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N°24 June 2019 ISSN 2499-1341 EXPRESSION quaterly e-journal of atelier in cooperation with uispp-cisnep. international scientific commission on the intellectual and spiritual expressions of non-literate peoples N°24 JUNE 2019 CULTURAL CHANGES EDITORIAL NOTES CULTURAL CHANGES: practices, and many other factors play their role in cultural OLD-NEW TOPIC, OLD-NEW DEBATE change. Man, as actor of his own destiny is no less relevant than man as spectator and victim of climatic changes. How does the dynamic of change emerge from ancient ATELIER Research Center and EXPRESSION quarterly sites, building structures, objects of daily use, art, myths, journal are concerned not only with recording the chang- beliefs, and other traces, both material and immaterial? It es, they are stimulating research to understand processes depends on the ability of understanding them. The find- and reasons that caused changes and development, and ings become discovery when the human mind succeeds in the detection of trends in human intellectual, social and decoding them. Cultural changes are expression of the hu- cultural evolution. For conceptual anthropology, the de- man conceptual pattern which is not static. They acquire coding of common or isolated behavioral tendencies is a meaning in the scenery of the context: place, time, type of source of broadening the understanding of ethnic, regional culture and intellectual abilities. or global identity and cultural patterns. Cultural change What are the causes of cultural changes? Nowadays it is fash- is a dynamic factor in act ever since the production of the ionable to focus attention on climatic variations as sources first man-made tool, over two million years ago. It is the of cultural changes. We live in the age of a climatic change result of both, innovative solutions of the human mind and and of a cultural change: to what extent are these two main adaptation to needs, due or not due to changes in the vital changes related to each other? Are they really related? resources and environmental conditions. Over ten thousand years ago, at the end of the “Ice Age”, Local cultural changes are expression of processes that may a more temperate climate contributed to the birth of new contribute to a global overview. Regional cultural changes patterns of economy and of society in certain areas of the that took place in the last one hundred years, in the re- world. In other areas, it was the time of rise of the seal lev- gimes, politics, economy and social life of South Africa or el, of inundations and deluges, where populated lands were Russia, of China or Germany, are cultural storms, strong submerged by water. Before and after, in the course of tenths indicators of local cultural trends. In each case the causes of millennia, climatic changes caused modifications of fau- and the effects of a new regime and the further evolution na, flora and human presence all over the planet. Processes thereafter, are local evolutions that may contribute to an of desertification or of growth in rainfall are no doubt fac- overview of cultural processes. tors requiring adaptation, they may cause modification of Even more drastic cultural changes have taken place at the resources and daily habits, or even migrations. Climatic var- same time on the economy and social life of Pigmy popula- iations are certainly an important factor in cultural change, tions of Central Africa, Aboriginal populations of Australia but it would be misleading to consider them as their only or of Amazonia, or Eskimos of the Arctic. Such changes are cause. Cultural changes may take place even where there are as strong indicators of cultural tendencies; probably they no substantial changes in the environmental setting. are even more meaningful for the definition of an epoch Climatic modifications are only one of the factors that and for the understanding of world cultural changes, as influence life and development. Natural calamities like they mark the end of an age and the beginning of a new age earth-quakes or volcanic eruptions, plagues and epidemics in cultural evolution. But they tend to be ignored or almost or sudden lack of water or food resources, are some of the by the current versions of world history. Such limitations causes. No doubts Pompeii underwent a cultural change of overview are restricting the ability of conceiving cultural when it was caught by the eruption of the Vesuvius Vul- trends. Local cultural changes are essential for conceiving can: simply it was eliminated. But migrations, changes in broader currents. A perspective of time, looking into events the geographical location of the human entity, conflict and of different ages and different social and economic struc- peaceful confrontations with other human groups, chang- tures, should contribute to a better ability of conceiving es in the size and composition of social units, change in causes and effects of cultural changes. regime or leadership, new inventions, discoveries, develop- In back issues of EXPRESSION journal some major pertinent ments in technology, social relations and events, conceptual topics have been faced, like the function of fire in cultural evo- elaborations, imagination, Changes in religious beliefs and lution, the query of how an age of hunter-gatherers in Tanzania 2 EXPRESSION N° 24 suddenly turned into a period of vegetarian food-collectors, or EDITORIAL NOTE how the conceptual content and the syntactic structure of rock EXPRESSION journal is published by Atelier Research Center art changed with the introduction of the bow and arrow. in cooperation with UISPP-CISENP, the International Scien- In historic times, the arrival of new ethnic groups has changed tific Commission on the Intellectual and Spiritual Expressions the cultures of America, Australia, and other corners of the of Non-Literate Peoples of the UISPP (Union International des planet: the European colonization has changed the cultur- Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques, International Union of al mosaic of humankind. The Vedic penetration of India, in Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences). The goal of EXPRES- the second millennium BC, changed the ethnic and cultural SION is to promote dialogue, knowledge, and ideas concerning identity of India. The colonization of Europe by the Neolith- the intellectual and spiritual expressions of non-literate societies. ic “extra-communitarians” coming from the East, changed It is an open forum in conceptual anthropology. Colleagues hav- its ethnic and cultural identity. The present grows of the ex- ing something pertinent to say will find space in this e-magazine, tra-communitarian population in Europe, could mark again which is reaching people of culture and academic institutions in changes in the ethnic and cultural identity of this continent. over 70 countries. Papers should have precise goals, conceived for In pre-historic times, from a single place of origin, men colo- this kind of audience, and possibly be well illustrated. Letters on nized the entire planet. And cultural changes took place con- current topics and short notes are welcome and may be included stantly in all the human colonies spread over the globe. Varia- in the Discussion Forum section. tions in the living structures, such as cave dwellings, huts, tents Authors are responsible for their ideas and for the information or permanent habitation units, expose a relevant aspect of cul- and illustrations they submit. Publication in EXPRESSION tural horizons. The typology of tools for daily use, vary from quarterly journal does not imply that the publisher and/or the period to period and tell patterns of cultural changes and evo- editors agree with the ideas presented. Papers are submitted to re- lution in technology. The changing size of the human co-living viewers for their evaluation, but controversial ideas, if they make units is another variable indication of cultural identity. sense, are not censured. New ideas and concepts are welcome; One of the most eloquent testimony of cultural changes is they may awaken debates and criticism. Time will be their judge. provided by the succession of different styles and thematic ho- EXPRESSION is a free journal, not submitted to rhetorical and rizons in rock art. In previous issues of EXPRESSION, exam- formal traditional regulations. It offers space to controversial is- ples of typological sequences of rock art are demonstrating the sues, healthy realistic debates, and imaginative and creative pa- succession of cultural patterns in Tanzania, Spain, Azerbaijan, pers, if they are conceptually reliable and respect the integrity and Madhya Pradesh (India), Arnhem Land (Australia, NT), Serra dignity of authors, colleagues, and readers. da Capivara (Brazil, Piaui) and other regions. The shifting from the art of hunters to that of food collectors, An issue of terminology: to pastoralists or to tribal agriculturalists, reveals the dimension the identity of Homo sapiens. of cultural changes in human societies. What can we learn out Conceptual anthropology considers that the intellectual abilities of all that, about the dynamics of cultural change? What are the are defining the sapiens identity (besides the skeletal features). causes and effects of cultural change? This is a topic to elaborate, A main expression of cultural identity is the habit of produc- it is the intent of the present project and the call for articles. This ing figurative art as a pattern of culture, which is implying the issue is the first one of the topic. Others will follow. ability for synthesis, abstraction and conceptualization. Earlier Asking questions is as important as proposing their even- signs of visual markings include non-figurative signs and stencils, tual solutions. Do not hesitate to ask questions. Asking printing of hands and other items not intentionally designed by questions is the source of conceptual evolution. Proposing the human hand. The terminology used by Conceptual Anthro- solutions to queries is the source of debate and clarification. pology is naming Homo sapiens the maker of figurative art of Convincing solutions are the end of a debate.
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