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The Gravity Field in New Guinea

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The Gravity Field in New Guinea THE GRAVITY FIELD IN NEW GUINEA by V. P. St JOHN, B.Sc. (Hons). Submitted inpartial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree Of Doctor of Philosophy. UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA HOBART 1967 -3_e„4,77 ST, To HA/ OD lilt 63 A 7002 24873606 This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award.of any other degree or diploma in any University and,to the best of my knowledge and.belief, contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis. V. P. St JOHN, University of Tasmania, October, 1967. ABSTRACT Interpretation of a regional gravity survey, of eastern Nevi Guinea has been carried out with the intention of determining the - geologically Most probable. structures consistent.with the anomalies. This-approach has emphasized several Upper-crustal features not obvious from.geological studies: a mantle-thrust origin for the Papuan - Ultrabasic Belt; a deep Mesozoic sedimentary basin in the Southern Highlands; upthrusting Of , very deep sediments in the Adelbert, Finisterre and Saruwaged Ranges; and:northeast-trendingtranscurrent faulting in the Madang and Goropu Mountains areas. Qualitatively, the anomaly maps indicate that the northern coastal.strip of eastern New. Guinea is isostatically unstable, while the central cordillera and. the southern platform are broadly compensated. The following:evolutionary sequence, based on gravity inter- pretations over the island of New Guinea, is proposed for that type of geosyncline developed on the northeastern Australian continental margin: (a) Development of, and sedimentation in, a deep geosynclinal. trough, with concomitant thinning of the crust - an apparently tensional feature (b) Vertical uplift of the sediments by expansion within the upper mantle, accompanied by the addition of some light material to the base of-the crust (c) Continued,uplift by mantle expansion; .intrusion into the geosyncline of-granodioritic magma from the'mantle, and. continued addition of this magma to the base of the crust, - 1 resulting in the eventual stabilization of the uplifted area by a broad isostatic root. Gravity anomalies over other parts of Melanesia emphasize that changes - within the upper mantle are of fundamental importance in a wide range of tectonic processes. A rigorous procedure for topographic reduction of the observations, demanded by the mountainous nature of the region, involves the expression of the topography as vertical square prisms of the correct density, and the aggregation of their gravitational effects at the observation point; the computation being carried out to a distance of 540 kilometres on a spheroidal earth. Pratt and Airy isostatic anomalies are computed on the basis of local compensation-of each topographic prism, and the topographic and isostatic correction procedures . are . combined in a comprehensive computer program. A running-means smoothing technique enhances the low-spatial-frequency components of free-air, Bouguer and isostatic anomaly fields. CONTENTS VOLUME I page. I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE PAPUA-NEW GUINEA TECTONIC PROJECT 1 1.2 THE REGIONAL GRAVITY PROJECT 2 1.2.1 Scope of the .Study 2 1.2,2 Field Work 4 1.2.3 Approach to the Research 5, 1.2.4 Presentation. 6 1.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REGIONAL GRAVITY - NETWORK 9 2.1 GRAVITY. MEASUREMENTS 9 2.1,1 Gravity Meters 9 2.1.2 Gravity Traverses 11 2.1.3 Precision of the Gravity Measurements 13 2.2 NETWORK ADJUSTMENTS 15 2.2.1 The Primary Station Network 15 2.2.2 Subsidiary Networks 16 2.2.3 Bougainville Network S 17 2.2.4 Adjustments to Incorporated Surveys. 17. • 2.2.5 Accuracy of the Adjusted Survey 21 :2.3 ELEVATIONS . 22. 2.3.1 Surveyed Elevation's 22 2.3.2 Barometric Elevations 22 • 2.3.3 Adjustment.ofOther Elevations 24 2.3.4 Accuracy of the Elevations 24 2.4 POSITION CONTROL 25 iv 3. REDUCTION OF THE GRAVITY VALUES 26 3.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 26 3.2 LATITUDE CORRECTION 30 3.3 FREE-AIR CORRECTION 30 3.4 BOUGUER ANOMALIES 31 _3.4.1 The Calculation of a Complete Topographic 34 Effect 3.4.2 Digitization of the Topography 38 3•4.3 Errors in the Bouguer Anomalies 4o 3.4.4 The Bouguer Anomaly Map •41 3.5 ISOSTATIC ANOMALIES 42 3.5.1 General Discussion 42 3.5.2 Calculation of Isostatic Anomalies 45 3.5.3 Errors in the Isostatic Anomalies 49 3.5.4 Contour Maps of Isostatic Anomalies 51 3.5.5 Geological Corrections to Isostatic Anomalies 51 3.6 THE REDUCTION PROGRAM 52 3.6.1 Input 53 3.6.2 Subroutines 55 3.6.3 Output 55 3.7 SMOOTHING THE ANOMALIES 56 3.7.1 Operation of the Smoothing Filter 57 3.7.2 The Three-Dimensional Means Program 61 4. INTERPRETATION OF THE GRAVITY ANOMALIES 65 4.1 DENSITIES OF CRUSTAL MATERIALS 65 4.1.1 Crystalline Rocks 65 4.1.2 Sedimentary Rocks 69 4.2 DIRECT INTERPRETATIONAL METHODS 72 4.3 INDIRECT INTERPRETATIONAL METHODS 74 4.3.1 The Two-Dimensional Computation Program 78 4.4 BROAD SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ANOMALIES 80 4.4.1 Geodetic Implications 80 4.4.2 Structural and Isostatic Implications 86 4.5 DETAILED INTERPRETATION OF THE BOUGUER ANOMALIES 97 4.5.1 Regional Geology of New Guinea 97 4.5.2 The Thickness of the Standard Crust 97 4.5.3 The Bouguer Anomaly Profiles aol 4.6 SYNTHESIS OF THE GRAVITY. INTERPRETATIONAL MODELS :144 4:6.1 Structures Within the Upper Crust 145 4.6.2 Structure of the Crust-Mantle Interface 149 4.7 EXAMINATION OF THE GRAVITY FIELD THROUGHOUT MELANESIA 150 4.7.1 West Irian 150 4.7.2 Banda Sea. 152 4.7:3 'S'alomon Iblands 152 4.7.4 Oceanic Areas North and East of New Guinea 155 5. TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE GRAVITY INTERPRETATIONS 157 5.1 THE TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF EASTERN NEW GUINEA 157 5.2 SOME TECTONIC PROBLEMS IN MELANESIA DEFINED BY GRAVITY INTERPRETATIONS, AND SOME SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS 170 5.2.1 The Apparent Orogenic Sequence on the Island of New Guinea 170 5.2.2 The Causes of the Orogenic Sequence 176 5.2.3 Further Problems and Possible Solutions 181 POSTSCRIPT 185 REFERENCES 485 APPENDIX I. ELLIOTT 503 COMPUTER•PROGRAMS (503 ALGOL) 193 APPENDED REPRINT (In hard-cover thesis copies only) following p.200 St JOHN,. V.P. and GREEN, R., ,1967 - Topographic and isostatic corrections to gravity surveys in mountainous areas. Geophys. Prospect. 15: 151-162. vi • LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TABLE page 2.1 Gravity meter drift characteristics 9 2.2 Gravity meter calibration factors 10 4.1 Densities of intrusive igneous rocks 66 4.2 Densities of sedimentary rocks 72 FIGURE 1.1 Locality map, Territory of Papua and New Guinea 3 2.1 Gravity meter calibration differences 12 2.2 Primary base station network 14 2.3 Subsidiary networks 18 2.4 Bougainville network 20 3.1 Correcting for topography on a spheroidal earth 32 3.2 The mass-line method of computing the gravitational effect of topography and compensation 37 3.3 Isostatic systems 44 3.4 Flow-chart for topographic and isostatic reduction program 54 3.5 The smoothing procedure 60 4.1 Studies of sediment compaction 68 4.2 Two-dimensional computation 76 4.3 Deflections of the vertical 82 4.4 Profiles of 1 0 x 10 running-mean free-air anomalies 88 4.5 Bouguer anomalies over compensated topography 92 4.6 Gravity profiles and sources of geological information 98 4.7 Torres Strait crustal thickness 100 4.8 Bouguer anomaly profile A4B4 102 4.9 Development of the Papuan Ultrabasic Belt 106 4.10 Profiles A1B1, A2B2, A3B3, A5B5 facing p.110 4.11 Profiles A6B6, A7B7, A8B8, A9B9 tt p.114 4.12 Profiles A10B10, A11B11 p.128 4.13 Profiles Al2B12, A13B13, Al4B14 rt p.134 vii page 4.14 Profiles A15B15,- A16B16 142 4.15 Structures within the upper crust of eastern New Guinea 146 4.16 Structure of the Mohorovicic discontinuity in eastern New Guinea 148 4.17 Bathymetry of the Solomon Sea 154 5.1 (a) Triassic, Jurassic palaeotectonic map 160 (b) Cretaceous palaeotectonic map 5.2 (a) Palaeogene palaeotectonic map 162 (b) Lower and Middle Miocene palaeotectonic map 5.3 (a) Upper Miocene palaeotectonic map 166 (b) Pliocene palaeotectonic map 5.4 The orogenic sequence in New Guinea 174 FOLDOUT MAPS facing page Regional gravity stations 24 Smoothed free-air anomalies 64 Extended Bouguer anomalies. 64 Smoothed extended Bouguer anomalies 64. Pratt isostatic anomalies 64 Airy isostatic , anomalies 64 .Smoothed Airy isostatic anomalies_ 64 Regional geology map 100 New Guinea-Solomon Islands region; generalized Bouguer 'anomalies. 150 VOLUME 2 APPENDIX II. GRAVITY DATA AND COMPUTED ANOMALIES 3 Figures, 15 Maps, 147 pp. I. INTRODUCTION Gravity exploration for oil has been carried out in eastern New Guinea Since 1937, but the various surveys were: unconnected, and of too limited a coverage to delineate the major structural features of the ' island. This thesis is the record of a study involving (a) the establishment of a precise regional gravity network over eastern New Guinea, (b) incorporation in the regional network of the detailed oil surveys, with the values reduced on a common datum, and (c) interpretation of the gravity anomalies in terms, of crustal structure, providing a basis for a tectonic study of the area. 1.1 THE PAPUA - NEW GUINEA TECTONIC PROJECT The gravity study is one phase of the Papua-New Guinea Tectonic Project, established by Professor S. Marren Carey at the University of Tasmania in 1961. Conceived as a plan to obtain a better understanding of the tectonic processes previously and presently active in New Guinea, the project required the synthesis of all available geological and geophysical data, and its supplementation by further investigations.
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