NatioNal academy of ScieNceS of UkraiNe iNStitUte of archaeology Selected PaPerS from UkraiNiaN JoUrNal arkheologiia UKRAINIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2011 coNteNtS 3 DIAchenko o.V. central place theory in Archaeology. Determination of the relative Dates and settlements size 10 STUPAk D.V. explorations of epigravettian sites in the south of the middle Desna Area 26 BurDo n.B. Anthropomorphic figurines from the trypillian settlement of maydanetske 38 BunyAtyAn k.p., poZIkhoVskyI o.l. A settlement of the horodotsko-Zdovbytska culture near ostroh 57 KOTENKO V.V. grey-ware pottery from the maslyny settlement 65 GOPKAlo o.V. male and female Dress Accessories in the chernyakhiv culture 81 GERSHKOVych ya.p. korkut’s heritage in the cuman milieu of the north pontic region 91 The list of articles and summaries in the «archaeology» Journal 116 Our authors 117 abbreviations © InstItute of ArchAeology of nAs of ukrAIne, 2011 o.V. diachenko ceNtral Place theory iN archaeology. determiNatioN of the relatiVe dateS aNd SettlemeNtS SiZe Application of M. Beckmann’s model of the distribution of population within the settlements hierarchy makes possible to define the number and size of settlements that are out of samples. A special application of the Central Place Theory may be useful to establish the relative dates of the known settlements and to determine their approximate size. Keywords: central place theory, relative chronology, spatial analysis, settlement system. the central place theory (cpt) originally pro- 3. All parts of the surface must be serviced by posed by w. christaller is a well-known spatial mod- central places; the complementary regions must el in geographical and archaeological studies that occupy the entire examined territory. describes the economic activities of the human com- 4. Travelling with the aim of purchasing goods munities on the level of the settlements macrostruc- and services must be reduced to a minimum. ture (groups of settlements). Analysis of the cpt 5. None of the central places can receive a sur- application may be found in a series of works (smith plus profit. 1974, p. 168—173; crumley 1976, p. 59—66; 1979, In terms of these conditions, given an optimum p. 151—157; clarke 1977, p. 17—28; Johnson 1977; disposition of settlements in space, the group of Хаггетт 1979, с. 415—423; Колесников 2003, identical central places will have complementary re- с. 39—42; minc 2006, p. 82—91). this paper deals gions in the shape of regular hexagons, while central with the application of the CPT to the structure of places themselves will constitute a grid in the shape the trypillian settlement systems, alongside with the of regular triangles (christaller 1966). taking into determination of relative chronology of sites. account the possibility of a change in the disposition since even a short survey of literature dealing of the central place in the hierarchy of settlements with the cpt requires a separate study of a mono- and, respectively, in the number of the serviced plac- graph size, we will briefly describe the general prin- es, w. Christaller defined three types of optimiza- ciples of the theory formulated by w. Christaller, tion. the character of optimization is indicated by A. Löschian economic landscape and m. Beck- a certain K-value determined by the number of the mann’s model. serviced places related to one central place. K-values the regularities in the settlement systems struc- equal to 3, 4 and 7 are the basic ones. ture, given their two-dimensional distribution (on a optimization of the market structure (K = 3). geographical map), were formulated by w. Christal- the central place is as much as possible close to ser- ler in a book Central Places of Southern Germa- viced places, situated in the angles of hexagons. the ny (1933). A ‘central place’ was defined as a settle- central place of a higher level should fully service ment which provides other settlements of the region only two of subordinated settlements (fig. 1, a). with main (central) goods and services. since cen- optimization of the transportation structure tral places are not equal by their functions, the cen- (K = 4). the borders of complementary regions are ters of a higher level possess a wider range of goods changing to ensure the efficiency of transportation and services, which they supply to the centers of the net; serviced places are situated in the middle of the lower order. the territories serviced by central places sides of hexagons. the central place supplies three are complementary regions. w. Christaller’s model neighboring dependent regions and shares its influ- is based on five initial assumptions: ence on six closest dependent places with a neigh- 1. The process must occur on an infinitely flat boring central place of the identical level in spatial surface with isotropic properties (identical proper- hierarchy (fig. 1, б). ties of the environment in all directions) and with optimization of the administrative structure uniform distribution of purchasing capacity of the (K = 7). the central place of the higher level and population. neighboring centers of a lower level are delimited 2. The purchasing of central goods must take in space. the central place fully services six depen- place in the closest central place. dent ones (fig. 1, в). the dependencies manifested on the same lev- © o.V. DyAchenko, 2011 el of subordination are preserved also for other le- ISSN 0235-3490. Ukrainian Archaeology, 2011 3 Fig. 2. optimization of colonization systems according to A. lösch’s modification (after p. haggett) taining a maximum coincidence of types of goods and services of an upper level in the same central places, shapes an essentially different spatial struc- ture. It is characterized by 12 sectors, six of which include a larger number of central places (fig. 2; Леш 1959, с. 119—141). this modification differs from christaller’s model by a continuous sequence of subordinated centers, in which larger central places cannot fulfill series of functions pertain- ing to smaller centers (Хаггетт 1979, с. 425). the presence of a common center in a united market space, besides three basic types of optimization of settlement system, makes possible to define other types of spatial organization with different K-val- ues, shaped on their basis. In w. Christaller’s scheme, the population of a central place is determined as a product of the population of the smallest village and the numeric value of the ‘character of system optimization’ feature (K-value) raised to a power corresponding to Fig. 1. Basic optimization types of colonization systems the ordinal number of this settlement in the spatial according to w. christaller (after p. haggett) hierarchy (christaller 1966, p. 67). therefore, the population increasing exponentially (for example, vels of subordination, making K-values constant for a system with the K-value K = 3, the series (Хаггетт 1979, с. 417—422). of values will correspond to the product of the unlike w. Christaller’s rigid hierarchical scheme number of inhabitants of the smallest settlement with a stepped distribution of functions of the cen- and the series of factors 1, 3, 9, 27 etc.). Despite tral places, the cpt modification by A. Lösch is the analogies in the contemporary distribution of based on the introduction of a certain central place population (for example, in southern germany, common for all settlements. It predominates in the materials of urbanization structure of which providing for the demand of inhabitants of all set- were put into the basis of w. Christaller’s models: tlements of a certain territory. Attribution of prop- Хаггетт 1979, с. 422—423, табл. 14, 2), the actual erties characteristic of various types of spatial opti- distribution of population hardly ever agrees with mization to the central places, with the aim of ob- this ideal model. this problem was solved by 4 ISSN 0235-3490. Ukrainian Archaeology, 2011 m. Beckmann. the symbolic expression of the inhabitants of all settlements serviced to the num- cpt is based on a hypothesis about the existence ber of inhabitants of the servicing settlement. of certain proportions between the size of a town similarly to A. Lösch’s cpt modification, and the number of its population, determined by m. Beckmann’s symbolic model implies a conti- an ‘urban multiplayer’: nuous series of centers subordinated to each other, which permits to use it for the analysis of functions (1), of settlements of different ranks. the issue of the specific character of application where P is the city size, C – the size of a rural of methods of spatial analysis in archaeology has settlement, k – the proportion factor. been repeatedly raised in the literature (D. Clarke, further on, m. Beckmann deduced the depen- I. Hodder, m.A. Kolesnikov and others). unlike dence between the number of inhabitants of a set- the geographers who almost always have all the tlement, its size and its order in the spatial hierar- necessary initial data, an archaeologist works with chy with a constant K-value: fragmented systems of disposition of structures in space. not all sites are known, a part of known sites r−1 LCk is destroyed, most of others have not been excavat- P = (2), r (1− L) r ed or have been excavated only partially, etc. In this connection, the most important task is to recon- where— Pr is the number of inhabitants of the struct the system of disposition of a settlement on settlement on the level of r hierarchy, L – ratio of the level of determination of all its structural compo- the city size to the rural and town population served, nents. A particular attention in such elaborations is C – the number of inhabitants of the smallest set- deserved by the problem of synchrony – diachrony tlement serviced, k – proportion factor (Beckmann of sites (crumley 1979, p.