DOCSLIB.ORG

“Voice of the Sea” Microseism Generation and Its Remote Monitoring

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

remote sensing Article Cyclonic Process of the “Voice of the Sea” Microseism Generation and Its Remote Monitoring Grigory I. Dolgikh 1,2 , Vladimir A. Chupin 1,* , Egor S. Gusev 1,2 and Galina A. Timoshina 2 1 V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; [email protected] (G.I.D.); [email protected] (E.S.G.) 2 “AEROCOSMOS” Research Institute for Aerospace Monitoring, 105064 Moscow, Russia; offi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The article presents the results of microseismic signals of the “voice of the sea” registration by a two-coordinate laser strainmeter during the passage of typhoons through and near the water area of the Sea of Japan. It was established that the “voice of the sea” microseisms appear and disappear almost simultaneously with primary microseisms, i.e., the powerful “voice of the sea” microseisms exist only in the presence of powerful wind waves, generated by a passing typhoon. According to the processing results of the obtained experimental data, the “voice of the sea” microseisms generation area is located in the “sea-land” transition zone, i.e., near and/or in the surf zone. Based on the data of the two-coordinate laser strainmeter, we determined the bearing of the “voice of the sea” microseisms generation area. The movement of this area coincides with the movement of the rear part of tropical cyclones. Keywords: typhoon; wind; wind waves; “voice of the sea” microseisms; primary microseisms; Citation: Dolgikh, G.I.; Chupin, V.A.; bearing; area of microseisms generation Gusev, E.S.; Timoshina, G.A. Cyclonic Process of the “Voice of the Sea” Microseism Generation and Its Remote Monitoring. Remote Sens. 1. Introduction 2021, 13, 3452. https://doi.org/ Tropical cyclones (typhoons) are among the Earth’s catastrophic processes and phe- 10.3390/rs13173452 nomena. Due to the colossal economic damage caused during their passage, from the moment of their inception in tropical regions to their complete decay in northern regions, Academic Editor: Gang Zheng and the frequency of their occurrence, they are among the most catastrophic phenomena of the Earth. Countries, territories, and waters influenced by tropical cyclones require good Received: 28 June 2021 Accepted: 27 August 2021 long-term and short-term forecasts of the origin, development, and decay of typhoons. Due Published: 31 August 2021 to the interest in reducing the potential impact of typhoons through physical processes, thereby decreasing their energy intensity, there is an urgent need to develop remote meth- Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral ods for monitoring the primary and secondary phenomena and processes, oscillations, and with regard to jurisdictional claims in waves in tropical cyclones. This interest is associated with solving a number of problems published maps and institutional affil- to identify the processes and phenomena at different scales in various fields of science, iations. ranging from hydrophysical to biological. The tasks of studying tropical cyclones (typhoons) can be categorized as contact (buoy stations, regional meteorological stations, etc.) and remote methods, associated with satellite monitoring [1]. Paper [2] describes the mechanisms of origin and intensification of dangerous vortex phenomena such as tropical cyclones, and the processes of their Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. electromagnetic interaction with the Earth’s ionosphere. New results were obtained from This article is an open access article the analysis of various experimental data. For example, in [3,4], based on the analysis of distributed under the terms and experimental data on vertical temperature profiles in the region of Hurricane Katrina and conditions of the Creative Commons variations in galactic cosmic ray fluxes, the relationship between temperature changes at Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// the tropopause level and changes in the level of ionization of the atmosphere due to cosmic creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ rays was established. 4.0/). Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173452 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3452 2 of 20 However, these methods are not entirely reliable. Contact methods are prone to large errors due to the limited dynamic range or low sensitivity of the equipment used. Satellite monitoring yields good results when studying the processes taking place in dynamically low-activity media. Typhoons pass mainly through the transition zones of geospheres, which are characterized by abrupt changes in depths, and alternation of islands, seas, and parts of continents, where dynamic processes are extremely violent. In these zones, satellite research methods are subject to large errors and need to be corrected with regard to the results of ground-based observations [5]. Thus, when studying the dynamic processes occurring in these zones, it is necessary to rely on ground-based remote monitoring methods, which can are based on hydrophysical (propagation of disturbances in the aquatic medium) or seismo-acoustic (propagation of disturbances in the oceanic Earth’s crust with access to the crust transition zone) research approaches. Hydrophysical disturbances, arising in the zone of a tropical cyclone’s activity and propagating over considerable distances, include sea surface wind waves or swell waves, and nonlinear units in the form of single waves of various amplitudes, the speed of which can be an order of magnitude higher than the speed of the swell wave. The characteristics of sea waves, such as the amplitude, period, and direction of movement, depend on the wind speed, the duration of its influence on the water area, and the characteristics of the water territory, such as its area and depth. Based on the dispersion characteristics of wind waves emerging from the area of typhoon action, the main energy characteristics of typhoons can be calculated and the bearing taken of the area of the surface wind waves’ generation. Although progressive sea wind waves can be used in the remote hydrophysical method of typhoon monitoring, standing wind waves provide little informative value for hydrophysical monitoring. During their motion, progressive sea wind waves interact with the seabed at shallow depths, starting from depths equal to about half the length of the wind wave, and form primary microseisms, the periods of which correspond to the periods of progressive sea waves [6]. Standing sea waves generate secondary microseisms in the Earth’s crust; their period corresponds to half the period of progressive sea waves [7]. Standing sea wind waves can form in the rear of the cyclone (typhoon), in the shelf areas during reflection of progressive sea waves, and in the rear of islands due to the refractive processes of progressive sea waves. Hasselman [8] made a generalized description of microseism generation. The corresponding disturbances in the atmosphere are called microbaroms [9]; the physical mechanism of their generation is the nonlinear interaction of the fields of sea wind waves, which precisely manifest themselves during the period, when the direction of the impact of air masses on the sea surface changes, and the vortex moves over the water area. Paper [10] showed that microbaroms and secondary microseisms have one source, which originally was considered to be the place with the highest wind speed in the cyclonic vortex, i.e., the central part of the vortex. However, as a result of further studies [11–13], it was found that the place of secondary microseisms and microbaroms origination usually coincides with the rear area of cyclonic formations and is not related to their central area. Paper [14] demonstrated that the speed and direction of typhoon movement at a particular point can be determined, with subsequent derivation of its trajectories. De- termination of the parameters is carried out based on the information obtained about variations in the primary microseism parameters. Simultaneously, the inverse problem can be solved using generalized dispersion equations [15], and nonlinear components and the Doppler effect can be analyzed. Monitoring based on this analysis can be undertaken using seismo-acoustic monitoring methods. However, because the microseisms’ propagation speed is at least an order of magnitude higher than the speed of the surface wind waves, the preferred approach is seismo-acoustic monitoring. In addition, attenuation of micro- seisms is insignificant; therefore, this form of monitoring is possible at almost any planetary distance using modern highly sensitive instruments, for example, laser strainmeters [16]. Development of seismo-acoustic monitoring methods is partially based on information obtained from the zones of formation of the “surf infrasound” in the frequency range from Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3452 3 of 20 1 to 5 Hz, which is formed near sea coasts and associated with interaction of sea wind waves [17,18]. Papers [19,20] show that the appearance of infrasound is associated with the destruction (collapse) of waves in the coastal zone, and its parameters are dependent on the topographic and bathymetric characteristics of this zone. Amplitudes of these oscillations are directly proportional to the amplitudes of ocean wind waves. In the work [21], the authors referred to the infrasound within the range from 1 to 5 Hz as “surf infrasound”, which is generated along a sufficiently long coastline and can propagate to considerable distances from the coast.
Recommended publications
  • The Wind Features Associated with the Multiple Eyewall in Typhoon Bolaven

    The Wind Features Associated with the Multiple Eyewall in Typhoon Bolaven

    The Wind Features associated with the Multiple Eyewall in Typhoon Bolaven Seiji ORIGUCHI, Kazuo SAITO, Hiromu SEKO, Wataru Mashiko and Masaru KUNII Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052, JAPAN E-mail: [email protected] 1. Introduction Typhoon ‘Bolaven’ passed the Okinawa Main Island at about 1200 UTC 26 August 2012, while moving northwestward. The surface observation data at Nago of Okinawa show that the rainfall intensity and surface wind speed in the typhoon’s central regions were smaller and weaker than those of the JMA’s operational forecast. Okinawa Meteorological Observatory held an unprecedented press conference before the approach of typhoon ‘Bolaven’ to take the greatest precautions for the local governments and inhabitants. However, severe damages did not actually occur. The radar images of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) show that the multiple eyewall structures of ‘Bolaven’ were clearly maintained for more than at least 24 hours without eyewall replacements. It is deduced that the structures of multiple eyewall affected the wind velocity and precipitation in the typhoon’s central region. In this study, the multiple eyewall structures and wind features were reproduced by the cloud-resolving ensemble simulation to investigate the relation between them. 2. Experimental settings and Multi-Eye Index A cloud resolving ensemble simulation with a horizontal resolution of 1 km, horizontal grids of 800×800, 60 vertical layers and 11 members was performed up to the forecast time (FT) of 24 hours from the initial time at 1800 UTC 25 August using the JMA nonhydrostatic model. The initial and boundary conditions for the cloud resolving ensemble simulation were taken from a mesoscale ensemble simulation with a horizontal resolution of 5 km.
  • Pulse-To-Pulse Coherent Doppler Measurements of Waves and Turbulence

    Pulse-To-Pulse Coherent Doppler Measurements of Waves and Turbulence

    1580 JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 16 Pulse-to-Pulse Coherent Doppler Measurements of Waves and Turbulence FABRICE VERON AND W. K ENDALL MELVILLE Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (Manuscript received 7 August 1997, in ®nal form 12 September 1998) ABSTRACT This paper presents laboratory and ®eld testing of a pulse-to-pulse coherent acoustic Doppler pro®ler for the measurement of turbulence in the ocean. In the laboratory, velocities and wavenumber spectra collected from Doppler and digital particle image velocimeter measurements compare very well. Turbulent velocities are obtained by identifying and ®ltering out deep water gravity waves in Fourier space and inverting the result. Spectra of the velocity pro®les then reveal the presence of an inertial subrange in the turbulence generated by unsteady breaking waves. In the ®eld, comparison of the pro®ler velocity records with a single-point current measurement is satisfactory. Again wavenumber spectra are directly measured and exhibit an approximate 25/3 slope. It is concluded that the instrument is capable of directly resolving the wavenumber spectral levels in the inertial subrange under breaking waves, and therefore is capable of measuring dissipation and other turbulence parameters in the upper mixed layer or surface-wave zone. 1. Introduction ence on the measurement technique. For example, pro- ®ling instruments have been very successful in mea- The surface-wave zone or upper surface mixed layer suring microstructure at greater depth (Oakey and Elliot of the ocean has received considerable attention in re- 1982; Gregg et al. 1993), but unless the turnaround time cent years.
  • Fire Island—Historical Background

    Fire Island—Historical Background

    Chapter 1 Fire Island—Historical Background Brief Overview of Fire Island History Fire Island has been the location for a wide variety of historical events integral to the development of the Long Island region and the nation. Much of Fire Island’s history remains shrouded in mystery and fable, including the precise date at which the barrier beach island was formed and the origin of the name “Fire Island.” What documentation does exist, however, tells an interesting tale of Fire Island’s progression from “Shells to Hotels,” a phrase coined by one author to describe the island’s evo- lution from an Indian hotbed of wampum production to a major summer resort in the twentieth century.1 Throughout its history Fire Island has contributed to some of the nation’s most important historical episodes, including the development of the whaling industry, piracy, the slave trade, and rumrunning. More recently Fire Island, home to the Fire Island National Seashore, exemplifies the late twentieth-century’s interest in preserving natural resources and making them available for public use. The Name. It is generally believed that Fire Island received its name from the inlet that cuts through the barrier and connects the Great South Bay to the ocean. The name Fire Island Inlet is seen on maps dating from the nineteenth century before it was attributed to the barrier island. On September 15, 1789, Henry Smith of Boston sold a piece of property to several Brookhaven residents through a deed that stated the property ran from “the Head of Long Cove to Huntting
  • The Influence of Groynes of the River Oder on Larval Assemblages Of

    The Influence of Groynes of the River Oder on Larval Assemblages Of

    Hydrobiologia (2018) 819:177–195 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3636-6 PRIMARY RESEARCH PAPER Human impact on large rivers: the influence of groynes of the River Oder on larval assemblages of caddisflies (Trichoptera) Edyta Buczyn´ska . Agnieszka Szlauer-Łukaszewska . Stanisław Czachorowski . Paweł Buczyn´ski Received: 17 June 2017 / Revised: 28 April 2018 / Accepted: 30 April 2018 / Published online: 9 May 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018 Abstract The influence of groynes in large rivers on assemblages. The distribution of Trichoptera was caddisflies has been poorly studied in the literature. governed inter alia by the plant cover and the amount Therefore, we carried out an investigation on the of detritus, and consequently, the food resources. 420-km stretch of the River Oder equipped with Oxygen, nitrates, phosphates and electrolytic conduc- groynes. At 29 stations, we caught caddisflies in four tivity were important as well. Groynes have had habitats: current sites, groyne fields, riverine control positive effects for caddisflies—not only those in the sites without groynes and in the river’s oxbows. We river itself, but also those in its valley. They can found that groyne construction increased species therefore be of significance in river restoration richness, diversity, evenness, and altered the structure (although originally they served other purposes), of functional groups into more diversified and sus- especially with respect to the radically transformed tainable ones compared to the control sites. The ecosystems of large rivers. groyne field fauna is similar to that of natural lentic habitats, but its composition is largely governed by the Keywords Trichoptera Á Species assemblages Á presence of potential colonists in the nearby oxbows.
  • Geochronology and Geomorphology of the Jones

    Geochronology and Geomorphology of the Jones

    Geomorphology 321 (2018) 87–102 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Geochronology and geomorphology of the Jones Point glacial landform in Lower Hudson Valley (New York): Insight into deglaciation processes since the Last Glacial Maximum Yuri Gorokhovich a,⁎, Michelle Nelson b, Timothy Eaton c, Jessica Wolk-Stanley a, Gautam Sen a a Lehman College, City University of New York (CUNY), Department of Earth, Environmental, and Geospatial Sciences, Gillet Hall 315, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA b USU Luminescence Lab, Department of Geology, Utah State University, USA c Queens College, School of Earth and Environmental Science, City University of New York, USA article info abstract Article history: The glacial deposits at Jones Point, located on the western side of the lower Hudson River, New York, were Received 16 May 2018 investigated with geologic, geophysical, remote sensing and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating Received in revised form 8 August 2018 methods to build an interpretation of landform origin, formation and timing. OSL dates on eight samples of quartz Accepted 8 August 2018 sand, seven single-aliquot, and one single-grain of quartz yield an age range of 14–27 ka for the proglacial and Available online 14 August 2018 glaciofluvial deposits at Jones Point. Optical age results suggest that Jones Point deposits largely predate the glacial Lake Albany drainage erosional flood episode in the Hudson River Valley ca. 15–13 ka. Based on this Keywords: fi Glaciofluvial sedimentary data, we conclude that this major erosional event mostly removed valley ll deposits, leaving elevated terraces Landform evolution during deglaciation at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
  • Numerical Simulations of Storm-Surge Inundation Along Innermost Coast of Ariake Sea Based on Past Violent Typhoons

    Numerical Simulations of Storm-Surge Inundation Along Innermost Coast of Ariake Sea Based on Past Violent Typhoons

    Numerical Simulations of Storm-Surge Inundation Along Innermost Coast of Ariake Sea Based on Past Violent Typhoons Paper: Numerical Simulations of Storm-Surge Inundation Along Innermost Coast of Ariake Sea Based on Past Violent Typhoons Noriaki Hashimoto∗, Masaki Yokota∗∗,†, Masaru Yamashiro∗, Yukihiro Kinashi∗∗∗, Yoshihiko Ide∗, and Mitsuyoshi Kodama∗ ∗Kyushu University 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan ∗∗Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan †Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] ∗∗∗CTI Engineering Co.,Ltd, Fukuoka, Japan [Received April 25, 2016; accepted September 2, 2016] The Ariake Sea has Japan’s largest tidal range – up Haiyan, which hit the Philippines in 2013. These events to six meters. Given previous Ariake Sea disasters caused large-scale disasters costing many lives and forc- caused by storm surges and high waves, it is con- ing large-scale evacuations. Storm-surge disasters in Ko- sidered highly likely that the bay’s innermost coast rea, such as Typhoon Maemi in 2003 and Typhoon Sanba will be damaged by typhoon-triggered storm surges. in 2012, also caused considerable damage. Concern with increased storm-surge-related disasters After Typhoon Vera – known as the Ise Bay Typhoon is associated with rising sea levels and increasing ty- in Japan – struck Japan in 1959, coastal and river lev- phoon intensity due to global warming. As increas- ees and other appropriate defensive structures were devel- ingly more potentially disastrous typhoons cross the oped. Since then, no human casualties related to storm- area, preventing coastal disasters has become increas- surge disasters have been reported in Japan, except during ingly important.
  • Basic Data Construction for a Typhoon Disaster Prevention Model : Monthly Characteristics of Typhoon Rusa, Maemi, Kompasu, and Bolaven

    Basic Data Construction for a Typhoon Disaster Prevention Model : Monthly Characteristics of Typhoon Rusa, Maemi, Kompasu, and Bolaven

    AAS02-P10 Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2019 Basic Data Construction for a Typhoon Disaster Prevention Model : Monthly Characteristics of Typhoon Rusa, Maemi, Kompasu, and Bolaven *HANA NA1, Woo-Sik Jung1 1. Department of Atmospheric Environment Information Engineering, Atmospheric Environment Information Research Center, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea According to a typhoon report that summarized the typhoons that had affected the Korean Peninsula for approximately 100 years since the start of weather observation in the Korean Peninsula, the number of typhoons that affected the Korean Peninsula was the highest in August, followed by July, and September. A study that analyzed the period between 1953 and 2003 revealed that the number of typhoons that affected the Korean Peninsula was 62 in August, 49 in July, and 45 in September. As shown, previous studies that analyzed the typhoons that affected the Korean Peninsula by month were primarily focused on the impact frequency. This study aims to estimate the monthly impact frequency of the typhoons that affected the Korean Peninsula as well as the maximum wind speed that accompanied the typhoons. It also aims to construct the basic data of a typhoon disaster prevention model by estimating the maximum wind speed during typhoon period using Typhoon Rusa that resulted in the highest property damage, Typhoon Maemi that recorded the maximum wind speed, Typhoon Kompasu that significantly affected the Seoul metropolitan area, and Typhoon Bolaven that recently recorded severe damages. A typhoon disaster prevention model was used to estimate the maximum wind speed of the 3-second gust that may occur, and the 700 hPa wind speed estimated through WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) numerical simulation was used as input data.
  • North-Coast of Texel: a Comparison Between Reality and Prediction

    North-Coast of Texel: a Comparison Between Reality and Prediction

    North-Coast of Texel: A Comparison between Reality and Prediction Rob Steijn1 Dano Roelvink2 Jan Ribberink4 Jan van Overeem1 Abstract For an efficient protection of the north coast of the Dutch Waddensea island Texel, a long dam was constructed in 1995. The position of this dam is on the southern swash platform of the ebb tidal delta of the Eijerlandse Gat: the tidal inlet between the two Waddensea islands Texel and Vlieland. The long dam changed the hydro-morpho- logical conditions in this tidal inlet. The changes in the inlet's morphology have been monitored through regular bathymetry surveys. This paper describes some of the most remarkable changes that occurred in the inlet after the construction of the long dam. The impact of the long dam on the inlet's morphology and the adjacent shoreline stability has been examined with the use of a medium-term morphodynamic model. From a comparison between the observed and predicted morphological changes it followed that the model was able to simulate the large scale morphological response of the inlet system. However, on a smaller scale there were still important discrepan- cies between the observations and the predictions. Introduction The Dutch Government decided in 1990 to maintain the coastline at its 1990-position by means of artificial sand nourishments. However, at certain coastal sections, where nourishments appear to be less effective, alternative coastal protection methods could be considered. The north-coast of Texel (Figure 1) appeared to be such a coastal section. Over a distance of some 6 km, the north-coast of Texel has lost in the last decades on average about 0.5 million m3 sand per year.
  • Research Article Application of Buoy Observations in Determining Characteristics of Several Typhoons Passing the East China Sea in August 2012

    Research Article Application of Buoy Observations in Determining Characteristics of Several Typhoons Passing the East China Sea in August 2012

    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Meteorology Volume 2013, Article ID 357497, 6 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/357497 Research Article Application of Buoy Observations in Determining Characteristics of Several Typhoons Passing the East China Sea in August 2012 Ningli Huang,1 Zheqing Fang,2 and Fei Liu1 1 Shanghai Marine Meteorological Center, Shanghai, China 2 Department of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China Correspondence should be addressed to Zheqing Fang; [email protected] Received 27 February 2013; Revised 5 May 2013; Accepted 21 May 2013 Academic Editor: Lian Xie Copyright © 2013 Ningli Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The buoy observation network in the East China Sea is used to assist the determination of the characteristics of tropical cyclone structure in August 2012. When super typhoon “Haikui” made landfall in northern Zhejiang province, it passed over three buoys, the East China Sea Buoy, the Sea Reef Buoy, and the Channel Buoy, which were located within the radii of the 13.9 m/s winds, 24.5 m/s winds, and 24.5 m/s winds, respectively. These buoy observations verified the accuracy of typhoon intensity determined by China Meteorological Administration (CMA). The East China Sea Buoy had closely observed typhoons “Bolaven” and “Tembin,” which provided real-time guidance for forecasters to better understand the typhoon structure and were also used to quantify the air-sea interface heat exchange during the passage of the storm.
  • Identification of Climate Change Adaptation Best Practices in the Waste Management Sector ______

    Identification of Climate Change Adaptation Best Practices in the Waste Management Sector ______

    Identification of climate change adaptation Best Practices in the Waste Management Sector ___________________________________________ Disaster Waste Management Best practices FINAL REPORT – SEPTEMBER 4TH , 2013 IDENTIFICATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION BEST PRACTICES IN THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR PART I REVISIONS VERSION DATE COMMENTS AUTHOR : CHECKED Final document incl. 2 02/09/2013 MLL ThM comments from client 1 19/08/2013 Final document MLL & JW ThM 0 09/08/2013 Draft document part I MLL & JW ThM This document is submitted by Pöyry France – Pöyry France becomes Naldeo Contact : Thierry Martin Manager International Department Naldeo France Phone + 33.4.91.13.97.56 Mobile + 33.6.82.56.92.94 55 rue de la Villette 69425 Lyon cedex 03 - France E-mail : [email protected] Page 2 NALDEO- PÖYRY 2013 IDENTIFICATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION BEST PRACTICES IN THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR PART I CONTENTS PART I 1 IDENTIFICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC AREAS AFFECTED BY DESTRUCTIVE EVENTS LINKED TO CLIMATE CHANGE ................................................................................................................ 11 1.1 Effects of climat change .............................................................................................................. 11 1.1.1 Effects of climate change in the Pacific Region .....................................................................................................................11 1.1.2 Affected geographic areas ......................................................................................................................................................13
  • Marine Environment Quality Assessment of the Skagerrak - Kattegat

    Marine Environment Quality Assessment of the Skagerrak - Kattegat

    Journal ol Sea Research 35 (1-3):1-8 (1996) MARINE ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE SKAGERRAK - KATTEGAT RUTGER ROSENBERG1, INGEVRN CATO2, LARS FÖRLIN3, KJELL GRIP4 ANd JOHAN RODHEs 1Göteborg university, Kristineberg Marine Research Station, 5-450 34 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden 2Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, 5-751 28 Llppsala, Sweden 3cöteborg university, Department of Zoophysiology, Medicinaregatan 18, S-413 90 Göteborg, Sweden aSwedish Environment Protection Agency, S-106 48 Stockholm, Sweden ,Göteborg lJniversity, Department of Oceanography, Earth Science Centre, 5413 81 Göteborg, Sweden ABSTRACT This quality assessment of the Skagerrak-Kattegat is mainly based on recent results obtained within the framework ol the Swedish multidisciplinaiy research projekt 'Large'scale environmental effects and ecological processes in the Skagerrak-Kattegat'completed with relevant data from other research publications. The results show that the North Sea has a significant impact on the marine ecosystem in the Skagerrak and the northern Kattegat. Among environmental changes recently documented for some of these areas are: increased nutrient concentrations, increased occurrence of fast-growing fila- mentous algae in coastal areas affecting nursery and feeding conditions lor fish, declining bottom water oxygen concentrations with negative effects on benthic fauna, and sediment toxicity to inverte brates also causing physiological responses in fish. lt is concluded that, due to eutrophication and toxic substances, large-scale environmental changes and effects occur in the Skagerrak-Kattegat area. Key words: eutrophication, contaminants, nutrients, oxygen concentrations, toxicity, benthos, fish l.INTRODUCTION direction. This water constitutes the bulk of the water in the Skagerrak. A weaker inflow from the southern The Kattegat and the Skagerrak (Fig.
  • Prediction of Typhoon-Induced Flood Flows at Ungauged Catchments Using Simple Regression and Generalized Estimating Equation Approaches

    Prediction of Typhoon-Induced Flood Flows at Ungauged Catchments Using Simple Regression and Generalized Estimating Equation Approaches

    water Article Prediction of Typhoon-Induced Flood Flows at Ungauged Catchments Using Simple Regression and Generalized Estimating Equation Approaches Hyosang Lee 1, Neil McIntyre 2 ID , Joungyoun Kim 3 ID , Sunggu Kim 1 and Hojin Lee 1,* 1 School of Civil Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (S.K.) 2 Centre for Water in the Minerals Industry, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; [email protected] 3 Department of Information & Statistics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-43-261-2379 Received: 29 March 2018; Accepted: 14 May 2018; Published: 16 May 2018 Abstract: Typhoons are the main type of natural disaster in Korea, and accurately predicting typhoon-induced flood flows at gauged and ungauged locations remains an important challenge. Flood flows caused by six typhoons since 2002 (typhoons Rusa, Maemi, Nari, Dienmu, Kompasu and Bolaven) are modeled at the outlets of 24 Geum River catchments using the Probability Distributed Moisture model. The Monte Carlo Analysis Toolbox is applied with the Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency as the criterion for model parameter estimation. Linear regression relationships between the parameters of the Probability Distributed Moisture model and catchment characteristics are developed for the purpose of generalizing the parameter estimates to ungauged locations. These generalized parameter estimates are tested in terms of ability to predict the flood hydrographs over the 24 catchments using a leave-one-out validation approach. We then test the hypothesis that a more complex generalization approach, the Generalized Estimating Equation, which includes properties of the typhoons as well as catchment characteristics as predictors of PDM model parameters, will provide more accurate predictions.