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Immigrati Senegalesi E Lavoro a Mestre Venezia

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Immigrati Senegalesi E Lavoro a Mestre Venezia UNIVERSITA’ CA’ FOSCARI VENEZIA Corso di Laurea Magistrale in ANTROPOLOGIA CULTURALE, ETNOLOGIA, ETNOLINGUISTICA TITOLO Immigrati Senegalesi e Lavoro a Mestre Venezia Relatore: Candidato: CH.MO Prof Ilaria Micheli Pasquale Bergamo Correlatore: Matricola 819279 CH.MO Prof. Gianfranco Bonesso Anno Accademico 2013 – 2014 1 In ricordo di mia moglie Anna Maria Questo studio è dedicato ai miei figli e ai miei nipoti che hanno condiviso parte del mio lavoro. Un ringraziamento per le conoscenze fornitemi alla prof. a Ilaria Micheli e al prof. Gianfranco Bonesso e, per il sempre prezioso aiuto, al prof. Simal Magatte e a Massaer Diane. 2 Immigrati Senegalesi e Lavoro a Mestre Venezia 3 Introduzione Perché questo progetto di studio sui senegalesi? La scelta di questa ricerca è nata dalla curiosità che ha suscitato in me notare quotidianamente queste persone che si incontrano per le piazze, mercati, calli e ponti tra Mestre e Venezia. “Armati” di borsoni neri a tracolla, davanti a loro è sempre steso per terra un telo bianco che funge da espositore per borse da donna, portafogli e altri oggetti in pelle o finta pelle, da vendere poi ai passanti. Non sono invadenti, sono spesso gentili, apostrofandoti con “jerejet” (ciao, in senegalese) , sempre col sorriso sulle labbra offrono la loro merce a prezzi accessibili. Questi venditori chiamati vu–comprà hanno abbandonato la propria terra natia e sono venuti in Italia per cercare una vita migliore, poter guadagnare tanti soldi da inviare alla famiglia, potersi costruire una casa e poter essere nella lista degli uomini rispettati nel proprio villaggio e in tutto il Senegal.. (1) Di solito arrivano con permesso turistico valido per tre mesi o con un permesso di soggiorno che invece dà loro 180 giorni di tempo. Sempre più spesso rimangono anche dopo la scadenza, non potendo rinnovare il permesso per la mancanza di un posto di lavoro regolare. Ognuno di loro porta sulle spalle le speranze di tutta la sua famiglia e talvolta il peso è insostenibile, soprattutto quando si trovano senza documenti e con uno o più fogli di via senza aver comunque mai lasciato l’Italia (2). Diventano “clandestini professionali” a vita, cercano di evitare le forze dell’ordine. Per lo Stato sono invisibili, diventando facile preda della piccola e grande criminalità.(2) Pur di guadagnare qualcosa sono disposti ad affrontare dure condizioni di vita, a volte rischiando anche la morte in lavori pericolosi nelle industrie di Marghera. Pur di ottenere l’assunzione necessaria per il rinnovo del permesso di soggiorno sono disposti a rischiare la propria vita.(3) Il fallimento non è permesso e diventa una vergogna per tutta la famiglia.(4) Non ci sono vie di fuga, non è ammessa nessuna possibilità d’insuccesso (5). Da quel momento l’emigrato diventa “ostaggio” della famiglia che si è prodigata in tutti i modi per sostenere la spesa del viaggio ed ora si aspetta soldi in cambio per poter uscire dalla povertà .(6) 1 – Marie Louise Niwemukobwa – Vu-cumprà a Venezia: La scoperta di Ousmane, 16 anni in Italia, pg.22 2 - 3 – 4 Simal Magatte – Ostaggio delle mie società, 1 – Il clandestino: un invisibile presente, pg.16-17-20 5 – 6 - Simal Magatte - Ostaggio delle mie Società, Introduzione, pg.12 4 Indice Immigrati Senegalesi e Lavoro a Mestre Venezia .................................................................................... 3 Introduzione ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Perché questo progetto di studio sui senegalesi? .................................................................................... 4 Parte 1^ .................................................................................................................................................. 10 Il Senegal ............................................................................................................................................... 10 Prefazione .............................................................................................................................................. 11 1 - Il Senegal ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 2 - Censimento ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 3 - Gruppi etnici e le loro lingue (Allegato n.1- 2- 3- 4) ........................................................................ 12 4 - Religione ............................................................................................................................................................. 12 5 - Storia del Senegal ............................................................................................................................................ 13 5.1 - L’Impero del Mali o Impero Manding.................................................................................................. 13 5.2 - La bandiera del Senegal ............................................................................................................................ 14 6 – Politica ................................................................................................................................................................ 14 Parte 2^ .................................................................................................................................................. 16 Metodologia per la ricerca qualitativa ..................................................................................................... 16 7 - Metodologia adottata per interviste sul campo a senegalesi vu-comprà ................................ 17 Parte 3^ .................................................................................................................................................. 22 Immigrazione senegalese nel territorio .................................................................................................. 22 8 - Immigrazione senegalese nel territorio ................................................................................................ 23 9 - Immigrazione a Venezia ............................................................................................................................... 24 10 - I primi arrivi a Venezia............................................................................................................................... 25 11 - Senegalesi a Venezia ................................................................................................................................... 26 12 - Associazioni senegalesi che sostengono e aiutano gli immigrati ............................................. 27 Parte 4^ .................................................................................................................................................. 30 Interviste ................................................................................................................................................ 30 13 - Venditori senegalesi “Vu Comprà” ........................................................................................................ 31 14 - 13.06.2014 - 1° Intervista: Giovanni .................................................................................................... 32 15 - 17.06.2014 - 2° Intervista: Ugo ............................................................................................................... 34 16 - 11.07.2014 - 3° Intervista: Baba ............................................................................................................ 35 5 17 - 16.07.2014 - 4° Intervista: Aly ................................................................................................................ 37 18 - 30.07.2014 - 5° Intervista: Un ragazzo “Vu cumprà” ..................................................................... 39 19 - 06.09.2014 - 6° Intervista: Ablaye ......................................................................................................... 40 20 - Vu comprà sulle spiagge del litorale veneziano ............................................................................... 41 20.1 - Bibione .......................................................................................................................................................... 41 20.2 - Jesolo .............................................................................................................................................................. 42 20.3 - Caorle ............................................................................................................................................................. 42 20.4 – Spiaggia del Lido di Venezia ................................................................................................................ 43 20.5 - Venezia .......................................................................................................................................................... 43 21 - Discriminazione razziale degli immigrati sull’accesso all’alloggio, nelle città del litorale veneziano .................................................................................................................................................................. 45 22 - Il Sindaco di Venezia e tutti i Comuni del Litorale Adriatico in lotta contro il commercio
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