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First: One-Party Rule (1953-1976)
Emergence of the political parties in Egypt in the 19th century was a reflection of social, eco- nomic and cultural interactions as well as certain historical, national and political circum- stances, leading to the creation and development of modern institutions of government adminis- tration and society in Egypt such as the parliament, the cabinet, political parties, syndicates, etc. Emergence of the political parties in Egypt has been gradual and gone through successive stages. Political parties have firstly been formed as secret societies that were followed by formation of political groups. The National Democratic Party (NDP) was the first party formed in 1907 by Mostafa Kamel. In less than ten years, there was a great variety in these parties; in their nature, formation, organization, power, their popular base and platforms. There were national parties, groups dom- inated by the royal palace, others formed by the occupation authority as well as ideological par- ties expressing certain ideologies. In 1907-1920, the already formed political parties in Egypt were a starting signal for the dis- semination of political parties in Egypt; however, they were restricted due to the British occupa- tion and the Egyptian subordination to the Ottoman Empire. The February 1922 Declaration acknowledging Egypt’s independence and the issuance of the 1923 Constitution have led to establishing a royal constitutional rule based on party pluralism and principles of liberal democracy. During 1923-1952, Egypt witnessed a remarkable experience rich in political and democratic practices, however, such an experience was marked with many defects such as the British occu- pation, foreign intervention in Egypt’s affairs and the royal palace’s interference in political life. -
The Muslim Brotherhood Fol- Lowing the “25 Janu- Ary Revolution”
Maria Dolores Algora Weber CEU San Pablo University THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD FOL- LOWING THE “25 JANU- ARY REVOLUTION”: FROM THE IDEALS OF THE PAST TO THE POLITICAL CHAL- LENGES OF THE PRESENT In the framework of the Arab Spring, as the wave of social mobilisation of 2011 has come to be known, the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt marked the beginning of a process which has deeply transformed the re- ality of many countries in the Arab World. In Egypt, the events that took place in Tahrir Square not only put an end to President Mubarak's dic- tatorship, but also paved the way for new political actors, among which the Muslim Brotherhood has played a key role. During the subsequent transition, the Brotherhood gained control of the National Assembly and positioned their leader, Mohamed Mursi, as the new President. The present debate is focused on the true democratic vocation of this move- ment and its relationship with the other social forces inside Egypt and beyond. This article intends to address these issues. To that end, it begins with an explanation as to the ideological and political evolution of the Muslim Brotherhood and its internal changes brought about by the end of the previous regime, closing with an analysis of its transnational influ- ence and the possible international aftermaths. Islam, Islamism, Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt, Arab Spring 181 INTRODUCTION n 2011, a wave of social mobilisations took place in various Arab countries and which came to be known as the “Arab Spring”. This name is undoubtedly an at- tempt to draw a comparison between the historic process that unfolded in Europe Iin the mid-nineteenth century and the events that have taken place in the Arab World. -
Egypt Presidential Election Observation Report
EGYPT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT JULY 2014 This publication was produced by Democracy International, Inc., for the United States Agency for International Development through Cooperative Agreement No. 3263-A- 13-00002. Photographs in this report were taken by DI while conducting the mission. Democracy International, Inc. 7600 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1010 Bethesda, MD 20814 Tel: +1.301.961.1660 www.democracyinternational.com EGYPT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OBSERVATION REPORT July 2014 Disclaimer This publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of Democracy International, Inc. and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................ 4 MAP OF EGYPT .......................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................. II DELEGATION MEMBERS ......................................... V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................... X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 6 ABOUT DI .......................................................... 6 ABOUT THE MISSION ....................................... 7 METHODOLOGY .............................................. 8 BACKGROUND ........................................................ 10 TUMULT -
The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences Latent Heat: Changing Forms of Activism Under Repressi
The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences Latent Heat: Changing Forms of Activism under Repressive Authoritarian Regimes: A Case Study of Egypt, 2000-2008 A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts/Science By Shireen Mohamed Zayed under the supervision of Dr. James H. Sunday August/2017 1 Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................... 5 Chapter One: Introduction and Literature Review ............................................................. 6 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Literature Review: Beyond Repression and Coercion Alone ....................................... 8 1.2.1 Operational Definitions .................................................................................. 9 1.2.2 Relationship between Repression and Activism ............................................... 10 1.2.3 Scholarly Debate: Activism Under Authoritarian Regimes ................................. 12 1.3 Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................... -
Women's Empowerment and Leadership Around the World
COMMUNITY CLASSRoom: WOMEN’s EMPoweRment ENGAGING STUDENTS AND EDUCATORS THROUGH FILM Examine key social and political issues impacting women through curriculum and supporting video modules for the acclaimed documentaries WAITING FOR THE REVOLUTION, WOMEN’S SHADYA, SHAYFEEN.COM: We’re Watching You and TAKING ROOT. From an indigenous Bolivian leader fighting for labor DISCUSSION GUIDE rights to a young Israeli Arab karate champion with feminist EMPOWERMENT ideas, from three Egyptian women working for fair elections, to a Kenyan woman leading a nationwide environmental move- EDUCATOR GUIDE ment, these four documentaries explore stories of women's empowerment and leadership around the world. WWW.ITVS.ORG/CLASSROOM INDEPENDENT TELEVISION SERVICE (ITVS) 651 BRANNAN STREET, SUITE 410 SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 PHONE: 415.356.8383 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB: WWW.ITVS.ORG/CLASSROOM PAGE 1 COMMUNITY CLASSRoom: WOMEN’s EMPoweRment TABLE OF CONTENTS About the Films 3 How to Use This Guide 4 Overview of Activities and Video Modules 4 TAKING ROOT Activities: • ACTIVITY 1— From Roots to Branches: The Interconnectedness of 7 Environment, Culture and Social Justice • ACTIVITY 2 — Evaluating Citizen Action and Environmental Change Strategies 12 WAITING FOR THE REVOLUTION Activities: • ACTIVITY 1 — The Right to Work 17 • ACTIVITY 2 — People Power from within the System 22 SHAYFEEN.COM: We’re Watching You Activities: • ACTIVITY 1 — Illusions of Democracy: When Is It Not 26 Free or Fair? • ACTIVITY 2 — Digital Media as a Civic Engagement Tool 31 SHADYA Activities: • ACTIVITY 1 — The Israeli Arab Experience 35 • ACTIVITY 2 — Muslim Feminism 40 Recommended National Standards 45 Guide Credits 49 Teacher and student handouts may be downloaded at www.itvs.org/classroom COMMUNITY CLASSROOM is an educational resource providing new documentary video content and accompa- nying curricular materials, lesson plans, and homework assignments to high school and community college instruc- tors and youth-serving community-based organizations. -
Libya's Other Battle | the Washington Institute
MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 2295 Libya's Other Battle by Andrew Engel, Ayman Grada Jul 28, 2014 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Andrew Engel Andrew Engel, a former research assistant at The Washington Institute, recently received his master's degree in security studies at Georgetown University and currently works as an Africa analyst. Ayman Grada Ayman Grada is an independent political analyst and cofounder of Libyan Youth Voices. Brief Analysis The escalation in and around Tripoli holds troubling parallels with the tribal divisions that precipitated Libya's bloody 1936 civil war. ibya is a fractured country whose long-simmering violence is threatening to boil over. Internecine fighting L once mostly limited to Benghazi -- where Maj. Gen. Khalifa Haftar launched "Operation Dignity" against U.S.- designated terrorist group Ansar al-Sharia and other armed Islamists -- has now spread to Tripoli. The U.S. embassy was hurriedly evacuated on July 26, and foreign governments have urged their nationals to flee the country. The Tripoli fighting erupted on July 12, pitting largely Islamist militias from the Muslim Brotherhood stronghold of Misratah and their northwestern allies against well-equipped and trained nationalist brigades from Zintan. The latter factions -- the Qaaqaa, Sawaiq, and Madani Brigades -- are tribal and back the more secular-leaning political alliance, the National Forces Alliance (NFA), but ostensibly belong to the Libyan army. The Misratan and Islamist militias have since bombarded Tripoli International Airport, which has been held by Zintani forces since the revolution ended. This battle -- in which 90 percent of aircraft on the ground were destroyed, costing over $1.5 billion -- marks a dark turn for Libya, increasing the likelihood of the country repeating its brutal 1936 intertribal civil war. -
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 115 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 115 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION Vol. 164 WASHINGTON, MONDAY, MAY 7, 2018 No. 73 House of Representatives The House met at noon and was the campaign: Darrel Martin and Linda Black man since reconstruction per- called to order by the Speaker pro tem- Moore. A few years later, we worked haps ever. After one term, he ran for pore (Mr. THORNBERRY). very different parts of Virginia in mayor and lost handily. I still marvel f Jerry Baliles’ winning race for Gov- at the courage and the hope he must ernor. But my life changed completely have had to stand for office in Prince DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO when I visited Carl at his home in Edward County, alone among all the TEMPORE Farmville in the summer of 1988, at the counties in the United States to close The SPEAKER pro tempore laid be- beginning of my first-ever candidacy its public schools rather than integrate fore the House the following commu- for office. them. One can only imagine the hos- nication from the Speaker: Carl agreed to join my small team, tility Carl faced in the local population as he dared to lead them. Twice more, WASHINGTON, DC, and from that day forward, he was my May 7, 2018. constant companion. We traveled ev- over the decades, Carl ran for mayor, I hereby appoint the Honorable MAC erywhere across the Commonwealth to- getting closer each time, and earning THORNBERRY to act as Speaker pro tempore gether. -
Islamist Vote’’
Chin. Polit. Sci. Rev. DOI 10.1007/s41111-016-0018-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE From Peak to Trough: Decline of the Algerian ‘‘Islamist Vote’’ Chuchu Zhang1,2 Received: 14 October 2015 / Accepted: 13 March 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract What are the factors that facilitate or hinder Islamic political parties’ performance in elections in the Middle East and North Africa? Why did Algerian Islamists as an electoral force declined steadily over the past two decades? Why didn’t Algerian electoral Islamists present the same mobilization capacity as their counterparts in neighboring countries did in early 2010s following the Arab Spring? In analyzing the evolution of three related variables: incumbents’ power structure and political openness; electoral Islamists’ inclusiveness and unity; and the framing process of Islamic political parties to build a legitimacy, the article tries to address the questions and contribute to the theoretical framework of the political process model by applying it to a case that is typical in MENA. Keywords Islamic political parties Á Mobilization capacity Á Algeria 1 Introduction Understanding Islamic political parties1 becomes an urgent concern following the Arab Spring, as the anti-authoritarian protests resulted in the rise of Islamists at the ballot box in 2011 in lots of countries in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) including Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco. A wider audience are now interested in 1 Islamic political parties here refer to the organizations that are ideologically based on Islamic texts and frameworks, and seek legal political participation through elections. Apolitical Islamic cultural associations and armed Islamist organizations which refuse to engage in elections are beyond the scope of this article. -
Counting Islam Tarek Masoud Index More Information © in This
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00987-5 — Counting Islam Tarek Masoud Index More Information Index Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate a figure; those with t indicate a table. Abāẓa family, 129 mobilization of, 107–9, 110t; landholding ʿAbbās, Kamāl, 196 patterns in, 203, 204t; modernized ʿAbd al-Ghafūr, ʿImād, 163, 171 infrastructure in, 124; property protection ʿAbd al-Majīd, Waḥīd, 69, 213 laws in, 188–89; reforms of the 1950s in, 32; ʿAbd al-Maqṣūd, al-Muḥammadī, 81 traditional networks of, 31–33, 107; vote ʿAbd al-Munʿim, ʿAlā, 225n37 share in 2012 in, 189, 190t ʿAbd al-Ṣādiq, Ṣābir, 92 Ahmed, Muhammad Sid, 50 ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, ʾAyman al-Sayyīd, Ahram Center for Political and Strategic 168–69 Studies, 57,61–62, 136–38 Abed-Kotob, Sena, 24, 149 ʿĀkif, Mahdī, 52, 77,165, 222, 223 Abū ʿAzīzī, Muḥammad, 200 Algerian civil war, 11–12 Abū Bāshā, Hasan, 63 Almond, Gabriel A., 21 Abū al-Futūḥ, ʿAbd al-Munʿim: charitable Aminzade, Ronald R., 20 organizations and, 76, 77; expulsion from al-ʿAnānī, Khalīl, 165 Muslim Brotherhood of, 163; as future Anderson, Benedict, 93 presidential candidate, 225n37; al-Nūr Party anti-Americanism, 210n2 support of, 171; vote share in 2012 of, 163, Appleby, R. Scott, 21 173t, 185–86, 189, 190t April 6 Movement, 9 Abū Ismāʿīl, Hāzim Salāh, 91, 163, Arab Barometer surveys, 135–36, 225n37 137f, 196 Abū al-ʿĪṭa, Kamāl, 127,168–69 Arab Socialist Union (al-Ittiḥād al-Ishtirāki Abu Lughod, Lila, 4 al-ʿArabī), 54 Abū Ṣulayb, ʿĀdil, 82, 83n23 Arab Spring, xiii, 2, 12, 22. -
Parties, Voters, and Activists: Building Ideological
PARTIES, VOTERS, AND ACTIVISTS: BUILDING IDEOLOGICAL LINKAGE IN DEVELOPING DEMOCRACIES A Dissertation by SE JIN KOO Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Robert Harmel Committee Members, Dan Wood Marisa Kellam Hoi-Eun Kim Head of Department, William Clark December 2014 Major Subject: Political Science Copyright 2014 Se Jin Koo ABSTRACT This study addresses the question of why ideological parties and party systems emerge in some democracies but not in others, with a special focus on developing democracies. In delving into this question, I highlight the functions of ideology as a multilevel phenomenon, and examined the party-voter linkage mechanism based on policy programs at various angles. I assume that a party has strong ideological linkage (a) when those in the electorate who support the party feel a close ideological affinity for the party, (b) when the party has a clearly defined and ideologically distinct program, and (c) when party activists are ideologically motivated and coherent within the party. Focusing on each dimension, each empirical chapter evaluates the effects of institutions, socio-economic conditions, and democratic conditions. The methodology used for this multilevel approach is ‘tripartite,’ combining statistical analysis (large-N cross-national comparison), content analysis (case study) and traditional surveys (inter- and intra- country comparisons). First, by examining ideological affinity between parties and voters in 46 democracies, I find that the extent of perceived ideological affinity is determined by the age, size, and ideological position of a party and that institutional and economic factors are more important than democratic conditions for the development of ideological congruence of a party system. -
UNDERSTANDING the MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD by Barry Rubin
June 2012 UNDERSTANDING THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD By Barry Rubin Barry Rubin, a Senior Fellow of FPRI, is director of the Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center and editor of the Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) Journal. His books include The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Politics of a Global Islamist Movement (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2010) and Islamic Fundamentalists in Egyptian Politics (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2002). Other books include The Long War for Freedom: The Arab Struggle for Democracy in the Middle East (Wiley, 2005), The Truth About Syria (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2007); and Israel: An Introduction (Yale University Press, 2012). His articles are featured at the website of the GLORIA Center and in his own blog, Rubin Reports. Today, the Muslim Brotherhood is the most important international political organization in the Arabic-speaking world. It is the dominant party in Egypt’s parliament, having obtained about 47 percent of the vote there, and in the Tunisian government, having received 40 percent of the ballots. In the form of Hamas, now an explicit branch of the movement, it rules the Gaza Strip. It is the leadership of the opposition in the Palestinian Authority (West Bank) and in Jordan, while the local Brotherhood controls the internationally recognized leadership (the Syrian National Council) of the Syrian opposition in the civil war there. Much smaller Brotherhood groups exist in several other Arab countries. Yet even that is not all. The Brotherhood has become the most important group among Muslims in Europe and North America, too, often directing communities and representing them in dealings with the government and non- Muslim society as well. -
Title: Egypt – Political Parties – Young Egypt Party
Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: EGY33332 Country: Egypt Date: 12 May 2008 Keywords: Egypt – Political Parties – Young Egypt Party (Misr al-Fatah Party) This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Please provide a list of the political parties in Egypt. 2. Are there any reports about the attempted registration of the “Independent party” or the “Young Egypt Party”? 3. Are there any reports mentioning the Independent party or the Young Egypt Party? RESPONSE 1. Please provide a list of the political parties in Egypt. Egypt’s official State Information Service website lists the following political parties in Egypt: …During Mubarak’s era, the number of political parties in Egypt has increased to reach 24 parties. According to the ballot on March 26, 2007 Article (5) was amended to prohibit the establishment of any religious party “The political system of the Arab Republic of Egypt is a multiparty system, within the framework of the basic elements and principles of the Egyptian society as stipulated in the Constitution. Political parties are regulated by law. Citizens have the right to establish political parties according to the law and no political activity shall be exercised nor political parties established on a religious referential authority, on a religious basis or on discrimination on grounds of gender or origin”.