Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00987-5 — Counting Islam Tarek Masoud Index More Information Index Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate a figure; those with t indicate a table. Abāẓa family, 129 mobilization of, 107–9, 110t; landholding ʿAbbās, Kamāl, 196 patterns in, 203, 204t; modernized ʿAbd al-Ghafūr, ʿImād, 163, 171 infrastructure in, 124; property protection ʿAbd al-Majīd, Waḥīd, 69, 213 laws in, 188–89; reforms of the 1950s in, 32; ʿAbd al-Maqṣūd, al-Muḥammadī, 81 traditional networks of, 31–33, 107; vote ʿAbd al-Munʿim, ʿAlā, 225n37 share in 2012 in, 189, 190t ʿAbd al-Ṣādiq, Ṣābir, 92 Ahmed, Muhammad Sid, 50 ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, ʾAyman al-Sayyīd, Ahram Center for Political and Strategic 168–69 Studies, 57,61–62, 136–38 Abed-Kotob, Sena, 24, 149 ʿĀkif, Mahdī, 52, 77,165, 222, 223 Abū ʿAzīzī, Muḥammad, 200 Algerian civil war, 11–12 Abū Bāshā, Hasan, 63 Almond, Gabriel A., 21 Abū al-Futūḥ, ʿAbd al-Munʿim: charitable Aminzade, Ronald R., 20 organizations and, 76, 77; expulsion from al-ʿAnānī, Khalīl, 165 Muslim Brotherhood of, 163; as future Anderson, Benedict, 93 presidential candidate, 225n37; al-Nūr Party anti-Americanism, 210n2 support of, 171; vote share in 2012 of, 163, Appleby, R. Scott, 21 173t, 185–86, 189, 190t April 6 Movement, 9 Abū Ismāʿīl, Hāzim Salāh, 91, 163, Arab Barometer surveys, 135–36, 225n37 137f, 196 Abū al-ʿĪṭa, Kamāl, 127,168–69 Arab Socialist Union (al-Ittiḥād al-Ishtirāki Abu Lughod, Lila, 4 al-ʿArabī), 54 Abū Ṣulayb, ʿĀdil, 82, 83n23 Arab Spring, xiii, 2, 12, 22. See also revolution Abū Zaid, Mahmud, 91n29 of 2011 Account of the Manners and Customs of the ʿArafāt, ʿAlaʾuddīn, 17,64, 82 Modern Egyptians (Lane), 33 Ashour, Azmi, 51 Adīb, ʿĪmād, 214 ʿAshmāwī, Ṣāliḥ, 112 ʿĀfāq ʿArabiyya newspaper, 49–50, ʿĀshūr, Aḥmad ʿİssā, 81–82 90–91 ʿĀshūr, Majdī, 95–96, 165 agrarian sector, 6, 10, 118t; community ʿĀshūr, Sāmiḥ, 130 development associations (CDAs) in, 30f, al-Assad, Bashar, 3, 60n25 36–37; cooperatives in, 37; electoral al-Aswany, Alaa, 215 241 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00987-5 — Counting Islam Tarek Masoud Index More Information 242 Index authoritarian era: assembly president in, 60–61; Boutros Ghali, Youseef, 49 control of sacred spaces in, 23; co-optation of Brooks, Risa A., 57 parties and organizations in, 48, 50–55, Brown, Nathan J., 32, 105–6, 221 82–84; election dynamics of, 59–73; electoral Brownlee, Jason, 61, 212–13, 216 results during, 46f; executive power in, 60; Islamic movements in, 8–9, 25; Islamist electoral fortunes in, 7–8, 45–47,74, 93–120; Cai, Cexun Jeffrey, 142 leftist electoral underperformance in, 45–73, Camp David Accords, 78 156–58; legislative weakness in, 60–62; Carothers, Thomas, 165–66 Muslim Brotherhood’s participation in census of 1937,114–15 elections in, 104–20; repression of civil census of 1996, 106n10 society in, 6, 10, 22–24, 32, 76–77,205; Center Party (Ḥizb al-Wasaṭ), 132, 164t, repression of Islamist social services in, 165, 187 74–87; repression of leftist parties in, 48–50; Central Charitable Hospital (CCH) voting patterns during, 87–90. See also (al-Mustashfā al-Khayrī al-Markazī), 77–79, clientelistic networks; Mubarak, 103 Hosni charitable organizations. See social services al-ʿAwā, Muḥammad Salīm, 185–86 Chavez, Hugo, 56 ʿAwda, Muḥammad, 129 Chhibber, Pradeep, 120 ʿAwda family, 129 chlamydia trachomatis, 115–17 Ayubi, Nazih, 56 Christian Democratic Party (PAN) (Mexico), al-Azm, Sadik J., 19 159n11 al-Bāb, ʿAlī Fatḥ, 181 Chwe, Michael Suk-Young, 20 civil society, 32–39; agricultural cooperatives Badawī, ʿIzzat, 130 in, 37; clientelistic networks within, 31, Badī, Muḥammad, 52, 225 35–36, 39–42; collective organizing in, 205; Badīʿ, Muḥammad, 218 community development associations (CDAs) al-Bannā, Ḥasan, 27,80–81, 113–14; in, 36–37,39f; Islamic (religious) charitable assassination of, 219; commitment to organizations in, 34–36, 79–84, 169n29; democracy of, 223–24; on jihad, 220; labor movement in, 37–38, 39f, 150, 168–69, leadership challenge to, 165; on the system of 180, 205; private voluntary organizations in, families, 160–62; on unquestioned 37–38, 39f; regulation and repression of, 6, obedience, 159 10, 22–25, 32, 76–77,176, 205; state’s role in, Barber, Benjamin R., 21 38–39; weak networks in, 180–82. See also Bassām, Amīr, 84 connectedness; social networks; social al-Basṭawīsī, Hishām, 133 services Bayat, Asef, 25, 120 Clark, Janine, 25, 86–87,103–4 al-Bayūmī, Rifʿat, 130 clientelistic networks, 5–6, 10, 22–25, 39–42, al-Beblawi, Hazem, 225 112–13, 120; among the poor, 17–18, 71–73, Benford, Robert D., 18 87–90, 120, 131, 207,209; of the authoritarian Berman, Sheri, 21, 24, 35–36 regime, 5–6, 10, 23, 39–40, 51–52, 166, 167, al-Biblāwī, Ḥāzim, 13n 207; double dipping dynamics in, 86–87; Bilbays, 83–85, 129 impact on leftist political performance of, al-Biltāgī, Muḥammad, 52 45–73; informal mechanisms of, 84–87; with Bin-Nafīsa, Sārah, 17,64, 82 middle-class appeal, 99, 101–4; in Pakistan Bin ʿAlī, Zayn al-ʿĀbidin, 2, 3, 23 and Indonesia, 203, 204t, 209; al-Bishrī, Ṭāriq, 133, 170 post-revolutionary disruption of, 129–30, Blaydes, Lisa, 17,47,50, 59, 184, 202; of small charitable organizations, 61, 68 83–84; in urban social networks, 31. See also blindness (trachoma), 115–19 connectedness; social services Boldt, Julius, 115–16 Clinton, Hilary, 27,157–58 Bourguiba, Habib, 197 collective organizing, 205 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00987-5 — Counting Islam Tarek Masoud Index More Information Index 243 communist organizations, 29, 30f, 56, 162, Democratic Peace Party (Ḥizb al-Salām 197,198t al-Dimūqrāṭī), 46f community development associations (CDAs) Democratic Workers Party (Ḥizb al-ʿUmmāl (Jamʿiyyāt Tanmiyat al-Mujtamaʿ al-Maḥalī), al-Dimūqrāṭī), 131 36–37,39f Desai, Manali, 166 Community Party (Ḥizb al-Umma), 19, al-Dessouki, Ali al’Din Hilal, 56–57 164t development. See underdevelopment Congress for the Republic (Tunisia) Dignity Party. See al-Karāma Party (al-Muʾtamar min ajl al-Jumhūriya), 197, DiMaggio, Paul, 27 198t, 200–201 al-Dīn Ḥusayn, ʿImād, 140–41 connectedness, 5–13, 30–42, 183–206, 207–8; al-Dīn Zāyiṭ, Muḥyī, 78, 191 clientelism and, 39–40, 41f; in Indonesia, Djerejian, Edward, 215, 217 184, 202–3, 209; Islamist embeddedness in Downs, Anthony, 26 communities and, 168–69, 175–79, 194, Durkheim, Émile, 20–22 201–4, 207–8; Islamist party support and, al-Dustūr cartoon, 14–15 183–88, 205–6, 208, 210–11, 212f, 225; leftist disadvantages of, 166–69, 179–82; leftist economic platforms of parties in potential for, 208–9; leftist successes and, post-revolutionary elections, 139–47; in 183–84; mosque density and, 169–74, Tunisia, 195–96; voter perception of, 147–55, 196–202; opportunity structures of, 166–69; 174–82 in Pakistan, 184, 202–3, 209; traditional education levels, 98–100, 177t, 178 networks of, 31–42, 68–70, 107; in Tunisia, Egyptian Bloc (al-Kutla al-Miṣriyya), 132f, 184, 194–201; underdevelopment and, 207–8; 141–42 voter perceptions of economic platforms and, Egyptian Current Party (Ḥizb al-Tayār 174–82. See also social networks al-Miṣrī), 132, 163, 164t constituent assembly, 217 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty of 1979, 78 constitutional amendments referendum, 133–35, Egyptian legislature, 60–62, 123n1 136f, 156–57,170–74 Egyptian Movement for Change (Kifāya) Constitution of 1971, 216n19 (al-Ḥaraka al-Miṣriyya min ajl Constitution of 2012, 14–15, 150, 213 al-Taghyīr), 51 cooking oil, 156–57 Egyptian Research and Training co-optation: of Islamic charitable associations, Center, 211 82–84; of leftist parties, 48, 50–55 Egyptian revolution. See revolution of 2011 coup of 1952, 33, 37,54, 59 Egyptian Social Democratic Party (al-Ḥizb coup of 2013, 4, 5, 11–12 al-Miṣrī al-Dimuqrāṭī al-ʾIjtimāʿī), 131 Covey, Stephen R., 160 Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, 56 Crescent Star Party (Indonesia), 203 Eickelman, Dale, 18n Elaguizy, Abdel Aziz, 116 ElBaradei, Mohamed, 134, 211 Darra, Usāma, 23 election dynamics: in the authoritarian era, Davis, Nancy J., 3 59–73; district-level competitiveness and, al-Daʿwa newspaper, 78 107; elite candidates in, 87–88; group feeling democracy, 217; Muslim Brotherhood’s in, 69; illiteracy rates and, 64–65, 104–5, 135, commitment to, 221–25; political pluralism 136f; judicial oversight and, 60n27,96–98, in, xiv, 11–13, 184, 205–6, 221–25; rule of 125–26, 133, 217n19; majoritarian approach law in, 13. See also post-revolutionary to, 67–71, 72t, 94–95, 111, 130–31, 202; in elections post-revolutionary elections, 129, 130–31, Democratic Forum for Labor and Liberties 170, 216n19; proportional representation (Tunisia) (al-Takattulal-Dimuqrāṭī min ajl system in, 62–67,130–31, 217n19; role of al-ʿamal wa al-ḥurriyāt), 197,198t money in, 68; ruling party guarantees in, Democratic Generation Party (Ḥizb al-Jīl 63n31, 64; under Sadat, 63; worker/farmer al-Dimūqrāṭī), 46f candidates in, 67–68, 94 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00987-5 — Counting Islam Tarek Masoud Index More Information 244 Index elections of 1945, 112–14 essentialism, 17,19 elections of 1984, 62–67,104–5 Ezz, Ahmed, 123–24, 127 elections of 1987,62n29 elections of 1990, 70, 123 Fahmī, Aḥmad, 125 elections of 2000, 94–96 family/kinship networks, 32–33, 68–71, 130–31, elections of 2005: Google searches during, 101, 159–63, 167–68, 205 102f; illiteracy rates and, 105; judicial Farāj, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Salām, 219 oversight of, 96–97; locales targeted by Farghalī, al-Badrī, 69 Muslim Brotherhood in, 106–9, 110t, 111t; Farouk, King of Egypt, 54.