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“Voice of the Sea” Microseism Generation and Its Remote Monitoring

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“Voice of the Sea” Microseism Generation and Its Remote Monitoring remote sensing Article Cyclonic Process of the “Voice of the Sea” Microseism Generation and Its Remote Monitoring Grigory I. Dolgikh 1,2 , Vladimir A. Chupin 1,* , Egor S. Gusev 1,2 and Galina A. Timoshina 2 1 V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; [email protected] (G.I.D.); [email protected] (E.S.G.) 2 “AEROCOSMOS” Research Institute for Aerospace Monitoring, 105064 Moscow, Russia; offi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The article presents the results of microseismic signals of the “voice of the sea” registration by a two-coordinate laser strainmeter during the passage of typhoons through and near the water area of the Sea of Japan. It was established that the “voice of the sea” microseisms appear and disappear almost simultaneously with primary microseisms, i.e., the powerful “voice of the sea” microseisms exist only in the presence of powerful wind waves, generated by a passing typhoon. According to the processing results of the obtained experimental data, the “voice of the sea” microseisms generation area is located in the “sea-land” transition zone, i.e., near and/or in the surf zone. Based on the data of the two-coordinate laser strainmeter, we determined the bearing of the “voice of the sea” microseisms generation area. The movement of this area coincides with the movement of the rear part of tropical cyclones. Keywords: typhoon; wind; wind waves; “voice of the sea” microseisms; primary microseisms; Citation: Dolgikh, G.I.; Chupin, V.A.; bearing; area of microseisms generation Gusev, E.S.; Timoshina, G.A. Cyclonic Process of the “Voice of the Sea” Microseism Generation and Its Remote Monitoring. Remote Sens. 1. Introduction 2021, 13, 3452. https://doi.org/ Tropical cyclones (typhoons) are among the Earth’s catastrophic processes and phe- 10.3390/rs13173452 nomena. Due to the colossal economic damage caused during their passage, from the moment of their inception in tropical regions to their complete decay in northern regions, Academic Editor: Gang Zheng and the frequency of their occurrence, they are among the most catastrophic phenomena of the Earth. Countries, territories, and waters influenced by tropical cyclones require good Received: 28 June 2021 Accepted: 27 August 2021 long-term and short-term forecasts of the origin, development, and decay of typhoons. Due Published: 31 August 2021 to the interest in reducing the potential impact of typhoons through physical processes, thereby decreasing their energy intensity, there is an urgent need to develop remote meth- Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral ods for monitoring the primary and secondary phenomena and processes, oscillations, and with regard to jurisdictional claims in waves in tropical cyclones. This interest is associated with solving a number of problems published maps and institutional affil- to identify the processes and phenomena at different scales in various fields of science, iations. ranging from hydrophysical to biological. The tasks of studying tropical cyclones (typhoons) can be categorized as contact (buoy stations, regional meteorological stations, etc.) and remote methods, associated with satellite monitoring [1]. Paper [2] describes the mechanisms of origin and intensification of dangerous vortex phenomena such as tropical cyclones, and the processes of their Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. electromagnetic interaction with the Earth’s ionosphere. New results were obtained from This article is an open access article the analysis of various experimental data. For example, in [3,4], based on the analysis of distributed under the terms and experimental data on vertical temperature profiles in the region of Hurricane Katrina and conditions of the Creative Commons variations in galactic cosmic ray fluxes, the relationship between temperature changes at Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// the tropopause level and changes in the level of ionization of the atmosphere due to cosmic creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ rays was established. 4.0/). Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173452 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3452 2 of 20 However, these methods are not entirely reliable. Contact methods are prone to large errors due to the limited dynamic range or low sensitivity of the equipment used. Satellite monitoring yields good results when studying the processes taking place in dynamically low-activity media. Typhoons pass mainly through the transition zones of geospheres, which are characterized by abrupt changes in depths, and alternation of islands, seas, and parts of continents, where dynamic processes are extremely violent. In these zones, satellite research methods are subject to large errors and need to be corrected with regard to the results of ground-based observations [5]. Thus, when studying the dynamic processes occurring in these zones, it is necessary to rely on ground-based remote monitoring methods, which can are based on hydrophysical (propagation of disturbances in the aquatic medium) or seismo-acoustic (propagation of disturbances in the oceanic Earth’s crust with access to the crust transition zone) research approaches. Hydrophysical disturbances, arising in the zone of a tropical cyclone’s activity and propagating over considerable distances, include sea surface wind waves or swell waves, and nonlinear units in the form of single waves of various amplitudes, the speed of which can be an order of magnitude higher than the speed of the swell wave. The characteristics of sea waves, such as the amplitude, period, and direction of movement, depend on the wind speed, the duration of its influence on the water area, and the characteristics of the water territory, such as its area and depth. Based on the dispersion characteristics of wind waves emerging from the area of typhoon action, the main energy characteristics of typhoons can be calculated and the bearing taken of the area of the surface wind waves’ generation. Although progressive sea wind waves can be used in the remote hydrophysical method of typhoon monitoring, standing wind waves provide little informative value for hydrophysical monitoring. During their motion, progressive sea wind waves interact with the seabed at shallow depths, starting from depths equal to about half the length of the wind wave, and form primary microseisms, the periods of which correspond to the periods of progressive sea waves [6]. Standing sea waves generate secondary microseisms in the Earth’s crust; their period corresponds to half the period of progressive sea waves [7]. Standing sea wind waves can form in the rear of the cyclone (typhoon), in the shelf areas during reflection of progressive sea waves, and in the rear of islands due to the refractive processes of progressive sea waves. Hasselman [8] made a generalized description of microseism generation. The corresponding disturbances in the atmosphere are called microbaroms [9]; the physical mechanism of their generation is the nonlinear interaction of the fields of sea wind waves, which precisely manifest themselves during the period, when the direction of the impact of air masses on the sea surface changes, and the vortex moves over the water area. Paper [10] showed that microbaroms and secondary microseisms have one source, which originally was considered to be the place with the highest wind speed in the cyclonic vortex, i.e., the central part of the vortex. However, as a result of further studies [11–13], it was found that the place of secondary microseisms and microbaroms origination usually coincides with the rear area of cyclonic formations and is not related to their central area. Paper [14] demonstrated that the speed and direction of typhoon movement at a particular point can be determined, with subsequent derivation of its trajectories. De- termination of the parameters is carried out based on the information obtained about variations in the primary microseism parameters. Simultaneously, the inverse problem can be solved using generalized dispersion equations [15], and nonlinear components and the Doppler effect can be analyzed. Monitoring based on this analysis can be undertaken using seismo-acoustic monitoring methods. However, because the microseisms’ propagation speed is at least an order of magnitude higher than the speed of the surface wind waves, the preferred approach is seismo-acoustic monitoring. In addition, attenuation of micro- seisms is insignificant; therefore, this form of monitoring is possible at almost any planetary distance using modern highly sensitive instruments, for example, laser strainmeters [16]. Development of seismo-acoustic monitoring methods is partially based on information obtained from the zones of formation of the “surf infrasound” in the frequency range from Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3452 3 of 20 1 to 5 Hz, which is formed near sea coasts and associated with interaction of sea wind waves [17,18]. Papers [19,20] show that the appearance of infrasound is associated with the destruction (collapse) of waves in the coastal zone, and its parameters are dependent on the topographic and bathymetric characteristics of this zone. Amplitudes of these oscillations are directly proportional to the amplitudes of ocean wind waves. In the work [21], the authors referred to the infrasound within the range from 1 to 5 Hz as “surf infrasound”, which is generated along a sufficiently long coastline and can propagate to considerable distances from the coast.
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