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Parties, Voters, and Activists: Building Ideological

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Parties, Voters, and Activists: Building Ideological PARTIES, VOTERS, AND ACTIVISTS: BUILDING IDEOLOGICAL LINKAGE IN DEVELOPING DEMOCRACIES A Dissertation by SE JIN KOO Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Robert Harmel Committee Members, Dan Wood Marisa Kellam Hoi-Eun Kim Head of Department, William Clark December 2014 Major Subject: Political Science Copyright 2014 Se Jin Koo ABSTRACT This study addresses the question of why ideological parties and party systems emerge in some democracies but not in others, with a special focus on developing democracies. In delving into this question, I highlight the functions of ideology as a multilevel phenomenon, and examined the party-voter linkage mechanism based on policy programs at various angles. I assume that a party has strong ideological linkage (a) when those in the electorate who support the party feel a close ideological affinity for the party, (b) when the party has a clearly defined and ideologically distinct program, and (c) when party activists are ideologically motivated and coherent within the party. Focusing on each dimension, each empirical chapter evaluates the effects of institutions, socio-economic conditions, and democratic conditions. The methodology used for this multilevel approach is ‘tripartite,’ combining statistical analysis (large-N cross-national comparison), content analysis (case study) and traditional surveys (inter- and intra- country comparisons). First, by examining ideological affinity between parties and voters in 46 democracies, I find that the extent of perceived ideological affinity is determined by the age, size, and ideological position of a party and that institutional and economic factors are more important than democratic conditions for the development of ideological congruence of a party system. Second, by analyzing South Korean party platforms, I find that parties in this developing democracy have evolved to programmatic ones over time since democratic transition. Lastly, by investigating the motivation and ideology of party activists in Mongolia and South Korea, I find little evidence that ii activists who are wealthy or are living in a wealthy district or a country are more policy- seeking than those who are not, while activists in a wealthy district or country are more ideologically coherent as a group within the party. This study contributes towards a better understanding of party-voter linkage mechanisms: it proposed a conceptually- decomposed approach to linkage, provides novel measures for comparisons across parties, across countries and over time, offers a close examinations of Asian cases that were underexplored, and lastly illuminates the role of activists as a linkage themselves with the addition of a new survey dataset. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my family, especially to my supportive husband, Donghyuk Kim, and our sweet little girl, Isabella Yoonha. I give my deepest expression of love and appreciation for their patience, understanding, and sacrifices during my graduate study. I also dedicate this dissertation to my always encouraging, ever faithful mom, Songsook Hong. She is a bottomless source of inspiration, passionate teacher, and spiritual mentor. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout the course of this research, I have received support and encouragement from a great number of individuals. This work would not have been possible without them, both big and small. First of all, I would like to give my heartfelt thanks and sincere regards to my advisor, Dr. Robert Harmel, for his meticulous guidance and for his continued belief in my ability even when I doubted myself. His guidance has made this a thoughtful and rewarding journey. I also thank Dr. Dan Wood, who opened my eyes to the joy of learning scientific methods. He also showed me how patience and generosity of an instructor make a change. Thanks also go to Dr. Marisa Kellam, who inspired and encouraged me whenever I felt that I had reached a deadlock in research. Her kindly, but brilliant advice always helped me find ways to overcome it. I also appreciate Dr. Hoi-eun Kim for his time and valuable advice. He offered me a new perspective. They have all been academic mentors and role models to me. I would also like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Department of Political Science and Texas A&M University throughout my research. I also appreciate my colleagues, the department faculty, and staff for making my time at Texas A&M University a great experience. Lastly, none of this would have been possible without the loving support of my family. I am grateful for the heart-warming smiles from my little sweetheart, Isabella Yoonha. Her smiles always gave me the greatest motivation toward my research. I also give very special thanks to my best friend and husband, Donghyuk Kim. Without his v firm support and daily prayers, I would have never been able to complete this dissertation. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................ii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 Programmaticism and Ideological Linkage ............................................................ 7 Three Competing Explanations ............................................................................ 10 Voters, Parties, and Activists ............................................................................... 17 Outline of the Dissertation ................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER II COMPARING PARTY-VOTER LINKAGES ACROSS PARTIES AND PARTY SYSTEMS: IDEOLOGICAL PARTISANSHIP IN VOTERS’ MINDS 21 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................... 22 Measures of Ideological Congruence: Distance and Dispersion .......................... 28 Analysis and Findings .......................................................................................... 36 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 44 CHAPTER III PROGRAMMATIZING PARTIES IN THE LEAST LIKELY PLACE: THE SOUTH KOREAN CASE ....................................................................................... 46 Case and Methods ................................................................................................ 47 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................... 51 Analysis and Findings .......................................................................................... 56 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 65 CHAPTER IV BRIDGING BETWEEN PARTIES AND VOTERS: LOCAL PARTY ACTIVISTS IN SOUTH KOREA AND MONGOLIA ................................................... 67 vii Page Hypotheses ........................................................................................................... 73 The South Korean and Mongolian Cases ............................................................. 74 Analysis and Findings .......................................................................................... 86 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 107 Summary of Findings ......................................................................................... 108 Directions for Future Research........................................................................... 114 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 118 APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................ 125 APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................ 136 APPENDIX C ................................................................................................................ 138 APPENDIX D ................................................................................................................ 142 APPENDIX E ................................................................................................................. 151 APPENDIX F ................................................................................................................. 154 viii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Hypothesized relationships between party ideology and ideological congruence ...................................................................................
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