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Article Author: Mallari, Joel Article E:xcr1ar1ge Article Title: Documenting Philippine pre-Hispanic scripts: the case of the Kapamangan Baybayin
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Joel Pabustan Mallari
Ancient Philippine Scripts and Alibata
Upon the arrival of the Spaniards in the Philippines, most of the people I were already capable of reading and writing: Pedro Chirino (1604) notes in his Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, " ... there is scarcely anybody who cannot read and write in letters proper to the island of Manila." It can be presumed that their literacy is relatively based on the use of their own native scripts and language. The ancient "letters" or scripts were even mistakenly called for the longest time in history as "alibata" from an Arabic term / alef/, /ba/, and /ta/. It was during the time of Antonio de Morga (1904) that he thought these characters had great similar ity with those of the Arabic alphabet. In the course of history the likes of Paul Verzosaa and Pardo de Tavera propagated this term without scrutinizing much of the contextual background of these old Philippine scripts (see more Morrow 2002; also refer to Appendix A). Thus the word "alibata" is not the right term for the ancient scripts. At present these almost fossilized scripts are now labekd as bqybqyin, bulitan, busung-kulit, pamisulatmap etc. as suggested by recent research studies (see Pangilinan 2003, Hilario 1920) and the phonetical use of characters of these old scripts is similar to what is happening among the tribes of 1\fangyans in Mindoro (Morrow 2005; see also Conklin 1949).
Baybayin, Kulitan
The terms bqybqy and bqybqyin actually refer to the ancient syllabary system of writing and spelling as Jose Villa Panganiban (1972) defined by his dictionary work. Early Spanish accounts usually called the bqybqyin "Tagalog letters" or "Ta galog writing" and the Visayans called it "Moro writing" because it was imported from Manila, which was one of the ports of the Philippine Islands where many products from Muslim traders entered." (Morrow 2002). The Bikolanos called the script basahanand the letters,guhitwhile equally notable to mention is an old entry mentioned in Fray Diego Bergaiios (1860) dictionary listed as followsh "C/llf!, fine points in Pampango handwriting. Magculit, to learn reading its characters ... Pagculitan, a little book of exercises in Pampango spelling". This was also confirmed
105 ALAYA No. 4 (December 2006)
by Fr. Alvaro De Benavente (1699), saying that "the Kapampangan language uses the Malay characters which are common to all in this archipelago and which in
Pampanga they refer to as cu/it ... " c These are most likely the base entries used by Michael Pangilinan and Edwin Camaya in naming and reconstructing the old Kapampangan script which they assigned as kulitan (or bqybqyin) (see Pangilinan 2002). Traditional Kapampangan use of the above mentioned entries generally bear the same meaning and also specifically refer to syllable and line (like geometrical or simple lines) respectively. Gu/is is the equivalent of the Tagalogguhit, while cu/it is Bikolanos guhitas well. Kapampangan kulit [culi~, Bikolanos guhitand the hqybqy equally represents the now known Philippine titik, the letter or character of the Roman alphabet or abakada (see Panganiban 1972). To date, the terms bqybqyin and kulitan are among the most commonly used terms by scholars of Philippine palaeography like that of the Kapampangan (Pangilinan 2002; Mallari 2006) and another is the assigned term anas (Hilario 1962).
As currently perceived, several of the writing systems of Southeast Asia descended from ancient scripts used in India over 2000 years ago while the shapes of the bqybqyin characters bear a slight resemblance to the ancient Kavi script of Java, Indonesia, which fell into disuse in the 1400s (Scott 1984; Morrow 2002). One good example is the 1O'h century Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) artifact. This artifact, which is the oldest existing historical document, is said to be written in Kavid (see Postma 1992). Hector Santos (1996a) comments that "the text was in a language similar to four languages (Sanskrit, Old Tagalog, Old Javanese, and Old Malay) mixed together", although the basis of which was not scientifically elaborated, like in referring to the so called Old Tagalog. Compara tively speaking, this LCI text transcription has a lot of similarity to 16'h century Kapampangan vocabularies (Coronel 1621, De Benavente 1699; Bergafio 1860, 1729) at least. However, as mentioned earlier among Spanish accounts, the advent of the bqyhqyin in the Philippines was considered a fairly recent event in the 16th century and the Filipinos at that time believed that their bqybqyin came from Bor neo (Morrow 2002), like the so called Malay origin of the Bisayan (Alcina 1962) and Kapampangan (see De Benavente 1699). Paul Morrow (2002) suggests that these scripts probably arrived in Luzon sometime around 13'" or 14'" centurr
Baybayin literature
The bqybqyin had already arrived in the Visayas by 156 7 when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reported that, "They [the Visayans] have their letters and characters
106 MALLARI DOCUMENTING PHILIPPINE PRE-HISPANIC SCRIPTS t "the Kapampangan language uses like those of the Malays, from whom they learned them." (San Agustin 1998a). Lil in this archipelago and which in Then, a century later Francisco Alcina (1962) wrote that the characters "have been e most likely the base entries used in use for a few years in these parts, an art which was communicated to them naming and reconstructing the old from the Tagalogs, and the latter learned it from the Borneans who came from le,u/itan (or bqybqyin) (see Pangilinan the great island of Borneo to Manila, with whom they have considerable traffic ... :we mentioned entries generally bear From these Borneans the Tagalogs learned their characters, and from them the :> syllable and line (like geometrical Visayans, so they call them Moro characters or letters because the Moros taught lent of the Tagalogguhit, while cu/it them ... [the Visayans] learned [the Moros] letters, which many use today, and the culi~, Bikolanos guhitand the bqybqy women much more than the men, which they write and read more readily than titik, the letter or character of the the latter." The same remark was also made by De Benavente (1699), noting that 1972). To date, the terms bqybqyin the "Kapampangan language uses the Malay characters". ed terms by scholars of Philippine All early Spanish reports agreed that pre-Hispanic Filipino literature was mainly :Pangilinan 2002; Mallari 2006) and oral rather than written (Morrow 2002). Legazpi's account of 1567, went on to 2). say: "They have their letters and characters. .. but never is any ancient writing writing systems of Southeast Asia found among them nor word of their origin and arrival in these islands; their ver 2000 years ago while the shapes customs and rites being preserved by traditions handed down from father to son lance to the ancient Kavi script of without any other record" (San Agustin 1998b) 1400s (Scott 1984; Morrow 2002). na Copperplate Inscription (LCI) Among the manuscripts in Charles R. Boxers collection, known as the Boxer :ing historical document, is said to Codex, (1590), reported that: or Santos (1996a) comments that ~ages (Sanskrit, Old Tagalog, Old "They have neither books nor histories nor do they write anything of hough the basis of which was not length but only letters and reminders to one another... [And lovers] carry written ~ so called Old Tagalog. Compara charms with them" (Quirino and Garcia 1958; Scott 1994) : a lot of similarity to 16'h century le Benavente 1699; Bergaiio 1860, To date, only the Tagbanua of Palawan and two tribes of Mangyans the Mangyan nong Spanish accounts, the advent Bukid [Bu 'id or Buia1 and Latag [ Hanunoo to Conklin 1949] (Francisco 1973) in ed a fairly recent event in the 16th Mindoro still write in their own native scripts except for some of the scholars of that their bqybqyin came from Bor Philippine paleography. These tribes composed various forms of poetry using rigin of the Bisayan (Alcina 1962) their own native scripts. In some cases, ancient Filipinos adorned the entrances Paul Morrow (2002) suggests that of their homes with incantations written on bamboo so as to keep out evil spirits [me around 13'h or 14'h century. (Morrow 2002). In Minalin, Pampanga, an old wood from a demolished truss member of the centuries old Sta. Monica church was found to have such incision of bqybqyin (fig. 1.0).
'isayas by 1567 when Miguel LOpez ;] have their letters and characters
107 ALAYA No. 4 (December 2006)
Figure 1.0 Minalin Wood Inscription
1o This fragment is one of the few rem nants left and is now kept inside the museum of the said church's convent. One of the surface ends of this wood contains a very brief incision of old scripts. The old scripts resemble much of the old Kapampangan and Samba! scripts recorded in the Estudio delos An tiguos Alfabetos Filipinos. The scripts may suggest a technical label of a carpenter's plan of construction, or it may have been a part of marking the type of timber being classified.
On the other hand, there are at least four widely recognized artifacts that are evidence of early "Filipino writing" - the silver paleograph and ivory seal found in Butuan, the earthenware pot from Calatagan, Batangas and the most significant of all, the LCI artifact from Laguna de Bay dated 900 A.D (Postma 1992; Santos 1996a; Francisco 1973). Although all of the above-mentioned ar tifacts having ancient evidence of Philippine pre-Hispanic writings, do not have secured archaeological context (Bautista 2007).
During the Spanish Period, Filipinos started to write on paper. They kept records of their property and their financial transactions, and Fr. Marcelo de Rib adeneira said in his 1601 Historia de las isles de/ archipiilago Filipina .. that the early Filipino Christians made little notebooks in which they wrote, "in their characters or letters" the lessons they were taught in church (Scott 1994). This is the same with what Fr. Diego Bergaiio (1860) recorded as the pagculitan, "a little book of exercises in Pampango spelling ... "
To take advantage of the native~ literacy, religious authorities published several books containing bqybqyin text. The first of these was theDoctrina Christiana, en lengua espanola y tagala printed in 1593. The Tagalog text was based mainly on a manuscript written by Fr. Juan de Placencia (1903, 1975).
108 MALLARI DOCUMENTING PHILIPPINE PRE-HISPANIC SCRIPTS
Baybayin styles and variations 'tion In Pampanga, there are at least three sets of old Kapampangan scripts recorded during the Spanish colonial period. Copies of these can be found in the lo book of Cipriano Marcilla (1895), theEstudio delos Antiguos A!fabetos Filipinos, like the copies made by Fray Alvaro de Benavente (1699), Alfred March (1887) and Sinibaldo De Mas (1843 and 1863) (fable 1.0).
Table 1.0 _..,_.,...., __ ••• 'f 'u' ·~1 'r' 'b' 'o' 'le' ·r ·n• 'm' 'p' 'f .,. 'ng' a..-11(111118) __,, 7} 1f \.J Z: 0 O= T1'?fi~3 )nJ .... --· VV'v J 0 n .::;. T ff'. -rf ~ i, 3 rv DtMll --· )./11 ?' ~ on-=-r 1tfv~3 fr.! r widely recognized artifacts that o.u.--· l!Y" v t; o ''"= r j' 'dv ~ 3f.J _,,___ "°"*_RlplllOtllJ~--llJ~-O-MICllllllotG-•211111 silver paleograph and ivory seal 1latagan, Batangas and the most de Bay dated 900 A.D (Postma all of the above-mentioned ar All sets are composed of 14 characters (see also De Benavente 1699) e-Hispanic writings, do not have which are variously classified by present palaeography scholars. Three of these characters are assigned as siuala, the vowel equivalents for /a/, /i/, and /u/ ac cording to Pangilinan (2002), which Zoilo Hilario (1962) refers to as kakatni and on paper. They kept :ted to write the remaining forms as mikikatni (Hilario 1962). Fr. Alvaro De Benavente$ (1699) 1sactions, and Fr. Marcelo de Rib Arley Vocabulario De Lengua Pampanga made a notable comment about these ancient rchipielago Filipino. .. that the early characters as follows, :h they wrote, "in their characters :h (Scott 1994). This is the same "The Kapampangan language has fourteen characters and, al s the pagculitan, "a little book of though it is hard to read them, this must not be looked at as a defect, but rather as a creative contribution of the one who recorded them and ex plained them, because, without adding anything to them, one can write and y; religious authorities published read them perfectly well, as affirmed and rightly affirmed by Our Father f these was theDoctrina Christiana, Friar Alonso de Mentrida in his Visayan Grammar, where he attributes 5alog text was based mainly on a the recording, explaining and propagating of this native system of writing )3, 1975). to Father Friar Francisco Lopez, author of the Ilocano Grammar... "c
109 ALAYA No. 4 (December 2006) 11'
On the other hand, Paul Morrow (2005) made a good compilation and significant comments about these various bqybqyin of the Philippines. He pre sented a comparative chart summarizing some of the bqybqyin forms based from available sourcesf (refer to Appendix B).
Paul Morrow (2005) cited the two sources for the Kapampangan samples. One from Bergaii.os 1732 edition of the Bocabulario printed in 1860. According to him (Morrow 2005) the first sample set is from the Angeles University Foundation papers on Kapampangan Linguisticsg. Although as to the present knowledge of the author no available chart or any documented data regarding this old character is found on the Bergaii.o (1860) document. The second set is from the reproduc tion of Sinibaldo de Mas' chart in William Henry Scotts 1994Barangqy, Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. To date, a recently translated version of Fray Alvaro De Benaventes (1699) Arte Y Vocabulario De Lengua Pampanga, provided good samples of Kapampangan old calligraphy of the (table 3.0).
Table 2.0 The Kapampangan characters and their Romanized system equivalents (After De Benavente 1699)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 VO - a b c/q d/r e/i g m n
10 11 12 13 14
n o/u p s t
110 MALLARI DOCUMENTING PHILIPPINE PRE-HISPANIC SCRIPTS
v (2005) made a good compilation and Methods, materials and technique of writing ls bqybqyin of the Philippines. He pre some of the bqybqyin forms based from In China and Japan, calligraphy has for many centuries been a highly respected art form, and is considered at par with painting. That is, the same soft brush and ink, and the same light and swift technique that are used in Orien sources for the Kapampangan samples. tal painting are also used for calligraphy. A fine piece of calligraphy would be ~ocabulario printed in 1860. According to admired in the same way as a paintingh. This is not an alien art form to early :rom the Angeles University Foundation Kapampangans, since they even knew a particular Chinese brush the pa/is sanglry, though as to the present knowledge of which is clearly described as "a small pointed brush used in making little dots on 1ented data regarding this old character a dish or platter ... " as Bergafio (1860) noted. He adds that a ''gulis, " is a "line, mark ... to make strokes, like a painter, embroiderer, and writer ... " It is in this t. The second set is from the reproduc- fact that several archaeologically recovered Chinese ceramics in Pampanga bear 1 Henry Scotts 1994 Barangqy, Sixteenth e, a recently translated version of Fray examples of ancient calligraphy such as those found in Porac (see Beyer 1949; <:abulario De Lengua Pampanga, provided Fox 1960a and 1960b ... ) and Candaba (Mallari 2002) which probably represent 5raphy of the (table 3.0). identification information like dynasty or reign marks, and or kiln sites and might have influenced the manner and or style of writing of early Kapampangans. 2.0 eir Romanized system equivalents William Marsden (1966) generally noted that the early people of Luzon vente 1699) "used to write from top to bottom, till the Spaniards changed it from left to right ... " While Fray Diego Bergafio (1860) mentions several hints about this vertical writing direction of Kapampangan calligraphy from examples like ''La/am, 5 6 7 8 9 under, opposite of above ... Y lalamo queyang susulat mo. Place it below what you are writing ... "and; 'Tumbalic, to put something in reverse, that is, what usually is atop is placed belO\~ like the penmanship going upwards ... " Bergafios example suggest an opposite direction to what Marsden (1966) noted but agree to the ver /i g m n tical flow of writing. Discussion on whether the writing is vertical or horizontal, left to right or vice versa was also noted by Marcilla (1895). On the other hand, Paul Morrow (2005) significantly comments that 13 14 "some observers were mistaken to believe that the bqybqyin should I be read vertically from bottom to top in columns progressing from left to right because that was how the ancient Filipinos carved their letters I
into narrow bamboo strips. However, it was simply a matter of safety ii,j s that when they used a sharp instrument to carve, they held the bamboo l pointing outward and they carved away from their bodies, just as modern Mangyans do today. This gave the appearance that they were writing from I the bottom upward. However, this did not necessarily mean that the text was supposed to be read that way too."
111 ALAYA No. 4 (December 2006)
Even Dr. Luciano Santiago (Pangilinan 2002) also suggests the vertical ar rangement of these ancient characters. Besides, Morrow (2005) further comments that "although the ancient people of the Philippines did not seem to mind which way they read their writing, the clue to the proper orientation of the text was the kudlits, or diacritical marks that alter the vowel sound of the letters". Kudlit is the Kapampangangar/it(Panganiban 1972) which also refers to the tudlik (apostrophe mark) or tuldik (Bikolano, Kapampangan and Tagalog term for accent) (see more of Panganiban 1972). In syllabic scripts like Kavi, Bugis and others closely related to the bqybqyin, the text was read from left to right and the said diacritical marks were placed above and below the characters (i/ e was above and u/ o was below) (Morrow 2005). Moreover, while the ancient Filipinos carved the bqybqyin on the bamboo strips, they placed the diacritical marks to the left of the letter for the i/ e vowel and to the right for the u/ o vowels (Morrow 2005). Thus, when the finished inscription was turned clockwise to the horizontal position since the writing material is usually composed of a piece of bamboo or bark as in the case of the Mangyan writers, the text relatively runs from left to right and the marks would be their proper places, i/ e above and u/ o below as what Morrow (2005) noticed (see also Conklin 1949). The positioning of these marks is similar to what De Benavente (1699) documented as follows:
"In these and in similar ones, if there are more, the u only points out that the a does not form a diphthong with the last o, and our system of writing is the same as that of Pampanga in this regard, because in this dalao which is a diphthong is written this way l::. V, while l:..Y in tauo, which is not, is written with a dot at the bottom, which is a mark of u. Similar!;; palqy, which is a diphthong, is written this way VTV, while pulqyi, which is not, is written with the dot of i on top, VTV' which is a mark of another i ... ,,;
The method of adding dots as diacritics is the same with the research findings done recently by Michael Pangilinan (2002) (tables 4.1 and 4.2). The use of dots as diacritics also confirms the definitions recorded by Panganiban as kudlit, gar/it, tudlik and tuldik. Personal exploration of these arguments also favors the vertical arrangement of writing these old scripts like the Kapampangan bqybC!yin based from the following observations:
112 ------
MALLARI DOCUMENTING PHILIPPINE PRE-HISPANIC SCRIPTS
a. The use of diacritics in expressing various vowel base sounds Ln 2002) also suggests the vertical ar according to De Benavente (1699) and Pangilinan (2002) documents, read :s, Morrow (2005) further comments ing may somewhat become hard when the bqybqy or kulit characters are to ~ppines did not seem to mind which be written in horizontal order. Although in the earlier, syllabic scripts like oper orientation of the text was the Kavi, Bugis and others closely related to the bqybqyin, the text was read ~1 sound of the letters". Kudlit is the from left to right and the said diacritical marks were also placed above t also refers to the tudlik (apostrophe and below the characters (see Morrow 2005; see also Pangilinan 2004 for l Tagalog term for accent) (see more the discussion of diacritics used to Romanized Kapampangan). Cavi, Bugis and others closely related > right and the said diacritical marks b. The consideration of dipthongs also complicates the syllabic (i/ e was above and u/ o was below) character spelling. Like the diacritics, the addition of another singular Filipinos carved the bqybqyin on the bqybqy or kulit form to another, the horizontal arrangement may project arks to the left of the letter for the "oneness" of syllabication per horizontal line written, thus making the ~ls (Morrow 2005). Thus, when the whole horizontal line projected to be read as one syllabicated form. Al o the horizontal position since the though in De Benaventels (1699) example, per word examples are written :ce of bamboo or bark as in the case in one horizontal line. uns from left to right and the marks I u/ o below as what Morrow (2005) Since the bqybqyin is a syllabic writing system, which means that each letter ioning of these marks is similar to is represented by syllables instead of just a basic monosyllabic sound as in the C)llows: modern alphabet (see De Benavente 1699; and Morrow 2005). Thus the writing of every syllabicated character is presumably represented not only by singular bqybqy , if there are more, the u only points or kulit character forms but also represented by various combinations of these hong with the last o, and our system character forms and diacritics which consequently require individual spaces just 1panga in this regard, because in this like what is being done among "grouping" of the Chinese, Korean and Japanese characters when written. t this way ~ 1', while l:..J} in tauo, t the bottom, which is a mark of u. Thus it can be presumed that the general arrangement of writing is verti ;, is written this way V"'TV, while cally rendered. This is common to most of the native Philippine scripts which ie dot of i on top, VTV' which is is what is still practiced by the Tagbanuas and Mangyans (c£ fig. 2.0) . It is very similar to the present writing system of most oriental countries like China, Korea l and Japan, and that of the Indian and other Islamic calligraphy of Asia in gen :ritics is the same with the research eral. I Figure 2.0 1 (2002) (tables 4.1 and 4.2). The use 10'h century ~ ions recorded by Panganiban as kudlit, l Laguna of these arguments also favors the I Copperplate I ripts like the Kapampangan bqybqyin Inscription
113 11
ALAYA No. 4 (December 2006)
Table 3.1 Reconstructed set of Kapampangan Baybayin after De Benavente (1699) Marcilla (1895) and Pangilinan (2002) rendered using C-speedball pen
Vowels Consonants bilabial dental/ palatal velar alveolar
kambal siualll mikukuiuga siualii ibat dalan ibat ibat ak- Iabf iP,an mulan a; a si~rilfe a1 a pa k~§/r~ii ta ga w w ef 1f ~ 2., n i; i o [au] i ma la na ka ~ ti? y b' T /1) - u; ft u --dalan ati ti up sasalitsit arung v nga ~ ba sa J )"' ginulis~ la<>g gamil ing 0 30· peng9diking nongC• ._-1*1
Table 3.2 Reconstructed method on how to use the Kapampangan Baybayin after De Be navente (1699), Marcilla (1895) and Pangilinan (2002) with their respective syllabic sound equivalent rendered using chiseled graphite pencil
T ltt/ TT 11111 " T 1/1 IW (dlpllong: 1111/ or Aayl) TV"' Ila-II or 118-yl/ TV"'T""' • • T NI TT WM
Tli Ito/ (dlpllong: /tau/ or llllwl) Tli /fa.vi (or lla-uoll TliT ftol/ • or lla-wu/ (or~
T flu/ TT lluU • •
114 MALLARI DOCUMENTING PHILIPPINE PRE-HISPANIC SCRIPTS
The pre-Hispanic people of this archipelago wrote on many different materials; leaves, palm fronds, tree bark and fruit rinds, but the most common
~r De Benavente (1699) Marcilla material was bamboo (Morrow 2005; Conklin 1949). Points of daggers or small using C-speedball pen pieces of iron are the writing tools orpm!Julat (Bergafio 1860), the Tagalogpanulat (Morrow 2005). Among the Boxer Codex manuscripts there is an anonymous onants report from 1590 that described their method of writing (Morrow 2005), which >ial dental/ palatal velar is still used today by the Tagbanua of Palawan and two tribes of Mangyans in alveolar Mindoro. They do not write with ink, but with some scribers with which they cut ' dalan ibat ibat ak- the surface and bark of the bamboo, and make the letters (Quirino and Garcia ~ iP,an mulan 1958). Once the letters are carved into the bamboo, it is wiped with ash to make kazf/r~a ta ga .. the characters stand out. Sharpened splits of bamboo are used with colored - t., 2-, n plant saps to write on more delicate materials like leaves (Morrow 2005). When the Spaniards arrived, the Filipinos adopted the use of paper, pen and ink. The ' la na ka - IT) - inked pen is called in Kapampangan as quilce [dipth: quilcqy] and is mapad susulat T (so inclined to write) according to Bergafio (1860). He even mentioned the uneasy --dalan use of thequilce by the Kapampangansi. Apparently, these early quilce users are still tp sasalitsit tirung nga acquainted with the supposed hard application of the old metalpai[yulat. In fact sa the arrangement of letters and the manner the diacritics are obviously rendered ~ problematic in the printing of the first local paper book Doctrina Cristiana in 1593, J ~ since the supposed vertical arrangement of old Tagalogbqybqyin was written hori zontally. Thus even the indigenization of new technology like printing which was introduced during the Spanish Period was unreadily and unconciuosly absorbed through and through redefining even the local glossaries like maglimbagan, which npangan Baybayin after De Be- is "to write in blocks, like gothic letters/ characters" (Bergafio 1860) used among 02) with their respective syllabic the early Augustinian printing presses such as the one bought in Japan in 1614 seled graphite pencil (or earlier) (see Hernandez 1998, 2006).
Future research prospects and problems
To date, it is very apparent that there is a dearth of documents and study of Philippine palaeography. More research has to be done in order to understand better the present arguments based from these few available documents. In fact several artifacts that bear undeciphered ancient scripts found in the Philippines still complicate even the general understanding of bqybqyin scripts. Examples of these include the Calatagan Pot, LCI, and the Minalin wood inscription, to name a few. The case of the old scripts incised around the shoulder of the Calatagan Pot, said to exist between 14'h to 15'h (Fox 1959; Francisco 1973; Santos 1996b) bearing Bikolano, Ilokano, Kapampangan and Tagalog types during the period
115 ALAYA No. 4 (December 2006) when many of these languages have not yet been fully differentiated prove fur ther insufficient studies. In fact, the Calatagan Pot was once again scientifically dated and produced an even much earlier date (see E. Dizon 2004) which means that the scripts are much older than what they were previously thought 0£ The 10'h century LCI document, which was already deciphered was said to be writ ten in Kavi. This was also said to be similar to the "mixture" of old South and Southeast Asian scripts at that time. The case of the undeciphered Minalin wood inscription also suggests another need to decipher the ancient scripts. The dawn of the bqybqyin in the Philippines was considered a fairly recent event in the 16th century and that these scripts probably arrived in Luzon sometime around 13'h or 14'h century as what Morrow (2005) suggests. Thus, a question of history and palaeographical evolution of these scripts remain a big problem to seek.
Moreover, the interchangeable use and representations of bqybqyin char acters also complicate the history and context of study. Such notable examples is the preciseness of vowel sound equivalents that may define the exclusivity of the use of /i/ with/ e/ for Yand /u/ with/ o/ for V. It is in this concern where the proper use of each vowel sound can provide proper understanding of sen tence construction like "lalaki" with "lalake" and "tabu" with "tabo". The "lalaki" and "tabu" are usually vocally emphasized as regular or declarative types while "lalake" and "tabo" are usually identified either as interrogative or exclamatory forms. The dipthongization and pattern of evolution is another needed concern like /a/+/i/ to /e/, and /a/+/u/ to /o/. The relative absence of a singular bqybqyin character for dipthongized / e/ and / o / suggests the aborted evolution of the Kapampangan bqybqyin characters probably due to its abandonment of use and adaptation of the Romanized system of writing and translation. In fact only the Kapampangan language has relatively developed dipthongs of / e/ and / o/ in the Philippines which is similar to most language groups of Indonesia (see Gamboa-Mendoza 1940). It is in this argument were the explanations of why the old Tagalog dictionaries compiled by De San Buenaventura (1613) and Noceda (1753) do not have entries beginning with the letter / e/ compared with the old Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books (Bergano 1860, 1729; Coronel 1621; De Benavente 1699) that time.
The multiplicity of symbolic representation of some bqybqyin characters also requires an in depth research to explain like t, for / d/ and / r / sound; and the use of J as the same baybay character for the Kapampangan / s/ and Sambal /h/. This might explain the absence of the hard /h/ sound of the
116 MALLARI DOCUMENTING PHILIPPINE PRE-HISPANIC SCRIPTS
been fully differentiated prove fur Kapampangan and their use of /s/ sound equivalent to Sambal /h/ in such a n Pot was once again scientifically way Sambal'S "Juan" and "puha" is the Kapampangan "Suan" and "pusa". The e (see E. Dizon 2004) which means interchanging use of t., as either / r/ or / d/ with T for /1/ can also provide ~y were previously thought of. The excellent explanation of the various nuances in spelling and pronunciation of .dy deciphered was said to be writ the traditional contemporary Kapampangan language. The similarity of strokes to the "mixture" of old South and like the directional flow of curvilinear forms (table 5.0) can also give hints of its of the undeciphered Minalin wood palaeographic history and evolution. ipher the ancient scripts. The dawn :red a fairly recent event in the 16th Table 4.0 ed in Luzon sometime around 13'h Chart of comparative stroke patterns of Kapampangan baybayin rendered using sts. Thus, a question of history and chiseled graphite pencil with their corresponding Roman letter equivalent (script main a big problem to seek. samples after De Benavente 1699)
1d representations of bqybqyin char t of study. Such notable examples is v. Yma lat may define the exclusivity of the ,/ for V. It is in this concern where 1vide proper understanding of sen ~t ~ d/r tnd "tabu" with "tabo". The "lalaki" 1s regular or declarative types while (} 0 b g ner as interrogative or exclamatory J. :volution is another needed concern The relative absence of a singular T, 'J' n - k / o / suggests the aborted evolution iably due to its abandonment of use The variation in style (calligraphic style and strokes) of each recorded writing and translation. In fact only sets of old scripts found in the Philippines made no further scientific scrutiny by veloped dipthongs of / e/ and / o/ early scholars. As in the case of the Kapampangan bqybqyin,various scholars like anguage groups of Indonesia (see De Mas (1843 and 1863), De Benavente (1699) and Marche (1887), their collec nt were the explanations of why the tion of samples vary from each other with no available comments supplied. The i Buenaventura (1613) and Noceda manual recopying and degree of literacy in writing these scripts is also another le letter / e/ compared with the old consideration like in the case of De Benavente'S (1699) original specimens were >aks (Bergano 1860, 1729; Coronel "deformed" on the copied version done manually sometime after 172 i like t., for / d/ and / r/ sound; This preliminary research compilation projects promising ground of 1cter for the Kapampangan /s/ and scholarship in the field of Philippine palaeography and historical linguistics. Thus, ice of the hard /h/ sound of the the future prospects and problems presented in this paper aim to gather relevant ALAYA No. 4 (December 2006) constructive criticisms and augmentations from other scholars and related disci plines like archaeology and the fine arts. Figure 3.0 Copies of Kapampangan baybayin from the two versions of Arte y Vocabulario De La Lengua Pampanga f?y Fr. Alvaro De Benavente (a) 1699 original specimen; and, (b) later copied version . t ..._ ,. . fl~ • . - ' -r. Y:· - ~; ...... ~; ~ ... a . • !a~. . -'; 40 ~o 7,,# - ~ . 2,~ · I• ¥ ' ~. e: ':J,~ .:; .Q, . _, ·~ ~ '.· T, u; . 1r T, . . ' " · ~· .:-fiti . ~ -~• .. ~:, . .S.' . ~ : ,,, ".;. f ' ~ - - ~ · JJ: ·•: ~°",, 4"! ~." ~ 1l, ~.., 2,# "'#· .:ltt. I"'" .;.ll' '4 b Endnotes i For Paul Morrow (2002), another common name for the baybayin is alibata, in which according to him, is a word that was invented just in the 20th century by a member of the old National Language Institute, Paul Rodriguez Versoza. As he explained in Pangbansang Titik nang Pilipinas (Philippine National Writing) published in Manila in 1939, quoting the following excerpts: "In 1921 I returned from the United States to give public lectures on Tagalog philolog)i calligraph)\ and linguistics. I introduced the word alibata, which found its way into newsprints and often mentioned by many authors in their writings. I coined this word in 1914 in the New York Public Library, Manuscript Research Division, basing it on the Maguindanao (Moro) arrangement of letters of the alphabet after the Arabic: alif, ba, ta (alibata), "f " having been eliminated for euphony\; sake." 118 MALLARI DOCUMENTING PHILIPPINE PRE-HISPANIC SCRIPTS m other scholars and related disci- Morrow (2002) further comments that Versoza's reasoning for creating this word was unfounded because no evidence of the baybayin was ever found in that part of the Philippines and it has absolutely no relationship to the Arabic language. Furthermore, no ancient script native to Southeast Asia followed the Arabic arrangement of letters, and regardless of Versozas connection to the word alibata, its absence from all historical records indicates that it is a totally modern creation (Morrow 2002). two versions of Artey Vocabulario ii Translated from the old Spanish text by Fr. Venancio Q Samson as a commissioned project varo De Benavente of the Center for Kapampangan Studies of Holy Angel University, Angeles City in cooperation with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. ~d version iii Jose Villa Panganiban (1972) also recorded other definition equivalent of this term kulit. In Ilokano it refers to the orthographic period, in Sugbuhanon it is a carving and in Hiligaynon it ., . ~ " refers on both definition cited . (')' . T. Y. "f' ~ iv Kavi, an extinct Javanese script universally used in Southeast Asia during 600-1500 A.D Kavi is .. considered to be the progenitor of most Southeast Asian scripts including Lam pong, Rejang, and l >n - Batak of Sumatra as well as Buginese and Macassarese of Sulawesi, one of which was probably i -· - ""·- the source of other ancient Philippine scripts. (Santos, H. 1996) . ,, Sf v Translated from the original old Spanish text manuscript by Fr. Edilberto Santos as a commissioned project of the Center for Kapampangan Center, Holy Angel University, Angeles r ·~ City. The manuscript is a direct copy furnish provided by Fray Francis Musni from the original ·r-·. handwritten document personally done by Fr. Alvaro Benavente (which was put in the archives a on 31 August 1782 as witnessed by Friar Pedro Bello, the Secretary). • vi Paul Morrow (2005) made a tabulated specimens of available various Baybayin found in the ;::..,,..... Philippines. 7,/' e: ':Jf: vii According to Paul Morrow (2005), this was uploaded to the Ancient Baybayin Scripts Network T, v; T, (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ Alibata/ 6.les/kapam.jpg) by Jojo Malig and thus waiting for further confirmation . .t; ,.,4 . ,,,,,, .. viii Around 17 50 BC, during the Shang dynasty, Chinese calligraphy emerged as a writing system in .u: which the characters, in the form of pictograms and ideograms, are executed within an imaginary square and read vertically from top to bottom. Examples of which include various Chinese high 2,, fired ceramics Qike blue and whites) that reached major Philippines shores like coastal Pampanga ·t,. b which bear calligraphic art designs. ix Part of the translated work done by Fr. Edilberto Santos from the old Spanish text of De Benavente (1699) as a commissioned project of the Center for Kapampangan Center, Holy Angel University, Angeles City. x Fray Diego Bergano (1860) gave an example of how Kapampangans usually writes, saying that the baybayin is alibata, in which according terms "pilit, mamilit, memilit" as "like writing paper full of blots of ink, or full of sketches/ rough ~ntury by a member of the old National draft, or filled with blemish, dirt ... " and another example description of the paltac entry saying .ained in Pangbansang Titik nang Pilipinas "to variegate, to embellish, to bespatter, or mix colors, ... or the table top, on which one writes, 139, quoting the following excerpts: full of drops of ink ... " (franslated from the old Spanish text by Fr. Venancio Q Samson) c lectures on Tagalog philology, calligraphy, xiThis is according to Fr. Edilberto Santos, in reference to the printing of the Arte de La Lengua found its way into newsprints and often of Fray Diego Bergano in 1729 this word in 1914 in the New York Public the Maguindanao (Moro) arrangement (alibata), "f" having been eliminated for 119 ALAYA No. 4 (December 2006) References Alcina, Francisco Ignacio. 1962. Historia de las is/as e indios de Bisayas, 1668 3:35-37. Victor Baltazar transcription. University of Chicago Philippine Studies Program Blancas de San Jose, Francisco. 1610. Artey reg/as de la lengua tagala. Bataan 1610. Prologo. From Rafael (1988, pp. 45, 221) Conklin, Harold C. 1949."Preliminary Report on Field Work on the Islands of Mindoro and Palawan, Philippines", In American Anthropologist, 1949. Bautista, Angel P. July 2007. (Personal communication). Zooarchaeology Section, Archaeology Division, National Museum, Manila Bergaiio, Diego. 1860. ·vocabulario de la lengua pampanga en romance y diccionario de Romance en PampanJ',O Manila: Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier. 343 pp. (Reprint of original 1732) Bergaiio, Diego. 1729. Arte de la Lengua PaltljJanga. Manila: Tipografico de! Colegio de Santo Tomas. Beyer, Henry Otley. 1949. Outline review of Philippine archaeology fry islands and provinces The Philip pine Journal of Science 77 (3-4) : 205-374. Chirino, Pedro. 1604. Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, The Philippines in 1600. Manila [Historical Con servation Society; Bookmark, exclusive distributor], 1969. Conklin, Harold C. 1991. "Doctrina Christiana, en lengua espanola y tagala. Manila, 159 3" in T/ision of a collector : the Lessing J Rosenwald Collection in the Library of Congress. Library of Congress, Wash ington, Coronel, Francisco. 1621. Artey vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga. Ms. De Benavente, Alvaro. 1699. Arte y Vocahulario De Lengua Pampanga. Photocopy of the original 1619 manuscript provided by Fray Francis Musni for the Center for Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University. De Benavente, Alvaro. 1729?. Artey v'!Jcabulario De Lengua Pampanga. Photocopied manuscript pro vided by Ambeth Ocampo for the Center for Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University. De Mas Sinibaldo y Sans. 1843. Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842Vol. 1. Madrid. De Morga, Antonio de. 1904. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. In E. Blair and J Robertson, eds. and trans., The Philippine Islands, 1493~1803, 16:75-133. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1904. De Placencia Juan. 1903. Las costumbres de los indios Tagalogs de Filipinas. In E. Blair and J Robertson, eds. and trans., The Philippines Islands, 1493-1803, 7:173-185. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark. 120 MALLARI DOCUMENTING PHILIPPINE PRE-HISPANIC SCRIPTS De Placencia Fr. Juan. 197 5. Las costumbres de los indios tagalogs de Filipinas. In E Landa Jocano, ed. and trans., The Philippine at hr Spanish Contact, pp. 108-124. Manila: MCS Publications r de Bisqyas, 1668 3:35-37. Victor Baltazar Program De San Agustin, Gaspar. 1998. Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas. Convento De San Agustin engua tagala. Bataan 1610. Prologo. From De San Agustin, Gaspar. 1787. Compendio de/ arte de la lengua Tagala. Manila, 1703. Second edition, Sampaloc l Work on the Islands of Mindoro and De San Buenaventura, Pedro. 1613. Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala. Pila (Ms.) Dizon, E.Z. 2004. New Dates of the Calatagan Pot. In Pang-alqy. National Commission for Culture 1. Zooarchaeology Section, Archaeology and the Arts. Philippines Doctrina Christiana, The First Book Printed in the Philippines, Manila, 1593 romancey diccionario de Romance en Pampango Facsimile, National Historical Institute, Manila, Philippines, 2nd printing, 1991 int of original 1732) Foreword by Carlos Quirino. ISBN 971-538-041-X mila: Tipografico de! Colegio de Santo Fox, Robert R 1959. The Calatagan Excavations. In Philippine Studies, vol. VII, no. 3, pp. 329 Fox, Robert R 1960a. Report on the first month of excavation at Porac, Pampanga. Unpublished Type baeology ~ islands and provinm The Philip- script. National Museum, Manila, Philippines. Fox, Robert R 1960b. Report on the second month of excavation at Porac, Pampanga. Unpublished bilippines in 1600. Manila [Historical Con Typescript. National Museum, Manila, Philippines. i9. Gamboa-Mendoza, Virginia. July 1940. Phonological Peculiarities of Pampangan (Based on the OrAus. ·spanola y tagala. Manila, 159 3" in Vision of As Constructed by Dempwolff). Publications of the Institute of National Language Bulletin No. of Congress.Library of Congress, Wash- 4. Manila: Bureau of Printing Hernandez, Policarpo. 2006. The Augustinians and the Development of Pampango Literature:PrintinJ', Press, 'ampanga. Ms. Philology, Poetry and Religious Literature. In Alqya Journal Vol. 3. The JDN Center for Kapampangan Studies Center, Holy Angel University Press. Angeles City Printing Press, Philolog); Poetry and gua Pampanga. Photocopy of the original Religious Literature. e Center for Kapampangan Studies, Holy Hernandez, Policarpo. 1998. The Augustinians in the Philippines and their contribution to the Printin,gpress, Philology, Poetry, Religious literature, History and Sciences. Makati, 5 6. ·a Pampanga. Photocopied manuscript pro angan Studies, Holy Angel Universit)I Hilario, Zoilo. 1962. Bayung Sunis Poesias nang Zoilo Hilario. Typescript 1. Madrid. las Islas Filipinas en 1842Vol. Mallari, Joel P. 2002. Artifacts: Inference and Implications to the Kapampangan Prehistory. Manuscript, Holy Angel University Archaeological Societ); Angeles City as. In E. Blair and J Robertson, eds. and eland: Arthur H. Clark, 1904. Mallari, Joel P. 2006. Vanishing Art of Philippine Ancient Calligrapl[y. In Pampan,gaJ Folk Arts, Singsing Vol 5 No. 1. The JDN Center for Kapampangan Studies, The Juan D Nepomuceno Center for ?f,S de Filipinas. In E. Blair and J Robertson, Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University, Angeles City 185. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark. 121 , ALAYA i No. 4 (December 2006) Marcilla Cipriano. 1895. Estudio delos Antiguos Alfabetos Filipinos. Tipo-litografia Del Asilo De Huerfanos. Malabon Marsden William. 1811. The History of Sumatra London: Longman. Reprinted in 1975 by Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Morro\\\ Paul. 2006. Baybayin- The Ancient Scripts of the Philippines. http:/ /wwwmts.net/-prnorrow/ bayengl.htm Noceda,JuanJose and Pedro de Senlucar. 1753. Vicahulario de/a Lengua ta,gala (Manila 1860) Panganiban, Jose Villa. 1972 . Dik.ryunaryo-Tesauro Ingles-Filipino. Manlapaz Publishing. Lungsod Quezon, Pilipinas Pangilinan, Michael. 2002. Matudng Su/at Kapampangan. A paper presented last October 2002 in The JDN Center for Kapampangan Studies, The Juan D Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University, Angeles City Pangilinan, Michael. 2003. (Personal communication). Kapampangan cultural studies scholar. Angeles City Pangilinan, Michael. 2004. Critical Diacritical. In K Ma,gazine. Pima Press, Angeles City Postma, Antoon A. 1992. Laguna Copperplate Inscription. In Philippine Studies Vol. 40/Second Quarter 1992. Ateneo De Manila University Press Quirino, Carlos. 1991. Doctrina Christiana, The First Book Printed in the Philippines, Manila, 1593. Na tional Historical Institute, Manila, Facsimile, 1973. (Foreword, "The First Philippine Imprints", 1960 by Carlos Quirino) Santos Hector. l 996a. The I 11guna Copperplate Inscription. In A Philippine Leafat http:/ /wwwbibingka. com/dahon/lci/lci.htm. US, October 26, 1996. Santos Hector. l 996b. The Calatagan Pot. In A Philippine Leafat http:/ /wwwbibingka.com/ dahon/ mystery/ pot.htm. US, October 28, 1996. Scott, William Henr)' 1969. Prehispanic Source Materials for the Stutfy of Philippine History. University of Santo Tomas Press, Manila, 1968 Scott, William Henry. 1984. Prehispanic Source Materials.for the Study o/Philippine History. New Day Publishers, Quezon City. Revised edition, Scott, William Henq' 1999. Barangf!Y, Sixteenth-Cent11r_y Philippine C11lt11re and Society. Ateneo de Manila University Press, 4th printing 122 MALLARI DOCUMENTING PHILIPPINE PRE-HISPANIC SCRIPTS r Filipinos. Tipo-litografia Del Asilo De Appendix A BAYBAYIN STYLES & THEIR SOURCES* Longman. Reprinted in 197 5 by Oxford By Paul Morrow 1ilippines. http:/ /wwwmts.net/-pmorrow I Although it is commonly believed that each province in the Philippines had its own ancient alphabet, Spanish writers of the 16th century reported that !ario de/a L:ngua tagala (Manila 1860) the practice of writing was found only in the Manila area at the time of first con tact. Writing spread to the other islands later, in about the middle of the 1500s. r-Filipino. Manlapaz Publishing Lungsod For this reason, the Spaniards usually called the ancient Filipino script "Tagalog letters", regardless of the language for which it was used. A paper presented last October 2002 in The baybayin script, as it is known today, fell out of use in most areas Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan by the end of the 1600s. In the 19th century, historians gathered old samples of baybayin writing from various sources and locations and assembled them in Kapampangan cultural studies scholar. comparison charts, noting the source location or language of each specimen. Most of these same historians came to the conclusion that all the variations in the letter shapes were due to the tastes and writing styles of the individuals who :.ine. Pima Press, Angeles City wrote the original specimens and not due to regional differences. In other words, there was only one baybayin. But, in the 20th century many writers copied the t Philippine Studies Vol. 40 /Second Quarter comparison charts into their school textbooks with little or no explanation at tached. Thus most readers were lead to believe that each sample of writing was Printed in the Philippines, Manila, 1593. Na a different alphabet according to its title in the chart. reword, "The First Philippine Imprints", There was actually much more variation in the handwriting of individuals of any given region than there is in this chart of supposedly distinct alphabets. 1A Philippine Leafat http://wwwbibingka. Compare this chart to the examples of baybayin writing on the pages, The Bay bayin as Written by Filipinos and Baybayin Handwriting of the 1600s. This is a chart of some baybayin forms and the original source of each . .1:afat http:/ /wwwbibingka.com/ dahon/ They are sorted chronologically and grouped by their familiar region names but they are not distinct alphabets of the different regions or languages; they are only ir the Stutfy of Philippine Histor:y. University variations of typestyles and handwriting. There are details for each below. For the Stutfy of Philippine Histor:y. New Day · Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo de *http://wwwmts.net/-pmorrow/baychart.htm. 11November2002, Last updated on 15 May, 2005 123 , ALAYA No. 4 (December 2006) 1 Re!jon & Source A l/E U/O Ba : Ka j Da IGa \Ha La Ma Na iNga: Pa I Ra [Sa Ta IWa Ya Tagalogoctrina1593~ ":::: ~ 'Q ~ ~ 11.IV'l Y'JD" ('1'j~vn:~!~ ~I U V'l t""••••••+·•--••••••••••••••+•••• • •• • •••••.,•••••••••••• ..+•••••••••••••t·-.-•ww•+n-,,.,,, • • "".. •••">••t••• ,.,.,. .. ., "'L,.,.,.., ... ,._ • • • ·+••••m•••••+_,,,,,.,.,.._ ,..... ,. +•••••••••••••• •••••• '"""""' Chirino 1604 '\J -::::::::-- 9 0 : :I: I v c. :(J> m'(/ m: i v I I((3 I{ I 1.t l----+---1------:-.- -~:--r-·-. - ~-+----·····~~--- . ··--· San Agustll 1703 l!, ~ ' Q :S: :!::: Ji, iv> ~ i ~ A\. ~i 1/> If:;; !'t6 te"> IJ C..O Bulilkan/T:~~~843 'V ' ::;;:;: J /C> ~ i ~ JI Ic.n <{' i Vl .If\ /;>-, lP / ~ j ~ t"=' /\) C/J llCllilllO Lopez 16ZOl-V-l-_::::._-+-J_'_c_;_,:_;_:i::::-l-.n--'-""--+-'f-+i_t1'-+-il\...... ;._i~-I t,.1---+-l --+1 \/}--+'---'r>i_~-+-i,,.o~ lacqJet1831 "" ;:::.. !> :o '~I::::. ,. i -r /?t 1" 1::n1 v- / VJ ~ Ma11843 ~ :A(' J 0 ~1/?' JJ: v[ltr.l .4 ::>-, ulvf, V3 V°J tp Visaya:en1rida 1637 -.!' 5i. 3 0 J: 'r 11 JV" 1q J Vl :5' 11" ~ j J d.J 'la, ,, '1f ez91err11663 v "" ·3 o·r·s ·n ·~ -~r 'f -rr ·v t 1Ct, E- · ··· ····· ··· t---t---+-·-~.-..... --+-~-+-...... ;:--··- ·-~---···-+·-- --4-········i-·-··- Hervis 1787 v ~ ) i 0 '~J s 3t ;"" r IY' ~,>a}'!"! 111. t- J Ka~:r'::0"1m ~ -I'' 9 P i C i rl 'tf 1' iJrv ,V°i :) 'Vi 1 1 Ma11843fV "V "JI 0 .::: 2; () i ~ ~'.).)·~'.~ J 2, ' Bikol Enrie18JS ~ =:, J ~ f:;'l:Jt fV lf'!tf? f'\.i;::x> ~18;i \B h\.Q ~ Pangas1na~111843 ~ ;:::::; J \.) :~ C::=) J z t- "( I'Y' iJ). r: :t-j ../ I '(} I11' Source Information Doctrina 1593 From the Doctrina Christiana, en lengua espaiiola y tagala printed in 1593. The Tagalog text was based mainly on a manuscript written by Fr. Juan de Placencia. Friars Domingo de Nieva and Juan de San Pedro Martyr supervised the preparation and printing of the book, which was car ried out by an unnamed Chinese artisan. This is the earliest example of the baybayin that exists today and it is the only example from the 1500s. The sample shown is my own font based on the facsimile, Doctrina Christiana, The First Book Printed in the Philippines, Manila, 1593. National Historical Institute, Manila, 1973. 2nd printing, 1991. Chirino 1604 From Relacion de las Islas Filipinas by Pedro Chirino, published in 1604. The sample shown is from Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, The Philippines in 1600. Manila [Historical Conservation Socictyj, 1969. The letter A may have been printed backward, so I have reversed it for this chart. MALLARI DOCUMENTING PHILIPPINE PRE-HISPANIC SCRIPTS Lopez 1620 From Llbro a naisuratan amin ti bagas ti Doctrina Cristiana ... written by Francisco Lopez in Cl~ rn 1~1 t.n ~ r\ u V> 1620 but bearing the publishing date of 1621. This example was scanned from the chart in Dr. -&1·· -e;rr-~ ~ Ignacio Villamor's La Antigua Escritura Filipina (1922) p. 103. See Baybayin Variants for more nu ml information about this typeface and Final Consonants for information about Lopez's modifica tion of the baybayin. ~ill' 'i'l>J,V'l't:::'"'lv r:t:> to Mentrida 1637 From Alonso de Mfotridas Arte de la lengua Bisaya-Hiligayna de la isla de Panay, 1637. Mentridas 11~ .If\ !>:>ivnl~' \.! r..>i 125 ALAYA No. 4 (December 2006) 1860. Awaiting confirmation. The sample shown here is from the Angeles University Foundation papers on Kapampangan Linguistics. It was uploaded to the Ancient Baybayin Scripts Network (http://groups.yahoacom/ group/ Alibata/ files/kapam.jpg) by Jojo Malig Herv6s 1787 From Saggio prattico delle lingue con prolegomeni e una raccolta di Orazioni Domincale in piu di trecento lingue e dialetti, 1787 (Practical examples of languages with prologues and a collection of the Lords prayer in over 300 languages and dialects) by Lorenzo Hervas y Pandura. Because this book was not written specifically about the Philippines or Philippine languages, I believe that the type style is taken from an earlier source. It most closely resembles Ezguerras typeface of 1663. The sample shown here is my own font. It was based on two Austrian books that reproduced Cebuano text in this font, Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift (The Illustrated History of Writing) by Karl Paulman, 1880 and Sprachenhalle (Hall of Languages) by Alois Auer, 1847. There was no letter for Wa; the U/O character was used instead in these documents. The R sound was represented by the letter Da in Bisayan words and the La character was used for Spanish words. The scans of these documents were provided by Mr. Wolfgang Kuhl. Jacquet 1831 From Eugene Jacquets "Notice sur !'alphabet Yloc ou Ilog" in Considerations sur Jes alphabets des Philippines, 1831. The sample shown here is a reconstruction of two low resolution scans of a chart by Juan R. Francisco in his work "Philippine Palaeography" in the Philippine Journal of Linguistics, special monograph 3, 1973. His chart, in turn, was based on examples in a book by Pardo de Tavera, Contribuci6n para el estudio de los antiguos alfabetos filipinos. The scans were downloaded from two web sites: Alibata at Pandesal by Terrio Echavez (http:// alibataatpandesal. com/pilipinahtml pilipinajpg) and Promotora Espanola de Linguistica (PROEL, http://www. proel.org/alfabetos/tagaloS.gif). Some examples from David Diringer's The Alphabet, A Key to the History of Mankind (Third edition, 1968. p.298) were used to reconstruct the blurred images of the scans. Diringers source was Fletcher Gardner!; Philippinne Indic Studies of 1943. Enrile 1835 From Caracteres antiguos con los que escribian estos Naturales de! Tagalogy Camarines (Ancient characters with which these natives of the Tagalogs and Camarines used to write"), the Pascual Enrile collection 18 of the Biblioteca de! Museo Naval in Madrid. (ms. 2287, doc. 32:214-214v) Photocopy provided by Dr. Malcolm \v.trren Mintz. Mas 1843 From the chart by Sinibaldo de Mas y Sans in Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842 Vol. 1. Madrid, 1843. All of the examples by Mas were copied into Pedro Paternos chart Cuadro Paleografico (1890). These examples are from the reproduction of Sinibaldo de Mas' chart in Wil liam Henry Scotts Barangay, Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, 1994, p. 214. 126