From Beet to Sugar Facts and Figures 2014 Table of Contents

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

From Beet to Sugar Facts and Figures 2014 Table of Contents FROM BEET TO SUGAR FACTS AND FIGURES 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS About AGRANA 02 Production sites 04 Facilities in Austria 06 Facilities in Europe 08 European market presence 09 Sugar beet farming in Austria 10 Beet farming in Austria – facts and fi gures 11 The smallest sugar factory 12 From beet to sugar 13 Stages of sugar production 14 Beet campaign in Austria – facts and fi gures 17 Our commitment to the environment 18 Sugar – facts and fi ction 20 Our brand – Wiener Zucker 22 Key contacts 24 FROM BEET TO SUGAR FACTS AND FIGURES 2014 ABOUT AGRANA 02 AGRANA is an internationally active, apple juice concentrate and the fruit in In the starch segment, AGRANA is Austrian-based industrial player which yoghurts. represented by production facilities in adds value to agricultural commodities Austria, Hungary and Romania. The to produce a wide range of products In the sugar segment, its traditional corn and potato starch factories manu- for the processing industry. With around core business, the Group is active facture customer-oriented specialised 8,800 employees at 54 production sites in Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, products for the processing industry. on fi ve continents, AGRANA maintains Slovakia, Romania and Bosnia-Herze- In the food sector, AGRANA’s starch a truly global presence. Having been govina. AGRANA also markets sugar and products are found in confectionery, founded as a holding company for the starch products in Bulgaria. Through bakery products and baby food, Austrian sugar and starch industry in its country-specifi c sugar brands, such for example. Additionally, AGRANA has 1988, AGRANA has successfully developed as »Wiener Zucker« in Austria and established itself as an international from a solely Austrian to a globally active »Koronás Cukor« in Hungary, AGRANA specialist for organic starch products. company. off ers customers a wide range of sugar and speciality sugar products. This The Group is also active in the commer- AGRANA products are an intrinsic part product range is particularly popular cial area of renewable energy through of everyday life. The product range among consumers due to the consistently the production of bioethanol. This extends from sugar in foodstuff s and high quality levels and the attractive bioethanol is produced in Pischelsdorf, starch in textiles and paper to bioethanol packaging designs. Lower Austria, from starch-rich cereal as an admixture to petrol as well as varieties and corn and ultimately used FRUIT SUGAR STARCH as an admixture to petrol or as the 03 fuel grade SuperEthanol E85. Using a litre of bioethanol saves around 70% in terms of greenhouse gas emissions compared to a litre of petrol. 54 production sites The fruit segment, focussing on fruit 8,778 employees preparations and fruit juice concen- € 3,043.4m revenue trates, plays a major role in the Group’s AGRANA international presence as a result Beteiligungs-AG of its numerous facilities worldwide. Various fruits are carefully processed for use in the dairy, bakery and ice cream industries or supplied to beverage makers as top-quality fruit 10 production sites 5 production sites 39 production sites juice concentrates. 2,399 employees 1,008 employees 5,371 employees € 1,022.8m revenue € 848.5m revenue € 1,172.1m revenue The shareholder structure of AGRANA centres around the strategic link between AGRANA Zucker AGRANA Stärke AGRANA J&F cooperative-based Austrian shareholders GmbH GmbH Holding GmbH and the German group Südzucker AG Mannheim/Ochsenfurt, each of which indirectly holds around 43.1% of the shareholders’ equity. 7.3% of the shares are in free fl oat. AGRANA has been SUGAR STARCH FRUIT listed on the Vienna Stock Exchange since 1991. FROM BEET TO SUGAR TO FROM BEET Status: 28 February 2014 PRODUCTION SITES EUROPE 04 Serpuchov Ostrołęka Biała Rawska Góra Kalwaria Białobrzegi Chełm Herk-de-Stad Lipník Tulln Bingen Pischelsdorf Opava Vinnitsa Mitry-Mory Hrušovany Gmünd Anarcs Aschach Sereď Vásárosnamény Konstanz Kröllendorf Hajdúsámson Gleisdorf Szabadegyháza Roman Vaslui Leopoldsdorf Kaposvár Dürnkrut Buzău Valence Brčko Ţăndărei Požega Altιnova (Yalova) EUROPE AMERICA ASIA AFRICA OCEANIA Sugar Starch Fruit AMERICA AFRICA Lysander, NY 05 Laouamra Botkins (Anna), OH Qalyoubia (Cairo) Centerville, TN Fort Worth, TX Jacona, Michoacán Cabreúva, São Paulo Johannesburg Coronda ASIA OCEANIA Dachang Sigatoka, Fiji Chung-Buk Xianyang City Central Mangrove FROM BEET TO SUGAR TO FROM BEET FACILITIES IN AUSTRIA 06 SUGAR FACTORY IN TULLN The sugar factory in Tulln was founded A new silo for crystallised sugar was in 1937. The site in Tulln is nowadays commissioned at the Tulln site in home to the administration depart- October 2011. With a storage capacity DAILY SUGAR BEET PROCESSING ment of AGRANA Zucker GmbH as well of 70,000 tonnes, this is the second 14,000 t as the central sugar facility in which largest sugar storage silo in Europe. 12,000 t all of the products obtainable under the 10,000 t Wiener Zucker brand in Austria are 8,000 t manufactured, packaged and fully auto- 6,000 t matically stored in and shipped from 4,000 t 1968|69 2003|04 2013|14 a high-bay warehouse with a capacity of around 8,000 tonnes of sugar. SUGAR SILO STORAGE CAPACITY 1 silo with 70,000 t 1 silo with 38,000 t 2 silos each with 26,000 t 52,000 t 2 silos each with 11,000 t 22,000 t Total capacity 182,000 t AGRANA Zucker GmbH has manufacturing facilities at two sites in Austria – Tulln and Leopoldsdorf. The charts on pages 06 and 07 provide an overview of the 07 development of production levels at both sites. SUGAR FACTORY IN LEOPOLDSDORF The Leopoldsdorf facility mainly ships The sugar factory in Leopoldsdorf, built sugar in bulk or packaged quantities in 1901|02, was originally intended for (big bags or 50 kg bags) to the food pro- DAILY SUGAR BEET PROCESSING processing raw sugar. It was converted cessing industry. 14.000 t to a white sugar factory in 1925. 12.000 t Low-energy dryers have been installed 10.000 t Besides white sugar, this facility is at the sites in Tulln and Leopoldsdorf 8.000 t also the only producer of yellow sugar and have enabled energy consumption 6.000 t in Austria. This yellow-brownish sugar in the production of animal feedstuff s 4.000 t 1968|69 2003|04 2013|14 is responsible for the distinctive aroma at both to be cut by around 60%. of gingerbread, for example. SUGAR SILO STORAGE CAPACITY 1 silo with 50,000 t 3 silos each with 16,000 t 48,000 t 2 silos each with 11,250 t 22,500 t Storage area for palleted goods 2,000 t Total capacity 122,500 t FROM BEET TO SUGAR TO FROM BEET FACILITIES IN EUROPE 08 Besides the two facilities in Austria, CZECH REPUBLIC The factory in Buzău operates exclusively AGRANA also maintains seven other as a raw sugar refi nery. The products sugar production sites in fi ve Central Moravskoslezské cukrovary a.s., AGRANA’s distributed in the Romanian retail market and Eastern European countries. subsidiary in the Czech Republic, refi nes are sold under the »Mărgăritar Zahăr« AGRANA also operates a packaging and at total of 9,400 tonnes of sugar beet brand. distribution centre in Bulgaria. per day at its facilities in Hrušovany and Opava, sugar which is subsequently dis- The Group is represented here through tributed under the brand name »Korunní BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA a wide range of products under the Cukr«. AGRANA has developed to become premium »Zahira« brand. a key market player in this country. AGRANA opened the raw sugar refi nery STUDEN-AGRANA Rafi nerija Šećera d.o.o. in Brčko in 2008. This is a joint venture HUNGARY SLOVAKIA in which AGRANA and its long-standing distribution partner in the West Balkan At its facility in Kaposvár, the AGRANA During the most recent campaign, region, Studen & Co Holding GmbH, subsidiary Magyar Cukor Zrt. now operates the sugar factory of AGRANA’s Slovakian both hold 50% stakes. This factory has a the only sugar factory in Hungary follow- subsidiary, Slovenské cukrovary, s.r.o., processing capacity of around 650 tonnes ing the restructuring necessitated by in Sered, processed around 4,800 tonnes of raw sugar per day. the EU sugar market reform. The process- of sugar beet per day to make sugar ing capacity amounts to around 7,000 which is sold on the Slovakian market The sugar produced by STUDEN-AGRANA tonnes of sugar beet per day. In order to under the »Korunný Cukor« brand. is marketed throughout the entire supply the defi cit market, the Kaposvár West Balkan region and Slovenia under facility also processed raw sugar to the »AGRAGOLD« brand. make white sugar. Kaposvár is also home ROMANIA to one of the largest biogas plants in Europe, one which was able to cover 71% S.C. AGRANA Romania S.A. operates two of the primary energy requirements sugar factories in Romania which mainly of the sugar factory during the campaign refi ne raw sugar. The raw cane sugar 2013|14. grown in emerging markets such as Brazil and Thailand is shipped to Romania AGRANA is a leading player in the and processed to make white sugar at Hungarian food sector with the »Koronás the AGRANA facilities. In addition to Cukor« brand. refi ning raw sugar, the factory in Roman also processes up to 5,200 tonnes of sugar beet per day. EUROPEAN MARKET PRESENCE 09 Opava Hrušovany Tulln Dürnkrut Sereď Leopoldsdorf Roman Kaposvár Buzău Brčko AGRANA sugar factories INSTANTINA Nahrungsmittel Entwicklungs- und Produktionsgesellschaft m.b.H. FROM BEET TO SUGAR TO FROM BEET SUGAR BEET FARMING IN AUSTRIA 10 Sugar beet farming in Austria enjoys a long tradition: Sugar production began With the aid of a soil investigation This analysis and determining the at a low level in the method developed by AGRANA, it has early 19th century percentage of soil and any leaf or other and has since become a highly specialised been possible to tackle the problem plant material form the basis for the branch of industry.
Recommended publications
  • An Economic History of the United States Sugar Program
    AN ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES SUGAR PROGRAM by Tyler James Wiltgen A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Applied Economics MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana August 2007 © COPYRIGHT by Tyler James Wiltgen 2007 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Tyler James Wiltgen This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the Division of Graduate Education. Chair Vincent H. Smith Approved for the Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics Myles J. Watts Approved for the Division of Graduate Education Carl A. Fox iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copy is allowed for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Tyler James Wiltgen August 2007 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to Dr. Vincent Smith, my thesis committee chairman, for his guidance throughout the development of this thesis; I appreciate all of his help and support. In addition, I would like to thank the other members of the committee, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern-Sugar-E-Catalogue.Pdf
    PB — 1 13. 4. – 15. 7. 2018 Kunsthalle Bratislava The largest presentation of Ilona Németh’s work to date Archive maps past industrial times and captures the explores transformative events critical to current so- empty shells in their current pitiful state. Simultaneously cio-political debates. The exhibition takes its title from however, it strives to off er an opportunity for the future, one of the many foreign investors to enter the Central challenging us to develop a more sensitive awareness of European sugar industry in the early post-Communist what is at stake. years. The histories of Slovak sugar factories thus reflect the realities of this turbulent period of rapid change, The focus on labour and its global distribution is further characterized by cultural, as well as economic liberali- developed through works by the artists Jeremy Deller, zation and globalization. The factories’ gradual privati- Harun Farocki and Lonnie van Brummelen & Siebren zation and disappearance provides a framework within de Haan, whose work is introduced to a Slovak audi- which Németh can critically reflect on the manifold chal- ence for the first time. The German artist Farocki was lenges posed by the post-industrial condition. deeply invested in sustaining temporal as well as spatial perspectives on labour, whereas Van Brummelen & de The architectural site of Kunsthalle Bratislava serves Haan’s research brings forth the asymmetric aspects of as the first point of entry into the complexities of the production and distribution, inscribed within neo-coloni- Eastern Sugar project. Turning the museum’s Central al divisions of centre and periphery. The works by Deller Hall into a manufacturing site for sugar loaves, Németh relate to the uncanny gestures and alienated nature of reconstructs the lost past as memory through the fun- contemporary labour conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Works Cited PRIMARY Articles Aubrey, Allison. “Sweet Tooth Gone Bad: Why 22 Teaspoons of Sugar per Day is Risky.” Npr.com. NPR: ​ ​ Wisconsin Public Radio, 4 Feb 2014. Web. This source is an NPR article on the health risks of sugar. It details how much sugar Americans eat and how easy it is for people to consume more than the recommended amount of sugar by eating processed foods. It contains a helpful image that highlights the large amounts of sugar in typical products. It is a primary source because it describes modern sugar consumption and it discusses studies conducted recently. Books Austin, Harry A. History and Development of the Beet Sugar Industry. Washington, D.C.: 1180 National ​ ​ Press Building, 1928. Digital Collections of Colorado, University of Colorado. Web. 4 April 2016. ​ ​ This source is a book on the beet sugar industry written by Harry A. Austin, the Secretary of the U.S Sugar Beet Association. I used this source to understand the sugar beet industry and the role of sugar in the early 20th century. While this source had some scientific inaccuracies due to a lack of understanding of organic chemistry and had little information on sugar in Asia, I used the descriptions of beet sugar in the 1920’s in my documentary. This source describes how integral sugar had become to American and European households by the 1920’s and how beet sugar was used. While I primarily used this source as a primary source to gain insight into sugar in the early 20th century, I read some secondary material from this source on sugar beets in the 1800’s.
    [Show full text]
  • How Did Sugar Feed Slavery?
    NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE TOOLKIT 5th Grade Slavery in the Western Hemisphere Inquiry How Did Sugar Feed Slavery? © iStock /©Andrew_Howe. Supporting Questions 1. What conditions supported sugar production and slavery in the Western Hemisphere? 2. How was sugar cultivated in the Western Hemisphere? 3. What was life like for enslaved Africans on sugar plantations in the Western Hemisphere? THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION- NONCOMMERCIAL- SHAREALIKE 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE. 1 NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE TOOLKIT 5th Grade Slavery in the Western Hemisphere Inquiry How Did Sugar Feed Slavery? 5.3 EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND ITS EFFECTS: Various European powers explored and eventually New York State Social colonized the Western Hemisphere. This had a profound impact on Native Americans and led to the Studies Framework transatlantic slave trade. Key Idea & Practices Gathering, Using, and Interpreting Evidence Geographic Reasoning Economic Reasoning Staging the Question UNDERSTAND Complete a think-pair-share activity to determine if any popular consumer products today might be produced through inhumane means. Supporting Question 1 Supporting Question 2 Supporting Question 3 What conditions drove sugar How was sugar cultivated in the What was life like for enslaved Africans production and slavery in the Western Western Hemisphere? on sugar plantations in the Western Hemisphere? Hemisphere? Formative Formative Formative Performance Task Performance Task Performance Task List environmental, social,
    [Show full text]
  • Science Experiment at Home Mezzo 3
    Science experiment at home Mezzo 3 How to Make Rock Candy Learn to make rock candy for an edible activity! Making rock candy is also part science experiment, allowing your kid hands-on learning with a few simple ingredients and kitchen tools. This easy rock candy recipe lets your kid observe the crystallization process firsthand while making some pretty delicious treats. Sugar, water, and few more items found at home are all you need. Step 1 How to Make Rock Candy Gather your ingredients and tools. All you need is water, sugar, a clothespin, a pot for boiling, and a few wooden sticks to grow rock candy crystals in your kitchen! You might pick out a food color dye, too. For the "sticks," you can pick up a few bamboo skewers from the grocery store. A few simple ingredients allow you to make rock candy at home. Step 2 Bring two cups of water to a boil in a large pot on the stove. Next, stir in four cups of sugar. Boil and continue stirring until sugar appears dissolved. This creates a supersaturated sugar solution. This is also the time to add in any flavor enhancements, such as vanilla or peppermint and so on. Allow the solution to cool for 15-20 minutes. Create your sugar solution. Step 3 While waiting for the solution to cool, prepare your wooden sticks for growing the rock crystals. Wet the wooden sticks and roll them around in granulated sugar. Make sure you allow the sugared sticks to completely dry before continuing to Step 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Have You Ever Tasted Rock Candy?
    ROCK CANDY MADE FROM SUGAR, NOT ROCKS! Have you ever tasted rock candy? What did it taste like? How did it feel? It’s definitely a candy that offers some interesting sensations, both rough in texture and very sweet as it dissolves on your tongue. You can make rock candy at home and learn a bit of science at the same time, though it does require patience. You’ll start to see changes within the first few hours, but it might take up to a week for the rock candy to form. It’s important to have an adult help you with this project because you will be working with a hot liquid. Please be careful! Here is what you will need: • sugar (about 1 cup for each stick of candy, plus extra for dipping - the exact amount depends on the size of jars you're using and how many rock candy sticks you want to make) • water • tall, narrow glass jars (canning jars or something similar) • powdered, flavored drink mix(es) or food colorings and food flavorings • wooden candy sticks, wooden skewers or wooden chopsticks • parchment paper, waxed paper or paper towels • clothespins (for as many jars as you are using) or masking tape to hold sticks in place Clean the glass jars and wooden sticks and set them aside. Have your adult boil some water in a heavy saucepan, calculating about ½ cup of water to every cup of sugar for each candy stick you want to make. For example, if you want to make 4 sticks, then boil 2 cups of water and have 4 cups of sugar handy.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweeteners Georgia Jones, Extension Food Specialist
    ® ® KFSBOPFQVLCB?O>PH>¨ FK@LIKUQBKPFLK KPQFQRQBLCDOF@RIQROB>KA>QRO>IBPLRO@BP KLTELT KLTKLT G1458 (Revised May 2010) Sweeteners Georgia Jones, Extension Food Specialist Consumers have a choice of sweeteners, and this NebGuide helps them make the right choice. Sweeteners of one kind or another have been found in human diets since prehistoric times and are types of carbohy- drates. The role they play in the diet is constantly debated. Consumers satisfy their “sweet tooth” with a variety of sweeteners and use them in foods for several reasons other than sweetness. For example, sugar is used as a preservative in jams and jellies, it provides body and texture in ice cream and baked goods, and it aids in fermentation in breads and pickles. Sweeteners can be nutritive or non-nutritive. Nutritive sweeteners are those that provide calories or energy — about Sweeteners can be used not only in beverages like coffee, but in baking and as an ingredient in dry foods. four calories per gram or about 17 calories per tablespoon — even though they lack other nutrients essential for growth and health maintenance. Nutritive sweeteners include sucrose, high repair body tissue. When a diet lacks carbohydrates, protein fructose corn syrup, corn syrup, honey, fructose, molasses, and is used for energy. sugar alcohols such as sorbitol and xytilo. Non-nutritive sweet- Carbohydrates are found in almost all plant foods and one eners do not provide calories and are sometimes referred to as animal source — milk. The simpler forms of carbohydrates artificial sweeteners, and non-nutritive in this publication. are called sugars, and the more complex forms are either In fact, sweeteners may have a variety of terms — sugar- starches or dietary fibers.Table I illustrates the classification free, sugar alcohols, sucrose, corn sweeteners, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Island Studies Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013, Pp. 179-206 BOOK REVIEWS
    Island Studies Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013, pp. 179-206 BOOK REVIEWS SECTION Rebecca Adler-Nissen and Ulrik Pram Gad (eds.) (2013). European integration and postcolonial sovereignty games: The EU Overseas Countries and Territories . Abingdon: Routledge. xxx+252pp, ISBN-13: 978-0-415-65727-3 (hbk) £80. ISBN: 13:978-0-203- 07684-2 (ebk). The thrust to independence for the remaining colonies slowly ground to a halt in the last part of the Twentieth century. In consequence there now remain a good number of mostly island territories for which sovereign independence is no longer seen as an option. Twenty five of these have a unique relationship with the European Union (EU) defined by the term ‘Overseas Countries and Territories’ (OCT), eleven of which are British, six French, six Dutch and one Danish. Under the terms of the Overseas Association Decision (OAD) adopted in 2001, the OCT have a special and unique relationship with the EU which provides them with preferential trading arrangements and very modest levels of development assistance, among other benefits. The OAD is now under consideration for revision as of the end of 2013. It and the OCT relationship with the EU is little known in the EU and little discussed in the OCT or within the EU member states to which they are associated. It has equally been ignored by the academic community. This book by Adler-Nissen and Gad is the first comprehensive comparative study of the OCT relationship with a particular focus on the triangular relationship linking together the OCT at one corner, the European Commission at another and the member states to which the OCT are linked at the third.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 2 Assistant Lecture Tafaoul Jaber
    Lecture 2 Assistant Lecture Tafaoul Jaber Effect of alkali on carbohydrates Benidict , Fehling , Barfoed tests . These tests are based on the most important chemical property of sugar, the reducing property. Benidict and fehling tests are used to determine presence of reducing sugar while Barfoed test is used more specifically to distinguish monosaccharides and disaccharides. Reducing and Non- reducing sugars Sugars exist in solution as an equilibrium mixture of open- chain and closed-ring (or cyclic) structures. Sugars that can be oxidized by mild oxidizing agents are called reducing sugars because the oxidizing agent is reduced in the reaction. A non-reducing sugar is not oxidized by mild oxidizing agents. All common monosaccharides are reducing sugars. The disaccharides maltose and lactose are reducing sugars. The disaccharide sucrose is a non-reducing sugar. Common oxidizing agents used to test for the presence of a reducing sugar are: Benedict's solution, Fehling's solution. Benedict's Test Benedict's test determines whether a monosaccharide or disaccharide is a reducing sugar. To give a positive test, the carbohydrate must contain a hemiacetal which will hydrolyse in aqueous solution to the aldehyde form. Benedict's reagent is an alkaline solution containing cupric ions, which oxidize the aldehyde to a carboxylic acid. In turn, the cupric ions are reduced to cuprous oxide, which forms a red precipitate. This solution has been used in clinical laboratories for testing urine. RCHO + 2Cu2+ + 4OH- ----- > RCOOH + Cu2O + 2H2O Hemiacetal & hemiketal formation Procedure Place 1 ml of carbohydrates solutions in test tube. To each tube, add 1 ml of Benedict's reagent.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Behavior Characterization of a Sugar-Based Model System and Commercial Confections Across the Stages of Sugar Cooking
    THERMAL BEHAVIOR CHARACTERIZATION OF A SUGAR-BASED MODEL SYSTEM AND COMMERCIAL CONFECTIONS ACROSS THE STAGES OF SUGAR COOKING BY MELISSA WANG THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Food Science and Human Nutrition with a concentration in Food Science in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2017 Urbana, Illinois Adviser: Professor Shelly J. Schmidt Abstract The stages of sugar cooking, although long-existing and widespread in the confection industry, are lacking in thermal behavior profile descriptions, which are crucial to confection functionality. Thermal behavior parameters, such as the glass transition temperature (Tg), are indicative of confection material structure and textural behavior. Tg plays an important role in governing the quality and shelf life of sugar-based confection, and is influenced by moisture content, formulation, and other factors. This study aimed to connect thermal behavior parameters to the stages of sugar cooking. Thus, the objective of this research was to investigate the thermal behavior of the six stages of sugar cooking, as well as representative commercial confections from each stage. A model sugar-based confectionery system was developed and representative commercial confections belonging to each stage of sugar cooking were selected. The model system consisted of a 70:30 ratio of sucrose to corn syrup and a 70:30 ratio of solids to moisture. To investigate the thermal behavior of the stages of sugar cooking, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), moisture content, and water activity analyses were conducted for the model system and representative commercial confections. The average Tg midpoint of the model system increased from thread to hard crack stage, corresponding to loss of water from increased cooking time and temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • High Fructose Corn Syrup How Sweet Fat It Is by Dan Gill, Ethno-Gastronomist
    High Fructose Corn Syrup How Sweet Fat It Is By Dan Gill, Ethno-Gastronomist When I was coming along, back in the ‘50s, soft drinks were a special treat. My father kept two jugs of water in the refrigerator so that one was always ice cold. When we got thirsty, we were expected to drink water. Back then Coke came in 6 ½ ounce glass bottles and a fountain drink at the Drug Store was about the same size and cost a nickel. This was considered to be a normal serving and, along with a Moon Pie or a nickel candy bar, was a satisfying repast (so long as it wasn’t too close to supper time). My mother kept a six-pack of 12-oz sodas in the pantry and we could drink them without asking; but there were rules. We went grocery shopping once a week and that six-pack had to last the entire family. You were expected to open a bottle and either share it or pour about half into a glass with ice and use a bottle stopper to save the rest for later, or for someone else. When was the last time you saw a little red rubber bottle stopper? Sometime in the late 70s things seemed to change and people, especially children, were consuming a lot more soft drinks. Convenience stores and fast food joints served drinks in gigantic cups and we could easily drink the whole thing along with a hamburger and French fries. Many of my friends were struggling with weight problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Fetishism and the Moral Marketplace: How Abolitionist Sugar Boycotts in the 1790S Defined British Consumers and the West Indian “Other”
    Fetishism and the Moral Marketplace: How Abolitionist Sugar Boycotts in the 1790s Defined British Consumers and the West Indian “Other” Laurel Carmichael A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Victoria University of Wellington 2015 ii iii Abstract In the early 1790s more than 300,000 Britons boycotted West Indian sugar in one of the most impressive displays of public mobilisation against the slave trade. Many of those who abstained were inspired by William Fox‘s 1791 pamphlet An Address to the People of Great Britain on the Utility of Refraining from the Use of West India Sugar and Rum. The abstention movement gained momentum amidst the failures of the petition campaign to achieve a legislative end to the slave-trade, and placed the responsibility of ending slavery with all British consumers. This thesis draws from cross-disciplinary scholarship to argue that the campaign against slave sugar appealed to an idealised image of the humanitarian consumer and maligned slave. Writers such as Fox based their appeal on a sense of religious duty, class-consciousness and gendered values. Both the domestic sphere and the consumer body were transformed into sites of political activism, as abolitionists attempted to establish a direct link between the ingestion of sugar and the violence of colonial slavery. Attempts to encourage consumers‘ sympathetic identification with the plight of distant slaves occurred alongside attempts to invoke horror and repulsion at slave suffering. The image of the West Indian slave presented to consumers was one shaped by fetishized European imaginings.
    [Show full text]