DOCSLIB.ORG

5741 Kraetzschmar & Rivetti.Indd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
5741 Kraetzschmar & Rivetti.Indd Islamists and the Politics of the Arab Uprisings 55741_Kraetzschmar741_Kraetzschmar & RRivetti.inddivetti.indd i 005/01/185/01/18 66:47:47 PPMM 55741_Kraetzschmar741_Kraetzschmar & RRivetti.inddivetti.indd iiii 005/01/185/01/18 66:47:47 PPMM Islamists and the Politics of the Arab Uprisings Governance, Pluralisation and Contention Edited by Hendrik Kraetzschmar and Paola Rivetti 55741_Kraetzschmar741_Kraetzschmar & RRivetti.inddivetti.indd iiiiii 005/01/185/01/18 66:47:47 PPMM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutt ing-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © editorial matt er and organisation Hendrik Kraetzschmar and Paola Rivett i, 2018 © the chapters their several authors, 2018 Edinburgh University Press Ltd Th e Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 12/1 4 Arno and Myriad by IDSUK (Dataconnection) Ltd, printed and bound in Great Britain A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 1925 3 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 1926 0 (paperback) ISBN 978 1 4744 1927 7 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 1928 4 (epub) Th e right of the cntributors to be identifi ed as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). 55741_Kraetzschmar741_Kraetzschmar & RRivetti.inddivetti.indd iivv 005/01/185/01/18 66:47:47 PPMM Contents List of abbreviations viii Notes on the editors and contributors xii Acknowledgements xviii 1 Political Islam and the Arab uprisings 1 Paola Rivett i and Hendrik Kraetzschmar PART I Islamists and issues of political and economic governance 2 Participation not domination: Morsi on an impossible mission? 17 Mariz Tadros 3 Governing aft er protests: the case for political participation in post-2009 Iran 36 Paola Rivett i and Alam Saleh 4 Th e group that wanted to be a state: the ‘rebel governance’ of the Islamic State 54 Truls Hallberg Tønnessen 5 Islamic and Islamist women activists in Qatar post-Arab uprisings: implications for the study of refusal and citizenship 70 Wanda Krause and Melissa Finn 6 Is Islamism accommodating neo-liberalism? Th e case of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood 89 Angela Joya 7 A critique from within: the Islamic Left in Turkey and the AKP’s neo-liberal economics 107 Nazlı Çağın Bilgili and Hendrik Kraetzschmar 55741_Kraetzschmar741_Kraetzschmar & RRivetti.inddivetti.indd v 005/01/185/01/18 66:47:47 PPMM vi Islamists and the Politics of the Arab Uprisings PART II Islamist and secular party politics 8 Rise and endurance: Moderate Islamists and electoral politics in the aft ermath of the ‘Moroccan Spring’ 127 Mohammed Masbah 9 Does participation lead to moderation? Understanding changes in the Egyptian Islamist parties post-Arab Spring 149 Barbara Zollner 10 Islamist political societies in Bahrain: collateral victims of the 2011 Popular Uprising 166 Marc Valeri 11 Kuwait’s Islamist proto-parties and the Arab uprisings: between opposition, pragmatism and the pursuit of cross-ideological cooperation 182 Luciano Zaccara, Courtney Freer and Hendrik Kraetzschmar 12 Secular forms of politicised Islam in Tunisia: the constitutional democratic rally and Nida’ Tunis 205 Anne Wolf 13 Political parties and secular–Islamist polarisation in post-Mubarak Egypt 221 Hendrik Kraetzschmar and Alam Saleh PART III Intra-Islamist pluralisation and contention 14 Th e complexity of Tunisian Islamism: confl icts and rivalries over the role of religion in politics 243 Francesco Cavatorta 15 Th e reconfi guration of the Egyptian Islamist Social Movement Family aft er two political transitions 258 Jérôme Drevon 16 Iraq’s Shi‘a Islamists aft er the uprisings: the impact of intra-sectarian tensions and relations with Iran 274 Ibrahim al-Marashi 17 Th e impact of Islamist trajectories on the international relations of the post-2011 Middle East 291 Katerina Dalacoura PART IV The Sunni–Shi‘a divide 18 Islamism in Yemen: from Ansar Allah to Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 307 Vincent Durac 19 Sectarianism and civil confl ict in Syria: reconfi gurations of a reluctant issue 322 Laura Ruiz de Elvira Carrascal and Souhaïl Belhadj 55741_Kraetzschmar741_Kraetzschmar & RRivetti.inddivetti.indd vvii 005/01/185/01/18 66:47:47 PPMM Contents vii 20 Out of the ashes: the rise of an anti-sectarian discourse in post-2011 Iraq 341 Chérine Chams El-Dine PART V Conclusion 21 Conclusion: new directions in the study of Islamist politics 359 Jillian Schwedler Index 375 55741_Kraetzschmar741_Kraetzschmar & RRivetti.inddivetti.indd vviiii 005/01/185/01/18 66:47:47 PPMM Abbreviations ACM Anti-Capitalist Muslims (Kapitalizmle Mücadele Derneği) AKP Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development Party) AP Authenticity Party (Hizb al-Asala) AQAP Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Tanzim al-Qaeda fi Jazirat al-‘Arab) AQI Al-Qaeda in Iraq (al-Qaeda fi al-‘Iraq) ASU Arab Socialist Union (al-Itt ihad al-Ishtiraki al-‘Arabi) BDP Building and Development Party (Hizb al-Bina’ wa al-Tanmiyya) CAP Civilisational Alternative Party (Hizb al-Badil al-Hadari) CDR Call for Democratic Reform (Nida’ al-Islah al-Dimuqrati) CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women CHP Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People’s Party) CM Constitutional Movement (al-Harakat al-Dustouriyya) CNSFP Commission for National Security and Foreign Policy CP Centre Party (Hizb al-Wasat) CU Constitutional Union (al-Itt ihad al-Dustouri) DFK Democratic Forum of Kuwait (al-Minbar al-Dimuqrati al-Kuwaiti) DFP Democratic Front Party (Hizb al-Gabha al-Demoqrati) DP Da‘wa Party (Hizb al-Da‘wa) EBDA Egyptian Business Developmental Association ECP Egyptian Current Party (Hizb al-Tayyar al-Misri) ESDP Egyptian Social Democratic Party (Hizb al-Misri al-Dimuqrati al-Ijtmaʿi) EU European Union FEP Free Egyptians Party (Hizb al-Misriyeen al-Ahrar) FJP Freedom and Justice Party (Hizb al-Hurriyya wa al-’Adala) 55741_Kraetzschmar741_Kraetzschmar & RRivetti.inddivetti.indd vviiiiii 005/01/185/01/18 66:47:47 PPMM Abbreviations ix FSA Free Syrian Army GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross domestic product GPC General People’s Congress (al-Mo’tamar al-Shaabi al-’Aam) HP Homeland Party (Hizb al-Watan) IAF Islamic Action Front (Jabhat al-’Amal al-Islami) IAS Islamic Action Society (Jamʿiyyat al-ʿAmal al-Islami) ICM Islamic Constitutional Movement (al-Harakat al-Dustouriyya al-Islamiyya) ICP Iraqi Communist Party (al-Hizb al-Shiyuʿi al-ʿIraqi) IFLB Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain (al-Jabha al-Islamiyya li-Tahrir al-Bahrayn) IG Islamic Group (al-Jama’a al-Islamiyya) IG Islamic Gathering/Kuwait (al-Tajammu‘ al-Islami) IHCHR Iranian High Council for Human Rights (Sett ad-e Hoquq-e Bashar) IMF International Monetary Fund INA Iraqi National Alliance (al-I’tilaf al-Watani al-‘Iraqi) INC Islamic National Coaliton (al-’Itilaf al-Watani al-Islami) IP Independence Party (Hizb al-Istiqlal) IPG Islamic Popular Gathering (al-Tajammu‘ al-Islami al-Shaabi) IRGC Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps IS Islamic State (al-Dawla al-Islamiyya) ISCI Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (al-Majlis al-A’ala al-Islami al-‘Iraqi) ISI Islamic State of Iraq (al-Dawla al-Islamiyya fi al-ʿIraq) ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (al-Dawla al-Islamiyya fi al-ʿIraq wa al-Sham) JCO Justice and Charity Organisation (al-ʿAdl wa al-Ihsan) JDY Justice and Development Youth (Chabibabte al-’Adala wa al-Tanmiyya) JMP Joint Meeting Parties (Ahzab al-Liqa’ al-Mushtarak) JP Justice Party (Hizb al-Adl) JPA Justice and Peace Assembly (Tajammu‘ al-Adala wa al-Salam) KMB Kuwaiti Muslim Brotherhood (al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun fi al-Kuwait) LJP Labour and Justice Platform (Emek ve Adalet Platformu) LRC League of Revival and Change (Rabitat al-Nahda wa al-Taghyir) MB Muslim Brotherhood MENA Middle East and North Africa MSC Mujahidin Shura Council 55741_Kraetzschmar741_Kraetzschmar & RRivetti.inddivetti.indd iixx 005/01/185/01/18 66:47:47 PPMM x Islamists and the Politics of the Arab Uprisings MTI Mouvement de la Tendance Islamique/Islamic Tendency Movement (Harakat al-Itt ijah al-Islami) MUR Movement of Unity and Reform (Harakat al-Tawhid wa al-Islah) NAB National Action Bloc (Kutlat al-‘Amal al-Wataniya) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NDC National Dialogue Conference NDP National Democratic Party (Hizb al-Watani al-Dimuqrati NIA National Islamic Alliance (al-Tahaluf al-Watani al-Islami) NSF National Salvation Front (Jabhat al-Inqadh al-Watani) NUG National Unity Gathering (Tajammu‘ al-Wahda al-Wataniya) NWP New Wafd Party (Hizb al-Wafd al-Jadid) OMSC One Million Signature Campaign (Yek Milyun Emza bara-ye Laghv-e Qavanin-e Tab‘iz Amiz) OREMA Organisation du Renouveau Estudiantin au Maroc/Students Renewal Organisation in Morocco PAB Popular Action Bloc (Kutlat al-Amal al-Shaabi) PAM Party of Authenticity and Modernity (Hizb al-Asala wa al- Muʿassara) PDCM Popular Democratic and Constitutional Movement (al-Haraka al-Shaʿbiyya al-Dustouriyya al-Dimuqratiyya) PDRY People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen PJD Party of Justice and Development (Hizb al-’Adala wa al-Tanmiyya) PKK Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê (Kurdistan Worker’s Party) PL Party of Light (Hizb al-Nour) PM Popular Movement (al-Haraka al-Shaʿbiyya) PNPA Peace and National Partnership
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Political Ideas and Movements That Created the Modern World
    harri+b.cov 27/5/03 4:15 pm Page 1 UNDERSTANDINGPOLITICS Understanding RITTEN with the A2 component of the GCE WGovernment and Politics A level in mind, this book is a comprehensive introduction to the political ideas and movements that created the modern world. Underpinned by the work of major thinkers such as Hobbes, Locke, Marx, Mill, Weber and others, the first half of the book looks at core political concepts including the British and European political issues state and sovereignty, the nation, democracy, representation and legitimacy, freedom, equality and rights, obligation and citizenship. The role of ideology in modern politics and society is also discussed. The second half of the book addresses established ideologies such as Conservatism, Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism and Nationalism, before moving on to more recent movements such as Environmentalism and Ecologism, Fascism, and Feminism. The subject is covered in a clear, accessible style, including Understanding a number of student-friendly features, such as chapter summaries, key points to consider, definitions and tips for further sources of information. There is a definite need for a text of this kind. It will be invaluable for students of Government and Politics on introductory courses, whether they be A level candidates or undergraduates. political ideas KEVIN HARRISON IS A LECTURER IN POLITICS AND HISTORY AT MANCHESTER COLLEGE OF ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY. HE IS ALSO AN ASSOCIATE McNAUGHTON LECTURER IN SOCIAL SCIENCES WITH THE OPEN UNIVERSITY. HE HAS WRITTEN ARTICLES ON POLITICS AND HISTORY AND IS JOINT AUTHOR, WITH TONY BOYD, OF THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION: EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION? and TONY BOYD WAS FORMERLY HEAD OF GENERAL STUDIES AT XAVERIAN VI FORM COLLEGE, MANCHESTER, WHERE HE TAUGHT POLITICS AND HISTORY.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Muslim Family Laws in Arab States AUP-ISIM-IS-BW-Welchman-22:BW 24-04-2007 19:22 Pagina 2
    Women and Muslim Family Laws in Arab States: A Comparative Overview of WOMEN AND MUSLIM FAMILY LAWS WOMEN AND MUSLIM FAMILY LAWS Textual Development and Advocacy combines an examination of women’s rights in Muslim family law in Arab states across the Middle East with IN ARAB STATES discussions of the public debates surrounding the issues that are raised in processes of codification and amendment. A number of states have A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF TEXTUAL recently either codified Muslim family law, or Women and Muslim Family Laws in have issued significant amendments or new DEVELOPMENT AND ADVOCACY Arab States: A Comparative Overview laws on the subject. This study considers these of Textual Development and new laws along with older statutes to comment Advocacy combines an examination. on patterns and dynamics of change both in Lynn Welchman the texts of the laws, and in the processes by women’s rights in Muslim family which they are drafted and issued. It draws IN ARAB STATES law in Arab states across the Middle on original legal texts as well as on extensive East with discussions of the public secondary literature for an insight into practice; debates surrounding interventions by women’s rights organisations and other parties are drawn on to identify women’s rights in Muslim family areas of the laws that remain contested. The law in Arab states across the Middle discussions are set in the contemporary global East with discussions of the public context that ‘internationalises’ the domestic debates the issues that are raised. and regional discussions. ISIM SERIES ON CONTEMPORARY LYNN WELCHMAN MUSLIMISIM SERIES SOCIETIES ON CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SOCIETIES Lynn Welchmann is senior lecturer ISBN-13 978 90 5356 974 0 in Islamic and Middle Eastern Laws, School of Law at SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies) at the University of London.
    [Show full text]
  • Mesc November 2006
    The Newsletter of Middle East Studies Center, American University in Cairo November/December 2006 THIS MONTH’S FEATURE: HUMAN RIGHTS IN EGY P T WWW.AUCEGYPT.EDU/ACADEMIC/MESC/ Page 2 INSIDE THIS ISSUE: FROM THE DIRECTOR 3 JOEL BEININ THE CARAVAN DEBATE: AN OVERVIEW 4 GARTH HALL DESKILLING EGYPTIAN POLICE, PRIVATIZING TORTURE 6 HOSSAM EL-HAMALAWY HUMAN RIGHTS IN EGYPT: A SEARCH FOR A PUBLIC ATTITUDE 7 MONA HEIKAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN EGYPT: A 2006 CALENDAR 8 GARTH HALL LECTURE OF AMR HAMZAWY 13 LENKA BENOVA MAKING IRAQ’S OIL WORK FOR IRAQIS 15 RORY A. MCNAMARA BOOK REVIEW, HAMAS: POLITICS, CHARITY, AND TERRORISM 18 WILLIAM JON HUMMEL ALUMNI UPDATES 19 LENKA BENOVA Editor Garth Hall The views expressed here are those of their authors and not necessarily Editor J. Marshall Brown those of MESC, the editor, or the Associate Editor Rory A. McNamara Middle East studies program. Associate Editor Lenka Benova Associate Editor Danny Corbin OCTOBER 2006 Page 3 FROM THE DIRECTOR JOEL BEININ ‘Ashura and the City of Kar- being organized by Dr. Saad hope that everyone bala,” which was on display Eddin Ibrahim. It will take I had a restful ‘eid break at the Falaki Gallery from place shortly after Coptic and that we are all refreshed November 12-28. Christmas (January 6). For and ready to enter the sec- information, contact Dr. The Interdisciplinary Advisory ond half of the fall semester Saad’s student assistant, Committee has approved a with renewed energy and Maria Dayton at mariaday- proposal for a comprehensive commitment. [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim Prospects for a Liberal Egypt by Eric Trager
    MENU Policy Analysis / Articles & Op-Eds The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim Prospects for a Liberal Egypt by Eric Trager Aug 23, 2011 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Eric Trager Eric Trager was the Esther K. Wagner Fellow at The Washington Institute. Articles & Testimony The iconic youths of Egypt's Tahrir Square revolution are now deeply divided among nearly a dozen, often indistinguishable political parties, while the Muslim Brotherhood is seizing the momentum. he protesters who led Egypt's revolt last January were young, liberal, and linked-in. They were the bloggers T who first proposed the demonstrations against Hosni Mubarak on Twitter; the Facebook-based activists who invited their "friends" to protest; and Wael Ghonim, the 30-year-old Google executive who, after Egypt's state security agency detained him for 12 days, rallied the crowds to hold Tahrir Square. Far from emulating Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, they channeled Thomas Paine, calling for civil liberties, religious equality, and an end to Mubarak's dictatorship. Their determination, punctuated by the speed of their triumph, fueled optimism that the long-awaited Arab Spring had finally sprung -- that the Middle East would no longer be an autocratic exception in an increasingly democratic world. The political transition following their revolt, however, has dulled this optimism. The iconic youths of Tahrir Square are now deeply divided among nearly a dozen, often indistinguishable political parties, almost all of which are either too new to be known or too discredited by their cooperation with the previous regime. Concentrated within the small percentage of Internet-using, politically literate Egyptians, their numbers are surprisingly small.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim Brotherhood Fol- Lowing the “25 Janu- Ary Revolution”
    Maria Dolores Algora Weber CEU San Pablo University THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD FOL- LOWING THE “25 JANU- ARY REVOLUTION”: FROM THE IDEALS OF THE PAST TO THE POLITICAL CHAL- LENGES OF THE PRESENT In the framework of the Arab Spring, as the wave of social mobilisation of 2011 has come to be known, the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt marked the beginning of a process which has deeply transformed the re- ality of many countries in the Arab World. In Egypt, the events that took place in Tahrir Square not only put an end to President Mubarak's dic- tatorship, but also paved the way for new political actors, among which the Muslim Brotherhood has played a key role. During the subsequent transition, the Brotherhood gained control of the National Assembly and positioned their leader, Mohamed Mursi, as the new President. The present debate is focused on the true democratic vocation of this move- ment and its relationship with the other social forces inside Egypt and beyond. This article intends to address these issues. To that end, it begins with an explanation as to the ideological and political evolution of the Muslim Brotherhood and its internal changes brought about by the end of the previous regime, closing with an analysis of its transnational influ- ence and the possible international aftermaths. Islam, Islamism, Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt, Arab Spring 181 INTRODUCTION n 2011, a wave of social mobilisations took place in various Arab countries and which came to be known as the “Arab Spring”. This name is undoubtedly an at- tempt to draw a comparison between the historic process that unfolded in Europe Iin the mid-nineteenth century and the events that have taken place in the Arab World.
    [Show full text]
  • Arab Uprisings: an Update
    Arab uprisings: an update Standard Note: SNIA/6400 Last updated: 2 August 2012 Author: Ben Smith Section International Affairs and Defence Section A brief survey of developments in the Arab world since the uprisings that began in 2011 (background and earlier developments can be found in a collection of briefings – see the last section: further reading). Two of the three countries that have had elections since the uprisings – Tunisia and Egypt – have seen mainstream and more radical Islamists dominating. In Libya, the third of the three, a pragmatic and relatively secular politician who had been former Prime Minister during the rebellion did well. It is still early to know what these new governments will do but, as with many of the countries in the region, pressing economic problems may be the most important thing. Meanwhile, after a dramatic few weeks, many are now convinced that the Assad regime in Syria cannot survive. Contents 1 Egypt 3 1.1 Elections 3 1.2 Formation of a government 4 1.3 Outlook 4 2 Tunisia 5 2.1 Election to the constituent assembly 6 Women 6 2.2 Interim government 7 2.3 Outlook 7 3 Libya 7 3.1 Electoral system 8 Women 8 This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it.
    [Show full text]
  • World Leaders October 2018
    Information as of 29 November 2018 has been used in preparation of this directory. PREFACE Key To Abbreviations Adm. Admiral Admin. Administrative, Administration Asst. Assistant Brig. Brigadier Capt. Captain Cdr. Commander Cdte. Comandante Chmn. Chairman, Chairwoman Col. Colonel Ctte. Committee Del. Delegate Dep. Deputy Dept. Department Dir. Director Div. Division Dr. Doctor Eng. Engineer Fd. Mar. Field Marshal Fed. Federal Gen. General Govt. Government Intl. International Lt. Lieutenant Maj. Major Mar. Marshal Mbr. Member Min. Minister, Ministry NDE No Diplomatic Exchange Org. Organization Pres. President Prof. Professor RAdm. Rear Admiral Ret. Retired Sec. Secretary VAdm. Vice Admiral VMar. Vice Marshal Afghanistan Last Updated: 20 Dec 2017 Pres. Ashraf GHANI CEO Abdullah ABDULLAH, Dr. First Vice Pres. Abdul Rashid DOSTAM Second Vice Pres. Sarwar DANESH First Deputy CEO Khyal Mohammad KHAN Second Deputy CEO Mohammad MOHAQQEQ Min. of Agriculture, Irrigation, & Livestock Nasir Ahmad DURRANI Min. of Border & Tribal Affairs Gul Agha SHERZAI Min. of Commerce & Industry Homayoun RASA Min. of Counternarcotics Salamat AZIMI Min. of Defense Tariq Shah BAHRAMI Min. of Economy Mohammad Mustafa MASTOOR Min. of Education Mohammad Ibrahim SHINWARI Min. of Energy & Water Ali Ahmad OSMANI Min. of Finance Eklil Ahmad HAKIMI Min. of Foreign Affairs Salahuddin RABBANI Min. of Hajj & Islamic Affairs Faiz Mohammad OSMANI Min. of Higher Education Najibullah Khwaja OMARI Min. of Information & Culture Mohammad Rasul BAWARI Min. of Interior Wais Ahmad BARMAK Min. of Justice Abdul Basir ANWAR Min. of Martyred, Disabled, Labor, & Social Affairs Faizullah ZAKI Min. of Mines & Petroleum Min. of Parliamentary Affairs Faruq WARDAK Min. of Public Health Ferozuddin FEROZ Min. of Public Works Yama YARI Min.
    [Show full text]
  • From Islamophobia to Islamistophobia: Framing Islamic Movements in Egyptian Newspapers After the January 25Th Revolution
    The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy From Islamophobia to Islamistophobia: Framing Islamic Movements in Egyptian Newspapers after the January 25th Revolution A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Journalism and Mass Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Aisha Essam El-Haddad under the supervision of Dr. Mohamad Elmasry September 2013 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bism Allah AlRahman AlRaheem. In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. All Thanks are due to Allah for His numerous blessings and the success that is only granted by Him. I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my adviser Dr. Mohamad Elmasry for his patient guidance, detailed and timely feedback, continuous encouragement, and endless support. I especially appreciate his willingness to give his valuable time so generously whenever it was needed despite the tight deadlines this thesis passed through. I would also like to thank my committee members: Dr. Naila Hamdy and Dr. Hussein Amin for accepting to be in my committee despite the very short time provided for reading. Their valuable critique and generous praise was very encouraging and helped this thesis become much better. I would like to thank my father, for always inspiring and believing in me, my mother, for her tremendous and unconditional support, my husband, for his utmost sacrifice and encouragement, my brothers, for always being there for me. Special thanks are extended to my dearest sisters–in-law for enabling a dream to come true. I am particularly grateful to my friend Sarah Aggour for helping me in the inter-coder reliability test, and for offering her assistance and solidarity all the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Republican Egypt Interpreted: Revolution and Beyond
    14 Republican Egypt interpreted: revolution and beyond ALAIN ROUSSILLON Egypt is one of a restricted group of developing countries whose politics have assumed a special significance as test cases of opposing models of development. Egypt shares with India, China, Algeria, Yugoslavia and Cuba the analytical interest of partisan and aca- demic observers for the light its experience may shed upon the competing theories of development and for the possibility that its history may reveal a unique and unanticipated model Leonard Binder, In a Moment of Enthusiasm, p.. i. Introduction Towards the end of the 1970s, as the opening up (infitah) toward the west and the liberalization of the economy were sharply criticized as "betrayal" of the 1952 revolution's goals, as return of the exploitative bourgeoisie, and as abandonment of the Palestinian cause, certain observers, Egyptian and foreign, began to lay out a new "model" for the reading of contemporary Egyptian history. This model attempted to view Egypt's various "experi- ments," before and after the revolution, from a common perspective; it also made it possible to explain the "cycles" through which Egypt has ultimately failed to "modernize" and regain the place among nations that its millenia of history allows it to demand. Muhammad 'Ali and Nasir, breaking with a past of national humiliation, both incarnated Egypt's "will to power" by basing restoration of its regional and international role on a state economy heavily reliant on industry and the construction of a national armed force: the failure of both projects was brought about by conjunction of the "perverse" consequences of their own options and methods, and by the hostility from coalitions of external interests, alarmed by the regional role to which Egypt aspired.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan, Country Information
    Sudan, Country Information SUDAN ASSESSMENT April 2003 Country Information and Policy Unit I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III HISTORY IV STATE STRUCTURES V HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS ANNEX A - CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B - LIST OF MAIN POLITICAL PARTIES ANNEX C - GLOSSARY ANNEX D - THE POPULAR DEFENCE FORCES ACT 1989 ANNEX E - THE NATIONAL SERVICE ACT 1992 ANNEX F - LIST OF THE MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS OF SUDAN ANNEX G - REFERENCES TO SOURCE DOCUMENTS 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. The document does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum/human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum/human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. These sources have been checked for accuracy, and as far as can be ascertained, remained relevant and up-to-date at the time the document was issued. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum-seeker producing countries in the United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa
    HARD-WON PROGRESS AND A LONG ROAD AHEAD: WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA by Sanja Kelly As the governments of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) under- take the diffi cult process of enacting social and political change, the unequal status of women presents a particularly formidable challenge. In Iraq, deliberations over women’s legal status have been as contentious as negotiations over how to structure the government. In Jordan, measures to increase penalties for so-called honor crimes faced strong resistance by ultraconservative parliamentarians and ordinary citizens who believe that tradition and religion afford them the right to severely punish and even murder female relatives for behavior they deem immoral. These debates are not just legal and philosophical struggles among elites. They are emo- tionally charged political battles that touch upon fundamental notions of morality and social order. In order to provide a detailed look at the conditions faced by women in the Middle East and understand the complex environment surrounding efforts to improve their status, Freedom House conducted a comprehen- sive study of women’s rights in the region. The fi rst edition of this project was published in 2005. The present edition offers an updated examination of the issue, with a special focus on changes that have occurred over the last fi ve years. Although the study indicates that a substantial defi cit in women’s rights persists in every country in the MENA region, the fi ndings also include notable progress, particularly in terms of economic opportu- nities, educational attainment, and political participation.
    [Show full text]
  • Counting Islam Tarek Masoud Index More Information © in This
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00987-5 — Counting Islam Tarek Masoud Index More Information Index Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate a figure; those with t indicate a table. Abāẓa family, 129 mobilization of, 107–9, 110t; landholding ʿAbbās, Kamāl, 196 patterns in, 203, 204t; modernized ʿAbd al-Ghafūr, ʿImād, 163, 171 infrastructure in, 124; property protection ʿAbd al-Majīd, Waḥīd, 69, 213 laws in, 188–89; reforms of the 1950s in, 32; ʿAbd al-Maqṣūd, al-Muḥammadī, 81 traditional networks of, 31–33, 107; vote ʿAbd al-Munʿim, ʿAlā, 225n37 share in 2012 in, 189, 190t ʿAbd al-Ṣādiq, Ṣābir, 92 Ahmed, Muhammad Sid, 50 ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, ʾAyman al-Sayyīd, Ahram Center for Political and Strategic 168–69 Studies, 57,61–62, 136–38 Abed-Kotob, Sena, 24, 149 ʿĀkif, Mahdī, 52, 77,165, 222, 223 Abū ʿAzīzī, Muḥammad, 200 Algerian civil war, 11–12 Abū Bāshā, Hasan, 63 Almond, Gabriel A., 21 Abū al-Futūḥ, ʿAbd al-Munʿim: charitable Aminzade, Ronald R., 20 organizations and, 76, 77; expulsion from al-ʿAnānī, Khalīl, 165 Muslim Brotherhood of, 163; as future Anderson, Benedict, 93 presidential candidate, 225n37; al-Nūr Party anti-Americanism, 210n2 support of, 171; vote share in 2012 of, 163, Appleby, R. Scott, 21 173t, 185–86, 189, 190t April 6 Movement, 9 Abū Ismāʿīl, Hāzim Salāh, 91, 163, Arab Barometer surveys, 135–36, 225n37 137f, 196 Abū al-ʿĪṭa, Kamāl, 127,168–69 Arab Socialist Union (al-Ittiḥād al-Ishtirāki Abu Lughod, Lila, 4 al-ʿArabī), 54 Abū Ṣulayb, ʿĀdil, 82, 83n23 Arab Spring, xiii, 2, 12, 22.
    [Show full text]