interviewees, to confirm that they had been providing information on the correct animal, and provide an avenue for further discussion.

During interviews, local fishers and villagers were also be asked if they knew the location of any marine mammal skeletal material, or carcasses for further inspection. The primary aim of this objective was to locate humpback dolphin and Orcaella sp. skeletal material/carcasses to recover tissue samples for molecular analysis and skeletal material to examine morphometrics (Arnold and Heinsohn 1996; Beasley et al. 2002).

Figure 2. OG interviewing a local Kikori man who was encountered during boat surveys

At some villages, discussions were held with village heads and councillors and many villagers at one time to introduce the project and the marine mammals of interest, and request the village’s involvement with the project (Figure 3). During these discussions, images and photographs of marine mammals that could be found in the region were shown, as well as discussing the importance of reporting any skeletal material that may be found.

Figure 3. IB discusses the dolphin project with villagers from Verabari Village

10 Objective 2. Reconnaissance boat surveys

The Kikori Delta region is remote and there is very little known regarding marine mammals that inhabit the area. As a result of the logistical difficulties in planning prior to survey commencement, initial reconnaissance boat surveys were conducted in the Kikori Delta region to: (1) establish a familiarity with the geography and coastal habitats of the region to enable the design of cost-effective more formal surveys; (2) investigate marine mammal species occurrence; and (3) investigate the feasibility of conducting line-transect surveys and initiating a small-scale biopsy program focused on humpback dolphins and Orcaella sp.

The survey boat was a 5 m ‘banana-boat’ with a 70 hp engine that is typically used for transport of goods and people in the coastal areas of the southwestern Gulf. A chair was placed at the back of the boat for observers to sit on and conduct observations (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Banana-boat that was used for all boat surveys

IB and MG conducted all primary observations using naked eye and binoculars, with OG and boat crew conducting observations opportunistically throughout the day (Figure 5).

Figure 5. IB and MG conducting observations during the reconnaissance boat surveys

Results

Field-trips were conducted to Daru from 24-26 July 2011, and to Kikori from 30 July – 8 August 2011 (inclusive of travel). A summary of daily activities can be found in Appendix Two.

Daru Interviews IB and MG arrived to Daru on 24 July 2011. All work in Daru was conducted in partnership with Vagi Rei (VR) and Ronald Gumaira (RG) from the Department of Environment and Conservation.

IB and VR met with Dianne Exon (DE) from Ecoseeds on 25 July 2011 to discuss the potential for conducting informal interviews with fishermen from the Daru region. DE chose fishers to interview who had long experience fishing in the region, and all fishers were interviewed at the Ecoseeds Office. These interviews were conducted on 26 July 2011 (Figure 6).

Interview 1 - IIam Interview 2 – Ivan Cesa Bata Community Development Foundation Dorogori Village, Western Province

Interview 3 - Hon. Gabriel Apai Interview 4 - Simeon, Ture Ture Village (front left) South Fly River, Western Province Mebai, Mabudawa Village (back right)

Figure 6. Interviews conducted at the Ecoseeds office in Daru. All interview photographs were taken by RG

All interviewees had previously sighted dolphins in the Daru Region. Dolphins were commonly referred to as long-nosed (assumed to be humpback, bottlenose and other offshore dolphin species) or short-nosed/pig-nosed (assumed to be Orcaella sp.). Only interviewee #2 consistently sighted ‘short-nosed’ dolphins, as he would often see them in the river near his village (Dorogori Village). All other interviewees primarily fished in offshore waters, and so commonly sighted the long-nosed dolphins. The local name for dolphin in the Daru region is ‘bizu’.

Daru Vessel Surveys No vessel surveys were conducted around Daru because of unfavourable weather conditions

13 Kikori Interviews All work in Kikori was conducted in collaboration with WWF – Melanesia Program, with significant assistance from Dr. Eric Verheij (Director), Olo Gebia (Moro WWF Project Manager), and Saina Jeffery (Moro WWF Species Officer).

A total of 29 informal interviews were undertaken along the Kikori Delta region, including along the Omati River (Figure 7).

The main information from these interview surveys was: • No interviewee’s had sighted dolphins north of Kikori Township in recent years, although some villagers mentioned that 20 years ago dolphins could be seen from the coast up to Kikori Township.

• Dolphins were apparently often sighted by villagers around the Omati River and associated tributaries during these surveys, however the survey team were unsuccessful in finding any dolphin groups around this area.

• There were apparently many more dolphins in the region 10-20 years ago. However, many dolphins were apparently caught in gillnets when gillnets were first used in the rivers and coastal region

• Both long- and short-nosed dolphins are apparently sighted around the Kikori region. Most interviewees mentioned that the best time to sight dolphin’s was during the neap tides, when the water was clearer and winds calmer.

• The local name for dolphin is ‘pidu’

• Very few villagers reported ever seeing a dead dolphin or dolphin skeletal material. If a dolphin is found dead it will often be left where it was found to be washed away. Villagers rarely collect the bones of dead dolphins

• Villagers do not intentionally hunt dolphins, and treat them with indifference

• Two marine mammal skeletal remains were found: one partial dolphin skull (probable juvenile bottlenose or humpback dolphin) in Opewa Village, near Kikori Township (interview 1), and one lower mandible of a possible risso’s dolphin in Verabari Village (interview 7) (Figure 8).

Figure 7. Interviews being conducted in the Kikori Delta region

Figure 8. Dolphin skull (left) and mandible (right) found during surveys

15 Kikori Location

Figure 9. Location map of Kikori (as shown by the green fish), situated in the southwestern Gulf of Papua

16 Location of Kikori Interviews

Figure 10. Location of informal interviews, which were conducted in combination with boat surveys (interview locations are shown by the blue flags)

17 Kikori Vessel Surveys A total of 731 km (45 hours and 35 minutes) of vessel surveys were undertaken over 6 days

The weather conditions were unfavourable for vessel surveys, with consistently high winds, rough seas and heavy rain. The weather conditions were no doubt a significant factor contributing to the lack of dolphin sightings during surveys.

Dolphin Sightings One group of 6 Orcaella sp. were sighted in Paia Inlet (Figures 11-13). This group were all adults, and appeared to be feeding at the mouth of the Era River. A number of small fishing were jumping around the dolphins, and dolphins were seen circling quickly at the surface, apparently chasing the fish. Observed the group for approximately 40 minutes until the group was lost as they travelled downstream.

Figure 11. An identifiable Orcaella, showing a subtle three-tone colouration pattern, characteristic of Orcaella heinsohni

Figure 12. Orcaella showing a subtle three-tone colouration pattern, characteristic of O. heinsohni

Figure 13. Head and back of Orcaella showing a smooth dorsal surface lacking a dorsal groove, characteristic of O. heinsohni

19 Location of Orcaella Sighting

Figure 14. Location of Orcaella sighting in Paia Inlet, near the Era River (shown by the green fish icon)

20 Other Megafauna Sightings

A very large crocodile (4-5m in length) was sighted on 5 August resting on a sandbank in a small creek off the Omati River (Figure 15).

Figure 15. Large crocodile sighted near the Omati River

A family in Kikori Township had two large sawfish jaws on display outside their house. These sawfish were apparently caught 2-3 years ago – and are now rarely seen in the river (Figure 16).

Figure 16. Family with sawfish jaws from sawfish caught in the river

Discussion

No previous cetacean surveys have been conducted around the Daru region.

Only one cetacean study has previously been conducted in the Western Gulf region of PNG. This study was conducted in December 1999 in the Kikori Delta by small boat and helicopter (Bonaccorso et al. 2000). These surveys reported sighting two Indo-pacific humpback dolphins approximately 10km off Cape Blackwood, seven Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in the Kikori Delta, 13 dugongs (Dugong dugon) near Cape Blackwood and off Uramu Island, and 16 Orcaella sp. (assumed to be Irrawaddy dolphins) in three main localities: -- Paia Inlet near Uramu Island and Saumao Peninsula -- Era Bay, the Iviri Inlet and the Era and Wapo Rivers near Ini Island, and -- Bevan Sound near the Nabu and Auro Rivers (Figure 1)

The status of these marine mammal species in the southwestern Gulf remains unknown, and no additional surveys have been conducted since this 1999 study. This project was designed as a reconnaissance trip, to determine if future marine mammal research was feasible in the southwestern Gulf region of PNG, and meet with potential collaborating institutes.

Discussions with fishers and villagers

Local perceptions regarding marine mammals Respondents have positive perceptions towards marine mammals. Dolphins are apparently not hunted in south-western Papua New Guinea, with no apparent folklores or beliefs about dolphins. If a dead dolphin or whale is found ashore, local residents will normally try to assist the animal back into the water. If the animal dies, it will normally be buried, or burnt if the smell is very bad. It is uncommon to try and collect dolphin bones, although two respondents had kept skeletal material.

Historical and present-day distribution of marine mammals Interviews in both regions proved successful, with dolphins previously sighted by most respondents. Respondents from Daru had not noticed any increase or decline in dolphin numbers in the region. Most respondents from the upper reaches of the Kikori Delta had noticed a significant decline in dolphin numbers, however, coastal respondents had not noticed a change in numbers.

Potential threats to marine mammals Respondents identified two main threats to marine mammals in the Daru region: 1. accidental catch in gillnets 2. sedimentation of the Fly River caused by the OK Tedi Mine

Respondents identified two main threats to marine mammals in the Kikori Delta region: 1. accidental catch in gillnets

22 2. increased development and boats from the Exxon LNG pipeline development

Only few respondents reported to have seen a dead dolphin, or dolphin skeletal material. This lack of observations may indicate that 1. dolphin deaths from anthropogenic causes is minimal, or 2. respondents were unwilling to admit to catching a dolphin, or observing a carcass. Increased relations and communication with local villagers will assist to facilitate future semi-structured interviews.

Marine mammal skeletal material Two marine mammal skeletal remains were found: one partial dolphin skull of a probable juvenile bottlenose or humpback dolphin in Opewa Village, near Kikori Township (interview 1), and one lower mandible of a possible risso’s dolphin in Verabari Village (interview 7). Photographs were taken of skeletal material, and all material was left at the village. There was a surprising absence of marine mammal skeletal material kept by villagers, or knowledge of location of stranding events, particularly when compared to similar inshore dolphin surveys conducted in delta regions of Asia. The presence of numerous crocodiles that probably eat any carcasses on beaches/mudflats, may explain the lack of available carcasses and/or skeletal material.

Reconnaissance boat surveys The weather conditions were unfavourable for vessel surveys in both Daru and Kikori, with consistently high winds, rough seas and heavy rain. Although surveys were not possible around Daru, some surveys were possible around the Kikori region within the delta.

One group of six Orcaella were sighted. Although close views were not possible as a result of the dolphins elusive surfacing and distance from the survey boat, preliminary indications are that Orcaella in the Kikori region are most similar to Australian snubfin dolphins (Orcaella heinsohni), rather than their close relative the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) (Beasley et al. 2005). This initial conclusion is based the following external features observed on the dolphins sighted: 1. subtle three-tone colouration pattern (compared to the 2. head and back showing a smooth rounded back, rather than any indication of a dorsal groove

The location of the Orcaella sighting was in Paia Inlet, a region where Bonaccorso et al (2000) had previously sighted four groups of Orcaella, and Dawbin (1972) had reported a possible sighting of Orcaella (Figure 17). The Paia Inlet/Era River regions therefore appear to be an important habitat for Orcaella in the Kikori Delta region.

Bonaccorso (2000) determined that Irrawaddy dolphins occurred in the Kikori region, however their survey was conducted prior to the designation of Australian snubfin dolphins as a separate species to the Irrawaddy dolphin (Beasley et al. 2005). Further at-sea observations, examination of skeletal material and genetic analysis will be required to confirm which species of Orcaella occurs in PNG.

23 Known Orcaella sightings from the Kikori Delta Region

Figure 17. Orcaella sightings in the Kikori Delta region based on Dawbin 1972 (black dot), Bonaccorso et al. 2000 (blue dots), and this survey (green fish)

24 Future Activities

This project provided IB the opportunity to travel to Papua New Guinea and investigate the feasibility of initiating a long-term marine mammal project in the south-western Gulf, focusing on Daru and Kikori Delta regions. Although only one group of marine mammals were sighted, based on interview reports there are numerous marine mammals in the Daru and Kikori Delta regions. Future surveys will need to better accommodate good weather periods. This will be achieved by: 1. planning surveys for seasons known to have calmer winds and less rain, such as October – February 2. planning to spend more time at the study site, to accommodate for bad weather days

This project was Phase I of a two-phase project.

Phase II objectives are to: Objective 1. Determine distribution and estimate abundance of humpback dolphins, Orcaella sp. and associated marine mammals in the Kikori Delta region using line-transect and capture-recapture methodologies.

Objective 2. Initiate biopsy sampling towards investigations into S. chinensis and Orcaella sp. population stock structure and phylogenetic patterns in collaboration with the Australian Marine Mammal Centre (AMMC) funded project 0809/19.

Based on the project results and strong collaborations formed during this project with the Department of Environment and Conservation and WWF Melanesia Program, Phase II objectives will begin in January 2012 and continue for at least three years as part of IB’s newly appointed postdoctoral position with James Cook University.

Bill Dawbin Postdoctoral Fellowship Dr. Beasley was awarded the 3-year Bill Dawbin Postdoctoral Fellowship by the Australian Government through the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, for a project entitled: Improving the understanding of the conservation status of the Australian snubfin and humpback dolphins: Identification of critical habitats in the Gulf of Carpentaria and southern PNG

The aims and objectives of the project contribute to Phase II project objectives:

The overall aim of the project is to ‘Investigate the conservation status of coastal dolphins in the Gulf of Carpentaria and southwest Papua New Guinea, to contribute to a comprehensive evaluation of the status of the Australian snubfin dolphin and the Australian humpback dolphin’.

25 The objectives of the project are to: Objective 1. Synthesise information on the biology, distribution and abundance of the Australian snubfin and humpback dolphins and associated anthropogenic threats Objective 2. Identify likely important habitats for Australian snubfin and Indo- Pacific humpback dolphin in the Gulf of Carpentaria based on anecdotal information and the species-habitat relationships described by Parra et al (2006b). Objective 3. Investigate the distribution and relative abundance of these dolphins in: 1). areas identified through Objective 2; and 2). known, but largely unstudied habitats in the Gulf of Carpentaria, in collaboration with Traditional Owners and Indigenous Sea Ranger groups. Objective 4. Investigate the occurrence and taxonomic status of Orcaella sp. in Papua New Guinea, in collaboration with local research and university personnel.

Indo-Pacific Cetacean Research and Conservation Grant Additionally, WWF-Melanesia Program was recently awarded funding from the Indo- Pacific Cetacean Research and Conservation Grant for a project entitled: Increasing local capacity to research and conserve marine mammals in the Kikori River Delta, Papua New Guinea.

The aim of this project is to ‘Increase local capacity to research and conserve marine mammals in the Kikori River Delta, Papua New Guinea’.

IB will contribute her time to this project, where the project objectives are: Objective 1. Undertake a local community workshop to inform Kikori communities of the upcoming marine mammal research and conservation project Objective 2. Conduct a seven-day training course for selected local and provincial government counterparts and community conservation workers in the Kikori region on marine mammal research methodologies (i.e. line transect, capture-recapture and carcass recovery) Objective 3. Conduct one-month of transect surveys in the Kikori River Delta to investigate distribution and abundance of marine mammals (with appropriate survey design based on reconnaissance surveys conducted by the AMMC funding grant 2010/11: ‘‘Conservation status of the Australian snubfin dolphin in waters adjacent to Australia’). Objective 4. Prepare a management plan for marine mammals in the Kikori River Delta in collaboration with the local community and Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC)

A partnership between both of these projects will enable dedicated inshore dolphin studies to be conducted in the south-western Gulf of Papua, while building local capacity to conduct marine mammal surveys and engage in conservation and management.

Acknowledgements

IB would like to sincerely thank the Australian Marine Mammal Centre and Ocean Park Conservation Foundation for providing funding to undertake this project.

Many thanks to all collaborating institutes for facilitating logistics and support to undertake this project. Particular thanks to Vagi Rei and Ronald Gumaira from the Department of Environment and Conservation PNG, and Eric Verheij, Olo Gebia and Saina Jeffrey from WWF-Melanesia Programme. Thanks also to Jim Robins from the PNG National Research Institute for assisting with project preparation, and the Community Development Initiative Kikori, for assisting with boat hire and local guides. Many thanks to Diana Exon from Ecoseeds in Daru for providing much appreciated support and advice for IB and MG, and assisting to facilitate interviews.

Thanks also to OilSearch Ltd. for assisting with travel and accommodation to, and from Kikori, and Frank Bonaccorso and Tanya Leary for their helpful suggestions regarding project logistics in Kikori.

References

Arnold, P. and G.E. Heinsohn. 1996. Phylogentic status of the Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevisrostris (Owen in Gray): a cladistic analysis. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 39: 141- 204. Beasley, I. L., P. Arnold and G. E. Heinsohn. 2002. Geographic variation in skull morphology of the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris (Owen in Gray 1866). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 10: 15-34 Beasley, I., K. M. Robertson, and P. Arnold. 2005. Description of a new dolphin, the Australian Snubfin dolphin Orcaella heinsohni sp. n. (Cetacea, Delphinidae). Marine Mammal Science 21: 365-400. Bonoccorso, F., J. Anamiato and T. Leary. 2000. The marine mammals of the Kikori ICAD: A rapid assessment. Unpublished report to WWF-PNG and the National Museum and Art Gallery of Papua New Guinea (available from [email protected]). Dawbin, W. H. (1972). Dolphins and whales. Encyclopedia of Papua and New Guinea, P. Ryan, (ed.), Melbourne University Press, in association with the University of Papua New Guinea, Melbourne, 270–276. Duignan, P. J.,Hunter, J. E. B., Visser, I. N., Jones, G. W.Miller, C. 2007. Current status and knowledge of cetacean threats, diversity and habitats in the Pacific Islands Region. WDCS Australian Inc. 98pp. Munday, P. 1994. Kimbe Bay Rapid Ecological Assessment: The coral reefs of Kimbe Bay (West New Britain, Papua New Guinea). Volume 7: Marine mammals. Unpublished report to the Nature Conservancy. Visser, I. 2002. Kimbe Bay Preliminary Cetacean Survey Report. Unpublished report submitted to Walindi Plantation Resort and Mohonia na Dari Conservation and Research Centre, Papua New Guinea. Visser, I. and F. Bonoccorso. 2003. New observations and a review of killer whale (Orcinus orca) sightings in Papua New Guinea waters. Aquatic Mammals 29(1): 150-172.

27 Appendix One – Project Approvals

PIs Adjunct Status with James Cook University Dr. Isabel Beasley (IB) obtained Adjunct Lecturer status with James Cook University (JCU) on 21 January 2011. This has enabled all funding for this project to be processed through JCU.

JCU Animal and Human Ethics Applications IB obtained JCU Animal Ethics approval on February 2011 (A1629) and Human Ethics approval on 23 February 2011, both of which were required by JCU prior to the projects initiation.

IB PNG Researchers Visa IB applied for a PNG Researchers Visa on 1 May 2010, and obtained notification that the visa was to be approved on 28 June 2011.

Department of Environment and Conservation Support Letter The Department of Environment and Conservation support letter was obtained on 29 June 2011

WWF – Melanesia Support Letter The WWF – Melanesia support letter was obtained on 25 May 2011

28 Appendix Two - Daily Project Activities

19 July 2011 Hobart to Port Moresby Isabel Beasley (IB) and Mathew Golding (MG) flew from Hobart to Port Moresby.

20 July 2011 Port Moresby (meetings) IB and MG meet with Dr. Eric Verheij (EV), Director, WWF Melanesia Program and Vagi Rei from the Department of Environmental and Conservation. IB and MG also met with Sarah Conrad and members of Conservation International

21 July 2011 Port Moresby (meetings) IB and MG again met with EV to plan upcoming surveys. IB and MG then met with Jim Robins (JR) from the National Research Institute of PNG to discuss IB’s researchers visa. IB and MG met with Steve Whisker from Exxon to discuss potential funding for the Kikori dolphin project

22 July 2011 Port Moresby (meetings) IB and MG again met with EV to discuss surveys plans

23 July 2011 Port Moresby (flight to Daru cancelled) IB and MG were scheduled to fly to Daru at 11:00, however, the flight was cancelled and so a further night was required in Port Moresby.

24 July 2011 Port Moresby to Daru IB and MG departed to Daru at 11:00. Accommodation at the New Century Hotel. Once arrived, IB and MG met up with Vagi Rei (VR) and Ronald Gumaira (RG) from the Department of Environment and Conservation

Boats from the Fly River in Daru (top), Daru market (bottom left), and Toru Passage to the east of Daru (bottom right)

25 July 2011 Daru (meetings and interviews) IB and MG met up with Diana Exxon from EcoSeeds and arranged to conduct interviews the following day at the Ecoseeds office

26 July 2011 Daru (interviews) to Port Moresby IB conducted five interviews with fisherman from the Daru region.

Daru Interview 1 – Iiam from Bata Community Development Foundation -- Fisher/community engagement officer -- Had sighted long-nosed dolphins while out fishing -- Previously sighted three stranded marine mammals - 1 dolphin that had been caught in a net

30 - 1 larger whale (sperm whale) that stranded alive in November 2009 some distance away from town. Local people tried to rescue the whale but it was too big. This whale died and the bones washed away - 1 whale that stranded alive in 2010. Local people tried to rescue the whale but it was too big. The whale died and the body was burnt because it was so smelly

Daru Interview 2 – Ivan Cesa of Dorogori Village -- Fisherman/hunter -- Lives on the mainland in a coastal village slightly inland near a river -- He has lived in the village for a long time -- He often sees the short-nose or ‘pig-nose’ dolphin in the Oriomu River near his village. The dolphins apparently travel 3-4km upstream, mainly at neap tide -- He also sees these dolphins near Daru, and occasionally sees the long-nosed dolphins -- 3-4 months ago (June) he saw a short-nose dolphin was caught in a 5-6 inch barramundi gillnet -- In the 1970s a lot of short-nose dolphins were killed in the gillnets -- He has never seen any dolphin bones -- No legend about dolphins that he knows of and no body try to catch dolphins. If dolphins are found onshore nobody wants to touch the dolphin because of the bad smell.

Daru Interview 3 – Honourable Gabriel Apai of Southern Fly -- Fisherman -- Often sees long-nosed dolphins in the Toru passage east of Daru. 6-7 groups in the 1970s and 1980s, and now up to 12 groups -- Does not see dolphins in the Fly River. He thinks that this is because the Fly River is not very deep and the water is brackish is some areas -- He has only seen a short-nose dolphin one time, near the mangrove mainland area near Daru -- He has never seen a dead dolphin or a dolphin caught in a net -- He heard that a large whale stranded in 2010 on Daru. -- He mentioned that people do not eat dolphins and people know that they are very clever -- He does not know of any beliefs about dolphins

Daru Interview 4 – Mebai of Mabudawa Village and Simeon of Ture Ture Village, west of Daru -- Both crayfishers -- Both fishers see big schools of dolphins everyday they go fishing. The dolphins have long beaks and large dorsal fins, grey with a white-belly, black on top and grey on the sides -- The long-beaked dolphins are named ‘bizu’ -- They have sometimes seen the short-nosed dolphins near Bristol Island -- Offered to take photographs of the dolphins that they see if a disposal camera could be sent to them

IB and MG conducted one interview with an experienced fisherman and his wife that they met at the airport.

Daru Interview 5 – David Garibah and Pahe David of Orope Island at the tip of Kiwai Island -- The couple had previously sighted short-nose dolphins at Suki Creek, which was a day trip up the Fly River from Daru -- Often sighted at high tide, before they started to head back downstream once the tide began to drop -- Have seen long and short-nosed dolphins at the mouth of the Fly River -- Has not seen any dolphin bones

IB and MG returned to Port Moresby on the evening of 26 July to ensure they would be able to travel to Kikori via Moro on 30 July 2011. The runway at Kikori was closed due to damage that needed to be repaired, therefore the only way to travel to Kikori was via Moro (southern highlands).

27 July 2011 Port Moresby (field-trip preparation) Travel preparations

28 July 2011 Port Moresby (field-trip preparation) Travel preparations

29 July 2011 Port Moresby (field-trip preparation) Travel preparations

30 July 2011 Port Moresby to Moro IB and MG departed to Moro at 08:00 via Airlines Papua New Guinea, and were met at Moro by Olo Gebia (OG) from WWF Melanesia program. IB and MG spent the morning at the WWF Moro office, where they met the WWF Kikori Species Officer Saina Jeffery.

Survey personnel (from left): Olo Gebia (WWF), Mathew Golding (JCU), Isabel Beasley (JCU), Saina Jeffery (WWF)

The survey team (IB, MG and OG) were due to depart to Gobe at 14:00, however the flight was cancelled due to stormy weather conditions. IB and MG overnighted at the WWF camp in Moro.

31 July 2011 Moro to Gobe The morning flight from Moro to Gobe was cancelled due to stormy weather conditions. At 12:30 the survey team boarded a OilSearch helicopter to Gobe. As a result of stormy weather conditions, the survey team were required to overnight at the OilSearch camp at Gobe.

IB and helicopter Moro from the helicopter

Kikori River from helicopter Gobe Oilsearch camp

1 August 2011 Gobe to Kopi At 08:00 the survey team departed by 4WD to Kopi Camp, which is on the Kikori River. The road travelled along the newly-developed LNG pipeline route where extensive operations were observed.

Exxon LNG pipeline to the Omati River Pipes waiting to be laid

Arrived to Kopi camp at 12:00, and undertook a camp induction at 13:00.

At 14:00 the survey team travelled by boat to Kikori Township (30 minutes), and met with the Community Development Association (CDA) Director John to organise boat hire. Accommodation was booked at the Kikori Catholic Guesthouse.

2 August 2011 Kopi to Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) Departure was delayed due to heavy rain. Left from Kikori at 10:10 heading down the Kikori River. Returned to Kikori at 15:43

Total time surveying = 5 hours and 33 minutes Total kilometres travelled = 77.8 km Time stopped = 1 hours 47 minutes Dolphin groups sighted = 0 Interviews = 6

34 Kikori Interview 1 – Opewa Village 07.55866S 144.30975E -- Many people in the village had previously seen dolphins, down at the coast during the dry season and further upstream during the wet season -- One villager previously saw a long-nosed dolphin 2 months ago near Banana Island (out on the coast). He has also seen long-nosed dolphins at Blackwood Point and Verabari -- None of the villagers had seen dolphins in the past 10 years in the river adjacent to village. All fishers mentioned that when gillnets first began to be used in the 1970s a lot of dolphins were caught in nets. Now there are fewer dolphins in the river so not as many are caught in nets -- People do not kill or eat dolphins. If a dolphin was drowning in a net the fishers would help to release. -- One fisher (Andy Dodobai) had found a dolphin skull last year near Blackwood Point. The skull looked to be that of a bottlenose dolphin. -- Local name for dolphin is ‘Pidu’

Interview 1 – Opewa Village

Dolphin skull found near Blackwood Point Mr. Andy Dodobai with dolphin skull

Kikori Interview 2 – Kikori River 07.50954S 144.28893E

-- Fisherman -- Never seen dolphins in the area he was fishing -- Saw dolphins last year near the coast -- Now lives in Kikori but he previously lived on the west coast of the Omati River where he would often see dolphins

Kikori Interview 3 – Kikori River 07.48721S 144.26767E

-- Fisherman and hunter -- Has previously seen dolphins near Banana Island, Blackwood Point and Garabari Island -- Has never seen dolphins in the area he was fishing

Interview 2 Interview 3

Kikori Interview 4 – Doibo Village (up a small creek from Kikori River) 07.45693S 144.27222E

-- Fisherman and hunters -- Most people in the village have lived there for a long time and have never seen dolphins in front of the village -- Old man in the village previously lived near Cape Blackwood and he usually saw a lot of dolphins on the coast. He also knew a location where there may be a dolphin skull. He had never seen dolphins around the current location. -- River channel is very shallow and dries up during the dry season. Even in the wet season needs to watch river levels with tides.

36 Kikori Interview 5 – Ero Village (Village north of Kikori Township) 07.44813S 144.36595E

-- Fisherman, sago growing and gardening -- No-one had ever seen dolphins in the area -- Had heard that dolphins are seen on the coast, but no-one had ever seen one -- Never seen any dead dolphins

Interview 4 Interview 5

Kikori Interview 6 – Samoa Village (Village north of Kikori Township near Era Village) 07.44121S 144.37474E -- Fisherman -- Had never seen dolphins near village, this village has a lot of crocodiles and freshwater turtles -- Villagers have a good view of the river from their houses, and so it would be easy for them to observe dolphins if they were there -- Villagers mentioned that it was possible to see dolphins near Verabari and Banana Islands -- Although they had crocodile bones in the village, no-one had ever seen dolphin bones near their village or at any other location

Interview 6

3 August 2011 Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) Left from Kikori at 08:00 heading to Verabari. Returned to Kikori at 15:47

Total time surveying = 7 hours and 47 minutes (a lot of rain, wind and waves so no adequate surveys could be conducted) Total kilometres travelled = 119 km Time stopped = 2 hours 25 minutes Dolphin groups sighted = 0 Interviews = 1

Kikori Interview 7 – Verabari Village (on the coast) 07.678892S 144.517216E

-- Fisherman and hunters -- Often see both long-nosed and short-nosed dolphins from the village -- See the same numbers of dolphins and they did 20 years ago -- Also have a lot of crocodiles around the village -- If a dolphin is found dead they will discard back into the ocean due to the bad smell -- One villager had found a mandible from a small ‘whale’ (approx. 2m in length) in 2010. This mandible probably came from a risso’s dolphin -- Would like an agreement prepared between the village and WWF before any work is conducted with the village

Discussion with Verabari Villagers about dolphins in the area (Interview 7)

Lower mandible of a possible risso’s dolphin found at Verabari Village in 2010

4 August 2011 Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) Left from Kikori at 08:53 heading down to Goari, at the mouth of the Omati River. Returned to Kikori at 17:00

Total time surveying = 8 hours and 7 minutes Total kilometres travelled = 132 km Time stopped = 2 hours 51 minutes Dolphin groups sighted = 0 Interviews = 6

Kikori Interview 8 – near Goria Village (on the coast) 07.75215S 144.23082E

-- Fisherman and boat driver -- Usually sees dolphins in this area during neap tides, dolphins are apparently not sighted during spring tides -- Has seen both long and short-beaked dolphins

Kikori Interview 9 – Goria Village (on the coast) 07.79780S 144.19288E

-- Fisherman -- See both long and short-beaked dolphins from their village -- Saw 3-4 dolphins pass by the village in the morning heading up into the Omati River -- Villager saw a dead dolphin on the beach last month, but he thought that the bones would have already washed away -- Most of the elders from the village had gone to Kikori for a meeting, so we informed the villagers that we would return another time to conduct more interviews

Interview 8 Interview 9

Kikori Interview 10 – Omati River 07.6444S 144.13866E

-- Fisherman -- Interview conducted at fishing camp up the Omati River. The fisher had come to the camp in the morning -- Once arrived at approx. 7am the fisher sighted 4-5 long-beaked dolphins heading upstream the Omati River -- He mentioned that he often sees dolphins from his fishing camp -- He has never seen any dolphin bones

Kikori Interview 11 – creek beside Omati River 07.6444S 144.13866E

-- Fisherman -- Fisher is small fishing camp situated on a creek at the mouth of the Omati River -- Saw three short-nosed dolphins yesterday afternoon moving from the Omati into the creek and back into the river -- Did not see any dolphins today -- Never seen any dolphin bones

Interview 10 Interview 11

40 Kikori Interview 12 – creek near Omati River 07.55968S 144.17323E

-- Fisherman and paddle-makers -- Have lived beside the river for the past 10 years -- Saw three dolphins yesterday afternoon moving past house towards the end of creek, then moved back towards the Omati River -- See dolphins most days when it is low tide going up to high tide -- Did not see any dolphin today

Kikori Interview 13 – Kikori River 07.58096S 144.25165E

-- Fisherman -- Have lived beside the river for the past 15 years -- Has never seen dolphins in front of his house, only at the river mouth on the coast -- Moved up to this location from coastal waters where he would always see a lot of dolphins

Interview 12 Interview 13

5 August 2011 Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) Left from Kikori at 07:40 heading west towards the Omati River. Returned to Kikori at 17:54

Total time surveying = 9 hours and 40 minutes Total kilometres travelled = 165 km Time stopped = 2 hours 07 minutes Dolphin groups sighted = 0 Interviews = 9

41 Kikori Interview 14 – creek near Omati River (same location as Interview #12) 07.55947S 144.17334E

-- Fisherman -- Saw six dolphins at @6am this morning, traveling out towards the Omati River

Kikori Interview 15 – creek near Omati River 07.56733S 144.176611E

-- Fisherman -- Saw six dolphins at @630am this morning, heading out towards the way we came from

Kikori Interview 16 – creek near Omati River (same location as Interview #11) 07.60969S 144.14133E

-- Fisherman -- He saw two dolphins yesterday in the late afternoon that went out into the Omati River and headed upstream. -- He did not see anything today

Kikori Interview 17 –Omati River (same location as Interview #10) 07.63532S 144.13828E

-- Fisherman -- He saw two dolphins yesterday in the late afternoon that went out into the Omati River and headed upstream. -- He did not see anything today

Interview 15 Interview 16

42 Kikori Interview 18 – Omati River (near Goria Island) 07.73604S 144.18021E

-- Fisherman -- Saw dolphins yesterday afternoon when the tide was going down, the dolphins were traveling upstream -- He often hears them whistling when they go past his house -- Sees dolphins everyday traveling past his house

Kikori Interview 19 – southern end of Goria Island (in channel between island) 07.79187S 144.24469E

-- Fisherman and crabbers -- Have not seen dolphins for awhile, but usually see them during neap tides swimming down the channel and around the island -- Has seen dead dolphins before but the tide has always washed the bones away -- See’s mostly short-nosed dolphins in the river and long-nosed out in coastal waters

Interview 18 Interview 19

Kikori Interview 20 – other side of Omati River 07.63849S 144.18765E

-- Fisherman -- Yesterday and today the fisher did not see any dolphins around this area. -- Last month he saw quite a few long-nosed dolphins

Kikori Interview 21 – creek off Omati River 07.60469S 144.19360E

-- Fisherman -- In the early morning he saw four dolphins traveling towards the end of creek (near interview location #12). -- He thought that these were both long and short-nosed dolphins -- Yesterday he saw five dolphins going out towards the main river when the water began to drop

43 -- We went back to interview location #12 but he had not seen any more dolphins today

Interview 20 Interview 21

Kikori Interview 22 – creek near Kikori River 07.54148S 144.22311E

-- Fisherman -- He had never seen dolphins in this area -- He had never seen any dolphin bones

Interview 22

6 August 2011 Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) Left from Kikori at 07:45 heading west towards the Omati River. We were determined to see the dolphins around the Omati River area the villagers had told us that they had seen over the past few days. All interviews are of the same people interview the previous two days. Unfortunately no dolphins were sighted. Returned to Kikori at 16:05

Total time surveying = 7 hours and 50 minutes Total kilometres travelled = 131 km Time stopped = 2 hours 16 minutes Dolphin groups sighted = 0 Interviews = 5

44 Kikori Interview 23 – creek near Omati River 07.59639S 144.20634E

-- No dolphins in the area this morning

Kikori Interview 24 – creek near Omati River 07.60467S 144.19403E

-- No dolphins in the area this morning

Kikori Interview 25 – creek near Omati River 07.55940S 144.17329E

-- No dolphins in the area this morning

Kikori Interview 26 – creek near Omati River 07.56750S 144.17656E

-- No dolphins in the area this morning

Kikori Interview 27 – creek near Omati River 07.56750S 144.17656E

-- No dolphins in the area this morning. -- Saw dolphins yesterday afternoon heading upstream

7 August 2011 Kikori (interviews and boat surveys) Left from Kikori at 08:00 heading east towards the Era River. Returned to Kikori at 14:38

Total time surveying = 6 hours and 38 minutes Total kilometres travelled = 106 km Time stopped = 1 hours 07 minutes Dolphin groups sighted = 1 Orcaella sp. (6 individuals) Interviews = 2

Kikori Interview 28 – Era River 07.53302S 144.54395E

-- Fisherman (dragging net along riverbank) -- Commonly sees dolphins in the area -- Has never seen dolphin bones -- He mentioned he had not seen dolphins today, however, a group of dolphins were only 50m away from his location -- Difficult to interview this man as he spoke a different dialect

45 Kikori Interview 29 – Era River 07.48744S 144.51175E

-- Fisherman -- Commonly sees dolphins in the area -- Has never seen dolphin bones -- He often sees long-nosed dolphins in the area, but has not seen them today -- Difficult to interview this man as he spoke a different dialect

Interview 28 Interview 29

8 August 2011 Kikori to Moro (via Kopi and Gobe) Departed Kikori at 06:00 by boat to Kopi then by 4WD to Gobe Departed Gobe at 14:00 to Moro via Airlines PNG

Team at Kopi on completion of surveys

9 August 2011 Moro to Port Moresby Departed Moro at 12:00 back to Port Moresby via Airlines Papua New Guinea.

10 August 2011 Port Moresby to Townsville Departed Port Moresby at 09:00 to Townsville via Air Nuguinea

11 August 2011 Townsville (meetings) IB met with Professor Helene Marsh and university colleagues

12 August 2011 Townsville (meetings) IB met with Professor Helene Marsh and university colleagues

13 August 2011 Townsville to Hobart IB and MG departed at 12:00 back to Hobart