Chemical Biology 03 BLOOD

Biomolecular Structure

www.optics.rochester.edu/.../image007.gif What holds Atoms together? bonds Covalent Molecules • Ionic bonds, electrostatic attraction keeps charged atoms together •very strong, but can be broken by water (example salt)

• Covalent bonds: electrons are shared between atoms in bonds • weaker than ionic, but can not be broken by water (example sugar) • only Outermost electrons (valence) interact •Single bonds: weaker bonds, longer, and atoms can rotate •Double bonds and Triple bonds: stronger, shorter bonds: atoms can not rotate (bond is more rigid) It all comes back to the periodic table

Rows go horizontally: 1st row, H, He; 2nd row, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne; 3rd row..

ofelectrons theirvalencein shells Columnsgovertically haveandsame number

http://www.elementsdatabase.com/ How is Bonding related to Valence?

Valence Number: 1. Valence number is the number of bonds 2. Each atom is different in the number of bonds it prefers to make. Why? 3. Each single bond is made of two electrons. 4. The preferred number of valence (outershell) electrons surrounding an atom for the second row is either two (1st Row), eight (2nd Row), or sixteen (3rd row) To understand Biological Molecules, we need to understand bonding

• To understand bonding, we need to understand electrons: 1. For a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons 2. For a neutral atom, the total number of electrons is the same as the atomic number 3. Inner shell electrons are buried and don’t interact with the environment 4. Outershell (valence) electrons can be shared in bonds or unshared in lone pairs 5. The number of outershell electrons is the same for each of the elements in a column in the periodic table How is Bonding related to Valence?

Representing Molecules Chemical Structure of some Sugars •Glucose, one of many sugars that our body can use, is an aldo-sugar, with the double bonded oxygen at the end of the chain. •Glucose is used directly, many others are converted into glucose •Both six carbon sugars (hexoses) and five carbon sugars (pentoses) are used Carbohydrate: Simple and Complex

• All sugars have the suffix: -ose • Simple sugars (glucose, fructose, lactose) are monosaccharides • Complex Sugars are two or more simple sugars attached together • the disaccharide sucrose, is 1 glucose + 1 fructose attached together • polysaccharides: such as glycogen are used to store carbs in liver and muscle for later and cellulose in plants SUCROSE Carbohydrate: Simple and Complex

• All sugars have the suffix: -ose Don’t be confused that now glucose is • Simple sugars (glucose, fructose, shown as a hexagon, and fructose as lactose) are monosaccharides a pentagon, they both like to cyclize! • Complex Sugars are two or more simple sugars attached together • the disaccharide sucrose, is 1 glucose + 1 fructose attached together • polysaccharides: such as glycogen are used to store carbs in liver and muscle for later and cellulose in plants Carbohydrate: Simple and Complex

• Sugars in a ring contain lots of single bonds. • These bonds can rotate. • Two kinds of structures are commonly found – Chair – Boat • Any sugar in solution goes back and forth between the open chain, the chair, and the boat structures The antigens of the ABO blood group are sugars • They are produced by a Define antigen series of reactions in which enzymes catalyze the transfer of sugar units onto proteins in the red blood cell membrane. • A person's DNA determines the type of enzymes they have, and, therefore, the type of sugar antigens that end up on their red blood cells • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/booksh elf/br.fcgi?book=rbcantigen&part=ch 2 The antigens of the ABO blood group are sugars • They are produced by a series of reactions in which enzymes catalyze the transfer of sugar units. • A person's DNA determines the type of enzymes they have, and, therefore, the type of sugar antigens that end up on their red blood cells • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/book shelf/br.fcgi?book=rbcantigen&part =ch2 The antigens of the ABO blood group are sugars (cont’d) • The functions of many of the blood group antigens are not known, and if they are missing from the red blood cell membrane, there is no ill effect. • This suggests that if the blood group antigens used to have a function, e.g., one particular blood group antigen made red blood cells more resistant to invasion from a parasite, it is no longer relevant today. Blood type O: the Americas

• People with blood type O are said to be "universal donors" because their blood is compatible with all ABO blood types. • It is also the most common blood type in populations around the world, including the USA (1) and Western Europe (2, 3). • Among indigenous populations of Central and South America, the frequency of O blood type is extremely high, approaching 100%. It is also high among Australian aborigines. Blood Type A: Central and Eastern Europe

• Type A is common in Central and Eastern Europe. In countries such as Austria, Denmark, Norway, and Switzerland, about 45-50% of the population have this blood type, whereas about 40% of Poles and Ukrainians do so. • The highest frequencies are found in small, unrelated populations. For example, about 80% of the Blackfoot Indians of Montana have blood type A. Blood type B: Asia

• Blood type B is relatively common in Chinese and Indians, being present in up to 25% of the population. • It is less common in European countries and Americans of European origin, being found in about 10% of these populations. Blood type AB is the least common

• Blood type AB individuals are known as "universal receivers" because they can receive blood from any ABO type. • It is also the rarest of the blood groups. It is most common in Japan, regions of China, and in Koreans, being present in about 10% of these populations.