Counting Islam Tarek Masoud Index More Information © in This

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00987-5 — Counting Islam Tarek Masoud Index More Information

Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate a ﬁgure; those with t indicate a table.

Abāẓa family, 129 mobilization of, 107–9, 110t; landholding ʿAbbās, Kamāl, 196 patterns in, 203, 204t; modernized ʿAbd al-Ghafūr, ʿImād, 163, 171 infrastructure in, 124; property protection ʿAbd al-Majīd, Waḥīd, 69, 213 laws in, 188–89; reforms of the 1950s in, 32; ʿAbd al-Maqṣūd, al-Muḥammadī, 81 traditional networks of, 31–33, 107; vote ʿAbd al-Munʿim, ʿAlā, 225n37 share in 2012 in, 189, 190t ʿAbd al-Ṣādiq, Ṣābir, 92 Ahmed, Muhammad Sid, 50 ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, ʾAyman al-Sayyīd, Ahram Center for Political and Strategic 168–69 Studies, 57,61–62, 136–38 Abed-Kotob, Sena, 24, 149 ʿĀkif, Mahdī, 52, 77,165, 222, 223 Abū ʿAzīzī, Muḥammad, 200 Algerian civil war, 11–12 Abū Bāshā, Hasan, 63 Almond, Gabriel A., 21 Abū al-Futūḥ, ʿAbd al-Munʿim: charitable Aminzade, Ronald R., 20 organizations and, 76, 77; expulsion from al-ʿAnānī, Khalīl, 165 Muslim Brotherhood of, 163; as future Anderson, Benedict, 93 presidential candidate, 225n37; al-Nūr Party anti-Americanism, 210n2 support of, 171; vote share in 2012 of, 163, Appleby, R. Scott, 21 173t, 185–86, 189, 190t April 6 Movement, 9 Abū Ismāʿīl, Hāzim Salāh, 91, 163, Arab Barometer surveys, 135–36, 225n37 137f, 196 Abū al-ʿĪṭa, Kamāl, 127,168–69 Arab Socialist Union (al-Ittiḥād al-Ishtirāki Abu Lughod, Lila, 4 al-ʿArabī), 54 Abū Ṣulayb, ʿĀdil, 82, 83n23 Arab Spring, xiii, 2, 12, 22. See also revolution Abū Zaid, Mahmud, 91n29 of 2011 Account of the Manners and Customs of the ʿArafāt, ʿAlaʾuddīn, 17,64, 82 Modern Egyptians (Lane), 33 Ashour, Azmi, 51 Adīb, ʿĪmād, 214 ʿAshmāwī, Ṣāliḥ, 112 ʿĀfāq ʿArabiyya newspaper, 49–50, ʿĀshūr, Aḥmad ʿİssā, 81–82 90–91 ʿĀshūr, Majdī, 95–96, 165 agrarian sector, 6, 10, 118t; community ʿĀshūr, Sāmiḥ, 130 development associations (CDAs) in, 30f, al-Assad, Bashar, 3, 60n25 36–37; cooperatives in, 37; electoral al-Aswany, Alaa, 215

241

242 Index

authoritarian era: assembly president in, 60–61; Boutros Ghali, Youseef, 49 control of sacred spaces in, 23; co-optation of Brooks, Risa A., 57 parties and organizations in, 48, 50–55, Brown, Nathan J., 32, 105–6, 221 82–84; election dynamics of, 59–73; electoral Brownlee, Jason, 61, 212–13, 216 results during, 46f; executive power in, 60; Islamic movements in, 8–9, 25; Islamist electoral fortunes in, 7–8, 45–47,74, 93–120; Cai, Cexun Jeﬀrey, 142 leftist electoral underperformance in, 45–73, Camp David Accords, 78 156–58; legislative weakness in, 60–62; Carothers, Thomas, 165–66 Muslim Brotherhood’s participation in census of 1937,114–15 elections in, 104–20; repression of civil census of 1996, 106n10 society in, 6, 10, 22–24, 32, 76–77,205; Center Party (Ḥizb al-Wasaṭ), 132, 164t, repression of Islamist social services in, 165, 187 74–87; repression of leftist parties in, 48–50; Central Charitable Hospital (CCH) voting patterns during, 87–90. See also (al-Mustashfā al-Khayrī al-Markazī), 77–79, clientelistic networks; Mubarak, 103 Hosni charitable organizations. See social services al-ʿAwā, Muḥammad Salīm, 185–86 Chavez, Hugo, 56 ʿAwda, Muḥammad, 129 Chhibber, Pradeep, 120 ʿAwda family, 129 chlamydia trachomatis, 115–17 Ayubi, Nazih, 56 Christian Democratic Party (PAN) (Mexico), al-Azm, Sadik J., 19 159n11 al-Bāb, ʿAlī Fatḥ, 181 Chwe, Michael Suk-Young, 20 civil society, 32–39; agricultural cooperatives Badawī, ʿIzzat, 130 in, 37; clientelistic networks within, 31, Badī, Muḥammad, 52, 225 35–36, 39–42; collective organizing in, 205; Badīʿ, Muḥammad, 218 community development associations (CDAs) al-Bannā, Ḥasan, 27,80–81, 113–14; in, 36–37,39f; Islamic (religious) charitable assassination of, 219; commitment to organizations in, 34–36, 79–84, 169n29; democracy of, 223–24; on jihad, 220; labor movement in, 37–38, 39f, 150, 168–69, leadership challenge to, 165; on the system of 180, 205; private voluntary organizations in, families, 160–62; on unquestioned 37–38, 39f; regulation and repression of, 6, obedience, 159 10, 22–25, 32, 76–77,176, 205; state’s role in, Barber, Benjamin R., 21 38–39; weak networks in, 180–82. See also Bassām, Amīr, 84 connectedness; social networks; social al-Basṭawīsī, Hishām, 133 services Bayat, Asef, 25, 120 Clark, Janine, 25, 86–87,103–4 al-Bayūmī, Rifʿat, 130 clientelistic networks, 5–6, 10, 22–25, 39–42, al-Beblawi, Hazem, 225 112–13, 120; among the poor, 17–18, 71–73, Benford, Robert D., 18 87–90, 120, 131, 207,209; of the authoritarian Berman, Sheri, 21, 24, 35–36 regime, 5–6, 10, 23, 39–40, 51–52, 166, 167, al-Biblāwī, Ḥāzim, 13n 207; double dipping dynamics in, 86–87; Bilbays, 83–85, 129 impact on leftist political performance of, al-Biltāgī, Muḥammad, 52 45–73; informal mechanisms of, 84–87; with Bin-Nafīsa, Sārah, 17,64, 82 middle-class appeal, 99, 101–4; in Pakistan Bin ʿAlī, Zayn al-ʿĀbidin, 2, 3, 23 and Indonesia, 203, 204t, 209; al-Bishrī, Ṭāriq, 133, 170 post-revolutionary disruption of, 129–30, Blaydes, Lisa, 17,47,50, 59, 184, 202; of small charitable organizations, 61, 68 83–84; in urban social networks, 31. See also blindness (trachoma), 115–19 connectedness; social services Boldt, Julius, 115–16 Clinton, Hilary, 27,157–58 Bourguiba, Habib, 197 collective organizing, 205

Index 243

communist organizations, 29, 30f, 56, 162, Democratic Peace Party (Ḥizb al-Salām 197,198t al-Dimūqrāṭī), 46f community development associations (CDAs) Democratic Workers Party (Ḥizb al-ʿUmmāl (Jamʿiyyāt Tanmiyat al-Mujtamaʿ al-Maḥalī), al-Dimūqrāṭī), 131 36–37,39f Desai, Manali, 166 Community Party (Ḥizb al-Umma), 19, al-Dessouki, Ali al’Din Hilal, 56–57 164t development. See underdevelopment Congress for the Republic (Tunisia) Dignity Party. See al-Karāma Party (al-Muʾtamar min ajl al-Jumhūriya), 197, DiMaggio, Paul, 27 198t, 200–201 al-Dīn Ḥusayn, ʿImād, 140–41 connectedness, 5–13, 30–42, 183–206, 207–8; al-Dīn Zāyiṭ, Muḥyī, 78, 191 clientelism and, 39–40, 41f; in Indonesia, Djerejian, Edward, 215, 217 184, 202–3, 209; Islamist embeddedness in Downs, Anthony, 26 communities and, 168–69, 175–79, 194, Durkheim, Émile, 20–22 201–4, 207–8; Islamist party support and, al-Dustūr cartoon, 14–15 183–88, 205–6, 208, 210–11, 212f, 225; leftist disadvantages of, 166–69, 179–82; leftist economic platforms of parties in potential for, 208–9; leftist successes and, post-revolutionary elections, 139–47; in 183–84; mosque density and, 169–74, Tunisia, 195–96; voter perception of, 147–55, 196–202; opportunity structures of, 166–69; 174–82 in Pakistan, 184, 202–3, 209; traditional education levels, 98–100, 177t, 178 networks of, 31–42, 68–70, 107; in Tunisia, Egyptian Bloc (al-Kutla al-Miṣriyya), 132f, 184, 194–201; underdevelopment and, 207–8; 141–42 voter perceptions of economic platforms and, Egyptian Current Party (Ḥizb al-Tayār 174–82. See also social networks al-Miṣrī), 132, 163, 164t constituent assembly, 217 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty of 1979, 78 constitutional amendments referendum, 133–35, Egyptian legislature, 60–62, 123n1 136f, 156–57,170–74 Egyptian Movement for Change (Kifāya) Constitution of 1971, 216n19 (al-Ḥaraka al-Miṣriyya min ajl Constitution of 2012, 14–15, 150, 213 al-Taghyīr), 51 cooking oil, 156–57 Egyptian Research and Training co-optation: of Islamic charitable associations, Center, 211 82–84; of leftist parties, 48, 50–55 Egyptian revolution. See revolution of 2011 coup of 1952, 33, 37,54, 59 Egyptian Social Democratic Party (al-Ḥizb coup of 2013, 4, 5, 11–12 al-Miṣrī al-Dimuqrāṭī al-ʾIjtimāʿī), 131 Covey, Stephen R., 160 Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, 56 Crescent Star Party (Indonesia), 203 Eickelman, Dale, 18n Elaguizy, Abdel Aziz, 116 ElBaradei, Mohamed, 134, 211 Darra, Usāma, 23 election dynamics: in the authoritarian era, Davis, Nancy J., 3 59–73; district-level competitiveness and, al-Daʿwa newspaper, 78 107; elite candidates in, 87–88; group feeling democracy, 217; Muslim Brotherhood’s in, 69; illiteracy rates and, 64–65, 104–5, 135, commitment to, 221–25; political pluralism 136f; judicial oversight and, 60n27,96–98, in, xiv, 11–13, 184, 205–6, 221–25; rule of 125–26, 133, 217n19; majoritarian approach law in, 13. See also post-revolutionary to, 67–71, 72t, 94–95, 111, 130–31, 202; in elections post-revolutionary elections, 129, 130–31, Democratic Forum for Labor and Liberties 170, 216n19; proportional representation (Tunisia) (al-Takattulal-Dimuqrāṭī min ajl system in, 62–67,130–31, 217n19; role of al-ʿamal wa al-ḥurriyāt), 197,198t money in, 68; ruling party guarantees in, Democratic Generation Party (Ḥizb al-Jīl 63n31, 64; under Sadat, 63; worker/farmer al-Dimūqrāṭī), 46f candidates in, 67–68, 94

244 Index

elections of 1945, 112–14 essentialism, 17,19 elections of 1984, 62–67,104–5 Ezz, Ahmed, 123–24, 127 elections of 1987,62n29 elections of 1990, 70, 123 Fahmī, Aḥmad, 125 elections of 2000, 94–96 family/kinship networks, 32–33, 68–71, 130–31, elections of 2005: Google searches during, 101, 159–63, 167–68, 205 102f; illiteracy rates and, 105; judicial Farāj, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Salām, 219 oversight of, 96–97; locales targeted by Farghalī, al-Badrī, 69 Muslim Brotherhood in, 106–9, 110t, 111t; Farouk, King of Egypt, 54. See also monarchy Morsi’s rigged loss in, xv–xvi, 53, 221; al-Fārūk Hospital, 103 Muslim Brotherhood vote shares in, 96–98, Fisk, Robert, 124 105, 165; rallies and public events of, 124; founding elections, 7,10, 182. See also staggered phases of, 97,108n post-revolutionary elections elections of 2010, 87–90, 123–26; Google Free Egyptians Party (FEP) (Ḥizb al-Miṣriyīn searches during, 101, 102f; legitimacy al-Aḥrār), 140–41, 147,148f, 153f; challenges to, 125–26; locales targeted by organizational structure of, 163; voter Muslim Brotherhood in, 106, 108–9, 110t, perception of economic platform of, 111t; official oversight of, 125; repression of 175, 177t Muslim Brotherhood candidates by, Free Officers group, 33, 219 124–25 Freedom and Justice Party (Ḥizb al-Ḥurriyah elections of 2011–2012. See post-revolutionary wa al-ʿAdālah): campaign mosque tours of, elections 33–34; campaign platforms of, 1–2; cartoon electoral mobilization by the Muslim depictions of, 14–15; constriction in Brotherhood, 104–20 post-revolutionary support of, 183–88, 205–6, electoral success of Islamists, 1–7,14–42, 208, 210–11, 212f, 225; demographic bases of 93–120; during the authoritarian era, 74–92; votes for, 141–42; economic vs. social/moral demographic bases of voting and, 141–42; policies of, 144f, 145, 146t; in embeddedness in communities and, 30–42, post-revolutionary elections, 1–2, 6–7,9–10, 168–69, 175–79, 194, 201–5; ideational 17,126, 132f, 171–72; social networks of, explanations for, 16–22, 40; information 167–68; voter perception of economic technology and, 94, 100–101; material platform of, 152–54, 175–82. See also explanations for, 16, 22–30; middle-class electoral success of Islamists; Muslim support and, 93–94, 98–120; party cohesion Brotherhood (al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn) and discipline in, 4–5, 7–8, 22, 26–30, Friday mosques, 33, 34f 156–60; redistributionist promises and, Fuller, Graham E., 56–57,58 126–33, 135, 147–54, 208 future of Egyptian pluralism, 11–12, 184, electoral underperformance of leftist parties, 205–6, 221–25 45–73, 155–82, 203–6; election dynamics and, 59–73; fraud and, 48–50, 59–60; organizational challenges and, 156–58, Gad, Emad, 134 165–66; rubber stamping and, 60–62; al-Galāʾ Military Hospital for the Families of socialist associations and, 48, 56–59, 72–73; Officers, 78 state co-optation and, 50–55; targeted state Gellner, Ernest, 15 repression and, 50, 55 Gelman, Andrew, 142 elite candidates, 94, 98–99 General Federation of Egyptian Trade Unions embeddedness. See connectedness (GEFTU) (al-Ittiḥād al-ʿām li-niqābāt ʿummāl employment-based voluntary organizations, Miṣr), 37–38, 176 38–39 Gerges, Fawaz, 3 Engels, Friedrich, 38 al-Ghad Party (Ḥizb al-Ghad), 46f, 100, 101, entryism, 79–84 102f Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 58 al-Ghannouchi, Rached, 197 Esposito, John L., 23 Ghonim, Wael, 1, 9

Index 245

Goldberg, Ellis, 58–59 interim constitution of 2011, 216–17nn19–20 Golden, Miriam, 150n65 interim government, 13n, 225 Google searches, 101, 102f International Monetary Fund, 139 Greene, Kenneth, 26, 159n11 International Peace Institute (IPI), 131 Internet presence, 94, 100–101 Ḥabīb, Muḥammad, 149n61, 165 Iraqi elections, 60n25 Hachmi Hamdi, Mohamed, 197,200 al-ʿIryān, ʿIsām, 76–77,84, 221–22 Hallidy, Fred, 23 ʿĪsā, Ibrāhīm, 110, 132–33 Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), 220–21 Islam, xiv; charitable traditions and Hamzawy, Amr, 156 organizations in, 31, 34–36, 79–84; Hānī, Muḥammad, 167 contemporary revival of, 136; da‘wa activities Hasan II of Morocco, 18n of, 18; familiar rhetorical style of, 4–5, 7–8, Ḥatḥūt, Ḥassān, 113–14 10, 14, 15f, 18–20; ideational impact on Haykal, Muḥammad Ḥassanayn, 40–42 governance of, 16–22, 40, 56–57,207; Hegghammer, Thomas, 1n influence on believers of, 15, 30n; prohibition Hellyer, Hisham, 211n3 on interest in, 139. See also sharīʿah Hendriks, Bertus, 23n9 Islamic Constitutional Movement (al-Ḥarakah High Elections Commission, 60n27 al-Dustūriya al-Islāmiyya) (Kuwait), 2–3 Hinnebusch, Raymond A., 67 Islamic Group (al-Gamāʿa al-Islāmiyya), 132, Ḥishmat, Gamāl, 77,91 219 household size, 107–9, 110t, 111t, 141–42 Islamic Jihad (al-Jihād al-Islāmī), 132 al-Huḍaybī, Ḥassan, 219 Islamic Medical Association (IMA) (al-Jamʿiyya al-Huḍaybī, Maʾmūn, 219 al-Ṭibiyya al-Islāmiyya), 77–79, 101–3 Human Development Index (United Nations Islamic Nationalist Party (Al-Ḥizb al-Waṭanī Development Programme), 4 al-Islāmī), 55n17 Huntington, Samuel P., 16 Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), 220–21 Hussein, Saddam, 60n25 Islamic Salvation Front (Algeria), 120 Huwaydī, Fahmī, 1n Islamist parties, xiii–xiv, 25; on constitutional amendments, 134–35; constriction in Ibn Khaldūn, 69n44 post-revolutionary support of, 183–88, 205–6, Ibrahim, Gihan, 1 208, 210–11, 212f, 225; definition of, 1n; Ibrahim, Hassanayn Tawfiq, 218 discipline and cohesion of, 4–5, 7–8, 22, Ibrāhīm, Ḥussayn Muḥammad, 124 26–30, 155–60; embeddedness in Ibrāhīm, Jihān, 127 communities of, 155–66, 168–69, 175–79, ideational explanations, 4–5, 14–22, 40, 56–57, 194, 201–4, 207–8; official banning of, 207; cartoon depictions of, 14, 15f; 18–19, 23, 74–75; in post-revolutionary essentialism in, 17,19; on rhetorical elections, 5–13, 132–33, 155–57,169–74; rise advantages, 18–20; on social contexts, 20–22 of, 7–8; social services of, 8, 22, 24–25, ideological self-identification, 57–59, 127,128f, 31–32, 40–42, 76–87; traditional reasons for 142–43, 145n, 147–48 electoral success of, 14–42; violence used by, ʿĪd, Sulaymān, 114 217–21; voting patterns for, 87–90. See also illiteracy rates, 64–65, 104–5, 107–9, 110t, 111t, Muslim Brotherhood (al-Ikhwān 135, 136f al-Muslimūn); al-Nūr Party (Ḥizb al-Nūr) Independent candidates, 46f, 95t, 132f Ismail, Salwa, 25 independent trade unions. See trade unions Israel: Camp David Accords with, 78; Indonesia, 184, 202–3, 204t, 209 Palestinian resistance in, 220–21; Sadat’s informal economic sector, 38 peace mission to, 54, 78; Six-Day War of, informational advantages. See connectedness 56–57; Yom Kippur war with, 77 information technology, 94, 100–101 al-ʾIʿtiṣām magazine, 81–82 Institutional Revolution Party (PRI) (Mexico), ʿIzz al-Dīn Qassām Brigades, 220–21 120 ʿIzzat, Maṃūd, 77

246 Index

Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan), 202 166–69, 179–82, 204–6; illiteracy rates and, al-Jamʿiyya al-Khayriyya al-Islāmiyya (Islamic 65–66, 104–5; in Latin America, 56; Charitable Association), 35 legislative victories of, 45; local successes in al-Jamʿiyya al-Sharʿiyya li-Taʿāwun al-ʿĀmilīn post-revolutionary elections of, 183–84, bil-Kitāb wa al-Sunna al-Muḥammadiyya 188–94; losses in post-revolutionary elections (JS), 35, 79–83, 168; on constitutional of, 9–10, 11, 156–58, 165–66; niche appeal amendments, 134, 170; rejection of Muslim of, 26; organizational challenges of, 34, Brotherhood candidates by, 205–6 156–58, 165–66; potential for success of, jihadist ideology, 217–21 208–9; redistributionist economic policies of, Jordan, 19, 33n20 147–55, 178–80, 208–9; revolution of 2011 Jribi, Maya, 197 and, 8–9, 126–27,131; rigged electoral losses judiciary: anti-Morsi actions of, 216–17; of, 48–50, 59–60; socialist associations with, election oversight by, 60n27,96–98, 125–26, 48, 56–59, 72–73; state co-optation of, 48, 133 50–55; targeted repression of, 50, 55, 176 Juergensmeyer, Mark, 219 Lewis, Bernard, 16, 21 Justice and Construction Party, 2 Liberal Constitutionalist Party, 114 Justice Party, 132f Liberal Party (Ḥizb al-Aḥrār), 46f, 47,74, 95t Liberty and Justice Party (Ḥizb al-Ḥurriya wa al-ʿAdāla), 164t Kamrava, Mehran, 56 Libya, 2 al-Karāma Party, 127,140, 186, 188 Liddle, R. William, 152 Kassem, May, 68 linkages. See connectedness Kepel, Gilles, 25 Lippmann, Walter, 12 Kerr, Malcolm H., 30 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 17,208 Khamīs, Maḥmūd, 83–84 literacy rates. See illiteracy rates al-Kharbāwī, Tharwat, 213 Lust-Okar, Ellen, 51, 56, 60, 61 Kifāya (Egyptian Movement for Change) (al-Ḥarakaal-Miṣriyya min ajl al-Taghyīr), 51 Maʿālim fī al-Ṭarīq (Quṭb), 219 King, Gary, 108, 178 MacCallan, Arthur F.,115–17 kinship. See family/kinship networks Magaloni, Beatriz, 120 Kirchheimer, Otto, 26 al-Maghāwrī, ʿĀtif, 94, 95t Kissinger, Henry, 41–42 al-Maghrabi Eye Hospitals, 90–91 Kreidie, Lina Haddad, 21 Mahfūẓ, Nagīb, 63 Kuran, Timur, 23, 139 Mahmood, Saba, 25 Kurzman, Chalres, 208 majoritarian elections, 67–71, 72t, 94–95, 111, Kuwait, 2–3 130–31, 202 Makram-Ebeid, Mona, 19n al-Malṭ, Aḥmad, 77 labor movement. See trade unions Marx, Karl, 20, 38 Labor Party, 74 Marzouki, Moncef, 197,200–201 Laitin, David, 19 Masjid al-Madīna al-Munawwara, 28 landholding patterns, 203, 204t Masjid ʿUmar Makram, 24 Lane, Edward William, 33 master narratives. See social cleavages Law 40 of 1977,74 material explanations, 16, 22–30; party Law 73 of 1956, 60n27 cohesion and discipline as, 26–30; social Law 114 of 1984, 62–63, 67 services and beneﬁts as, 30–40, 166; Law 188 of 1986, 67,70 suppression of dissent as, 22–24, 32 Lee, Andrea, 29–30 Michels, Roberto, 26 leftist parties, xiii; in the authoritarian era, middle classes, xiv; blindness and, 115–19; 45–73; clientelistic disadvantages of, 39–40; clientelist appeals to, 99; education levels of, cohesion and discipline in, 29–30; 98–100; electoral mobilization of, 104–20; connectedness disadvantages of, 5–13, Internet use by, 94, 100–101; Muslim

Index 247

Brotherhood leadership in, 94, 98–99; Muhammad’s Youth, 165 Muslim Brotherhood membership in, 6, 8, 18, Muḥyī al-Dīn, Khālid, 54, 65, 69, 70 93–94, 98–104, 112; social services for, 99, Mujani, Saiful, 152 101–4; standard of living of, 123–24 Munson, Ziad, 22, 23 military forces: interim government of, 13n, Murphy, Emma C., 56 218, 225; overthrow of Morsi by, 4, 5, 11–13, al-Muṣaylḥī, ʿAlī, 37 184, 208, 209; overthrow of the monarchy by, Muslim Brotherhood (al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn), 33, 37,54, 59, 219 xiii–xiv, 4–5, 221–25; accommodation with Miller, Judith, 3 Mubarak’s regime by, 52–53; arrests in 1981 Mishʿal, Sayyid, 49 of, 78; aspiration list (1945) of, 113; branches Miṣr al-Fatāh Party, 47 (1937) of, 114–19; breakaway parties from, al-Miṣrī al-Yawm newspaper, 83 163–65; cartoon depictions of, 14–15; Mitchell, Richard P., 112, 162 cohesion and discipline in, 26–30, 155–60; monarchy: banning of Muslim Brotherhood by, commitment to democracy of, 221–25; 74; overthrow in 1952 of, 33, 37,54, 59, 219 economic focus of, 139–47; economic Monroe, Kristen Renwick, 21 platform of, 149, 151–55, 175–82; elections Moore, Barrington, 21 of 1945 and, 112–14; elections under Morocco, 2 authoritarianism of, 93–120, 165, 207; Morsi, Mohammed: in debates over elections, electoral rivals of, 46f; embeddedness in 211–15; military overthrow of, 4, 5, 11–13, communities of, 168–69, 175–79, 194, 207–8; 184, 208, 209; on Nasser’s coup, 59; founding of, 80, 113; Google searches for, parliamentary campaigns of, 49, 94–96, 101, 102f; health networks of, 77–79, 103, 124–25, 186, 221; presidency of, 215–17; 111–12, 176–78; ideological commitments presidential campaign platform of, 139–41; of, 12–13; information technology use by, 94, presidential election of, 2, 10–11, 17,171–72, 100–101; leadership of, 4, 94, 98–99; locales 173t, 174f, 184–86, 189–94; protests against, targeted in elections by, 105–20; loyalty oath 11–13, 24, 157,206, 209–15; religious and bylaws of, 159, 162n; middle-class authority of, 27–28; rigged electoral loss in constituency of, 6, 8, 18, 93–94, 98–104, 112, 2005 of, xv–xvi, 53, 221; social service 207; Morsi’s overthrow and, 4, 5, 11–13, 184, provision by, 92 208, 209–15; organizational hierarchy of, mosques: associational role of, 33–35; 160f; party platforms of, 138–39; political frequency of attendance at, 175–78; numbers arm of, 1–2; in post-revolutionary elections, and density of, 33, 34f, 169–74, 196–202; 1–2, 6–7,9–10, 133, 135, 138–47,156–57; on political role of, 23–24, 31–34; social service property rights, 188n4; protests of 2013 spaces in, 169n29; in Tunisia’s religious against, 11–13, 157,206, 209–15; public networks, 196–200. See also religious opinion of, 3, 12, 131–32, 152–54; recruiting institutions practices of, 158–59; revolution of 2011 and, 127; shadow ”popular parliament” of, Moussa, Amre, 134, 186, 189, 190t, 211, 214–15 125–26; social networks of, 158–63, 168; Movement for Peace and Development (Ḥarakat social service outreach by, 35–36, 75–92, al-Salām wa al-Tanmiya), 132–33, 164t 156–57; state repression and banning of, Mubarak, Gamal, 51n9 35–36, 50, 74–87,124–26, 218, 225; violence Mubārak, Hishām, 3 used by, 217–21, 224; voter perceptions of Mubarak, Hosni, xiii; banning of religious economic platforms of, 147–55, 175–82. politicking by, 18–19, 23, 74–75; clientelism See also Freedom and Justice Party (Ḥizb of, 5–6, 10, 39–40; election strategies of, 63; al-Ḥurriyah wa al-ʿAdālah) Islamic movements under, 8–9; overthrow of, Musṭafā, Saḥar Ṭalʿat, 167 1, 3, 8–9, 24, 126, 206; Presidential Decree Musʿad, Nivīn ʿAbd al Munʿim, 69 201 of, 67–68; public opinion on, 17; mutual aid societies, 6, 38, 39f succession debates and, 51. See also authoritarian era; National Democratic Party (NDP) (Ḥizb al-Waṭanī al-Dimūqrāṭī) Nachtwey, Jodi, 24–25 Muhammadiyah movement (Indonesia), 203 Nāﬁʿ, Ḥasan, 133–34

248 Index

al-Naḥḥās, Muṣṭafā, 218–19 140–41; voter perception of, 147,148f, Naipaul, V S., 21 152–54, 175, 177t; vote share of, 64–65, 66f Naqvi, Iqlal, 208 National Salvation Front (Jabhat al-Inqādh al-Waṭanī), 211 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 33; Arab socialism of, New Wafd Party (Ḥizb al-Wafd al-Jadīd), 46f, 56–59; popularity of, 58–59; repression of 63, 70 Muslim Brotherhood by, 74, 218, 219 niẓām al-usar (system of families), 159–63 Nasserist Party (al-Ḥizb al-Nāṣirī), 46f al-Nuqrāshi, Maḥmud Fahmī, 218 Nation Party (Ḥizb al-Waṭan), 163, 164t Nūr, Ayman, 100, 101 National Action Party (PAN) (Mexico), 120 al-Nūr Party (Ḥizb al-Nūr), 2, 9, 10, 27,143n; National Awakening Party (Indonesia) (Partai demographic bases of votes for, 141–42; Kebangitan Bangsa), 203 economic policies of, 144f, 145, 146t, National Democratic Party (NDP) (Ḥizb 149–50, 152, 153f; electoral platforms of, al-Waṭanī al-Dimūqrāṭī), 1n; cartoon 139; oﬀshoots of, 163; organizational depictions of, 49, 50f; clientelism of, 5–6, 10, structure of, 162–63; in post-revolutionary 23, 39–40, 166, 167,207; on constitutional elections, 132, 135, 171–72, 185–87; on amendments of 2012, 135, 136f; co-optation sharīʿah, 140; social networks of, 168; tribal of Islamic organizations by, 82–84; in leader support of, 187n; voter perception of election of 2000, 94–96; in election of 2010, economic platform of, 147,148f, 175, 177t, 123–26; electoral record of, 46f, 47–50; 178, 179f, 181 Forum for Party Organizers of, 124; Google searches for, 101, 102f; internet presence of, Obama, Barack, 2, 215 100f; key districts of, 107; leadership of, opposition parties. See leftist parties 98–99; in majoritarian elections, 68; Organization of 1965, 219 neoliberal economic platform of, 127; opposition to Sadat by, 53–55; organizational organizational advantages, 155–82; in Islamist skills of, 124; post-revolutionary dissolution parties, 4–5, 7–8, 22, 26–30, 155–60, 163–66; of, 129–30, 202, 203; in post-revolutionary in Islamist social networks, 158–63; in leftist elections, 132f, 206; proportional parties, 156–58, 165–66 representation system in, 63–64; public Ottaway, Marina, 156, 165–66 opinion of, 17; rigged electoral victories of, xv–xvi, 48–50, 53, 221; vote share of, 64, 65f, Pakistan, 184, 202–3, 204t, 209 67. See also authoritarian era; Mubarak, Palestinians, 220–21 Hosni Pappé, Ilan, 57 National Liberation Front (FLN) (Algeria), 120 party list system, 62–67,130–31, 216n19 National Mandate Party (Indonesia) (Partai Party of Authenticity (Ḥizb al-Aṣāla), 164t Amanat Nasional), 203 Party of Construction and Development (Ḥizb National Progressive Unionist Rally (NPUR) al-Bināʾ wa al-Tanmiya), 132, 164t (al-Tajammuʿ al-Waṭanī al-Taqaddumī Party of Functional Groups (Indonesia) al-Waḥdawī), 45, 46f, 48; connectedness (Golongan Karya), 202–3 challenges of, 168–69; co-optation by Party of Justice and Construction (Libya), 2 Mubarak’s regime of, 50–55; demographic Party of Justice and Development (Ḥizb bases of votes for, 141–42; demonstrations al-ʿAdālah wa al-Tanmiya) (Morocco), 2 against Mubarak’s regime by, 53, 54t; Party of Light (Ḥizb al-Nūr). See al-Nūr Party economic platform of, 150–55, 175, 177t; in (Ḥizb al-Nūr) election of 2000, 94, 95t; electoral losses of, Party of Reform and Renaissance (Ḥizb al-Iṣlāḥ 51–52; electoral slogans of, 70–71; ﬁnancial wa al-Nahḍa), 164t challenges of, 71; internet presence of, 100; Party of Safety and Development (Ḥizb lack of middle class appeal of, 111; in al-Salāma wa al-Tanmiya), 132, majoritarian elections, 68–71, 72t; 164t membership in 2005 of, 72t; proportional Party of the Banner (Ḥizb al-Rāya), 163, representation system and, 63; on sharīʿah, 164t

Index 249

party organization, 26–30; of leftist parties, 34, in, 129–30, 184, 202; economic vs. moral 156–58, 165–66; of the NDP,124; of the concerns in, 139–47; electoral dynamics of, al-Nūr Party, 162–63; obedience and 129, 130–31, 170, 202, 216n19; Islamic party discipline in, 26–30, 155–60; recruiting participation in, 132; Islamist party practices and, 26, 158–59; system of families advantages in, 5–13, 155–57,169–74; Islamist and, 159–63 party participation in, 132–33; leftist party patronage. See clientelistic networks challenges in, 156–58, 165–66; leftist party Pepinsky, Thomas, 152 participation in, 131; leftist successes in, Perry, Elizabeth J., 20 183–84, 188–94; parliamentary races in, Pioneer Party (Ḥizb al-Riyāda), 132, 132f, 133, 135, 187–88; presidential race in, 164t 2, 10–11, 17,171–74, 184–86, 205; Piscatori, James, 18n redistributionist politics in, 126–33, 135, political Islam. See Islamist parties 147–54, 208–9; social policy issues of, political opportunity, 5–13. See also 136–39; support for sharīʿah in, 134–42, 194, connectedness 208; tribal power brokers in, 167–68; voter political parties. See Islamist parties; leftist perception of economic platforms in, 147–55, parties; National Democratic Party (NDP) 174–82; voter turnout in, 186 (Ḥizb al-Waṭanī al-Dimūqrāṭī) Preachers Not Judges (Duʿā lā qudā) political parties law, 51n6 (al-Huḍaybī), 219 political party system, 208–9 the presidency, 133 political pluralism, xiv, 11–13, 184, 205–6, 217, presidential politics, 206 221–25 private voluntary organizations, 37–38, 39f political self-identiﬁcation, 57–59, 127,128f, Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia) 142–43, 145n, 147–48 (al-Ḥizb al-Dimuqrāṭī) al-Taqadumī, 197,198t the poor/poverty, xiv, 5–7,39–40, 47–48, 120; The Prolegomena (al-Muqaddima) (Ibn blindness and, 115–19; clientelism among, Khaldūn), 69n44 17–18, 71–73, 87–90, 120, 131, 207,209; proportional representation system, 62–67, demand for services and, 64–65; illiteracy 130–31 rates and, 64–65, 104–5, 135, 136f; increases Prosperous Justice Party (Indonesia) (Partai in, 5; informal social services for, 84–87; per Keadilan Sejahtera), 202, 203 capita income of, 3–4, 98; redistributionist protests of 2013, 11–13, 157,206, 209–15; politics and, 9–10, 126–33, 135, 147–54, 181, constitutional struggles as catalysts of, 208–9; Ṣābahī’s vote share among, 188–89 215–17; election debates as catalysts of, Popular Petition for Freedom, Justice, and 211–15; petition of, 210; use of mosques in, Development (Tunisia) (al-ʿArīḍa 24 al-Shaʿbiyya lil-Ḥurriya wa al-ʿAdāla wa Przeworski, Adam, 31 al-Tanmiya), 197,198t, 200 Popular Socialist Alliance (Ḥizb al-Taḥāluf Qaddaﬁ, Muammar, 3 al-shaʿbī al-ishtirākī), 131 al-Qaeda, 218 population density, 107–9, 110t Qandīl, ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, 35, 127 post-Morsi era: interim military government of, al-Qaradāwī, Yūsif, 222 13n, 225; repression of Muslim Brotherhood Quṭb, Sayyid, 217–18, 219, 220 in, 218, 225 post-revolutionary elections, 1–7,45, 126–33; cartoons of, 14–15; constitutional Rabīʿ, ʿAmr Hāshim, 69 amendments referendum of, 133–35, 136f, Rādī, Muḥsin, 52 156–57,170–74; constitutional referendum Ragab, Muḥammad, 135 of, 14–15, 150, 213; constriction in Islamist Razi, G. Hossein, 18n party support in, 183–88, 205–6, 208, 210–11, redistribution, 9–10, 126–33, 135; public 212f, 225; debates on 2013 elections and, perceptions of parties on, 147–54, 175–82; 211–15; demographic bases of votes in, shifting political fortunes of the left and, 141–42; disruption of clientelistic networks 208–9

250 Index

Reform and Development Party, 132f Salafist parties: cohesion and discipline in, 27; religious discourse and rhetoric, 4–5, 7–8, 10, organizational structure of, 162–63; platforms 14, 15f, 18–20 of, 138–39; in post-revolutionary elections, religious institutions: associational role of, 132, 133, 134–35; rival organizations among, 23–24, 31–35, 195; charitable organizations 163, 164t. See also al-Nūr Party (Ḥizb al-Nūr) of, 34–36, 79–84, 169n29; Islamist Salāma, Ḥasan, 80 embeddedness in, 168–69, 175–79, 194; Salvation Army, 25n13 Islamist vote share and density of, 169–74, al-Ṣāwī, ʿAlī, 61 196–202; numbers of, 33, 34f; voter al-Sayyid, Ḥamdī, 78 perceptions of economic platforms and, Scarrow, Susan E., 26–27 174–82 secularization thesis, 17–18, 20–21, 40–42 religious study, 176–79 secular-left parties. See leftist parties Renaissance Movement Party (Ḥizb Ḥarakat Shafīq, Aḥmad, 172, 186, 189–94, 205, 215, 225 al-Nahḍa) (Tunisia), 2, 184, 194–201 Shaḥāta, Luṭfī, 95–96, 130 Renaissance of the Scholars (Indonesia) Shahwān, Luṭfī, 77 (Nahdat-ul-Ulama), 203 Shapiro, Ian, 30–31 Renaissance Party (Ḥizb al-Nahḍa), 132, 164t sharīʿah, 126; as basis for governance, 1n, 9, resource advantages, 5–13, 30–42, 207–8. 16–17,140–41; political support for, 22, See also connectedness 134–35, 194, 208; protests of 2013 and, 210; Revolution Continues coalition, 132f, 141–42 public opinion on, 17,135–38 revolution of 2011, 2, 8–9, 12, 45; elections of al-Shāṭir, Khayrat, 149, 218 2010 and, 124–26; leftist redistributionist Shehata, Samer, 61 politics of, 126–33, 135; slogans of, 45, 126; Shihāb, Mufīd, 125 use of mosques in, 24; worker strikes and, al-Shubaki, ʿAmr, 131n24 127. See also post-revolutionary elections Shukr, ʿAbd al-Ghaffār, 131 Revolutionary Socialists, 9, 127 Shukrī, Ibrāhīm, 55n17,69 Revolutionary Youth Party, 175, 177t Sid-Ahmed, Muhammad, 204 Rizk, Ynan Labib, 218 Singerman, Diane, 18, 33 Robinson, Robert V.,3 single-member districts, 131n24 Rokkan, Stein, 17,208 al-Sīsī, ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ, 209, 215–16 Rose al-Yūsif publication, 168 Sivan, Emmanuel, 21 Rosenethal, Franz, 69n44 Six-Day War, 56–57 Rubin, Barry, 25 Snow, David A., 18 rule of law, 13 social change, 20–22 Russell, Bertrand, 29 social cleavages, 4–11, 208–9; class and economic bases of, 4–11, 16–22, 39–42, Ṣābahī, Ḥamdīn, 127,140, 186, 188–91, 206, 67–73, 200–201, 208; faith basis of, 139–47, 211, 214–15 195–96; kinship networks and, 32–33, 68–71, ṣadaqa, 35 130–31, 159–63, 167–68, Sadat, Anwar, 18n; assassination of, 55, 132, 205 219; economic policies of, 149; electoral Social Justice Party (Ḥizb al-ʿAdāla system under, 63; negotiations and treaty al-Ijtimāʿiyya), 46f with Israel of, 54, 78; NPUR’s opposition to, social networks, 32–39; clientelistic networks 53–55; popularity of, 58; relationship with within, 31, 35–36, 39–42, 184; in the Muslim Brotherhood of, 53, 77–78, 82; family/kinship groups, 32–33, 156–68, 205; violence by, 218–19 group feeling in, 69–70; in majoritarian Said, Mohamed El’Sayed, 56 elections, 68–71, 130–31; in mobilization of al-Saʿīd, Rifʿat, 48, 51–52 secular support, 183–84, 188–94; of Muslim Salafi Alliance (Kuwait), 3 Brotherhood, 158–63; party embeddedness Salafi Call Society (Salafi Daʿwa), 1n, 143n, in, 166–69, 203–6; private voluntary 162, 163, 168, 172–73, 187n. See also al-Nūr organizations as, 37–38, 39f; religious Party (Ḥizb al-Nūr) institutions and mosques as, 33–36, 79–84,

Index 251

168–69; state’s role in, 38–39; voter Ṭaha, Ḥamdī, 33–34 embeddedness in, 174–82. See also civil Taḥrīr Square demonstrations. See revolution of society; connectedness 2011 social services: authoritarian era repression and, tamarud movement. See protests of 2013 76–87; clientelist relationships and, 40–42; Tarrow, Sidney G., 19 entryist strategies in, 79–84; informal Tessler, Mark, 24–25, 195n10 delivery of, 84–87; for middle classes, 101–4; Tibi, Bassam, 56–57n19, 209 Muslim Brotherhood health networks as, al-Tibyān magazine, 82 77–79, 103, 111–12, 176–78; Muslim al-Tilmissānī, ʿUmar, 54, 159, 221, 223 Brotherhood outreach via, 75–92, 156–57; Tomorrow Party (Ḥizb al-Ghad), 46f, 100, 101, through Islamic (religious) charities, 34–36, 102f 79–84, 169n29; through Islamist political Tomsa, Dirk, 202 parties, 8, 22, 24–25, 31–32, 40–42; voting Tomz, Michael, 108, 178 patterns and, trachoma, 115–17 87–90 trade unions, 37–38, 39f, 150, 168–69, 205; socialism, 48, 56–59; in Arab nationalist limitations of, 180, 205; perceptions as leftist movements, 56–57; leftist party associations of, 176, 177t, 178–80; in Port Said, 189; in with, 56–59, 72–73 Tunisia, 196 Socialist Democratic Party of Egypt (Ḥizb Miṣr tribalism. See family/kinship networks al-Ishtirākī al-Dimūqrāṭī), 55n17 Tsai, Lily L., 181 Socialist Labor Party (SLP) (Ḥizb al-ʿAmal Tunisia, 194–201; Bin ʿAlī’s regime in, 2, 3, 23, al-Ishtirākī), 45, 46f, 47–48, 55; Islamist 195, 197; Islamist parties in, 2, 184; public transformation of, 65; possible fascist political concerns in, 195–96; religious connections of, 55n17; proportional networks in, 196–200; uprising of 2010 in, representation system and, 63; vote share of, 200 64–65, 66f Tunisian General Labor Union (UGTT) Socialist Liberals Party (Ḥizb al-Aḥrār (al-Ittiḥād al-ʿām al-Tūnisī lil-shugl), 196 al-Ishtirākiyūn), 63 Tunisian Workers Communist Party (Ḥizb Socialist Party of Egypt (al-Ḥizb al-Ishtirākī al-ʿUmmālal-Shiyūʿīal-Tūnisī), 197,198t al-Miṣrī), 55n17 Society of Muslim Brothers (Jamāʿat al-Ikhwān ʿUḍwī, Aḥmad Ibrāhīm, 34 al-Muslimūn). See Muslim Brotherhood ʿUmrāniyya Hospital, 103 (al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn) underdevelopment, 5–7,207–8; secularization Soviet Union, 56 thesis and, 17–18, 20–21, 40–42; structural Sprague, John, 31 disadvantages to leftist parties and, 209; trade Springborg, Robert, 27,60 union sector and, 37–38, 150, 168–69, 180, Stacher, Joshua, 61 205. See also the poor/poverty Strong Egypt Party (Ḥizb al-Miṣr al-Qawiyya), UN Development Programme, 4 164t unemployment rates, 107–9, 110t, 118t sugar, 156–57 unions. See trade unions Suharto, 202 United Action Front (Pakistan) (Muttahida suicide, 20–21 Majlis- i-Amal), 202 Sulaymān, Ibrāhīm, 49 United Development Party (Indonesia), 203 Sullivan, Denis J., 24, 37,101–2 ʿUthmān, Amīn, 219 Supreme Constitutional Court, 216–17 Supreme Council of the Armed Forces: vanguard parties, 158–59 constitutional amendment proposal of, Virtue Party (Ḥizb al-Faḍīla), 132, 164t 133–35, 136f; electoral reforms by, voter perception of party economic platforms, 130–31 147–55; connectedness and, 174–82; Syrian elections, 60n25 education levels and, 177t, 178; religious system of families (niẓām al-usar ), 159–63 study and, 176–79

252 Index

al-Wafd Party (Ḥizb al-Wafd), 1n; campaign Wittenberg, Jason, 108, 178 strategies of, 34, 111; demographic bases of women’s legislative seats, 62n30, 123n1 votes for, 141–42; in election of 2000, 95t; worker/farmer candidates, 67–68, 94 Google searches for, 101, 102f; internet World Bank, 139 presence of, 100; militia of, 218; partnership World Values Surveys: on Internet use, 100; on with Muslim Brotherhood of, 74, 104; in political self-identiﬁcation, 57; on sharīʿah, post-revolutionary elections, 132f; public 17,135 opinion (2011) of, 131–32; on sharīʿah, 140; traditional networks of, 70, 167; vote share Yaʿqūb, Muḥammad Ḥusayn, 134–35 of, 65–66, 104; voter perception of, 147,148f, Yom Kippur War, 77 153f, 175, 177t; worker/farmer deputies of, Young Egypt (Miṣr al-Fatāh), 55n17,218 68n41 Watts, Susan, 32–33 Weber, Max, 17,20–21 Zakariyya, Huda, 69–70 Wedeen, Lisa, 19, 24, 60n25 zakāt, 35 Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky, 18, 21; on Zaki, Moheb, 166 al-Jamʿiyya al’Sharʿiyya (JS), 80; on Islamic al-Zaqāzīq, xv, 49, 84, 95t, 124–25, 130, 194 charitable organizations, 35, 76; on Muslim Zartman, Ira William, 51 Brotherhood’s social networks, 162 Zeghal, Malika, 198, 200 Wiktorowicz, Quintan, 23, 25, 75 Zeldin, Mary Barbara, 29 Wilson, James Q., 16–17 Zollner, Barbara, 219