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Oiran Culture Part 1. Economy of Earoia Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago

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Oiran Culture Part 1. Economy of Earoia Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago ATOLL RXSEAIXH EULLEI'IN No. 32 Iia?oiran Culture Part 1. Economy of Earoia Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago by Bengt Danielsson Part 2. Native Topographical Terms in Raroia, Tuamotus by Eengt Danielsson Part 3. Native Terminology of the Coconut Palm in Raroia Atoll by Bengt Danielsson Part 4. Eird Nanes in Raroia Atoll by Bengt Danielsson and Aurora Natua Part 5. Check List of the Native Names of Fishes of P.aroia Atoll by Bengt Daniel.sson Issued by TEE PACIFIC SCIENCE. BOARD National Academy of Sciences--Eational Research Council Washington, D. C. November 30, 1954 . ? . - . .. , Part 1 ECONOMY OF RAROIA ATOLL. TUAMOTU ARCHIPELAGO by Bengt Danielsson Acl:no~:le:',gments ..................... 1ntrocluci;ion ....................... Habitat and history ................... Demography ........................ The place of Raroia ................... Population trends .................... The nrltive come-back ............... Natural increase .................. Inter-atoll mobility ................ Migration zndinterm&rriage ............ Racemixture .................... Annual cycle of events .................. Schooners calling at R&roia ............. Land omership ....................... Historical background ................. Present situation ..............:.... Concrete examples .................... Surplus production .................... Mother-of-pearl shell diving ............. Copra production ................... The rise of the copra trade ............ Change of settlement patterns ........... Sectors and seasons ................ Interdepenaence of activities ........... Rorking conditions and technique .......... Agricultural methods ............... Work participation an$ organization ........ Weekly variations ................. Actual and potential production .......... Working effi.ciency ................. Subsistence activities ......, ............ Plant cultivation ................... Aninal husbandry ................... Fishing ....................... Turtle catching .................... Egg collecting and bird catching ........... Labor division and specializa%icn ............. Division according to sex ............... Cooperation ...................... Specialization ..................... Income and expenditures .................. Total income ..................... Expenditures of samnle families ........... Property holdings of each family ........... Food consumption . , . 84 Conclusions . 86 References. ........................ 90 ,. Tables .~ , . Culture contacts . 9 Population trends in French Oceania, 1863-1951 16 111. Differential evolution in some of the groups 17 IV. Popula-Lion changes in Raroia, 1897-1951. 18 8. Number of births and deaths in Earoia, -31-50. 19 VI. Composition of the permanent population in Haroia 21 VII. Composition of the permanefit and actual population 23 VIII. - Number of Raroians visiting Papeete in 1950 23 IX. Geographical origin of population . , 25 X. Raciai composition of the popuiation 27 XI. &tent to ~hichthe mixed persons are Poiynesian 27 XII. Age of the mixed persons in Raroia 27 XIII. Number of tradicg schooners calling at Raroia 33 XIV. Land holdings in Raroia as judged from production figures 36 xv . Interdependence of activities in1450 47 XVI . Number of pers3ns per month working sutsj.de the villege 53-55 Number of~ersoflsand days spent in work 56 XVIII. Fimily composition and york participation 58,59 XIX. Number.of persohs in village On meek days and Sundays 60a XX. Average number of persons in village 61 XXI. Number of $lorking days of the productive males com- pared to amount of. copra' produced 64 XXII. Number of persons fishing, December.4-10, 1950. 71 xxI.11. Totai income per family during -1950 78 XXIV. Expenditures for sampie families:, . : 82 xxv. Zncome, expenses .and surplus . ..... .. ~..' 82 XXVI . Property holdings of each fami,ly ; 83 XXVII . Consumption of. imppr;tec food'.::.^ 8.4 .. .. A. ~&d'divisions .north 'of the vil~+&, .. H.. copra sectors . ' . I .... , ECONOMY OF RAROIA ATOLL, . ... 'IUAXOTU ARGEIPELAGO . %y first thanks are due to my numerous friends in Raroia, who kindlycon- sented to subject .themselves to the ordeal of being treated as sdientific're- search material and. yitn good humor answered all the trying questions an ' anthropologist can ask. They did, however, even more than this. They also adopted me as one of their own and made me feel completely at home in Raroia. .. Turning now to the States, I wish to express my appreciation for $he generous help and encouragement I received from Mr. Harold J. Coolidge, Dr. Kenneth P. E~ory,and Miss Ernestine Alters in connection with my part,ici.pation in the.Pacific Science Board's 1952 Coral Atoll Expedition. My thinks are. ax-. so due to the Office of Naval Research which made this project possible by funds granted to the National Academy of Sciences by Contract N7onr-Z91(dL+).:~~ 388401. My thanks are, of course, jlso due. to the other members of our fe- search team, from whom I learned much. Grateful thanks are also given to the Director and the entire staff of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, vhere I ?+roteup much of my material and did ex- tensive library research. In French Oceania, I am particularly indebted to Governor Reng Petitbon, who has always taken a personal interest in my vjork, to the president of the Societ6 des Etudes Oceaniennes, blr. Henri Jacquier, v:ho has helped me in vari- ous ways, to Miss Aurore Natua, who as my assistant during this expedition rendered me,invaluable.services., andto &. Frank J. Stimson, vho generously has given me advice in linguistic matters. .... .. .. : Last but not least a special acknodedgment to my wife ~arie-ThGre'se, who not only was my cheerful companion and co-worker during my field-work 13&9-51.,but. r;ho al~o,has h,elped me with numerous suggestions and with the preparation of. the .present stu$y.. , , . , To all these persons I say: Mauruuru! . ., . INTRODUCTION Tihen and how the study mas made . .. In accordance with the general aims of the Pacific Science, Board's Coral Atoll Project, this study deals principally with ecological relatiodships considered from the point of vie^: of the native populution.,orj in other words, it is a study of the economiclife an Raroia atoll in the Tuamotu Group, French Oceania. As it examines t.he oresent-day economy seen 'in its wider context, it could also be called an accu1tura;tion and functional study, but the simpler and more commonly acceptable title e economy of Raroia" has been preferred. Most of the data on which the study is based were collected by 1950, i. e. two years before the Pacific Science Board's expedition visited Raroia. Raroia was actually chosen primarily because of this previous knowledge of ours on conditions there. Our om first visit to Raroia dates back to August, 1947, when we spent a fortnight there together cith the other members of the Kon-Tiki expedition. This short stay was enongh to make us interested in the acculturation pro- cesses in the Tuamotus and to convince us of the advantages of undertaking study of this aspect of the culture in Raroia, where (a) the population was small enough to be studied in its entirety and not just by meens of sampling and (b) we could be sure of whole-hearted cooperation with the islanders. Our project QiaS eventually realized r:hen we returned to Raroia in November, 1949. Tke total time spent on the atoll this time was 18 months (until April, 1951), and the period. covered -by our study incl.uded the whole year of 1950.* From our rather comprehensive data on acculturation collected auring this period, we selected during our thira stey in Raroia, June 19 to September 7, 1952, as anthropologist of the Pacific Science Board's team, those data deal- ing 76th economic end related activities. The data vrere carefully checked whenever possible and a certain amount of additional information was obtained. Some rough outlines were .prepared oven while ne v:ere still in the field, but practical duties. and the collaboration v!i-th other .team members on various studies (whic3 will be presented. separately), made it impossible to write up our material onthe spot, although wehad planned to do so in order to achieve maxirnum accuracy. ,. : The final shape of the study is determined principally by bur: endeavour to conf~rmas much as possi6le to the general plan for the Coral Atoll Pro- ject, deci6ea upon ati5he.outse.t. In Spoehrl s words' (Atoll Research Bulletin No. 17, Handbook for Atoll Research, page 109) the guiding principles are, that observations during field expediti0.n~should: "(a) Focus on the present rather than the aboriginal past.. (b) ...elucidate processes involved rather than static patterns ... (c) Operate with a set of problems suitable for comparative investi- gations.. ." These principles already guided our vork before our participation in the Coral Atoll ~roj'ect, and mere still more rigidly adhered to during the pre- paration of the present study. The data which were judged essential to gather for a study of this type were grouped by Mason (Atoll Research Bulletin No. 17, Handbook for Atoll Re- search, page 111) under the following headings: 1. population inventory 2. economic activities 3. land~tenure 4. social and political organization . .. 5. mopement of peoples . ... Ee have foll.owed this general outline - as:Mason did himself at Arno and Goodenough did at Onotoa - in order to achieve the goal which vie believe is '.of utmost importance, via. to provide a common basis for comparisons of atoll cultures. It is also.our
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