Index

accretion bed stability 38-9; see also biostability; sediment mudflat morphodynamics 12-13, 16, 266-9 stability saltmarsh 67-83, 389-99 bedforms see also deposition; sediment accumulation morphodynamics 255-71 Achnathes sp. 247 mudflat typology 16-17, 19-21 acoustic data using RoxAnn 273-81 and suspended particle size 65-7 adhesion, grain to grain, floc to floc 231,239-40 and velocity profiles 168 aerial photography, sediment mapping 275, 280 biodeposition, in situ flume studies 85-97 algae 47-8, 289 biodeposits 65; see also faeces and EPS production 125-34 BIOENV 94 and Macoma 122, 158-63 biofilms 35-6, 39, 40 see also diatoms erosion threshold 109-10, 295-307 algal carbon 145, 158-63 exo-polymer production see EPS algal growth modelling 150-51, 158-63 and pigment fingerprints 99-114 algal mats 324, 350-65, 367 86 resuspension 47, 54 algal migration modelling 151, 158 biogenic material, pigment fingerprint markers 99-114 algal nitrogen limitation 136, 143-6, 149-50 biogeochemical fluxes 135- 48 algal pigment fingerprints 99-114 modelling 149-66 Amazon mudstream 182 biogeochemical parameters, and erosion shear stress aminopeptidase enzyme assay 137, 141 283 -93 ammonium production modelling 155, 156 biogeotechnical differences, microscale 349-66 Amphora sp. 247 bioirrigation 122, 135, 145, 150 angles of avalanche, dilatation, repose 312-18 biological activity animal activity and sediment erodibility 231-40 sediment stability 309-29, 331-47, 350-66 turbid tidal edge 47-8 see also macrofauna; species names biological control of avalanching and slope stability annelids and bioturbation 116, 123; see also species 309 -29 names biological geotextiles 364 ANOVA 87, 94, 127 biological sample analyses, Skeffling mudflats 34-5 anthropogenic impact on wetland 243-5, 250, 252-3 biological seeding 309, 324, 327, 331 47 Apex, Humber-Ouse Estuary 212 19 biomembranes 324 Apiaceae 250 biopolymers see EPS Ardmillan Bay, Strangford Lough 221-30, 268, 269 biostabilization 94-6, 122, 309-29 Ardmore Bay, Clyde Estuary 331-46, 349-66, 367 86 algae 112, 349-65 Arenicola sp. 21,350 65, 369-80 Corophium 309 29, 349-65 Aster type 250 diatom biofilms 35, 40, 125 34, 304-5 A. tripolium 70 mussels 331-47 Atchafalaya mudstream 183 biota atmospheric conditions and tide height variations 171 and sediment stability/erodibility 85-97 atmospheric exposure of mudflats 13-15, 94 and sediment transport 135-48 Atriplex portaculoides 70, 245, 390 biotic sediments, erosion threshold 295-307 attapulgite clay 180 biotope mapping 273 Augusta Bay, Sicily, recent environmental change bioturbation 16, 21, 135, 145 243 -54 and benthic macrofauna 94- 6, 115-24, 150, 156,240 autumn sediment distributions, Humber- Ouse 211-19 and suspended particle flux 85-97 avalanching, biological control 309-29 and suspended particle size 63, 65 bivalves 17, 21,364; see also species names Bacillariophyceae 109; see also diatoms Braystoke SK 110 settling tube 200, 203 4 bacterial exo-enzyme activity rates 137, 141 Bridgewater Bay saltmarsh 80 bacterial numbers, Skeifling mudflats 28, 34 5 Brittany estuaries 221 Bathyporeia pilosa 369- 86 bulk density 16, 20, 27, 29 Bay of Fundy, Canada 1, 167, 217-8, 267 and erosion threshold 35-41 beach cusps 185 and particle flux 87 bed consolidation 266-9 profiles 33 4 bed failure 31; see also erosion threshold; erodibility butanoyl-fucoxanthin 102 bed hardness 275-81 byssus thread production 331,342-4, 346 bed level measurements 258-71 bed physical properties 38-9 calcite, Spurn Bight muds 8 bed roughness 168, 191,233, 259, 275-81 Caloneis sp. 247 bed sedimentation character 26-7 Canada bed shear strength 19, 28, 350-51,352, 360, 369-86 Bay of Eundy 1, 167, 217-8, 267 bed shear stress 16, 26-7, 29, 45-6, 51, 54, 87, 168, erosion thresholds 39-40, 41,297 233, 236-8, 258; see also erosion shear stress Upper South Cove, Nova Scotia 297 402 INDEX carbohydrate production, at sediment-water interface Corophium volutator 117, 133, 231,232, 240, 309-27, 136, 149, 161-3; see also colloidal carbohydrate 350-65 carbon, algal 145, 158-63 correlation coefficients carbon, organic 369-86; see also particulate organic macrobenthic heterogeneity 367, 370-76, 384-6 carbon microscale sediment biogeotechnics 352, 353-6, carbon fixation 135 363 -4 modelling 151 Coulter counter 66, 87 carbonate content of sediments 297, 305, 351-2, 353, Crangon sp. 369, 370, 371-3, 374, 378, 380, 382 356, 357, 363, 364 CRS (Constant Rate of Supply) model 245, 248 carotene 102, 107, 112 Cryolander sampler 101-2, 103, 109, 110 Carousels see Lab Carousel; Sea Carousel current action Cerastoderma sp. 65, 89, 90, 94, 95, 96, 117, 369-86 mussel beds 331 channels see drainage channels; tidal channels turbid tidal edge 45-55 Chenopodiaceae 248, 250 current meters 28, 168-9, 171-2, 190, 258 Chernobyl accident 246, 248 current velocity China 17, 167 and floc size 193-5, 197, 205 chlorite, Spurn Bight muds 8 measurement 45, 233, 234, 258-64 chlorophyll 21, 95, 109, 111-2, 297, 300, 305 and modelling 167-75 a concentrations 34-5, 95 see also current meters and erodibility 234, 235-6 and particle flux 85-97 and erosion shear stress 283-92 and saltmarsh accretion 389-90, 396-8 in situ measurement, epipelic diatoms 125-34 and sediment flux 139 pigment fingerprints for erosion 102, 103, 107, 112 and sediment-water interface modelling 156 at sediment-water interface 141, 145, 159 and suspended particle size 63-7 chlorophyllides 102, 107, 112 at turbid tidal edge 46-9 CILAS in situ particle sizer 190-1, 195-7 current-dominated conditions and sediment classification morphodynamics 259-60, 266-9 estuaries 211 Cymbela sp. 247 mudflats 11-12, 19 sands 280-1 Danish Wadden Sea, settling diameters of flocs substrate types 279- 81 203-4 clay, late glacial marine red 221,226 Deben Estuary 268, 269 clay mineralogy decay constant, Skeffling mudflats 36-8, 41 Skeflting mudflats 38-9 dendrograms, Ardmore Bay 357-60, 364, 365, 376-83 Spurn Bight muds 8-9 denitrification 141, 155 clay mud streaming experiments 179-82 deposit feeding 85, 121-22, 133, 143-5, 369; see also clay and silt sediments, Humber-Ouse, 211-19 species names cliffs, mudflat typology 20-21 deposition cycles 99-100 climatic effects 19, 80-82, 183-4; see also seasonal mudflats 12-13, 16 variability; storm effects saltmarsh 67-83, 389-99 clinometer 310-11 and wave exposure 221-30 cluster analysis deposition rates, Skeffling mudflats 34, 139 macrobenthic heterogeneity 367, 369-70, 376- 83, depositional thresholds 36-8, 41 384-6 depth specific correlations, microscale sediment microscale sediment biogeotechnics 352, 357-60, biogeotechnics 353, 360, 364-5 364-5 dessication 35, 39, 126 Clyde Estuary 311; see also Ardmore Bay DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) 275 coastal defences, and mudflat typology 23 diadinoxanthin 102 coastal wetland, recent environmental change 243-54 diatom analysis, coastal wetland 244, 247, 252, 253 coasts, open, and wave-induced mud streaming 177-86 diatom bloom 231,292 Cobequid Bay-Salmon River Estuary, Bay of Fundy diatom mats 231-2, 236, 239-40; see also algal mats 217-8 diatoms 11, 122, 123, 125-33, 135 cockle see Cerastoderma and Corophium volutator 232, 240 Coconeis placentula 247 and EPS 14, 125-34, 231 Coleogoton 250 erosion shear stress and surface colour 283-93 colloidal carbohydrate 22, 141 erosion threshold 109-10, 231,295-307 and EPS production 65, 125-34, 234-5 and Macoma balthica 135, 143-6 measurement 234, 235-6 movement 136, 292, 298 Skeffling mudflats 34, 35-6, 41 and pigment analysis 103, 105-7 concentric cylinder geometry 138-9 and reflectance spectra 289-92 cone penetration testing 350, 360, 364, 369 diatoxanthin 102, 103, 107 Constant Rate of Supply (CRS) model 245, 248 Diploneis sp. 247, 252 core sampling, Ardmore Bay 350-53 distance meter 223 core stratigraphy, coastal wetland 245-6, 248-50 diversity index 21 INDEX 403

Dollard Estuary, Netherlands 22, 100, 103, 105-7 erosion threshold 26-7, 29-34, 35-41, 89-92, 109- impact of fluid shear and SSC on floc size 189-97 10, 295 sediment erodibility and biological activity 231-40 of biotic sediments 295-307 suspended sediment comparisons 199-209 critical 63 Dornoch Firth, Scotland 273-81 and colloidal carbohydrate 22 drag coefficients 191 measurement methods 295-307 drainage channels/patterns 16, 19 erosion velocity, critical 96, 341-2; see also sediment and current velocity 169 dynamics Eden Estuary 100 erosional features, Strangford Lough 226, 228-30 Skeffling Clays 5-8 estuaries 300 see also tidal channels classification 211 drumlin topography 223, 226-7, 229, 230 mapping 273- 81 seasonal sediment variability 211-19 East Anglian saltmarshes 390-98 see also river names echo-sounder signal processing system (RoxAnn) Eteone longa 90, 94, 116, 117, 369-86 273-81 euglenoids 128 ecological interaction Eulerian sampling mode 199, 208 and sediment transport 135-48 evaporation on mudflats 13-15 modelling 149- 66 exo-enzyme activity rates 137, 141 and spatial heterogeneity 367-86 extracellular polymeric substances see EPS ECoS 150 ecosystem microscale differences 349-66 factors of safety 318-20, 324-5 Eden Estuary 100, 103-5 faecal mounds 21 elasticity measurement 138 faecal pellets 122, 123, 300 Elbe Estuary, Germany 99-100 faeces/pseudo-faeces 16, 19, 65, 89, 95, 122, 123, 156 electronic distance meter (EDM) 223 failure mechanisms of slopes 325-6 Ems-Dollard Estuary, Netherlands 100, 103, 105-7; Feno markers 390 see also Dollard Estuary fetch 19, 223-5, 230; see also wave action engineering implications of biostabilization 324-7 filter feeding 19, 150; see also species names Enteromorpha sp. 21,350-65 flocculation 38, 66, 112, 139, 146, 156-7, 161,187-91, environmental change, coastal wetland 243-54 197, 199-209, 231 environmental parameters, and erosion potential 54 Floridian clays 180 enzyme activity rates 137, 141 flow meters see current meters epipelic diatoms 125-34 fluid mud streaming, wave-induced 177-86 Epithemia sp. 247 fluid shear, impact on floc size 187-197, 205 EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) fluid shear stress 45 and avalanching 323, 324, 325, 326 fluid viscosity measurements 138, 139 and biostability 14, 112, 364, 365 modelling 156 and erosion 231-40, 283, 298, 299-300, 305 flume investigations 25-43, 85-97, 295-307, 332-4 production measurment 65, 125-34 ISEF 233-4 and sediment dynamics 136, 145-6 laboratory wave-basin 179- 82 modelling 149-64 mini-flume 137-8 erodibility 25 focused-beam reflectance particle sizing 57-68 and biological activity 231-40 Fragilaria sp. 247 of biotic sediments 295-307 friction coefficients 27, 31 of mudflats 25-43, 85-97 friction velocity 101, 191 EROMES device 284 fucoxanthin 102, 103, 107, 109 erosion, seasonal 268-9 Fucus sp. 289 erosion cycles 12-13, 99-100 and atmospheric exposure 13-15 Galai Cis-100 laser-optic apparatus 66 and wave action 15-16, 45, 54 geochemical analysis, coastal wetland 244, 247-8, erosion devices 100-102, 103, 112, 284; see also flumes 250-53 erosion measurement 284-6, 287-9, 290-92 geomembranes 309, 324 erosion potential and environmental parameters 54 geomorphology, intertidal, Skeffling Clays 3-8 erosion rates 29-34, 36, 85-97, 235 Geonor full cone apparatus 350, 360, 369 and pigment fingerprints 99-114 geotextiles, biological 364 and suspended particle size 63-7 German Bight 283-93 erosion of saltmarsh 75-6, 80-82 Gibraltar Point, Lincolnshire 80 erosion sensitivity mapping 284 Gironde Estuary, France 218 erosion shear strength 13 glacial deposits 221,223, 226 erosion shear stress global positioning (GPS) 275 critical 51, 87, 137-41,235-40, 261,268 glucan 136 modelling 150, 156-63 glueing 19, 323; see also stickiness and surface colour 283-93 Gomphonema sp. 247 404 INDEX grain size Lab Carousel flume experiments 25-43 fine-grain fraction 283, 284, 287, 288, 290-92 laboratory wave basin experiments 179-82 Humber-Ouse 211-19 Lactucae 250 and remote sensing 284 lag sediment transport 217-8 Strangford Lough 221 30 Lagrangian sampling mode 174, 199-200, 208 see also particle size LANDSAT 284 gravel, response of mussels 331,332, 335-41,344, 346 Lasentec particle sizer 58 gravels, Humber-Ouse 211-19 laser diffraction systems 57- 8 Greyabbey tidal flats, Strangford Lough 221-30 laser particle sizer (Cilas) 190 Groote Gat tidal channel, flocculation 189, 200-209 laser reflectance particle sizing 57-68 ground truthing 273, 275-8 leucine-aminopeptidase assay 137, 141 gully features light intensity mudflat typology 17, 20 and carbon fixation 145, 150 and suspended particle flux 86, 89-93, 95, 96 and EPS concentration 125-33 Gust Microcosm System erosion device 100-102, 103, modelling 150-53, 157, 158-63 112 light penetration and sediment flux 141, 143 Guyana, wave-induced fluid mud streaming 182-5 Limoniurn vulgare 390, 394, 397 Lincolnshire saltmarsh 80 Hawke Channel 169, 171, 172 LISP-UK (Littoral Investigation of Sediment Hedisti diversicolor 369 82 Properties) Heringsplaat, Emden 100, 190, 232-40 data bank website 9 heavy metals, coastal wetland 250-52 project outline 1-10 hexanoyl-fucoxanthin 102 load resistance, microscale 350-65 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 99, Loch Long, Scotland 332-3 101, 102, 111-2, 287 LOIS (Land Ocean Interaction Study) 1 Humber Estuary saltmarsh programme 70 current velocity measurement and modelling 167-75 Louisiana, USA 23, 182, 183, 184, 185 exopolymer production by diatoms 125 75 low temperature scanning electron microscopy LISP-UK project outline 1-10 (LTSEM) 100, 102-3, 111-12 macrofauna and bioturbation 115-24 lutein 102 mudflat stability 25-43 lutocline formation 195 ridge and runnel features 16, 17, 168 saltmarsh sediments 69-83 Macoma balthica 90, 94, 95, 96, 115-24, 135, 143-6, see also Skeffling 155-6, 158 63, 369-86 Humber-Ouse sediment distributions 211-19 macroalgae 289 Hydrobia ulvae 90, 94, 95, 117, 248, 369-82 macrobenthic hererogeneity 367-86 hydrocarbon content, surface sediments 287 macrobenthic patchiness 384- 6 hypertidal areas 15 macrobenthos, sampling 234-5 macrofauna, benthic bioturbation 16, 115-24 ldotea sp. 369, 371-3, 374, 376, 378, 380 grazing 135, 143-6, 150, 155-63 illite 8, 38-9 particle flux 85-97 illumination see light stabilization 16, 307 29 In situ erosion flume (ISEF) 233-4 see also species names In situ settling velocity apparatus (INSSEV) 66 macrophytes 11, 17-19, 21-2; see also species names India, wave-induced fluid mud streaming 182, 183-6 macrotidal areas 15, 19, 221 industrial development, and accretion rate 245, 248, macrotidal estuaries 211,217-18 250, 252, 253 Manayunkia aestuarina 117 infauna Manning's n coefficient 389 burrows 85, 322-5, 350-66; see also species names feeding habits 19, 85, 369, 376, 378, 380, 382; mapping erosion sensitivity 284, 291-2 see also deposit feeding; filter feeding; suspension sediment distributions 273- 81 feeding Martyana martyi 247 INSSEV 66 measurement methods, erosion threshold 295-307 INTRMUD 12, 22 meiofauna, and avalanching 309-29 ISEF 233-4 Meldorfer Bight, Germany 284 ISIS data 286 mesofauna 116, 117, 120-21, 123; see also species names JONSWAP spectrum 223 mesotidal areas 15, 19, 217, 221 metals, biogeochemical flux 135 kaolinite 8, 180 Microcosm System (MS) erosion device 100-102, 103, Kerala, wave-induced fluid mud streaming 182, !12 183-6 micro-organisms, and avalanching 310, 311, 314, Korean mudftats 17, 19, 20, 22 322 5 INDEX 405 micro-oxic zones 121-22 Nephtys hombergii 90, 94, 115-17, 120, 122-3, 369-85 microphytobenthos 21, 95 Nereis diversicolor 90, 94, 115-22, 133, 309-27 EPS production 132; see also EPS Netherlands erosion shear stress and surface colour 283-93 BOA measuring bridge 100, 103, 190, 200 photosynthetic activity 65, 95 tidal flow measurements 100, 103, 105-7 and pigment fingerprints 99-100, 102, 103, 111-12 see also Dollard Estuary; Oosterschelde; microscale sediment biogeotechnics 349-66 Wadden Sea microtidal areas 19 Newtownards tidal flats, Strangford Lough 221-30 mineralogy, Spurn Bight muds 8-9 nitrates 135 miniflume, in situ 137-8 nitrogen modelling dissolved organic (DIN) 141, 145; see also critical erosion shear stress 150, 156-63 particulate organic nitrogen current velocity 167 75 fixation 155, 156 ecological interaction and sediment transport flux 141-5, 149-50, 158-63 149-66 limitation 136, 143-6, 149-51, 158-64 erosion thresholds 306 recycling 163 fluid viscosity 156 Nitzschia sp. 108, 247, 295-307 inter-tidal sediments 256, 269 light intensity 150-53, 157, 158-63 remineralization processes 155, 163 Oligochaetes 90, 94, 116, 117, 120-21, 123; see also sediment-water interface 149 66 species names tidal cycle 150-57 Oosterschelde, mudflat biodeposition 95 tidal flow 167-75 optical backscatter sensors (OBS) 45 moisture content 13, 16 optical reflectance spectra, sediment surfaces 284, and particle flux 87 286-7, 289, 291-2 see also water content optical remote sensing, and surface colour 283-93 molluscs see species names OPTIMUS digitization 296 monosaccharide composition changes, Navicula 305 organic content monsoonal activity and fluid mud streaming 183-4 of flocs 204 morphodynamics, Portishead mudflats 255-71 mudflat typology 17-19, 21 morphological profiles Skeffling mudflats 28, 34-8, 47-8 mudflat typology 12-13, 15 total organic matter (TOM) 351-2, 353, 356, 357, Skeffling Clays 5-8 363, 364 mucilage layer 305 see also carbon; nitrogen; particulate organic matter mud bedforms 16-17, 20-21 Ouse River, sediment variability 211-19 mud fraction and diatom suspension 300 Owen tubes 57, 200 mud mounds/spurs/grooves 17 oxic layer 21 mud reflectance spectra 289 oxidization rate constants 155 mud streaming, wave-induced 177-86 oxygenation by organisms 16, 19 mud viscosity measurements 184-5 mud-balls 16 mudbanks, and wave-induced mud streaming 177-86 palynological studies 244, 246-7, 248-50, 252-3 mudflat(s) Parrett Estuary 21 bio-investigations 85-97, 115-66 particle characteristics 8-9 current velocity measurement and modelling 167-75 particle erosion threshold 296; see also particle sizing LISP-UK project outline 1-10 particle flux, in situ studies 85-97 morphodynamics 255-71 particle kurtosis 351-2, 353, 356, 357 particle flux 85-97 particle size profiles 5- 8, 12-13, 19 and load resistance 350, 351-3, 356, 357, 362, 363 and saltmarshes 11, 12 and macrobenthic heterogeneity 369-86 stability 25-43 and saltmarsh accretion 74, 395-8 suspended particle sizing 57-68 see also grain size typology 11-24 particle sizers 58-68, 190-97 turbid tidal edge measurements 45-55 particle sizing zones 15, 19, 20 and erosion threshold 298-300, 341-2, 344-5 see also tidal flats and flocculation 199-209 Mulinello Estuary, Sicily 243-54 in situ 57-68, 190-97, 273-81 multidimensional scaling (MDS) 94 particle skewness 351,353, 356, 357 mussels (Mytilus edulis) 85, 324, 331-47 particle sorting 351-2, 353, 356, 357, 364 particulate organic carbon (POC) 135, 141, 146, 156, 161,287 Naburn Weir, River Ouse 211-17 particulate organic matter (POM) 87, 141,287 Navicula sp. 128, 247, 252, 305 modelling 150, 155, 161, 163 nematode numbers 28 particulate organic nitrogen (PON) 141, 143, 145 406 INDEX peaks, troughs and slopes, Ardmore Bay 367-86 reflectance particle sizing 57-68 cluster analysis 376-83, 384-6 reflectance spectra and sediment surface colour 284, correlation analysis 370-76, 384-6 286-7, 289, 291-2 principal component analysis 383-6 remineralization processes, modelling 155, 163 see also ridge and runnel; sand waves; trough remote sensing and ripple erosion shear stress and surface colour 283-93 Pearson correlation matrix 94 mapping sediment distributions 273-81 penetration resistances 362 resuspension 66, 160 penetrometer, 350, 351,353, 363 and biological activity 231-40 petrochemical effluent 245, 250, 252 measurement 87, 89-93, 96, 139 phaeophorbides 102 and near-bed shear 197 phaeophytins 102, 103 on saltmarch 80, 389, 395 phaeopigment 296, 300 threshold 296 phenol-sulphuric acid assay 127 see also sediment dynamics; suspended sediments phosphorus 141, 150 Retusa obtusata 116, 117 photoassimilate measurement 126-8 rheometer measurements 138 - 41, 184- 5 photosynthesis 65, 95, 109, 125, 132, 136, 141-6, 149 Rhopalodia musculus 247 Phyllodoce maculata 369- 86 ridge and runnel features 16-17, 33, 137 phytobenthos, and surface colour 289 and critical erosion stresses 145 phytoplankton 99, 125 and current velocity 168 pigment concentrations, and erosion shear stress pools on ridges 86, 92-3, 95 283 -92 and saltmarsh sedimentation 70, 71, 73-4, 75, 76 pigment fingerprints, algal 99-114 pigments in water and suspended particle flux 86, 92-3, 95 column 111-12 and suspended particle size 63-7 Pilcon Direct Reading Hand Vane Tester 350-51,360, see also peaks; sand waves; trough and ripple 361 Rivers Atmospheres Estuaries and Coasts Study Pinus 250 (RACS) 1 pladdies 223 roughness, saltmarshes 389, 398; see also bed planar flats 20 roughness Plantago maritima 390, 394, 397 RoxAnn system 273- 81 Pleurosigma sp. 247 Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) LOIS Salicornia europaea 70, 390, 394, 397 co-ordination 1 salinity, Groote Gat 201 Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological saltmarshes Research (PRIMER) 87 classification 11-12 Poaceae 250 erosion/sedimentation/accretion 69-83,389,390-98 pollen analyses 244, 246-7, 248-50, 252-3 and mudflats 11, 12, 255-6 pollution 1, 21, 51, 99, 204, 245, 250-51 productivity 393 polychaetes 21, 85, 115-24; see also species names recent environmental change, Sicily 243-54 polysaccharides 125, 231,238; see also EPS vegetation 11, 69-83, 389-98 porosity 27, 287 sampling mode comparison 174, 199-200, 208 Portishead Bay, Severn Estuary 15-16, 255-71 sand, response of mussels 331,332, 335-41 Porto Margarese, Augusta, Sicily 245 sand content POST sediment flux measurement 45-55, 67, 96 Humber-Ouse sediments 211-19 Potomogeton 250 Skeffling mudflats 27, 35 primary production measurements 125, 126, 127, Spurn Bight muds 9 130-33 sand fiat development 13 PRIMER 87 sand flat flow studies 167 principal component analysis 369-70, 383-6 sand fraction, and diatom suspension 300 protein degradation 141 sand reflectance spectrum 289 PROTEUS system 258, 265 sand waves Puccinellia maritima 70, 390, 394, 397 and macrobenthic heterogeneity 367-86 Pygospio elegans 90, 94, 117, 121, 123, 369-86 see also peaks; ridge and runnel; trough and ripple sands, classification 280- 81 quartz, Spurn Bight muds 8-9 satellite imagery 284 Quercus 250 scaling, multidimensional (MDS) 94 Scoloplos armiger 369-86 RACS (Rivers Atmospheres Estuaries and Coasts Scottish National Heritage 273 Study) 1 scouring, on saltmarsh 77-8, 82 radiocarbon tracing 125-34 Sea Carousel flume 25-43, 85, 95, 297 radiometric dating 243, 245-7, 248, 253 sea level changes 1, 11,309, 345 rainfall on exposed mudflats 14 seabed surface, nature of 300; see also bedforms Redfield ratios 141, 150, 155, 161 seagrass 289; see also species names redox potential 369-86 seasonal climatic effects 19, 80-82, 183-4 INDEX 407 seasonal variability sedimentation Ardmillan Bay 221,268, 269 character 26-7 of byssus thread production 343 Humber saltmarsh 69- 83 Deben Estuary 268, 269 see also accretion Dollard Estuary 231 settling Humber-Ouse 211-19 diameter measurement 199-209 Portishead 268-9 differential 187, 195 SedErode 235 flux 161 sediment accretion see accretion rates 26-7, 34, 36-8 sediment accumulation rates, radiometric dating time 206-8 245-6, 248 velocity 66, 156-7, 187-97, 200-209 sediment bulk density see bulk density Severn Barrage 257 sediment carbohydrate 125-34; see also carbohydrate; Severn Estuary 15-16, 255-71 EPS shallow water periods 269 sediment cohesion 146, 149-50 shallow water's edge measurements 45-55 sediment compaction, biological 323-4 shear, near-bed 197 sediment concentrations see suspended sediments shear stress sediment deposition see deposition erosion see erosion shear stress sediment distributions, Humber- Ouse 211-19 at sediment-water interface 137-9 mapping, Dornoch Firth 273- 81 modelling 156 sediment dynamics 135-48 types 156 modelling 149-66, 306 shear velocity, critical 295-307 sediment erosion see erosion Shield's entrainment function 156 sediment exchange, saltmarshes 395-8 shore profiles, mudflat typology 12-13 sediment flux 139-41 Sicily, recent environmental change 243-54 modelling 159-66 silica 141, 150 at turbid tidal edge 45-55, 67, 96 siliciclastic tidal flats, Strangford Lough 221-30 sediment load resistance, microscale 350-65 silt and clay sediments, Humber-Ouse 211-19 sediment mixing 122-3; see also bioturbation Skeffiing Clays sediment morphodynamics, Portishead 255-71 current velocity measurement and modelling sediment organic content see organic content 167-75 sediment parameters/sediment parameters exopolymer production by diatoms 125-34 cluster analysis 376-83, 384-6 in situ particle flux quantification 85-97 correlations 370-76, 384-6 intertidal geomorphology 3-8 principal component analysis 383-6 laser reflectance particle sizing 57-68 sediment parameters/species LISP-UK project outline 1-10 cluster analysis 376-83, 384-6 macrofauna and bioturbation 115-24 correlations 370-76, 384-6 particle composition 8-9, 38-9 principal component analysis 383-6 sediment, nitrogen and carbon dynamics 135-48 sediment porosity 27, 287 stability 25-43 sediment properties, Skeffiing mudflats 28-43 turbid tidal edge measurements 45-55 sediment radiodating 243, 245-7, 248, 253 Skeffling saltmarsh sedimentation 69-83 sediment theological properties 138-9 slope avalanching, biological control 309-29 sediment stability 25-43, 38-9, 94, 305-6 slope failure mechanisms 325 destabilization 94, 122, 159-60 slope steepness, mudflat typology 19-20 slope stability 309-29 slumping in gullies 17, 20 stabilization coefficients 305-6 Solent saltmarshes 390 see also biostabilization Spartina alterniflora 69 sediment supply 19, 221,395, 396 S. anglica 69-83 sediment transport spatial heterogeneity 362-3, 365, 367- 86 and ecological interaction 135-48, 306 spatial variability, Strangford Loch 221-30 modelling 149-66, 171,306 spatial variation in estuaries 217-8 particle flux 85-97 and mussel beds 343-6 saltmarsh accretion 390-98 saltmarshes 396-7 spatially continuous mapping 273-81 wave-induced 177-86 species/sediment parameters sediment types, reflectance spectra 292 cluster analysis 376-83 sediment typology (mudflats) 11-24 correlations 370-76 sediment variability principal component analysis 383-6 Humber-Ouse 211-19 species/species Strangford Lough 221-30 cluster analysis 376-83, 384-6 sediment volume, and avalanching 321-2 correlations 370-76, 384- 6 sediment-water interface 135-48, 364 principal component analysis 383- 6 modelling 149-66 spectrometer 286-7, 289, 291-2 408 INDEX spectral signatures of surface types 289-92 tidal flow spectrophotometry 235 and bedforms 16-17 Spergularia sp. 70 measurements for pigment markers 100, 103, spionids 90, 94, 117, 120, 123; see also species names 105-7 Spurn Bight muds 8-9; see also Skeffling Clays modelling 167-75 Stauroneis sp. 247 see also currents steepness, mudflat typology 19-20 tidal height variations 171 stickiness 156, 161,300, 305; see also glueing tidal levels, and mudflat morphodynamics 261-4 Stiffkey, Norfolk 390-98 tidal range, and mudflat typology 19 storm effects 15, 19, 54, 80, 268, 331,397 tidal surges 171 Strangford Lough tidal flats 221-30 tidal velocity streaming, wave-induced 177- 86 and sediment transport 217- 8 Streblospio shrubsolii 117, 120, 123 and shear stress modelling 156, 157, 158-63 subtidal sediment variability, Humber- Ouse 211-19 see also current velocity; velocity profiles Sueda maritima 70, 245 tides, mudflat typology 14-15, 19 sulphide, biogeochemical fluxes 135 time averaging and velocity measurement 168, 172 modelling 155, 158 time course EPS production experiment 126-7, 130-32 surface biofilms see biofilms time course modelling, sediment-water interface surface colour 283-93 157-8 Surinam 23, 182-5 time series observations, Portishead 257-71 Surirella sp. 247 Tollesbury, Essex 390-98 suspended particle sizing 57-68 total biomass index 21 suspended particulate matter (SPM) 63-7, 85-97, total organic matter 351-2, 353, 356, 357, 363, 364 146 trace element analysis, coastal wetland 247-8, 250-53 erosion thresholds 295-303 transport see sediment transport suspended sediments Triglochin maritima 390, 394, 397 concentrations 27, 28, 45-55 trough and ripple bedforms and decay constant 36-8, 41 and macrobiotic heterogeneity 367-88 and mud floc size 187-97 and mussel presence 342 measurement 233, 236, 237-40, 258-64 see also peaks; ridge and runnel; sand waves and flocculation 187-97, 199-209 Tryblionella debilis 247 on saltmarshes 395 tubificid 369-82 see also resuspension Tubificoidbenedeii 90, 116, 117, 120, 123 suspension feeding 65, 89-96, 121-2, 160, 369, 376; turbid tidal edge 45-55 see also species names turbidity 13, 234, 236, 258, 273; see also bioturbidity Sylt-Romo Bight, Germany 284 turbulence Synedra sp. 247, 252 instrument-induced 196-7, 284 intensity, and floc size 187-97 Tabellaria sp. 247 typology, mudflats 11-24 Tamar Estuary 22 Tees Estuary 191 underwater video see video observations temperature, Groote Gat 201 temporal variability and biological activity 231-40 vane shear strength and penetration resistance 362 Strangford Lough sediments 221 vane testing 350-51,360 vegetation, saltmarsh 11, 69-83, 389-98 see also time; seasonal variability Thames Estuary 256 flow retardance 389-90, 398 height 390-98 Tharyx marioni 117 Thematic Mapper 284 Spartina, and sedimentation 69-83 tidal channels 227, 229, 234 stiffness 397, 398 floc size variations 187-97, 199-209 velocity gradient unit (VGU) 168-9 mudflat typology 16-17, 19, 20 velocity profiles 167-75, 188-9, 190, 193,334; see also current velocity; tidal velocity see also drainage channels tidal cover Video In Situ (VIS) 189-95 and loss of colloidal carbohydrate 133 video observations 28, 57, 189-95, 275, 296-7, 325, and saltmarsh accretion 397-8 334 tidal cycle, modelling 150-57 violaxanthin 102 tidal edge measurements, Skeffling mudflats 45-55 viscosity measurements 138-41, 184-5 tidal environments and mussel seeding 331,333-9, visual appearance and sediment mapping 275, 278,279 342-6 visual observation of slope failure 325; see also video tidal flats observations floc size variations 187-97, 199-209 siliciclastic 221-30 Wadden Sea 203-4, 232, 283-93 see also mudflats Wash mudflats 12, 13, 167 INDEX 409 water content wave-dominated conditions and mudflat Humber-Ouse sediments 212-17 morphodynamics 260-61,266-9 surface sediments 287 wave-induced fluid mud streaming 177-86 see also moisture content wave-induced radiation stress 177- 8 water table 369-86 wetland, recent environmental change 243-54 wave action wind, prevailing, and mussel seeding 334, 343 and mudflat typology 15-17, 19 wind direction 15, 19, 65, 224-5 and resuspension 236-40 wind speed 60-61, 65, 225 at turbid tidal edge 45-55 winter sediment distributions, Humber-Ouse 211-19 and velocity profiles 191 Woodhill Bay, Severn Estuary 257 wave basin, laboratory 179-82 worms 16, 17, 21, 22, 28; see also species names wave energy and mussel seeding 334, 343 xanthins 102 and saltmarsh vegetation 398 wave exposure and spatial variability 221-30 wave parameters, Strangford Lough 223-5, 229-30 zeaxanthin 102 wave-current forcing 261-4 Zostera 21,289