“HISTORIJSKI POGLEDI” 1 “HISTORICAL VIEWS” 1
,]GDYDþ 3XEOLVKHU &HQWDU]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQH &HQWHUIRU5HVHDUFKRI0RGHUQDQG KLVWRULMH7X]OD &RQWHPSRUDU\KLVWRU\7X]OD =DL]GDYDþD )RU3XEOLVKHU 3URIGU6HDG6HOLPRYLü 3URIGU6HDG6HOLPRYLü 5HGDNFLMD (GLWRULDOERDUG 3URIGU,]HWâDERWLüSURIGU+XVQLMD 3URIGU,]HWâDERWLüSURIGU+XVQLMD .DPEHURYLüSURIGU6HQDLG+DGåLü .DPEHURYLüSURIGU6HQDLG+DGåLü $NDGHPLNSURIGUâHUER5DVWRGHUGRFGU $NDGHPLNSURIGUâHUER5DVWRGHUGRFGU =HüLU5DPþLORYLüSURIGU5HGåHSâNULMHOM =HüLU5DPþLORYLüSURIGU5HGåHSâNULMHOM PUVF2PHU=XOLüSURIGU6HDG6HOLPRYLü PUVF2PHU=XOLüSURIGU6HDG6HOLPRYLü SURIGU$GQDQ9HODJLü SURIGU$GQDQ9HODJLü *ODYQLLRGJRYRUQLXUHGQLN (GLWRULQFKLHI 3URIGU6HDG6HOLPRYLü 3URIGU6HDG6HOLPRYLü 8UHGQLN (GLWRU 3URIGU,]HWâDERWLü 3URIGU,]HWâDERWLü 6HNUHWDU5HGDNFLMH 6HFUHWDU\RIWKH(GLWRULDOERDUG 0U-DVPLQ-DMþHYLü 0U-DVPLQ-DMþHYLü /HNWRU /HFWRU +DWLGåD)HWDKDJLüSURI +DWLGåD)HWDKDJLüSURI .RUHNWRU 3URRI5HDGHU 0U-DVPLQ-DMþHYLü 0U-DVPLQ-DMþHYLü 3UHYRGQDHQJOHVNLMH]LN (QJOLVK7UDQVODWLRQ $GQDQ7LQMLüSURI $GQDQ7LQMLüSURI 'L]DMQNRULFD 'HVLJQFRYHU $GQDQ7LQMLüSURI $GQDQ7LQMLüSURI âWDPSD 3ULQWHGE\ ³2))6(7´ ³2))6(7´ =DãWDPSDULMX )RUSULQWLQJR൶FH 0LUHOD$OMLü 0LUHOD$OMLü 7LUDå (GLWLRQ SULPMHUDND FRSLHV ýDVRSLVL]OD]LMHGQRPJRGLãQMH 7KHMRXUQDOLVSXEOLVKHGRQFHD\HDU 6YLUXNRSLVLVHãDOMXQDHPDLODGUHVXJODYQRJ $OOPDQXVFULSWVDUHWREHVHQWWRWKHHGLWRU LRGJRYRUQRJXUHGQLND VHDGVHOLPRYLF# LQFKLHIHPDLODGGUHVV VHDGVHOLPRYLF# JPDLOFRP; FLPRVKLV#JPDLOFRP) JPDLOFRP; FLPRVKLV#JPDLOFRP) 6WDYRYLL]QHVHQLXUDGRYLPDREMDYOMHQLPX 7KHYLHZVH[SUHVVHGLQSDSHUVSXEOLVKHG RYRPþDVRSLVXQLVXLVWRYUHPHQRLVWDYRYL LQWKLVMRXUQDODUHQRWDWWKHVDPHWLPH 5HGDNFLMHQHJRVXLVNOMXþLYRDXWRUD WKHYLHZVRIWKH(GLWLRULDOERDUGWKH\DUH H[FOXVLYHO\WKHDXWKRU UDK 94 ISSN 2637-1502
&(17$5=$,675$ä,9$1-(02'(51(,6$95(0(1( HISTORIJE TUZLA &(17(5)255(6($5&+2)02'(51$1'&217(0325$5< +,6725<78=/$
+,6725,-6.,32*/(', +,6725,&$/9,(:6 1
+,6725,-6.,32*/(',+,6725,&$/9,(:6 *2',%578=/$
6$'5ä$-
35('*2925 1
)25(:25' 5
I ýLANCI
3URIGU$GQDQ9(/$*,û U humskoj zemlji ...... 11
0UVF8URã'$.,û 0HKPHGSDãD6RNRORYLüLSUDYRVODYQLRJUDQDNQMHJRYHSRURGLFHX3HüNRM SDWULMDUãLML ...... 25
'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH .. 36
3URIGU,]HWâ$%27,û 8UHÿHQMHJUDQLþQLKSULMHOD]QLKPMHVWDLVDREUDüDMDQDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRML FUQRJRUVNRMJUDQLFL JRGLQH ...... 75
3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/-, ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML ...... 86
'RFGU1DND.1,.â,û -XVXI0HKRQMLüXSMHYDQMXVDQGåDþNLK%RãQMDND ...... 120
3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û 3ULOLNHXãNROVWYX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD X.UDOMHYVWYX6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD ...... 130
'U=HüLU5$0ý,/29,û $OLMD$YGRYLü±ERUDF]DVORERGXLUDYQRSUDYQRVW ...... 158
3URIGU6HQDLG+$'ä,û (WDWL]DPQDSULPMHUXREH]ELMHÿHQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYD%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHXXVORYLPDSRVOLMHUDWQHREQRYHLSUYRJSHWRJRGLãQMHJSODQD ...... 170
3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûPUVF1LKDG.8/(129,û 2G8þLWHOMVNHãNROHGR)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OL SULORJSURXþDYDQMX WUDQVIRUPDFLMHYLVRNRãNROVNRJREUD]RYDQMD ...... 187 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRP QDRVQLYDQMHLUDG1DURGQHELEOLRWHNHX7X]OLRG GR JRGLQH ......
0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û âNROVWYRX/XNDYFXXSHULRGX JRGLQH
3URIGU.DGULMD+2'ä,û 3ROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDSURIHVRUD6DOLKD%XUHNDWLKJRGLQDVWROMHüD ......
0UVF2PHU=8/,û 'LVROXFLMD6)5-LREQRYDQH]DYLVQRVWL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQDVWUDQLFDPDOLVWD Ä2VORERÿHQMH¶¶ ...... 260
3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûGUVF,]HW+$'ä,û 3ROLWLþNHSULOLNHQDSRGUXþMXWX]ODQVNHUHJLMHSUHGDJUHVLMXQD5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL +HUFHJRYLQX ...... 285
3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$OPLU+$/,/29,û, PUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD .. 301
II PRIKAZI
0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û 6PDLOýHNLü9DKLG.DUDYHOLü1HGåDG$MQDGåLü6HOPR&LNRWLüâHINR+RGåLü 0XKDPHG6PDMLü0HVXGâDGLQOLMD 3UYLNRUSXV$UPLMH5HSXEOLHN%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH6DUDMHYR VWU
0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,ûPU-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û 6HDG6HOLPRYLü,]HWâDERWLü'UXJLNRUSXV$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQH 7X]ODVWU 333
III IZVJEŠTAJI
0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û ,]YMHãWDMVD0HÿXQDURGQHQDXþQDNRQIHUHQFLMDÄ=QDPHQLWHOLþQRVWLXKLVWRULML %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH¶¶7X]ODQRYHPEDUJRGLQH
$PLU.53,û ,]YMHãWDMVDWULELQHÄ5HIHUHQGXP]DQH]DYLVQRVW5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH± JRGLQDSRVOLMH³7X]ODIHEUXDUJRGLQH $GQDQ7,1-,û ,]YMHãWDMVDRNUXJORJVWROD³+LVWRULMVNL]QDþDMSULMHPD5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHXþODQVWYR2UJDQL]DFLMH8MHGLQMHQLKQDFLMD±JRGLQDSRVOLMH³ 7X]ODPDMJRGLQH
,9&(17$5=$,675$ä,9$1-(02'(51(,6$95(0(1(+,6725,-( TUZLA
$NWLYQRVWL&HQWUD]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]OD 355
323,638%/,.$&,-$
8387(6$5$'1,&,0$
PREDGOVOR
ýDVRSLV +LVWRULMVNLSRJOHGLþLMLMHL]GDYDþ&HQWDU]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]OD MH SRNUHQXW V FLOMHP SUXåDQMD GRGDWQRJ SRWLFDMD UD]YRMXKLVWRULMVNHQDXNHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL3RNUHQXWMHVFLOMHPSURXþDYDQMDL LVWUDåLYDQMDSLWDQMDNRMDVXYH]DQD]DPRGHUQXLVDYUHPHQXKLVWRULMXNDRLVWYDUDQMX QRYRJSURVWRUD]DREMDYOMLYDQMHUH]XOWDWDLVWUDåLYDQMDL]REODVWLKLVWRULRJUD¿MHNDNR D¿UPLUDQLPKLVWRULþDULPDWDNRLPODGLPLVWUDåLYDþLPDSROD]QLFLPDSRVWGLSORPVNLK L GRNWRUVNLK VWXGLMD SURIHVRULPD KLVWRULMH DOL L GUXJLP VWUXþQMDFLPD VURGQLK QDXND NRML PRJX SRQXGLWL UDGRYH X VNODGX VD QDXþQLP L VWUXþQLP VWDQGDUGLPD þDVRSLVD+LVWRULMVNLSRJOHGLSUHGVWDYOMDMXL]GDYDþHYSUYHQDFDSRNUHQXWWHPHOMHP VYLMHVWL GD KLVWRULMVNRM QDXFL WUHED RVLJXUDWL SRYROMQLML VWDWXV X QDXþQRP åLYRWX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH WH X ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRP GUXãWYX XRSüH XNOMXþXMXüL SRWUHEX D¿UPDFLMH KLVWRULMVNLK XYLGD NDR YDåQH SUHWSRVWDYNH KXPDQL]DFLMH GUXãWYHQLKRGQRVDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLLQDSURVWRUXELYãHMXJRVODYHQVNHGUåDYH %RVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþND KLVWRULMD EH] RE]LUD QD NRQWLQXLUDQ UD]YRM KLVWRULMVNH QDXNHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLMRãXYLMHNQXGL]QDþDMDQEURMQHGRYROMQRLOLQLNDNR REUDÿHQLKWHPDLSLWDQMDL]REODVWLPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMHRVRELWRL]SHULRGD DJUHVLMHQD5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX NRMXELWUHEDORREXKYDWLWL NYDOLWHWQRP QDXþQRP REUDGRP L SUH]HQWDFLMRP UH]XOWDWD LVWUDåLYDQMD 0QRJD SLWDQMD WUDåH QRYH SRJOHGH L DQDOL]H ,VWRYUHPHQR QDPHüH VH SRWUHED VDELUDQMD L REMDYOMLYDQMDKLVWRULMVNLKL]YRUDNDNR]ERJQMLKRYHYHüHGRVWXSQRVWLKLVWRULþDULPD L GUXJLP VWUXþQMDFLPD WDNR L ]ERJ SRWLFDMD YHüRM ]DãWLWL L RþXYDQMX GLVSHU]LUDQH KLVWRULMVNHGRNXPHQWDFLMHUD]OLþLWHSURYHQLMHQFLMH6DGUXJHVWUDQHUDVSDGRPELYãH ]DMHGQLþNHGUåDYHVPDQMHQLVXXL]YMHVQRMPMHULXYLGLXãLUHWRNRYHKLVWRULMVNLK GRJDÿDQMD QDURþLWR NDGD MH X SLWDQMX SHULRG PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH D L]YMHVQL KLVWRULMVNL IHQRPHQL SRVWDOL VX SUHGPHW VXåHQH SHUFHSFLMH XVORYOMHQH UHDOQRãüX QDFLRQDOQLK LVWUDåLYDþNLK L SVLKRORãNLK EDULMHUD 1DPMHUD MH SRNUHWDþD þDVRSLVD GD RWYRUH VYRMH VWUDQLFH VYLP NRPSHWHQWQLP LVWUDåLYDþLPD þLMH WHPH DQDOL]HLVDJOHGDYDQMDPRJXELWLUHOHYDQWQH]DVWLFDQMHãLURNRJVSHNWUDKLVWRULMVNLK XYLGDRSDUWLNXODUQLPL]DMHGQLþNLPDVSHNWLPDSURãORVWL +LVWRULRJUD¿MX OHJLWLPLUDMX SRX]GDQH L SURYMHUOMLYH REDYLMHVWL R PLQXOLP SURFHVLPDGRJDÿDMLPDLOLþQRVWLPDND]LYDQMHRSURãORVWLMH]LNRPþLQMHQLFDEURMNL L UHOHYDQWQLK XYLGD 1R KLVWRULMVNRJ ]QDQMD QHPD EH] DXWRURYRJ KLVWRULMVNRJ SRJOHGD EH] VYMHVQRJ ]DKYDWD X SUHGPHWQX PDWHULMX L RGQRVD SUHPD WUDJRYLPD SURãORVWL=DNUHGLELOLWHWKLVWRULMVNHQDXNHMHYDåQRGDWDMKLVWRULMVNLSRJOHGRGUHÿXMH RGJRYRUQRVWSUHPDRVWDYãWLQLNRMDRPRJXüXMH]QDQMHRPLQXORPYUHPHQX *ODYQL NULWHULM ]D REMDYOMLYDQMH UDGRYD X +LVWRULMVNLP SRJOHGLPD MHVWH QMLKRYD QDXþQD L VWUXþQD XWHPHOMHQRVW L NYDOLWHW 5HGDNFLMD üH UDGR REMDYOMLYDWL þODQNH L] UD]OLþLWLK KLVWRULMVNLK SRGUXþMD RG SROLWLþNH NXOWXUQH SULYUHGQH YRMQH GRLQWHOHNWXDOQHKLVWRULMHRGORNDOQLKWHPDGRSLWDQMDQDFLRQDOQRJUHJLRQDOQRJL ãLUHJ]QDþDMD6WUXNWXUDþDVRSLVDREXKYDWDþODQNH, prikaze, izvještaje i aktivnosti &HQWUD]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]OD
1 8 SUYRP EURMX þDVRSLVD +LVWRULMVNL SRJOHGL V RE]LURP QD NDUDNWHU L UD]QROLNRVWUDGRYDWHSRULMHNORQMLKRYLKDXWRUDSRWYUÿXMHRSUDYGDQRVWSRNUHWDQMD þDVRSLVD L QMHJRYX UHOHYDQWQRVW X QDXþQRP L GUXãWYHQRLQWHOHNWXDOQRP SURVWRUX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH L UHJLRQD 8 SUYRP EURMX þDVRSLVD GRQRVLPR MHGDQ EURM þODQDND VD 1DXþQH NRQIHUHQFLMH =QDPHQLWH OLþQRVWL X KLVWRULML %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHNRMDMHRGUåDQDQD)LOR]RIVNRPIDNXOWHWX8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OLL QRYHPEUDJRGLQH5LMHþMHRMHGQRMQHRELþQRMWHPLQDXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMH RGQRVQR QHRELþQRM WHPL ]D ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNX KLVWRULRJUD¿MX WHPL NRMD MH SRVYHüHQD XOR]L L ]QDþDMX KLVWRULMVNLK OLþQRVWL X SURãORVWL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 6YMHGRFL VPR GD KLVWRULMVNH OLþQRVWL QRVH L SURFHVH L GRJDÿDMH L SRMDYH D GD VH NUR] KLVWRULMVND LVWUDåLYDQMD LVWLP QLMH SRVYHWLOD DGHNYDWQD SDåQMD 6 WRJD VX VH RUJDQL]DWRUL QDXþQH NRQIHUHQHFLMH L RSUHGLMHOLOL ]D RYX WHPX MHU EH] L]XþDYDQMD KLVWRULMHOLþQRVWLQHPDSRWSXQHKLVWRULMVNHSULþH1HNLRGWLKUDGRYDVX Mehmed- SDãD 6RNRORYLü L SUDYRVODYQL RJUDQDN QMHJRYH SRURGLFH X 3HüNRM SDWULMDUãLML -XVXI 0HKRQMLü X SMHYDQMX VDQGåDþNLK %RãQMDND ]DWLP $OLMD $YGRYLü ERUDF ]D VORERGX L UDYQRSUDYQRVW i 3ROLWLþND VWUDGDQMD SURIHVRUD 6DOLKD %XUHND WLK JRGLQDVWROMHüD2EDYOMHQDVXLGYDUDGDVD0HÿXQDURGQHQDXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMH SRG QD]LYRP 'UXãWYHQH L KXPDQLVWLþNH QDXNH QD UDVNUãüX NRMD MH RGUåDQD DSULOD JRGLQD QD )LOR]RIVNRP IDNXOWHWX X 7X]OL .RQIHUHQFLMD MH LPDOD ]D FLOM GD RNXSL DNDGHPVNX XPMHWQLþNX L DNWLYLVWLþNX ]DMHGQLFX X ]DMHGQLþNRP SURPLãOMDQMX LQWHUYHQFLMD X KXPDQLVWLþNLP L GUXãWYHQLP QDXNDPD ]D SURL]YRGQMX UHOHYDQWQRJ]QDQMDMDYQRJGREUDLHPDQFLSDFLMVNHGUXãWYHQHWUDQVIRUPDFLMH7DNYL UDGRYLVX 2G8þLWHOMVNHškoleGR)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OL 3ULORJSURXþDYDQMX WUDQVIRUPDFLMHYLVRNRãNROVNRJREUD]RYDQMD i 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWX QDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD3RUHGRYLKUDGRYDXSUYRPEURMXþDVRSLVD +LVWRULMVNLSRJOHGLGRQRVHVHLUDGRYLNRMLVHRGQRVHQDSHULRGPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH X NRMLPD VH REUDÿXMH SROLWLþNH SULYUHGQH SURVYMHWQH NXOWXUQH L YRMQH SULOLNHNDNRX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLWDNRLXUHJLRQX7DNYLUDGRYLVX ĈXUXPOLMH iz 6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML 3ULOLNHXškolstvu%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXYULMHPH SULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMDX.UDOMHYLQL6+6ŠkolskeSULOLNHX/XNDYFX JRGLQH'LVROXFLMD6)5-LREQRYDQH]DYLVQRWL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLGU 8 SRJOMDYOMX Prikazi SUHGVWDYOMHQH VX GYLMH YHRPD ]QDþDMQH PRQRJUD¿MH NRMH VX SXEOLNRYDQH X JRGLQL 5LMHþ MH R PRQRJUD¿MDPD 3UYRJ L 'UXJRJ NRUSXVD$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNRMHVXYHRPD]QDþDMQH]DPRGHUQX KLVWRULRJUD¿MX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHL$UPLMX5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 3RJODYOMH Izvještaji GRQRVL QHNROLNR SULORJD NRML L]YMHãWDYDMX R VWUXþQLP L QDXþQLP VNXSRYLPD RGUåDQLK X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL SUHYDVKRGQR X 7X]OL 'RQHãHQL VX L]YMHãWDML VD MDYQH WULELQH RNUXJORJ VWROD L QDXþQH NRQIHUHQFLMH X NRMLPDMH&HQWDU]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]ODXþHVWYRYDR NDRRUJDQL]DWRU
8 þHWYUWRP SRJODYOMX VX SUHGVWDYOMHQH DNWLYQRVWL &HQWUD ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]OD NRML VH RGQRVH QD NXOWXUQRREUD]RYQH VWUXþQRQDXþQHLL]GDYDþNHVDGUåDMHLSURMHNWHXSURWHNOLKJRGLQXGDQD ýDVRSLV +LVWRULMVNLSRJOHGLL]OD]LMHGQRPJRGLãQMH3UDWLWüHLREMDYOMLYDWL UDGRYH NRML EXGX L]ODJDQL QD QDXþQLP NRQIHUHQFLMDPD X RNYLUX QDXþQH manifestacije Historijski pogledi NRMD SUHGVWDYOMD L SUHGVWDYOMDW üH WHPHOMQL SURMHNDW SR þHPX üH &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]OD ELWLSUHSR]QDWOMLYXEXGXüQRVWL'DELRYDMþDVRSLVELRãWRVDGUåDQLMLERJDWLMLDOL LNYDOLWHWQLMLSREULQXODVHQHYHOLNDDOLYULMHGQDVWUXþQDLQDXþQDHNLSDRNXSOMHQD RNR2UJDQL]DFLRQRJRGERUD1DXþQHPDQLIHVWDFLMH+LVWRULMVNLSRJOHGL5HGDNFLMH þDVRSLVD þODQRYD &HQWUD ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]OD UHFHQ]HQDWD OHNWRUD NRUHNWRUD SUHYRGLODFD XUHÿLYDþD L RVWDOLK ]DVOXåQLK SRMHGLQDFD 8]SR]LYVYLPKLVWRULþDULPDLQDXþQLFLPDWH]DLQWHUHVLUDQLPþLWDRFLPD na VDUDGQMXLXþHãüXXL]GDYDQMXQDUHGQLKEURMHYDQDGDPRVHGDüH +LVWRULMVNLSRJOHGL QDLüLQDSR]LWLYDQSULMHPQDXþQHLãLUHMDYQRVWLX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLLUHJLRQX
Redakcija þDVRSLVD Historijski pogledi
3
FOREWORD
7KH MRXUQDO ³+LVWRULFDO 9LHZV´ SXEOLVKHG E\ WKH &HQWHU IRU 5HVHDUFK RQ 0RGHUQ DQG &RQWHPSRUDU\ +LVWRU\ RI 7X]OD ZDV ODXQFKHG ZLWK WKH DLP RI SURYLGLQJ DGGLWLRQDO LQFHQWLYHV WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH KLVWRU\ DV VFLHQFH LQ %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH VWXG\ DQG UHVHDUFK RI LVVXHV UHODWHG WR PRGHUQ DQG FRQWHPSRUDU\ KLVWRU\ DQG WKH FUHDWLRQ RI D QHZ VSDFH WR SXEOLVK UHVHDUFK¿QGLQJVIURPWKH¿HOGRIKLVWRULRJUDSK\DVZHOODVDSODFHIRUD൶UPHG KLVWRULDQV DQG \RXQJ UHVHDUFKHUV SRVWJUDGXDWH DQG GRFWRUDO VWXGHQWV KLVWRU\ SURIHVVRUVDQGRWKHUVFKRODUVZKRFDQR൵HUZRUNVLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHVFLHQWL¿F DQG SURIHVVLRQDO VWDQGDUGV RI WKH MRXUQDO +LVWRULFDO YLHZV DUH WKH SXEOLVKHU¶V ¿UVWDQGDUHEDVHGRQWKHDZDUHQHVVWKDWKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHVKRXOGSURYLGHDPRUH IDYRUDEOH VWDWXV LQ WKH VFLHQWL¿F OLIH RI %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD DQG LQ %RVQLD +HU]HJRYLQD LQFOXGLQJ WKH QHHG WR D൶UP KLVWRULFDO LQVLJKWV DV DQ LPSRUWDQW SUHFRQGLWLRQ IRU WKH KXPDQL]DWLRQ RI VRFLDO UHODWLRQV LQ %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD DQGWKHWHUULWRU\RIWKHIRUPHU 5 DUWLFOHVIURPGL൵HUHQWKLVWRULFDODUHDVIURPSROLWLFDOFXOWXUDOHFRQRPLFPLOLWDU\ WR LQWHOOHFWXDO KLVWRU\ IURP ORFDO WRSLFV WR LVVXHV RI QDWLRQDO UHJLRQDO DQG ZLGHU LPSRUWDQFH7KHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHMRXUQDOFRYHUVWKHDUWLFOHVSUHVHQWDWLRQVUHSRUWVDQG DFWLYLWLHVRIWKH&HQWHUIRU5HVHDUFKRI0RGHUQDQG&RQWHPSRUDU\+LVWRU\RI7X]OD ,Q WKH ¿UVW LVVXH RI +LVWRULFDO 9LHZV JLYHQ WKH FKDUDFWHU DQG YDULHW\ RI ZRUNV DQG WKH RULJLQ RI WKHLU DXWKRUV LW FRQ¿UPV WKH MXVWL¿FDWLRQ IRU WKH ODXQFK RI WKH MRXUQDO DQG LWV UHOHYDQFH LQ WKH VFLHQWL¿F DQG VRFLRLQWHOOHFWXDO VSDFH RI %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD DQG WKH UHJLRQ ,Q WKH ¿UVW LVVXH RI WKH MRXUQDO ZH EULQJ D QXPEHU RI DUWLFOHV IURP WKH 6FLHQWL¿F &RQIHUHQFH ³,PSRUWDQW 3HRSOH LQWKH+LVWRU\RI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD´KHOGDWWKH)DFXOW\RI3KLORVRSK\RI WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI7X]OD RQ DQG 1RYHPEHU RI ,W LV DQ XQXVXDO WRSLF RIVFLHQWL¿FFRQIHUHQFHVRUDQXQXVXDOWRSLFIRU%RVQLDQKLVWRULRJUDSK\DWKHPH GHGLFDWHGWRWKHUROHDQGLPSRUWDQFHRIKLVWRULFDOSHUVRQDOLWLHVLQWKHSDVWRI%RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD :H DUH ZLWQHVVLQJ WKDW KLVWRULFDO SHUVRQDOLWLHV FDUU\ SURFHVVHV DQGHYHQWVDQGDSSHDUDQFHVDQGWKDWWKURXJKKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKWKH\GLGQRWSD\ DGHTXDWHDWWHQWLRQ7KLVLVZK\WKHRUJDQL]HUVRIVFLHQWL¿FFRQIHUHQFHVKDYHGHFLGHG RQ WKLV WRSLF EHFDXVH ZLWKRXW VWXG\LQJ SHUVRQDO KLVWRU\ WKHUH LV QR FRPSOHWH KLVWRULFDOQDUUDWLYH6RPHRIWKHVHZRUNVLQFOXGH 0HKPHGSDãD6RNRORYLüDQGWKH 2UWKRGR[EUDQFKRIKLVIDPLO\LQWKH3Hü3DWULDUFK\-XVXI0HKRQMLüLQVRQJVRI 6DQGåDN%RVQLDNVWKHQ$OLMD$YGRYLüIUHHGRP¿JKWHUDQGWKHSROLWLFDOD৽OLDWLRQ DQGVWUXJJOHRISURIHVVRU6DOLK%XUHNLQWKHVRIWKHWKFHQWXU\7KHUHZHUH DOVR WZR SDSHUV IURP WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6FLHQWL¿F &RQIHUHQFH WLWOHG 6RFLDO DQG +XPDQ6FLHQFHVDWWKH&URVVURDGVZKLFKWRRNSODFHRQ$SULODWWKH )DFXOW\RI3KLORVRSK\LQ7X]OD7KHFRQIHUHQFHDLPHGDWJDWKHULQJDQDFDGHPLF DUWLVWLF DQG DFWLYLVW FRPPXQLW\ LQ WKH FRPPRQ WKLQNLQJ RI LQWHUYHQWLRQV LQ KXPDQLVWLF DQG VRFLDO VFLHQFHV WR SURGXFH UHOHYDQW NQRZOHGJH SXEOLF JRRG DQG HPDQFLSDWLRQVRFLDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ6XFKZRUNVDUH )URPWKH7HDFKHU¶V6FKRROWR WKH)DFXOW\RI3KLORVRSK\LQ7X]OD &RQWULEXWLRQWRWKH6WXG\RQWKH7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQDQGWKH6XৼHULQJRI%RVQLDNVGXULQJWKHZDULQ6XüHVNDLQ WKH6UHEUHQLFD0XQLFLSDOLW\,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHVHSDSHUVWKH¿UVWLVVXHRI+LVWRULFDO 9LHZV LV DOVR GHDOLQJ ZLWK FRQWHPSRUDU\ DQG PRGHUQ KLVWRU\ ZKLFK GHDOV ZLWK SROLWLFDOHFRQRPLFHGXFDWLRQDOFXOWXUDODQGPLOLWDU\FLUFXPVWDQFHVERWKLQ%RVQLD DQG+HU]HJRYLQDDQGLQWKHUHJLRQ6XFKZRUNVLQFOXGH 9ROXQWHHUVIURP6DQMDNLQ *DOLFLD (GXFDWLRQLQ%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDGXULQJWHPSRUDU\VWDWH DUUDQJHPHQWLQWKH.LQJGRPRI6HUEV&URDWVDQG6ORYHQHV6FKRROLQJLQ/XNDYDF 'LVVROXWLRQRI6)5<DQGUHQHZDORI%RVQLD¶VLQGHSHQGHQFHHWF ,QWKHFKDSWHUÄ5HYLHZV³ZHSUHVHQWHGWZRYHU\LPSRUWDQWPRQRJUDSKVWKDW ZHUHSXEOLVKHGLQ7KHVHDUHPRQRJUDSKVRIWKH)LUVWDQG6HFRQG&RUSVRIWKH $UP\ RI WKH 5HSXEOLF RI %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD ZKLFK DUH YHU\LPSRUWDQW IRU PRGHUQKLVWRULRJUDSK\RI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDDQGWKH$UP\RIWKH5HSXEOLFRI %RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD &KDSWHU Ä5HSRUWV³ SUHVHQW VHYHUDO DUWLFOHV WKDW UHSRUW RQ H[SHUW DQG VFLHQWL¿F JDWKHULQJV KHOG LQ %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD SULPDULO\ LQ 7X]OD 7KH UHSRUWVIURPWKHSXEOLFIRUXPWKHURXQGWDEOHDQGWKHVFLHQWL¿FFRQIHUHQFHVZKHUH WKH&HQWHUIRU5HVHDUFKRI0RGHUQDQG&RQWHPSRUDU\+LVWRU\RI7X]ODSDUWLFLSDWHG DVDQRUJDQL]HU 7KH IRXUWK FKDSWHU SUHVHQWV WKH DFWLYLWLHV RI WKH &HQWHU IRU 5HVHDUFK RI 0RGHUQ DQG &RQWHPSRUDU\ +LVWRU\ RI 7X]OD UHODWHG WR FXOWXUDO HGXFDWLRQDO SURIHVVLRQDODQGSXEOLVKLQJFRQWHQWDQGSURMHFWVLQWKHSDVW\HDU -RXUQDO+LVWRULFDOYLHZVFRPHVRXWRQFHD\HDU,WZLOODOVRPRQLWRUDQG SXEOLVKZRUNVWKDWZLOOEHH[KLELWHGDWVFLHQWL¿FFRQIHUHQFHVZKLFKUHSUHVHQWDQG ZLOO SUHVHQW D IXQGDPHQWDO SURMHFW DQG WKH &HQWHU IRU 5HVHDUFK RI 0RGHUQ DQG &RQWHPSRUDU\+LVWRU\RI7X]ODZLOOEHUHFRJQL]DEOHLQWKHIXWXUH,QRUGHUWRPDNH WKLVPDJD]LQHDVULFKHUDVSRVVLEOHLWZDVSURYLGHGE\DQHGXFDWHGEXWYDOXDEOH H[SHUWV DQG VFLHQWL¿F WHDP JDWKHUHG DURXQG WKH 2UJDQL]LQJ &RPPLWWHH RI WKH +LVWRULFDO 9LHZV SURMHFW MRXUQDO HGLWRUV PHPEHUV RI WKH &HQWHU IRU 5HVHDUFK RI0RGHUQDQG&RQWHPSRUDU\+LVWRU\RI7X]ODUHYLHZHUVFRUUHFWRUVWUDQVODWRUV HGLWRUV DQG RWKHU GHVHUYLQJ LQGLYLGXDOV:LWK WKH LQYLWDWLRQ WR DOO KLVWRULDQV DQG VFLHQWLVWV DQG LQWHUHVWHG UHDGHUV IRU FRRSHUDWLRQ DQG SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ XSFRPLQJ LVVXHVZHKRSHWKDWWKH+LVWRULFDO9LHZVZLOO¿QGSRVLWLYHUHFHSWLRQRIWKHVFLHQWL¿F DQGJHQHUDOSXEOLFLQ%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDDQGWKHUHJLRQ Editorial board of the journal Historical Views I ý/$1&, 3URIGU$GQDQ9(/$*,û ,]YRUQLQDXþQLUDG )DNXOWHWKXPDQLVWLþNLKQDXND8QLYHU]LWHWDÄ'åHPDO%LMHGLü³X0RVWDUX 8+806.2-=(0/-, $SVWUDNW 8 UDGX VH UD]PDWUD SR]LFLMD +HUFHJRYLQH X VUHGQMHP YLMHNX ,DNR VX HODERULUDQL ]QDþDM L XORJD RNROQLK X]URND L SRMDYD NRMH VX QHXSLWQR XWMHFDOH QD VLWXLUDQMH RYH REODVWL X RGUHÿHQLP SHULRGLPD LSDN MH JODYQR WHåLãWH UDGDVWDYOMHQRQDSRORåDM+HUFHJRYLQHXVDVWDYXERVDQVNHGUåDYHNRMRMMHRQDX WRNX VUHGQMHJ YLMHND L SULSDGDOD 0HÿXWLP L]UDåHQL DQLPR]LWHWL PHÿX ERVDQVNRP YODVWHORPLQHPRJXüQRVWFHQWUDOQHYODVWLGDVLWXDFLMXVWDYLSRGNRQWUROXþHVWRVX ELOL JODYQL X]URN ERUEL RNR +XPVNH ]HPOMH 7RPHVX VYDNDR GRSULQRVLOH L VWUDQH VLOHSRQDMSULMH8JDUVNDNUDOMHYLQDL2VPDQVNRFDUVWYRNRMHVXUDGLVYRMLKLQWHUHVD SRGUåDYDOHQDYHGHQHSURFHVH .OMXþQHULMHþL +XPVND]HPOMD%RVDQVNDNUDOMHYLQD8JDUL2VPDQOLMH ,17+(/$1'2)+80 Abstract 7KHSDSHUGHDOVZLWKWKHSRVLWLRQRI+HU]HJRYLQDLQWKH0LGGOH $JHV$OWKRXJKWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHDQGUROHRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJFDXVHVDQGSKHQRPHQD KDYH EHHQ HODERUDWHG ZKLFK KDYH XQGRXEWHGO\ LQÀ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ey words /DQGRI+XP%RVQLDQNLQJGRP+XQJDULDQV2WWRPDQV *HRJUDIVNLSRORåDM 1DNUDMQMHPMXJX]DKYDWDMXüLãLUHSRGUXþMHMXJRLVWRþQRJLMXJR]DSDGQRJ GLMHOD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH QDOD]L VH REODVW +HUFHJRYLQD 1MHQ SRYROMDQ JHRJUDIVNL SRORåDM XSXüXMH QD NRPSOHPHQWDUQX SRYH]DQRVW -DGUDQVNRJ SULPRUMD 11 3URIGU$GQDQ9(/$*,û VD NRQWLQHQWDOQLP WUXSRP 2YDM PRPHQDW MH WRNRP KLVWRULMH XYLMHN ELR SULVXWDQ DOLMHX]DYLVQRVWLRGSROLWLþNLKSULOLNDPDQMHLOLYLãHGROD]LRGRL]UDåDMD3UHYRM ,YDQ±VHGOD P L0DNOMHQD P WHMXåQLKREURQDND%MHODãQLFH9LVRþLFH 7UHVNDYLFH=HOHQJRUHL9ROXMNDQDVMHYHUXLXVNRJSULPRUVNRJGLMHODX]RQL1HXP .OHN RNRNP QDMXJXSRYH]XMHQDM]QDþDMQLMDKHUFHJRYDþNDULMHND1HUHWYD6D LVWRþQHVWUDQH+HUFHJRYLQXRG1LNãLüNRJSROMDL.RPDUQLþNR±SLYVNHXGROLQHNRML VHQDOD]HX&UQRM*RULRGYDMDSODQLQVNLVLVWHP2ULMHQD2SXWQLKUXGLQDL]DSDGQL SRMDV9ROXMNDL*ROLMH1D]DSDGQRMLVMHYHUR]DSDGQRMVWUDQL+HUFHJRYLQHL]GLåXVH SODQLQVNLYLMHQFL=DYHOLPDýYUVQLFH9UDQ±SODQLQH/MXEXãH5DGXãHL.DPHãQLFH 3RYUãLQDRYHUHJLMHMH NPãWRXRGQRVXQDSRYUãLQX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH L]QRVL*HRWHNWRQVNLLJHRPRUIRORãNLVNORSRYRJSURVWRUD]QDWQRVHUD]OLNXMH RGRQRJX%RVQL,DNRVH]DVWUXNWXUXKHUFHJRYDþNRJSURVWRUDPRåHUHüLGDMHX RVQRYLPRQRUHOMHIQRJNDUDNWHUDXNRMHPSUHRYODGDYDWLSNUDãNRJWODLSDNVHRYGMH L]GYDMDMXGYLMHFMHOLQH 1 'RQMDLOLQLVND+HUFHJRYLQD GRP VXEPHGLWHUDQVNRJLPHGLWHUDQVNRJ NOLPDWVNRJNDUDNWHUDNRMDREXKYDWDSURVWRURNRGRQMHJWRNDULMHNH1HUHWYH LQMHQLKSULWRND7UHELåDWD%UHJDYHL%XQH *RUQMDLOLYLVRND+HUFHJRYLQD L]QDGP NRQWLQHQWDOQRJLSODQLQVNRJ NOLPDWVNRJ NDUDNWHUD NRMD SULSDGD VUHGLãQMHP GLMHOX SODQLQVNRJ SURVWRUD %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH *RWVNRSULVXVWYRQDSRGUXþMX+HUFHJRYLQH 1DNRQ SRNRUDYDQMD LOLUVNLK SOHPHQD L XVSRVWDYOMDQMD ULPVNH YODVWL FMHORNXSQR SRGUXþMH GDQDãQMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH XãOR MH X VDVWDY 'DOPDFLMH 3RþHWNRP VUHGQMHJ YLMHND SRG XWMHFDMHP Ä6HREH QDURGD³ SRþHWNRP ,9 VWROMHüD GHVLOHVXVHNUXSQHSURPMHQHQDSURVWRUXGDQDãQMH+HUFHJRYLQH7DNRVHL]GYDMD SRKRG 9L]LJRWD JRGLQH NRML VX RSXVWRãLOL 0RJRUMHOR NRG ýDSOMLQH 3DGRP =DSDGQRJ5LPVNRJ&DUVWYDJRGLQHSRGUXþMHGDQDãQMH+HUFHJRYLQHGRãORMH SRG YODVW 2VWURJRWD NRML VX RVYRMLOL FLMHOL ]DSDGQL %DONDQ 8 WRP SHULRGX GRãOR MH GR SRMDYH UDQRJ NUãüDQVWYD X ,9 VWROMHüX 3UHPD ND]LYDQMX VY -HURQLPD L] 6WULGRQDXVMHYHUR]DSDGQRM%RVQL QDYRGLVHGDMHRQURÿHQXNUãüDQVNRM SRURGLFLNRMDMHåLYMHODXNUãüDQVNRMRSüLQL,SDNSUYHSRX]GDQHYLMHVWLRUDQRP NUãüDQVWYX YH]DQH VX ]D VLQRGH RGUåDQH L]PHÿX L JRGLQH X NRMLPD VH VSRPLQMHELVNXS$QGULMDNRMLMH]DVWXSDRÄEHVWXHQVNXELVNXSLMX³ VPDWUDVHGDVH UDGLORRERVDQVNRMELVNXSLML 7RNRPRVWURJRWVNHYODGDYLQHRG GRJRGLQH QDVWXSLORMHPLUQLMHUD]GREOMHãWRMHGDORPRJXüQRVWL]DL]JUDGQMXQDM]QDþDMQLMLK NDVQRDQWLþNLK ED]LOLND *RWL VX ELOL JHUPDQVNR SOHPH VD L]UDåHQLP RVMHüDMHP SUHPDYMHUVNRMWROHUDQFLML,VSRYLMHGDOLVXDULMDQVNRXþHQMHSDVXXQMLKRYRYULMHPH $QWH0DUNRWLü'HPRJUDIVNLUD]YLWDN+HUFHJRYLQH/MXEOMDQD L 7HPD'DOPDFLMDREXKYDWDODMHSRGUXþMHRGULMHNH6DYHQDVMHYHUXGR-DGUDQVNRJPRUDQDMXJXWH RG,VWUHQD]DSDGXGR/MHãDQDLVWRNX U Humskoj zemlji JUDÿHQHGYRMQHED]LOLNH±MHGQH]DSULSDGQLNHQLNHMVNRJLOLWULQLWHWQRJXþHQMDGRN VXGUXJHELOH]DSULSDGQLNHDULMDQVNRJXþHQMD1DOD]LãWDWRJWLSDX+HUFHJRYLQLVXX &LPXLX3RWRFLPDNRG0RVWDUD]DWLP0RJRUMHOR1HUH]LNRG7DVRYþLüDL&UNYLQH X äLWRPLVOLüLPD3 =QDþDMQR DUKHRORãNR QDOD]LãWH MH L ORNDOLWHW 9UED X 3RWRFLPD NRG 0RVWDUD JGMH VX SURQDÿHQL RVWURJRWVNL JURERYL NRML GDWLUDMX V SRþHWND 9, VWROMHüD 8 9LGRãDNX NRG 6WRFD SURQDÿHQ MH RUDWRULM PROLWYHQR PMHVWR LX QMHPXROWDUQDSORþD6OLþQLQDOD]LSURQDÿHQLVXLX3DQLNX%RUDVLPDNRG9LWLQH WH QD YLãH ORNDOLWHWD QD NRMLPD VX RWNULYHQH UDQRNUãüDQVNH ED]LOLNH NDR QSU X %ODJDMX ýLWOXNX &UQLüL /LVLþLüL NRG .RQMLFD L 'åLYDU NRG 7UHELQMD .DVQLMRP SURYDORP$YDUDL6ODYHQDX9,,VWROMHüXED]LOLNHVXXJODYQRPXQLãWHQHDGRPDüH VWDQRYQLãWYRVHYUDWLORVWDURMYMHUL7DNRÿHUWUHEDQDYHVWLLWRGDX+HUFHJRYLQLLPD LQHNROLNRWRSRQLPDL]WRJSHULRGDSRSXW2QRJRãW+UJXG*DFNR&LP6XWLQDL GUXJLNRMLQDVXSXüXMXQDJRWVNRSULVXVWYRQDRYLPSRGUXþMLPD5 8 GRED FDUD -XVWLQLMDQD %L]DQWLMD MH QDVWRMDODGD SRYUDWL VODYX QHNDGDãQMH5LPVNHLPSHULMH8WRPFLOMXFDUMHYRGLRGXJRWUDMQHLVNXSHUDWRYHNRML VXL]PHÿXRVWDORJ]DSRVOMHGLFXLPDOLXQLãWHQMH2VWURJRWVNHNUDOMHYLQH9ODVW*RWD SUHNLQXWDMHRVYDMDQMHP6DORQHJRGLQHQDNRQþHJDMHIRUPLUDQDEL]DQWLMVND WHPD'DOPDFLMD8WRYULMHPHQDSURVWRUXGDQDãQMH+HUFHJRYLQHJUDÿHQHVXQRYHL SRSUDYOMDQHVWDUHFHVWHLXWYUGH,]JUDÿHQMHþLWDYODQDFXWYUÿHQMDQDOLQLML6WRODF± .RãWXU±%ODJDM±%LRJUDGNRG.RQMLFD1DNRQVPUWL-XVWLQLMDQD%L]DQWMDVHQDãOD SUHGYHOLNLPSUREOHPLPDãWRMH]DXVWDYLORSRNXãDMUHVWDXUDFLMH5LPVNHLPSHULMH 1DJUDQLFDPD&DUVWYDSRMDYLOLVXVHQRYLRVYDMDþL%LOLVXWR6ODYHQLSRGþLMLP SULWLVNRPQDVWDMXQRYLGUXãWYHQRSROLWLþNLRGQRVLQD%DONDQVNRPSROXRVWUYX ĈXUR %DVOHU .DVQRDQWLþNR GRED X .XOWXUQD LVWRULMD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 6DUDMHYR 83RWRFLPDNRG0RVWDUDQDDUKHRORãNRPORNDOLWHWX*UþLQHSURQDÿHQDVXGYDRVWURJRWVNDåHQVND VNHOHWD VDKUDQMHQD QDNQDGQR X GYD DQWLþND VDUNRIDJD 8] VNHOHWH MH SURQDÿHQ VNXSRFMHQL QDNLW 8 MHGQRPVDUNRIDJXX]VNHOHWMHELRSULORåHQ]ODWQLODQDFãWRMHELRYUORYDåDQRELþDMNRG2VWURJRWD8] GUXJLVNHOHWVXVHQDOD]LOHSR]ODüHQH¿EXOHSDU]ODWQLKQDXãQLFDLEURQ]DQDNDSVXODXNRMRMVXQDÿHQH üLOLEDUVNH SHUOH 2SãLUQLMH X 9DFODY5DGLPVN\ 5LPVNL JURERYL NRG +DQ ± 3RWRND EOL]X 0RVWDUD *ODVQLN]HPDOMVNRJPX]HMDNQM,9JRG,,6DUDMHYR 1DGD0LOHWLü5DQLVUHGQMLYLMHN X .XOWXUQDLVWRULMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH6DUDMHYR ,EUDKLP3DãLü*RWL]PLJUDGD0RVWDUDLåXSD9HþHULþ,VWUDåLYDQMD)DNXOWHWKXPDQLVWLþNLKQDXND EU0RVWDU 6ODYHQL SULSDGDMX JUXSDFLML VURGQLK LQGRHYURSVNLK QDURGD RG NRMLK VX VH X UDQRP VUHGQMHP YLMHNXSRþHOLREOLNRYDWLGDQDãQMLVODYHQVNLQDURGL3RULMHNORLPHQD6ODYHQGRGDQDVQLMHXSRWSXQRVWL UD]ULMHãHQR7RNRP ;9,,, VW RYR LPH MH SRYH]DQR VD WHUPLQRP slava, LOL slovo ãWR R]QDþDYD ULMHþ LOLJRYRU -R]HI'REURYVNê 0HÿXWLPYHüVXX;,;VW¿OROR]L -'REURYVNê3DYHO-R]HIâDIDĜtN )UDQF0LNORãLþ VXWYUGLOLGDQDVWDYFL ±ČQLOLDQLPDMXVYRMNRULMHQXWHUPLQLPDslov- LOL slav-ãWRX OLWYDQVNRPMH]LNX]QDþL RWRN3UHPDQMLPDWRXSXüXMHQDSRVWDQDNLPHQD6ODYHQ6WLPWXPDþHQMHP VODåH VH SUHWSRVWDYND GD VX SUHGFL 6ODYHQD åLYMHOL QD ULMHFL 6ORYL LOL 6ODYL RGQRVQR X PRþYDUQRP SUHGMHOX 6ORYR L GD VX SR PMHVWX QDVWDYDQMD RGQRVQR SR KLGURQLPX LOL KLGURQLPRP PRWLYLUDQRP WRSRQLPXSUR]YDQL 6ORYHQL3UHPDPLãOMHQMXQHNLKVODYLVWkSRSXW7DGHXV]/HKU6SáDZLĔVNRJWRMH QDMYMHURMDWQLMDHWLPRORJLMDVODYHQVNRJLPHQD 13 3URIGU$GQDQ9(/$*,û Dominacija Slavena 3RMDYD 6ODYHQD QD OLMHYRM REDOL 'XQDYD L QMLKRYL XSDGL QD WOR %L]DQWLMH SRþHWNRP 9, VWROMHüD LPDOL VX LVNOMXþLYR SOMDþNDãNL NDUDNWHU 1R YHü SRþHWNRP GUXJH SRORYLQH9, VWROMHüD VODYHQVNL SRKRGL QLVX VDPR SOMDþNDãNL QHJR LPDMX ]D FLOMGDRVYRMHEL]DQWLMVNLJUDGLGDJDQDVHOHVYRMLPVWDQRYQLãWYRP7DNRVHQDYRGL SRGDWDNGDMHJRGLQHSUHNR'XQDYDSUHãODÄYHOLNDPQRåLQD6ODYHQD³NRMLVX SXVWRãLOLSR'DOPDFLMLL7UDNLML%LORMHWRSUYLSXWGDVHQLVXNDRGRWDGDYUDWLOL VDGRELYHQLPSOLMHQRPYHüVXSUH]LPLOLQDEL]DQWLMVNRPWHULWRULMXÄNDRQDVYRMRM ]HPOML QLPDOR VH QH ERMHüL QHSULMDWHOMD³ 2G WRJ SHULRGD EL]DQWLMVNH WYUÿDYH VX SDGDOH SRG XGDUFLPD 6ODYHQD NRML VX VH WRNRP GUXJH SRORYLQH 9, VWROMHüD RVORERGLOLRGDYDUVNH]DYLVQRVWL2SHULRGXNRMLMHXVOLMHGLRVNRURGDQHPDQLNDNYLK SLVDQLK L]YRUD DOL VH VD VLJXUQRãüX PRåH XVWYUGLWL GD MH VODEOMHQMH %L]DQWLMH WRNRP 9,, VWROMHüH RODNãDOR SURGRU 6ODYHQD GDOMH QD MXJ .DNR MH WHNDR SURFHV RUJDQL]RYDQMD SROLWLþNH YODVWL SR GRVHOMDYDQMX 6ODYHQD WHãNR MH XWYUGLWL MHU VX L]YRULGDWLXREOLNXYUORVSRUDGLþQLKSRGDWDND3RVYHPXVXGHüLSURFHVUDVSDGDQMD URGRYVNHRUJDQL]DFLMHELRMHVOLþDQRQLPDNUR]NRMHMHSUROD]LOD]DSDGQD(YURSD 8PMHVWRURGRYVNHRUJDQL]DFLMHQDVWDMHVHRVNDRSüLQDXNRMRMMHQHREUDGLYD]HPOMD ELOD]DMHGQLþNDVYRMLQDDREUDGLYDVHGLMHOLODSRURGLFDPD7RMHXEU]DORLPRYLQVNR UDVORMDYDQMHLQDVWDQDNNODVQRJGUXãWYD1DQRYRRVYRMHQLPSRGUXþMLPD6ODYHQLVX IRUPLUDOLWHULWRULMDOQHSOHPHQVNHRUJDQL]DFLMHåXSHNRMHVXLPDOHSULURGQHJUDQLFH 7DNR VX QDVWDOH NDUDNWHULVWLþQH WHULWRULMDOQH RUJDQL]DFLMH 6ODYHQD X ULMHþQLP GROLQDPDNUDãNLPSROMLPDLXSRGUXþMLPDSRJRGQLP]DVWRþDUVWYR1DþHOXRYLK åXSDQDOD]LOLVXVHåXSDQL9LãHåXSDREMHGLQMDYDOHVXDUKRQWLMXQDþLMHPþHOXMHELR DUKRQW WLWXODEL]DQWLMVNRJSRULMHNOD 8NDVQLMHPSHULRGXMDYOMDMXVHLGUXJHWLWXOH SRSXWWLWXODNQH]LOLEDQ EDMDQãWRMHWLWXODDYDUVNRJSRULMHNOD ýLQL VH GD MH X SURFHVX IRUPLUDQMD VNODYLQLMD SROXGUåDYQL UDQRVUHGQMR YMHNRYQL WHULWRULML MXåQRVODYHQVNLK QDURGD RG SUHVXGQH YDåQRVWL ELOD EOL]LQD GDOPDWLQVNLK JUDGRYD SRG EL]DQWLMVNRP XSUDYRP %L]DQWLMVNL FDU .RQVWDQWLQ 3RU¿URJHQLWMHVUHGLQRP;VWROMHüDXVYRPHGMHOX'HDGPLQLVWUDQGRLPSHULR JUþ 3HULHWKRQ±2QDURGLPD XSRJODYOMLPD L PDGDVHYHüLQDKLVWRULþDUD VODåHGDMHSRJODYOMHQDSLVDRQHNLQHSR]QDWLSLVDF 3RU¿URJHQLWMHQDMYLãHSLVDR R%RVQL2QMHVSRPLQMHNDRÄKRULRQ%RVQD³ ]HPOMLFD%RVQD NRMDREXKYDWDJRUQML WRNULMHNH%RVQHVGLMHORPVDUDMHYVNRJSROMD7DNRÿHU3RU¿URJHQLWQDPGDMHLRSLV VNODYLQLMDNRMHVHQDOD]HXQMHQRMEOL]LQL7DNRRQQDYRGLVOMHGHüH 10 'XNOMDOHåLSUHPDNDVWHOLPD'UDþDWMRG/MHãD8OFLQMDL%DUDLGH GR.RWRUDDSODQLQVNLPVWUDQDPDVHJUDQLþLVD6UELMRP2G.RWRUD SRþLQMHDUKRQWLMD7UDYXQLMDLSUXåDVHGR5DJX]H RSD'XEURYQLN 2SãLUQLMHX +LVWRULMDQDURGD-XJRVODYLMHNQM,âNROVNDNQMLJD=DJUHE0&0/,,, 2SãLUQLMHX 9DOHQWLQ9DVLOMHYLü6HGRY6ODYHQLXUDQRPVUHGQMHPYLMHNX$NDGHPVNDNQMLJD 9ODGLPLUûRURYLü%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD%DQMD/XND±%HRJUDG 10 %RMDQ 1RYDNRYLü 'XNOMD X VSLVX 'H DGPLQLVWUDQGR LPSHULR =ERUQLN UDGRYD YL]DQWRORãNRJ LQVWLWXWD;/,; U Humskoj zemlji 2G5DJX]HSRþLQMHDUKRQWLMD=DKXPOMDQDLSUXåDVHGR1HUHWYH L SUHPD SULPRUMX SURGLUH GR 3DJDQLMH 3UHPD VMHYHUX JUDQLþL VD +UYDWLPDDVSULMHGDVD6UELPD2G1HUHWYHSRþLQMH3DJDQLMDLSUXåD VHGR&HWLQH*UDG5DJX]DOHåLL]PHÿXGYLMH]HPOMH=DKXPOMDQDL 7UDYXQMDQDDLPDMXVYRMHYLQRJUDGHLXMHGQRMLXGUXJRM]HPOML 3UHPD GRVWXSQLP SRGDFLPD PRåHPR VD VLJXUQRãüX ND]DWL GD VX VH X GDOPDWLQVNRP ]DOHÿX IRUPLUDOH DUKRQWLMH =DKXPOMH 7UDYXQLMD .RQDYDOH L 1HUHWYOMDQVND DQWLRKLMD NDR ]DVHEQH GUåDYLFH11 =DKXPOMHP MH YODGDOD SRURGLFD 9LãHYLüL þLML MH LVWDNQXWL SUHGVWDYQLN VUHGLQRP ,; VWROMHüD ELR 0LKDMOR 9LãHYLü +XPVNL 8 =DKXPOMX VH VSRPLQMX VOMHGHüL JUDGRYL 6WRQ 'DEDU 0RNUR 2ãOMH *DOXPDLQLN WH EUGR QD NRPH VH QDOD]H GYD JUDGD ± %RQD L +XP$UKHRORãNL MH LVWUDåHQDFUNYDEL]DQWLMVNRJWLSDQDORNDOLWHWX&UNYLQDX/LVLþLüLPDNRG.RQMLFD D X WR YULMHPH GDWLUDQD MH L +XPDþND SORþD VD üLULOVNLP QDWSLVRP .UDMHP ;, VWROMHüD VX 7UDYXQLMD L =DKXPOMH ELOL GLR GXNOMDQVNH GUåDYH 3UHPD /MHWRSLVX SRSD 'XNOMDQLQD QDVWDORP VUHGLQRP ;,, VWROMHüD REODVW &KHOPDQLD =DKXPOMH RSD VDVWRMDOD VH RG VOMHGHüLK åXSD 6WRQ 3RSRYR /XND 9HOOLFD äDSVND äDSVND9HFHQLNH 'XEUDYD äDSVND L 'DEDU13 6YH GR ;,9 VWROMHüD RYH åXSH VX LPDOHYLVRNVWHSHQSROLWLþNHDXWRQRPLMH 8YULMHPHýDVODYD.ORQLPLURYLüD LOL LOL GRRNR KXPVND ]HPOMDVHQDãODXVDVWDYX5DãNH.UDMHP;,,VWROMHüD+XPRPMHXSUDYOMDRNQH] 0LURVODYEUDWYHOLNRJåXSDQD6WHIDQD1HPDQMHL]HWERVDQVNRJEDQD.XOLQD7UHED ND]DWL GD VX KXPVNL NQH]RYL XYLMHN SRVMHGRYDOL YUOR YLVRN VWHSHQ DXWRQRPLMH X RGQRVXQDRVYDMDþD158SUYRMSRORYLQL;,,VWROMHüD+XPL7UDYXQLMDSRWSXQRJXEH VYRMXVDPRVWDOQRVWEL]DQWLMVNLPRVYDMDQMLPD 11 =ERJQHGRVWDWNDKLVWRULMVNLKL]YRUDMDYOMDMXVHUD]OLþLWDVKYDWDQMDRSROLWLþNRMRUJDQL]DFLMLNRG 6ODYHQD X UDQRP VUHGQMHP YLMHNX 3UHPD QHNLP WXPDþHQMLPD QH UDGL VH R VDPRVWDOQLP GUåDYDPD QHJRRÄ]HPOML³RGQRVQRÄREODVWL³NRMXSUDYQLKLVWRULþDULGH¿QLUDMXNDRÄSULQXGQLDSDUDW³LOLÄVLOX³ RGQRVQRXQDMEROMHPVOXþDMXNDRXGUXåLYDQMHVORERGQLKOMXGL1REH]RE]LUDVORYHQDþNHVNODYLQLMH VNODYRQLMH VXQRVLOHSUYRWQHQD]QDNHGUåDYQRJNDUDNWHUDL]NRMLKVXQHãWRNDVQLMHXMHGLQMDYDQMHP LSUHNUDMDQMHPJUDQLFDQDVWDOHVDPRVWDOQHGUåDYH-XåQLK6ODYHQD2SãLUQLMHRVNODYLQLMDPDX 3HWDU 6NRN(WLPRORJLMVNLULMHþQLNPKUYDWVNRJLOLVUSVNRJMH]LNDNQM,=DJUHE $UKHRORãNLOHNVLNRQ%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHWRP,6DUDMHYR 13 /MHWRSLVSRSD'XNOMDQLQDWUHEDSRVPDWUDWLNDROLWHUDUQRGMHORDWDNYLPJDLNYDOL¿NXMHQHVDPR QMHJRYD IDEXOR]QD QRWD QHJR L SULSRYMHGDþND PDQLUD SLVFD QMHJRYD EXMQRVW PDãWH NRMRP VWYDUD GRJDÿDMH NRML VH QLNDGD QLVX GHVLOL L OLFD NRMD QLNDGD QLVX SRVWRMDOD 2SãLUQLMH X /MHWRSLV SRSD 'XNOMDQLQD3URVYHWD6USVNDNQMLåHYQD]DGUXJD%HRJUDG ýDVODY.RORQLPLURYLüMHELR]DGQML9ODVWLPLURYLü SRURGLFDNRMDMHGRYHOD6UEHQD%DONDQ 2Q VHVSDVLRELMHJRPL]EXJDUVNRJ]DWYRUDQDNRQVPUWLFDUD6LPHRQD9HOLNRJ 8]SRPRü%L]DQWLMH REQRYLRMHYODVWX5DãNRMWH]DYODGDR7UDYXQLMRP'XNOMRPL=DKXPOMHP2+XPXXVUHGQMHPYLMHNX RSãLQLMHX 9HOMDQ7USNRYLü+XPVND]HPOMD=ERUQLN)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDNQM9,,,±6SRPHQLFD 0LKDMOD'LQLüD%HRJUDG 15 8YULMHPHNUDOMD%RGLQD %RVQD7UDYXQLMDL=DKXPOMHSUL]QDYDOLVXYUKRYQXYODVW =HWH2SãLUQLMHX 6LPDûLUNRYLü,VWRULMDVUHGQMRYHNRYQHERVDQVNHGUåDYH%HRJUDG GDOMH 6ûLUNRYLü,VWRULMDVUHGQMRYMHNRYQHERVDQVNHGUåDYH 7DNORÿHUX 0ODGHQ$QþLü1DUXEX=DSDGD WULVWROMHüDVUHGQMRYMHNRYQH%RVQH=DJUHE 15 3URIGU$GQDQ9(/$*,û 8VDVWDYXERVDQVNHGUåDYH 8 VDVWDYX EL]DQWLMVNH FDUHYLQH +XPVND ]HPOMD MH RVWDOD VYH GR RVDPRVWDOMLYDQMD %RVQH SRG EDQRP .XOLQRP 2Q MH VYRMX YODVW SURãLULRQDSRGUXþMD8VRUHL6ROLWH1HUHWYHL'RQMLKNUDMHYD1DMYHüLGLRKXPVNH ]HPOMHMHJRGLQHGRãDRSRGYODVWERVDQVNRJEDQD6WMHSDQD,,.RWURPDQLüD NRMLMHRYXREODVWXQLRLXVYRMXWLWXOX8SRþHWNXYODGDYLQHPODGL ERVDQVNLEDQ7YUWNR,.RWURPDQLü MHELRSULQXÿHQGD8JDUVNRMXVWXSL WHULWRULM =DYUãMD NDR L GD QD LPH PLUD]D VYRMH URÿDNH (OL]DEHWH NüHUNH EDQD 6WMHSDQD,,.RWURPDQLüDJRGLQHXVWXSLGLR+XPD L]PHÿXULMHND1HUHWYHL &HWLQH ]DMHGQRVDWUJRP'ULMHYD+XPVNDREODVWMHSRQRYRGRãODXVDVWDY%RVQH JRGLQHQDNRQWHULWRULMDOQLKãLUHQMDNRMDVXXVOLMHGLODSRVOLMHVPUWLXJDUVNRJ NUDOMD/XGRYLND2G7YUWNRYRJYUHPHQDX%RVQLVHUD]YLMDORUXGDUVWYR3URL]YRGL ERVDQVNRJUXGDUVWYDRGVUHEUDRORYDLEDNUDELOLVXYUORWUDåHQLQDãLUHPWUåLãWX %DONDQD7RMHXWMHFDORQDUD]YRMWUDQVSRUWDLSUHSURGDMHRYLKSURL]YRGDXþHPX VXVHSRVHEQRLVWLFDODYODãNDSOHPHQDQDVWDQMHQDQDSURVWRUX+XPD1DMYDåQLML WUJRYDþNL SXW LãDR MH GROLQRP ULMHNH 1HUHWYH SUHPD WUJX 'ULMHYD L 'XEURYQLNX JODYQLP LVKRGLãWLPD ERVDQVNLK SULYUHGQLK SURL]YRGD %RVDQVNL PHWDOQL SURL]YRGL VX þHVWR L] 'ULMHYD L 'XEURYQLND WUDQVSRUWLUDQL X 9HQHFLMX $QNRQX 6LFLOLMX L -XåQX,WDOLMX7DNRÿHULERVDQVNHVLURYLQHDQDURþLWRVRLRORYRLJUDOHVXYDåQX XORJX X SULYUHGQLP RGQRVLPD VD GUXJLP ]HPOMDPD D SRVHEQR VD 'XEURYQLNRP 7DNRVHQDYRGHSRGDFLGDMHXSHULRGXRGGR JRGLQHL]'XEURYQLNDX 9HQHFLMXL]YH]HQRERVDQVNRJLVUSVNRJRORYDXWHåLQLRG PLOLMDUDLOL NJ 3RVUHGQLþNDWUJRYLQDMHLPDODYLGQRJHIHNWDXSRJOHGXERJDüHQMD VWDQRYQLãWYDRþHPXVYMHGRþHLEURMQHXNUDãHQHQHNURSROHVWHüDNDNRMHVHQDOD]H QD SRGUXþMX +XPVNH ]HPOMH 2 HNRQRPVNRP SRWHQFLMDOX ERVDQVNH NUDOMHYLQH VYMHGRþLLSRGDWDNGDMHNUDOM7YUWNRNRYDRVYRMYHOLNL]ODWQLN 1DNRQVPUWLNUDOMD7YUWND,.RWURPDQLüD JRGLQHSRþLQMHVODEOMHQMH ERVDQVNHGUåDYH'YDVXJODYQDUD]ORJD]DRYDMSURFHV 1DNRQ RVYDMDQMD +XPD EDQ 6WMHSDQ ,, .RWURPDQLü VH QD]YDR ÄJRVSRGDU KXPVNL³ 2Q MH RG 'XEURYþDQD WUDåLR GD PX SODüDMX PRJRULã WULEXW RG SHUSHUD NRML VX RQL X SURãORVWL SODüDOL JRVSRGDULPD=DKXPOMD2SãLUQLMHX 6ûLUNRYLü,VWRULMDVUHGQMRYMHNRYQHERVDQVNHGUåDYH 0LKDMOR 'LQLü 'XEURYDþND VUHGQMRYHNRYQD NDUDYDQVND WUJRYLQD -XJRVORYHQVNL LVWRULMVNL þDVRSLVEU%HRJUDG 7DNRÿHURSãLUQLMHR]DQDWVWYXX 'HVDQND.RYDþHYLü3ULORJ SURXþDYDQMX]DQDWVWYDXVUHGQMRYMHNRYQRM%RVQL*RGLãQMDNLVWRULMVNRJGUXãWYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH EU6DUDMHYR 'HVDQND .RYDþHYLü.RMLü (NRQRPVNH YH]H L NXOWXUQL XWMHFDML L]PHÿX ERVDQVNH GUåDYH L WDOLMDQVNLKJUDGRYDX;,9L;9YLMHNX*RGLãQMDNGUXãWYDLVWRULþDUDEU6DUDMHYR %DULãD.UHNLü3ULORJLVWRULMLPOHWDþNREDONDQVNHWUJRYLQHGUXJHSRORYLQH;,9YHND*RGLãQMDN )LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX1RYRPVDGXNQM,,1RYL6DG 3RVHEQRVXXNUDãHQHLERJDWHQHNURSROHVWHüDNDQDSRGUXþMX.RQMLFD6WRFDL1HYHVLQMD2SãLUQLMH X 0DULDQ:HQ]HO7UDGLFLMDXPMHWQLþNHREUDGHPHWDODX.UDOMHYLQL%RVQL%RVDQVNLVWLOQDVWHüFLPDL metalu6DUDMHYR 2SãLUQLMH X 0LKDMOR 'LQLü 9HOLNL ERVDQVNL ]ODWQLN ,VWRULMVNL þDVRSLV NQM %HRJUDG U Humskoj zemlji 3RVOLMH7YUWNDQHSRVWRMLQHNDVQDåQLMDOLþQRVWNRMDELPRJODGUåDWLPRüQH YODVWHOLQVNHSRURGLFHSRGNRQWURORP ,]PMHQDJHRSROLWLþNLKSULOLNDX(YURSLDSRVHEQRQD%DONDQX 0QRJLVDYUHPHQLFLVXSUHGYLÿDOLGDüHSRVOLMHNUDOMD7YUWNDQDVWXSLWLGRED GHFHQWUDOL]DFLMHGUåDYHLMDþDQMDPRüLNUXSQLKYODVWHOLQVNLKSRURGLFD8SUDYRWRVH L GHVLOR 1DNRQ VPUWL SUYRJ ERVDQVNRJ NUDOMD VQDJD FHQWUDOQH YODVWL QDJOR RSDGD LL]PMHãWDVHQDGYRURYHREODVQLKIHXGDOQLKSRURGLFD-HGQDRGRYLKQHIRUPDOQLK FHQWDUD PRüL ELOD MH L YODVWHOLQVND SRURGLFD 6DQNRYLüL L] +XPD 3RVMHGL RYH SRURGLFH SURWH]DOL VX VH þLWDYRP GXåLQRP WRND 1HUHWYH RG .RQMLFD GR PRUD 1MLKRYL SRVMHGL QLVX SUHOD]LOL QD GHVQX REDOX ULMHNH D XNOMXþLYDOL VX QD LVWRNX L REODVW 1HYHVLQMVNRJ SROMD 'XEURYþDQL VX RGPDK QDNRQ7YUWNRYH VPUWL SRNXãDOL GD SRWLVQX %RVDQFH L] 'DOPDFLMH L GD QD UDþXQ %RVQH SURãLUH VYRMX WHULWRULMX 3UHJRYDUDOL VX VD KXPVNRP YODVWHORP 6DQNRYLüLPD GD LP XVWXSH åXSX .RQDYOH 9HüPDUWD 6DQNRYLüLVXL]GDOLSRYHOMXNRMRPþLWDYR.RQDYOHVDWYUÿDYRP 6RNRO GDMX 'XEURYQLNX NDNR VH QDYRGL ÄNRMHP MH QHNDGD WD åXSD L SULSDGDOD³ 3RVOMHGLFD MH ELOD VXNRE SURWLY KXPVNH YODVWHOH 9RMYRGD9ODWNR 9XNRYLü L NQH] 3DYOH5DGHQRYLü]DX]HOLVXSRVMHGH6DQNRYLüDLL]PHÿXVHEHLKSRGLMHOLOL0HÿX WLPSRVMHGLPDELOHVXL.RQDYOH=DQLPOMLYRMHGDMHVYRMÄEODJRVORY³]DRYXDNFLMX GDRL6WDQDN%RVQHãWRJRYRULRSRVWRMDQRVWLFHQWUDOQHYODVWL'XEURYþDQLVXRYDM SURVWRUSULNOMXþLOLWHNQDNRQWDNJRGLQD3UHNR1HUHWYHGDOMHQD]DSDGQDOD]LOLVX VHSRVMHGL5DGLYRMHYLüDDLVWRþQLVXVMHGL6DQNRYLüDELOHVX.RVDþH .RGQRYRJERVDQVNRJNUDOMD6WMHSDQD2VWRMH RG GRLRG GR 'XEURYþDQLVXSRNUHQXOLSLWDQMHÄVSRUQLK]HPDOMD³2YDMSXWVXQDVYRMRM VWUDQLLPDOL5DGLþD6DQNRYLüDNRMLMHNDVQLMHWYUGLRGDMHRQÄL]PROLRSUHYLVRNRJ NUDOMD 2VWRMX³ GD LVSXQL QMLKRYX åHOMX X SRJOHGX .RQDYDOD 3UHPD NUDOMHYRM GDURYQLFLL] JRGLQH'XEURYQLNXMHSULSDORSRGUXþMH RG .XULOD 2UDãDF RSD GHUL GR 6WRQD VD YVLPL VHOL L ]DVHRFLLV OMXGPLLVYVLPLPHMDPLLSUDYLQDPLLVYRGDPLLVSDãDPLLGUYPLL] GXEUDYDPLVJUPMHPLVDYVDNLPLQLPGRVWRMDQLMHPLVDYVLPLSUDYLPL NRWDULWLK]HPDOMLVHOUHþHQLK 7DNRVX'XEURYþDQLGRELOLNRSQHQXYH]XVDVYRMLPSRVMHGLPDQD3HOMHãFX 7RNRP JRGLQH NUDOM 2VWRMD MH GRQLR QHNROLNR ]DNRQVNLK XUHGEL NRMH VX 2 6DQNRYLüLPD X -RYDQND 0LMXãNRYLü +XPVND YODVWHRVND SRURGLFD 6DQNRYLüL ,VWRULMVNL þDVRSLV;,%HRJUDG 2 5DGLYRMHYLüLPD X $GLV =LOLü +XPVND YODVWHOD 5DGLYRMHYLüL-XUMHYLüL9ODWNRYLüL L QMLKRYR GRED5XNRSLVPDJLVWDUVNRJUDGDRGEUDQMHQRJX6DUDMHYXJRGLQH 2.RVDþDPDX (VDG.XUWRYLü9HOLNLYRMYRGDERVDQVNL 6DQGDOM+UDQLü.RVDþD6DUDMHYR GDOMH (.XUWRYLü9HOLNLYRMYRGD6DQGDOM+UDQLü 3UHPDNXSRSURGDMQRPXJRYRUXNUDOML+UYRMH9XNþLü+UYDWLQLüVXGRELOLGXEURYDþNRQDVOLMHGQR SOHPVWYRSRMHGQXNXüXXYULMHGQRVWLGXNDWD3RVOLMHWRJD'XEURYþDQLVXXãOLXSRVLMHGGRELMHQH WHULWRULMH2WRPHX 6ûLUNRYLü,VWRULMDVUHGQMRYMHNRYQHERVDQVNHGUåDYH 3URIGU$GQDQ9(/$*,û GLUHNWQRSRJRGLOHGXEURYDþNXWUJRYLQX-HGQDRGQDMWHåLKSRQMLKELODMH]DEUDQD SURGDMH VROL X] SULMHWQMX ND]QRP RG GXNDWD ,VWR MH YDåLOR ]D RVWDOX UREX L] %RVQH'XEURYþDQLVX]DYHOLWRWDOQXSULYUHGQXEORNDGX%RVQH8WRPSHULRGXQD UXNXLPMHLãORSRQRYQRMDþDQMH6LJLPXQGDX8JDUVNRM%RVDQVNDVWUDQDMH]ERJ WRJDSRVWDMDODVYHSRSXVWOMLYLMDSDMH2VWRMDSRQXGLR'XEURYþDQLPDSULMDWHOMVWYR XRNWREUXJRGLQH1RRQLVXWRRGELOLLNDRRGPD]GX]DGRWDGDãQMHERVDQVNH DNFLMH XSDOL X WUJ 'ULMHYD L VSDOLOL JD %LR MH WR XYRG X 2VWRMLQR SRQLãWDYDQMH XJRYRUD R SURGDML 3ULPRUMD 'XEURYþDQLPD 8 SRQLãWDYDQMX RYRJ XJRYRUD NUDOMX MH SRGUãNX SUXåLR QMHJRY YMHUQL SULVWDOLFD YRMYRGD 5DGLþ 6DQNRYLü MHU VX XSUDYR QMHJRYL SRVMHGL JUDQLþLOL VD SURGDWLP 3ULPRUMHP 5DGLþ MH SUYL SRNUHQXR QDSDG L QDNRQ ãWR MH SURWMHUDR GXEURYDþNRJ NQH]D L] .XULOD ]DYUãLR MH VD UDWQLP RSHUDFLMDPD 1D GUXJRM VWUDQL 2VWRMD VH VYH YLãH SULEOLåDYDR 6LJLVPXQGX VD NRMLP VH X] SRVUHGQLãWYR PDþYDQVNRJ EDQD ,YDQD 0RURYLüNRJ L] *XW.DOHGD L]PLULR2VWRMDMHWRPSULOLNRPSUL]QDR6LJLVPXQGD]DNUDOMDDRYDMMHSULKYDWLR 2VWRMLQRPLãOMHQMHGDVX]DVXNREVD'XEURYQLNRPNULYL'XEURYþDQLMHUVXSUXåLOL XWRþLãWH RGPHWQXWRM ERVDQVNRM YODVWHOL 'XEURYQLN MH SRNXãDR GD VNORSL SDNW VD +UYRMHPSURWLYERVDQVNRJNUDOMDDOLRGWRJDQLMHELORQLãWDMHUVXVH+UYRMHL2VWRMD X WRP SHULRGX L]PLULOL 0HÿXWLP RYR QLMH GXJR WUDMDOR 8 PDUWX JRGLQH GRNXPHQWL JRYRUH RG VXNREX L]PHÿX NUDOMD 2VWRMH QD MHGQRM VWUDQL L +UYRMD L 6DQGDOMDQDGUXJRMVWUDQL6SRUMHUMHãHQWDNRãWRVXVYLERVDQVNLYODVWHOLQLXDSULOX LVWHJRGLQHQD]DVMHGDQMX6DERUD QDNRMHPQLMHELOR+UYRMDL6DQGDOMD SUHãOLQD VWUDQX+UYRMD9XNþLüD+UYDWLQLüD1D]DVMHGDQMXERVDQVNRJ6DERUDXPDMX JRGLQH VXGELQD NUDOMD 2VWRMH ELOD ]DSHþDüHQD =D NUDOMD MH ELR L]DEUDQ 7YUWNR ,, .RWURPDQLü VLQ SUYRJ ERVDQVNRJ NUDOMD 2YLP GRJDÿDMHP QDMYLãe MH L]JXELR 5DGLþ 6DQNRYLü NRML MH ELR XKDSãHQ L EDþHQ X WDPQLFX 6YL SRVMHGL 6DQNRYLüa SDOL VX X UXNH 6DQGDOMD+UDQLüDNRMLMHVYRMXYODVWSURãLULRVYHGRULMHNH1HUHWYH 7DNRÿHU 6DQGDOM MH SUHX]HR i VYD SUDYD KXPVNH JRVSRGH X LVWRþQRP GLMHOX +XPD MHU se RQL YLãe ne VSRPLQMX QD ERVDQVNLP SRYHOMDPD NDR ÄVYMHGRFL RG +XPVNH ]HPOMH³ 8PMHVWR WRJDMHGLQRMH6DQGDOM GRELR WLWXOX YHOLNRJ YRMYRGHERVDQVNRJ 8QDUHGQRPSHULRGX .RVDþe VX NRQVWDQWQR SRWLVNLYDOH KXPVNR LPH1DNRQãWR VX ]DX]HOL SRVMHGH 6DQNRYLüa.RVDþeVXGRãOH X QHSRVUHGQR VXVMHGVWYR 5DGLYRMHYLüa 1MLKRYD NUDMQMD ]DSDGQD JUDQLFD SRVWDOD MH ULMHND 1HUHWYDNDRUD]PHÿHinteresnih 'HVDQND .RYDþHYLü 7UJRYLQD X VUHGQMRYMHNRYQRM %RVQL 1DXþQR GUXãWYR 15 %L+ NQM 6DUDMHYR 2SãLUQLMHX -RVLS/XþLü6WMHFDQMHGLREDLERUED]DRþXYDQMHGXEURYDþNRJ3ULPRUMD $UKLYVNLYMHVQLN;,;,,=DJUHE 2YDM L]ERU ELR MH YROMD QDMPRüQLMHJ ERVDQVNRJ YODVWHOLQD +UYRMD 9XNþLüD +UYDWLQLüD 2VWRMD MH L]EMHJDR KDSãHQMH L ]DWYDUDQMH EMHåHüL L] %RERYFD QD XJDUVNL GYRU NRG NUDOMD 6LJLVPXQGD NRML PXMHRGPDKREHüDRYRMQXSRGUãNX8MXQXXJDUVNDYRMVNDMHRVYRMLOD%RERYDFL6UHEUHQLN JGMH MH 2VWRMD RG WDGD VWRORYDR NDR 6LJLVPXQGRY NDQGLGDW GRN MH VNRUR FLMHOR ERVDQVNR SOHPVWYR SRGUåDYDOR 7YUWND ,, .RWURPDQLüD -HGLQX SRGUãNX XQXWDU ERVDQVNRJ NUDOMHYVWYD 2VWRMD MH LPDRNRG5DGLYRMHYLüDDOLVXPXLRQLXEU]RSUHVWDOLELWLORMDOQL2SãLUQLMHX 6ûLUNRYLü,VWRULMD VUHGQMRYMHNRYQHERVDQVNHGUåDYH 2SãLUQLMHX (.XUWRYLü9HOLNLYRMYRGD6DQGDOM+UDQLü U Humskoj zemlji VIHUDSRURGLFD +UYDWLQLüa i .RVDþa5DGLYRMHYLüLVXRGRYRJPRPHQWDELOLMHGLQD YHOLNDãND SRURGLFD NRMD MH XSRUQR EUDQLOD KXPVNH SRVHEQRVWL þLPH VX XVWYDUL EUDQLOLVHEHRGNDVQLMLKQDVUWDMD+UYDWLQLüDL.RVDþD -DþDQMHIHXGDOQLKSRURGLFDQDVWDYOMHQRMHLXQDUHGQRPSHULRGX303RMHGLQFL SRSXW+UYRMD9XNþLüD+UYDWLQLüDX]LPDMXþDNLNUDOMHYVNHSUHURJDWLYHWUDåHGDVH QMLPDSODüDMXQDPHWLFDULQHLVOLþQR1DWDMQDþLQYODVWNUDOMD7YUWND,,.RWURPDQLüD WH NRQWLQXLUDQRMHVODELOD.DGDVHWRPHGRGDMXRWYRUHQL SULWLVFL XJDUVNH SROLWLNH L 2VPDQOLMD RQGD VH X SRWSXQRVWL PRåH VDJOHGDWL VWDWXV FHQWUDOQH YODVWL L SRORåDM GUåDYH31 2VLP QDYHGHQRJ WUHED ND]DWL GD VX IHXGDOQL JRVSRGDULXVYRMLPREODVWLPDNRQWUROLVDOLVXGVWYRRþHPXVYMHGRþHNDPHQHVWROLFH SULVXWQHQDEURMQLPORNDOLWHWLPDVUHGQMRYMHNRYQH%RVQH8NXSQRVXSURQDÿHQH VWROLFH RG NRMLK MH YHüLQD NOHVDQD X åLYRP NDPHQX 1D WUL VWROLFH X 2ãDQLüLPD NRG6WRFD.RVRUXNRG%ODJDMDL'RQMRM%XNRYLFLNRG.RQMLFDLVNOHVDQLVXQDWSLVL ERVDQþLFRP 3ULPMHWDQQDSRU]DVODPDQMHPRüLNUXSQLKIHXGDOQLKSRURGLFDQDSUDYLRMH NUDOM2VWRMDSUHGNUDMSHULRGDVYRMHGUXJHYODGDYLQH.DGDMHJRGLQHXPUR +UYRMH 9XNþLü +UYDWLQLü VLWXDFLMD VH ]QDþDMQR L]PMHQLOD 1MHJRY VLQ %DOãD QLMH LPDR VQDJH GD ]DãWLWL ]HPOMX ãWR MH SRGVWDNOR RNROQH IHXGDOFH GD PX SUHRWPX ]QDþDMQH SRVMHGH 1DMYLãH ]HPOMH SULJUDELR MH VDP NUDOM 2VWRMD QDNRQ ãWR VH RåHQLR +UYRMHYRP XGRYLFRP -HOHQRP ,VWRYUHPHQR MDþDOL VX +UDQLüL.RVDþH L 5DGLQRYLüL3DYORYLüL 9ODVW NUDOMD VNRUR VH QLMH RVMHüDOD 2Q MH QHPRüQR JOHGDR NDNRJDNUXSQDYODVWHODOLãDYDQMHJRYLK]DNRQVNLKSUDYDLSULKRGD'XEURYþDQLVX GDELVHRVLJXUDOLXWRYULMHPHVNODSDOLGRJRYRUHVDERVDQVNRPYODVWHORPLQMRM SODüDOLGDQDN5D]PLULFHL]PHÿXSRMHGLQLKYHOLNDãNLKSRURGLFDVXURYRLEH]RE]LUQR VXUMHãDYDQH8WDNYRMVLWXDFLMLRVPDQVNLVXOWDQ0HKPHG,VHRGGUXJHSRORYLQH JRGLQH SRMDYOMXMH NDR PLURWYRUDF L VXGDF L]PHÿX ]DYDÿHQLK ERVDQVNLK IHXGDODFD 8SUDYR WDGD MH ELOD GRQHVHQD RGOXND GD VH XKDSVL NUDOM 2VWRMD 1R LSDNRQMHXPDNDRLX]SRPRü8JDUDRUJDQL]RYDRSRKRGQD6DQGDOMD+UDQLüD XNRMHPPXMHSUHRWHRJUDG%ODJDM7DGDMHFLMHODYODVWHODVWDODQDVWUDQXNUDOMD 1DNRQ SREMHGH QDG XJDUVNRP YRMVNRP 5DGLQRYLüL VX X] SRPRü 2VPDQOLMD RG GRJRGLQHSXVWRãLOLSRVMHGHVYRJDJODYQRJVXSDUQLNDYRMYRGH6DQGDOMD +UDQLüD2GWDGD5DGLQRYLüLVXSRVWDOLYMHUQLYD]DOLRVPDQVNRJVXOWDQD1DãDYãLVH XEH]L]OD]QRMVLWXDFLMLNDGDVXQMLKRYLQDMOMXüLSURWLYQLFLGRELOLSRGUãNXQRYHVLOH QD%DONDQXDXJDUVNLNUDOMSRVWDRVDPRQHPRüQLSRVPDWUDþRYLKSURPMHQD6DQGDOM +UDQLüMHJRGLQHSUL]QDRYUKRYQXYODVWVXOWDQD,VWHJRGLQHXVHSWHPEUXMH XPUR NUDOM 2VWRMD 1DVOLMHGLR JD MH QMHJRY VLQ 6WMHSDQ 2VWRMLü NRML MH YODGDR GR 30 6LPDûLUNRYLüÄ9HUQDVOXåED³LÄYMHUDJRVSRGVND³=ERUQLN)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWD9,%HRJUDG 6ûLUNRYLü,VWRULMDVUHGQMRYMHNRYQHERVDQVNHGUåDYH 6LPDûLUNRYLü5XVDãND JRVSRGD,VWRULMVNLþDVRSLVNQM;;,%HRJUDG 31 6ûLUNRYLü,VWRULMDVUHGQMRYMHNRYQHERVDQVNHGUåDYH âH¿N%HãODJLü.DPHQHVWROLFHVUHGQMRYMHNRYQH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH'MHOD$18%L+NQM/,; 6DUDMHYR âH¿N%HãODJLü/HNVLNRQVWHüDND6DUDMHYR6WROLFDX2ãDQLüLPDSULSDGD XJOHGQRM YODãNRM SRURGLFL 0LORUDGRYLüD±+UDEUHQD þLMD VH QHNURSROD VWHüDND QDOD]L QD REOLåQMRM 5DGLPOML6WROLFDL].RVRUDSUHQHVHQDMHXYUW=HPDOMVNRJPX]HMDX6DUDMHYX 3URIGU$GQDQ9(/$*,û JRGLQH9ULMHPHQMHJRYHYODGDYLQHRELOMHåHQRMHSRNXãDMLPDPODGRJNUDOMD GD]DGRELMHSRGUãNXYODVWHOH 2GJRGLQHQDERVDQVNRPSULMHVWROMXMHSRGUXJLSXWVMHGLRVLQSUYRJ ERVDQVNRJ NUDOMD 7YUWNR ,, .RWURPDQLü %RVQD MH X SUYLP JRGLQDPD YODGDYLQH QRYRJ NUDOMD SRND]DOD L]YMHVWDQ QDSUHGDN QD VYLP SROMLPD 7DNR VH SULPMHüXMH HYLGHQWDQSULYUHGQLUDVWWHREQRYDLXVSRQJUDGRYD6YDNDNRWRPHMHGRSULQLMHRL NUDWNRWUDMQLPLUL]PHÿXIHXGDOQLKSRURGLFD5D]OR]L]DRYDNYRSRQDãDQMHYODVWHOH QLVXOHåDOLXQMHQRPSULKYDWDQMXNUDOMHYRJDXWRULWHWDQHJRXþLQMHQLFLGDMHXSUDYR SRþHWNRPYODGDYLQH7YUWND,,QHVWDORVDSROLWLþNHVFHQHGYRMLFHPRüQLKYODVWHOLQD± +UYRMD9XNþLüD+UYDWLQLüDL5DGRVODYD3DYORYLüDýLPVXSUHVWDOLXQXWUDãQMLVXNREL RVODELRMHLXWMHFDM2VPDQOLMDNRMLKVYHGRJRGLQHQHPDX%RVQL6OMHGHüH JRGLQH 2VPDQOLMH VX SRQRYR XSDOH X %RVQX L SRG NRQWUROX VWDYLOH QHNH YDåQLMH NODQFH7ULJRGLQHNDVQLMH2VPDQOLMHVX]DSRVMHOHJRUQMXGROLQXULMHNH%RVQH 6LWXDFLMD VH L] WHPHOMD L]PMHQLOD PDUWD 7DGD MH XPUR 6DQGDOM +UDQLü .RVDþD D QDVOLMHGLR JD MH QMHJRY EUDWLü 6WMHSDQ 9XNþLü .RVDþD33 8JDUVND VH RGPDK DQJDåRYDOD GMHOXMXüL GYRVWUDQR ± V MHGQH VWUDQH SRGUåDYDMXüL EHVSULMHNRUQR NUDOMD 7YUWND ,, D V GUXJH SRVWDYOMDMXüL SLWDQMH +XPD NRML MH X YULMHPH /XGRYLND SULSDGDR 8JDUVNRM 7DNRÿHU L 5DGRVODY 3DYORYLü MH RGPDK SURPLMHQLR VYRMH GUåDQMH SUHPD QMHJRYRM SRURGLFL L SRVWDR RWYRUHQL QHSULMDWHOMQMHJRYRJQDVOMHGQLNDVLQRYFD6WMHSDQD9XNþLüD.RVDþH7DNRVX8JDUL RVYRMLOLYHüLGLR+XPD ]DS+HUFHJRYLQX WUJ'ULMHYDMH]DSRVMHRĈXUDÿ9RMVDOLü GRNVX3DYORYLüLQDVWRMDOLSULJUDELWLGLR]HPOMH.RVDþD8WDNYRMVLWXDFLML6WMHSDQ .RVDþD VH ]D SRPRü REUDWLR 2VPDQOLMDPD 2GUHG RG RVPDQVNLK YRMQLND VWLJDR MH SRORYLQRP X %RVQX L YHü SRþHWNRP DXJXVWD LVWMHUDR 8JDUH L] +XPD L RSXVWRãLR ]HPOMH 5DGRVODYD 3DYORYLüD .UDMHP 6WMHSDQ VH L]PLULR LVD8JDULPD2VPDQVNRSULVXVWYRX%RVQLQDWMHUDORMHL7YUWND,,GDVHL]PLULVD 6WMHSDQRP9XNþLüHPNRMLMHJRGLQHX]HRWLWXOXÄKHUFHJDRG6YHWRJ6DYH³ MHU VH XSUDYR QD WHULWRULML QMHJRYH REODVWL QDOD]LR JURE RYRJ SUDYRVODYQRJ VYHFD X PDQDVWLUX 0LOHãHYD 8 WR YULMHPH QD þHOX GUåDYH ELR MH QRYL NUDOM ± 6WMHSDQ 7RPDã +HUFHJ 6WMHSDQ MH UDWRYDR SURWLY 'XEURYQLND X SHULRGX RG GRJRGLQHNDGDVHQDGXEURYDþNRMVWUDQLQDãODLKHUFHJXSRWþLQMHQD QLåDYODVWHODRGNRMLKVXQDM]QDþDMQLML5DGLYRMHYLüL±9ODWNRYLüLL]QHUHWYDQVNH .UDMLQH350HÿXWLPRGSRORYLQH;9VWROMHüD2VPDQOLMHVXVYHSULVXWQLMHX%RVQL 33 26WMHSDQX9XNþLüXX 6LPDûLUNRYLü+HUFHJ6WHIDQ9XNþLü.RVDþDLQMHJRYRGRED%HRJUDG 8]YDQLþQRMNRUHVSRGHQFLMLKHUFHJVHRVORYOMDYDRQDVOMHGHüLQDþLQ Ä0LJRVSRGLQ6WLSDQKHUFHJ RG VYHWRJ 6DYH JRVSRGDU KXPVNL L SULPRUVNL YHOLNL YRMYRGD UXVDJD ERVDQVNRJ ³ /MXERPLU 6WRMDQRYLü6WDUHVUSVNHSRYHOMHLSLVPDNQM,%HRJUDG6UHPVNL.DUORYFL L 35 +HUFHJRYD YRMVND SURYDOLOD MH X .RQDYOH RSVMHOD JUDG 6RNRO VUXãLOD ]LGRYH &DYWDWD L GRãOD SRG GXEURYDþNH ]LGLQH 1DNRQ ãWR VX EH]XVSMHãQR SRNXãDOL GD SURELMX RSVDGX L SURGUX X .RQDYOH 'XEURYþDQLVXVHSRVOXåLOLOXNDYVWYRP1DLPHSRGL]JRYRURPGDMHKHUFHJ6WMHSDQ9XNþLü.RVDþD NULPLQDOL]LUDQLLRGEMHJOLGXEURYDþNLSOHPLüUDVSLVDOLVXQDJUDGX]DQMHJRYXJODYX1DJUDGDMHELOD L]X]HWQRYHOLNDLL]QRVLODMHGXNDWDNXüDX'XEURYQLNXJRGLãQMDSODWDLSOHPLüNDWLWXOD8 WDNYRMVLWXDFLMLKHUFHJMHQDSXVWLRRSVDGX'XEURYQLNDL]DSRþHOLVXGLSORPDWVNLSUHJRYRUL U Humskoj zemlji L R]ELOMQR SULMHWH QMHQRM RSVWRMQRVWL 8 MHVHQ YHOLND RVPDQVND YRMVND MH RSXVWRãLODKHUFHJRYX]HPOMX7DGDMHVWUDGDRLPDQDVWLU0LOHãHYD 8SUROMHüHQRYLERVDQVNLNUDOM6WMHSDQ7RPDãHYLüMHREQRYLRYH]HVD 8JDUVNRPNRMDMHQDERVDQVNRPGYRUXRNDUDNWHUL]LUDQDNDRÄMHGLQDGUåDYDNRMD MRãPRåHSRPRüL³2YDMVWDYSRGUåDYDOHVXVYHRVWDOHNUãüDQVNH]HPOMH(YURSH NRMH VX ERVDQVNRJ NUDOMD VDPR YHUEDOQR SRGUåDYDOH L XSXüLYDOH JD QD 8JDUVNX 8SUDYRVHXWRPWURNXWXERVDQVNHVQDJH±XJDUVNDSRPRü±SDSDQDOD]LRERVDQVNL NUDOM6D]QDYãL]DSROLWLþNRRSUHGMHOMHQMH%RVDQDFD SUHPD8JDUVNRM QD3RUWLMH XSUROMHüHJRGLQHGRQHVHQDRGOXNDR]DSRVMHGDQMX%RVQH3RþHWNRP VD]QDORVHGDMHXSUDYRWXJRGLQXVXOWDQR]QDþLRNDRJRGLQX]DRVYDMDQMH%RVQH 'DOPDFLMH L 'XEURYQLND 7DGD MH ERVDQVNL NUDOM SRQRYR EH]XVSMHãQR ]DWUDåLR SRPRüDOLRVYDMDþNDYRMVNDMHYHüVWXSLODXDNFLMX3UYLQDSDGLVXELOLXVPMHUHQL SURWLY KHUFHJRYH ]HPOMH 2VPDQVND YRMVND MH SRWXNOD KHUFHJRYH WUXSH QD ULMHFL %UH]QLFL X &UQRM *RUL L KHUFHJRYH ]HPOMH SUHGDOD QMHJRYRP VLQX 9ODGLVODYX +HUFHJMHELRMDNROMXWQDVWDULMHJVLQD]DNRMHJDMHJRYRULRGDMHXSUDYRRQGRYHR 2VPDQOLMHÄSXWHYLPDNRMLPDRQLQLNDGDQHELPRJOLSURüL³8MXQX%RVQDMH SDOD2VPDQOLMHVX]DSRVMHOHJUDGRYD 1DNRQ SDGD %RVQH LQWHUHVL WUL YHOLNH VLOH 2VPDQVNRJ &DUVWYD 8JDUVNH L 9HQHFLMH VXNREOMDYDOL VX VH QD SURVWRUX +XPVNH ]HPOMH 8 OMHWR JRGLQH 2VPDQOLMH VX X QRYRP QDOHWX RVYRMLOH YHüL GLR KHUFHJRYH ]HPOMH 3DGRP SRþLWHOMVNHWYUÿDYHNDRLVWXUHQHXJDUVNHOLQLMHRGEUDQHRWYRUHQMHELRSURVWRU]D GDOML SURGRU 2VPDQOLMD SUHPD &HWLQL 9ODWNRYLüL QLVX PRJOL L]GUåDWL GXåL YRMQL SULWLVDNL]SUDYFD3RþLWHOMDWH%URWQMDL%ODWDQDNRQþHJDJRGLQHJXEHVYRMH SRVMHGH1RYDOLQLMDRGEUDQHSUHPD2VPDQOLMDPDXVSRVWDYOMHQDMHQDULMHFL&HWLQL JGMHVHVNORQLRMHGDQGLRERVDQVNRJSOHPVWYDGRNVHGUXJLGLRMRãUDQLMHSULNORQLR QRYRPRVYDMDþX]DGUåDYDMXüLWLPHGLRVYRMLKVWDULKEDãWLQD ýHVW VOXþDM PHÿX SOHPVWYRP WRJ YUHPHQD MH GD VX VH EUDüD GLMHOLOD SR SLWDQMX VOXåEH UD]OLþLWLP JRVSRGDULPD NDR QSU NRG QDM]QDþDMQLMLK KXPVNLK SRURGLFD WRJ GRED .RVDþD L 9ODWNRYLüD 'YRMLFD RG þHWYHUR SUHRVWDOH EUDüH 9ODWNRYLüXãOLVXXRVPDQVNXVOXåEX3RVMHGLXVWXSOMHQL$XJXVWLQXQD]YDQLVX JRGLQH$XJXVWLQRYD+XPVND]HPOMD*RGLQHIRUPLUDQDMHQDKLMD)UDJXVWLQVD VMHGLãWHPX*UDFXLWDMQD]LY]DGUåDODMHVYHGRSURSDVWLRVPDQVNHYODVWLQDWRP SRGUXþMXX9HOLNRPEHþNRPUDWXNUDMHP;9,,VWROMHüD 1DMPODÿLKHUFHJRYVLQ6WMHSDQSUHãDRMHJRGLQHQDLVODPLX]HRLPH $KPHG 8QDUHGQRPSHULRGXREQDãDRMHYUORYLVRNHIXQNFLMHRGNRMLKMHVYDNDNR QDM]QDþDMQLMD IXQNFLMD YHOLNRJ YH]LUD 2VPDQVNRJ &DUVWYD 9UOR YDåQR MH LVWDüL þLQMHQLFXGDVX2VPDQOLMHRGUHÿHQHREODVWLQD]LYDOHSRLVWDNQXWLPSUHGVWDYQLFLPD ORNDOQRJSOHPVWYDNRMHMHXOD]LORXQMLKRYXVOXåEX7DNRMHLSRMDP+HUFHJRYLQD 6ûLUNRYLü,VWRULMDVUHGQMRYMHNRYQHERVDQVNHGUåDYH Isto 2SãLUQLMHX 9HOMDQ$WDQDVRYVNL3DG+HUFHJRYLQH %HRJUDG GDOMH 9$WDQDVRYVNL3DG +HUFHJRYLQH 9$WDQDVRYVNL3DG+HUFHJRYLQH 3URIGU$GQDQ9(/$*,û QDVWDRXRVPDQVNRGRED]DKYDOMXMXüLYHOLNRPYH]LUX$KPHGSDãL+HUFHJRYLüXD QHQMHJRYRPRFX6WMHSDQX9XNþLüX.RVDþLNRMLMHQRVLRWLWXOXKHUFHJD 8PMHVWR]DNOMXþND 1HNH]DELOMHãNHRQDVWDQNXKHUFHJRYDþNLKJUDGRYD 8 MHGQRP GRNXPHQWX SRKUDQMHQRP X 'UåDYQRP DUKLYX X 'XEURYQLNX NRML GDWLUD L] JRGLQH SUYL SXW VH VSRPLQMX GYD XWYUÿHQMD NRG PRVWD QD PMHVWX JGMH VH X RVPDQVNRP SHULRGX UD]YLR JUDG 0RVWDU 1DLPH X XSXWL GXEURYDþNH YODGH VYRMLP L]DVODQLFLPD QDYRGL VH NDNR VH KHUFHJRY VLQ9ODGLVODY RGPHWQXR RG RFD L ]DX]HR QHNH JUDGRYH PHÿX NRMLPD MH L ÄGR FDVWHOOL GH SRQWH GH1HUHWXD³ 7DNRÿHUGXEURYDþNLKURQLþDU0DXUR2UELQLMHJRGLQHXVYRP GMHOX .UDOMHYVWYR 6ORYHQD ]DELOMHåLR NDNR MH 0RVWDU JRGLQH SRGLJDR JRVW 5DGLQYLVRNLVOXåEHQLN&UNYHERVDQVNHLKHUFHJRYGLSORPDWD=DQLPOMLYRMHGD VHRYDM2UELQLMHYSRGDWDNKURQRORãNLSRNODSDVDQDYHGHQLPDUKLYVNLPSRGDWNRP 3UYRELWQLRVPDQVNLQD]LY]DJUDGELRMH.|SUKLVDU WXUWYUÿDYDQDPRVWX LSUYL SXWVHVSRPLQMHXRVPDQVNRPSRSLVXL] NDRUXUDOQRQDVHOMHVDãHVQDHVW NXüD .RQMLFVHXKLVWRULMVNLPL]YRULPDSUYLSXWVSRPLQMHJRGLQH&LMHOR NRQMLþNRSRGUXþMHMHSRGRVPDQVNXYODVWGRãORSULMHJRGLQH2VPDQOLMHVXQD PMHVWXGDQDãQMHJJUDGD.RQMLFD]DWHNOLGYDQDVHOMDRGNRMLKMHMHGQR .RQMLFH ELOR QDGHVQRMDGUXJR %LRJUDG QDOLMHYRMREDOL1HUHWYH3RVHEQRYDåDQGRJDÿDMX KLVWRULML JUDGD .RQMLFD SUHGVWDYOMD JUDGQMD NDPHQH üXSULMH SUHNR ULMHNH 1HUHWYH 7DSUHOLMHSDJUDÿHYLQDSRGLJQXWDJRGLQHL]DGXåELQDMH$OLDJH+DVHþLüDL] %ODJDMD 8;9VWROMHüXVUHGQMRYMHNRYQDWYUÿDYD%ODJDMELODMHXSRVMHGXSRURGLFH .RVDþD 2VPDQOLMH VX MH ]DX]HOH JRGLQH L RGPDK XNOMXþLOH X VDVWDY VYRJD &DUVWYD 8EU]R QDNRQ WRJD X SRGQR EODJDMVNH WYUÿDYH ]DSRþHR MH XUEDQL UD]YRM JUDGD NRML VH SRVWHSHQR ãLULR L VDVWRMDR RG þDUãLMH SRVORYQH ]RQH L PDKDOD VWDPEHQH]RQH 6WRODþND WYUÿDYD VH X VUHGQMRYMHNRYQLP L]YRULPD QD]LYD 9LGRãND 3RG QD]LYRP6WRODFQDVHOMHVHSUYLSXWVSRPLQMHPDMDJRGLQH8RVPDQVNRP SRVMHGXELODMHSULMHJRGLQHNDGDVHVSRPLQMHYLGRãNDQDKLMD,DNRMHFDUVND VXOWDQ 6HOLPRYD GåDPLMD SRGLJQXWD YHü QD SRþHWNX ;9, VWROMHüD UD]YRM 6WRFD 0DYUR2UELQ.UDOMHYVWYR6ORYHQD%HRJUDG $KPHG 6$OLþLü 6XPDUQL SRSLV VDQGåDND %RVQD L] JRGLQH 0RVWDU 2 QDVWDQNX0RVWDUDRSãLUQLMHX +DWLGåDýDU'UQGD1DVWDQDN0RVWDUD6DUDMHYR 'HVDQND .RYDþHYLü.RMLü *UDGVND QDVHOMD VUHGQMRYMHNRYQH ERVDQVNH GUåDYH 6DUDMHYR -XVXI0XOLü.RQMLFLQMHJRYDRNROLQDXYULMHPHRVPDQVNHYODGDYLQH.RQMLF +LY]LMD +DVDQGHGLü 3ULOR]L LVWRULML %ODJDMD QD %XQL X GRED WXUVNH YODGDYLQH *ODVQLN GUXãWYD LVWRULþDUD%L+;,;6DUDMHYR (VDG.XUWRYLü9LGRYVNL9LGRYRSROMHL6WRODF±SUYLSLVDQLSRND]DWHOML6ORYR*RUþLQDEU 6DUDMHYR L U Humskoj zemlji ]DSRþHR MH ]QDWQR NDVQLMH X RGQRVX QD 0RVWDU %ODJDM L .RQMLF 6WDWXV JUDGD NDVDEH NRMLMHELRXYMHW]DXUEDQLUD]YRM6WRODFMHVWHNDRWHNX;9,,VWROMHüX =DWRVXRGYHOLNHYDåQRVWLELOH]DGXåELQHGRPDüHJþRYMHNDVLODKGDU+XVHLQSDãH NRMLMHELRYLVRNRSR]LFLRQLUDQXRVPDQVNRMGUåDYQRMVOXåEL8WRPSHULRGX6WRODF SRVWDMHLVMHGLãWHNDGLOXND *RGLQH LPDPR SUYH YLMHVWL R 3RþLWHOMX NRMHJD MH SRGLJDR XJDUVNL NUDOM 0DWLMD .RUYLQ V FLOMHP RGEUDQH RG 2VPDQOLMD 2G VHSWHPEUD JRGLQH 3RþLWHOMVHQDOD]LRXVDVWDYX2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYD 8 GRQMHP WRNX ULMHNH 1HUHWYH QDOD]LR VH WUJ 'ULMHYD X L]YRULPD SR]QDW NDR IRUXP 1DUHQWL 2YDM WUJ QDOD]LR VH QD SURVWRUX GDQDãQMH *DEHOH ,DNR QLVX SURQDÿHQL QMHJRYL RVWDFL X DUKLYVNLP GRNXPHQWLPD MH R QMHPX ]DELOMHåHQ YHOLNL EURMSRGDWDND'ULMHYD NDVQLMH*DEHOD MHSRGRVPDQVNXYODVWGRãODQDMNDVQLMHGR JRGLQH Summary ,QDGRFXPHQWNHSWLQWKH6WDWH$UFKLYHVLQ'XEURYQLNGDWLQJEDFNWR IRUWKH¿UVWWLPHWZRIRUWUHVVHVDUHPHQWLRQHGDWWKHEULGJHLQWKHSODFHZKHUHWKH FLW\RI0RVWDUGHYHORSHGGXULQJWKH2WWRPDQSHULRG1DPHO\LQWKHLQVWUXFWLRQV RI WKH 'XEURYQLN JRYHUQPHQW LWV GHOHJDWHV VD\ WKDW 9ODGLVODY¶V VRQ 9ODGLVODY ZLWKGUHZIURPKLVIDWKHUDQGRFFXSLHGVRPHWRZQVLQFOXGLQJ³WKHFDVWOHGH3RQWH GH 1HUHWYD´ ,Q WKH 'XEURYQLN FKURQLFOHU 0DXUR 2UELQL UHFRUGHG LQ KLV ZRUNWKH.LQJGRPRI6ORYHQLDWKDW0RVWDUZDVEXLOWE\5DGLQDKLJKR൶FLDORI WKH&KXUFKRIWKH%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQLDQGLSORPDWLQ,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWKDW WKLV2UELQ¶VGDWDFKURQRORJLFDOO\FRLQFLGHVZLWKWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGDUFKLYDOGDWD 7KHRULJLQDO2WWRPDQQDPHIRUWKHFLW\ZDV.|SUKLVDU 7XUNLVKIRUKÄIRUWUHVVRQ WKHEULGJH³ DQGZDV¿UVWPHQWLRQHGLQWKH2WWRPDQOLVWIURP DVDUXUDO YLOODJHZLWKVL[WHHQKRXVHV .RQMLF LV ¿UVW PHQWLRQHG LQ KLVWRULFDO VRXUFHV IRU WKH ¿UVW WLPH LQ 7KH HQWLUH HTXHVWULDQ DUHD FDPH XQGHU 2WWRPDQ UXOH EHIRUH 7KH 2WWRPDQV IRXQGWZRVHWWOHPHQWVRQWKHVLWHRIWRGD\¶V.RQMLFWRZQRQHRIZKLFKZDVRQWKH ULJKW .RQMLF DQGWKHRWKHU %LRJUDG RQWKHOHIWEDQNRIWKH1HUHWYD$SDUWLFXODUO\ LPSRUWDQWHYHQWLQWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHWRZQRI.RQMLFLVWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDVWRQH EURRPRYHUWKH1HUHWYD5LYHU7KLVEHDXWLIXOEXLOGLQJZDVEXLOWLQDQGLVWKH HQGRZPHQWRI$OLDJD+DVHþLüIURP%ODJDM $]UD *DGåR.DVXPRYLü 6WRODF X RVPDQVNRP SHULRGX +HUFHJRYLQD EU 0RVWDU +LY]LMD +DVDQGHGLü 0XVOLPDQVND EDãWLQD %RãQMDND X MXåQRM VUHGQMRM +HUFHJRYLQL 0RVWDU 0LKDMOR'LQLü7UJ'ULMHYDLRNROLQDXVUHGQMHPYHNX*RGLãQMLFD1LNROHýXSLüDNQM;/9,, %HRJUDG 7DNRÿHUX ĈXUR7RãLü7UJ'ULMHYDXVUHGQMHPYLMHNX6DUDMHYR +D]LPâDEDQRYLü%RVDQVNLSDãDOXN6DUDMHYR 3URIGU$GQDQ9(/$*,û ,QWKH;9FHQWXU\WKHPHGLHYDOIRUWUHVV%ODJDMZDVLQWKHSRVVHVVLRQRI WKH.RVDFDIDPLO\7KH2WWRPDQVWRRNLWLQDQGLPPHGLDWHO\PDGHLWSDUWRI WKH (PSLUH 6KRUWO\ WKHUHDIWHU DW WKH IRRW RI WKH IRUWUHVV WKH XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW RIWKHFLW\JUDGXDOO\H[SDQGHGDQGFRQVLVWHGRIDFKDUPV EXVLQHVV]RQHV DQG UHVLGHQWLDO]RQHV 7KH IRUWUHVV LV FDOOHG 9LGRãND LQ PHGLHYDO VRXUFHV 7KH QDPH RI 6WRODF VHWWOHPHQW ZDV ¿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¿UVW QHZV DERXW 3RþLWHOM ZKLFK ZDV UDLVHG E\ WKH +XQJDULDQNLQJ0DWLMD.RUYLQZLWKWKHDLPRIGHIHQGLQJIURPWKH2WWRPDQV6LQFH 6HSWHPEHU3RþLWHOMZDVSDUWRIWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUH ,QWKHORZHUSDUWRIWKH1HUHWYDULYHUWKHUHZDV'ULMHYD6TXDUHLQWKH VRXUFHVNQRZQDVWKH1DUHQWL)RUXP7KLVVTXDUHZDVLQWKHDUHDRIWRGD\¶V*DEHOD $OWKRXJK LWV UHPDLQV ZHUH QRW IRXQG D ODUJH QXPEHU RI GDWD ZHUH UHFRUGHG LQ DUFKLYDOGRFXPHQWV'ULMHYD ODWHU*DEHOD FDPHXQGHU2WWRPDQUXOHQRODWHUWKDQ 0U8URã'$.,û 3UHJOHGQLUDG )LORORãNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX%HRJUDGX 0(+0('3$â$62.2/29,û,35$926/$91,25*$1$. 1-(*29(3252',&(83(û.2-3$75,-$5â,-, $SVWUDNW 8 UDGX VH JRYRUL R RVPDQVNRP YHOLNRP YH]LUX 0HKPHGSDãL 6RNRORYLüXLRJUDQNXQMHJRYHSRURGLFHX3HüNRMSDWULMDUãLML1DLPHSXQRQDXþQLKL RQLKGUXJLKVDGUåDMDVHEDYLORQDYHGHQRPSUREOHPDWLNRP2LVWRMSRVWRMHUD]OLþLWD JOHGLãWD SD L VSRUHQMD NRMD GRGDWQR SRVWLþX LVWUDåLYDþH ]D QRYLP LVWUDåLYDQMLPD LVD]QDQMLPDDNDNRELVHRYRSLWDQMHVDJOHGDORãWRREMHNWLYQLMHLLVWRPGDORãWR MDVQLMD LVWRULMVND VOLND $XWRU QD RVQRYX GRVWXSQH OLWHUDWXUH WUHWLUD L VDJOHGDYD RYXSUREOHPDWLNXLGDMHVYRMHYLÿHQMHYH]DQR]DXORJX0HKPHGSDãH6RNRORYLüDX 2VPDQVNRPFDUVWYXVSRVHEQLPDNFHQWRPQDQMHJRYRGQRVSUHPDSUDYRVODYQRP RJUDQNXQMHJRYHSRURGLFHX3HüNRMSDWULMDUãLML .OMXþQH UHþL 0HKPHGSDãD 6RNRORYLü 2VPDQVNR FDUVWYR 3HüND SDWULMDUãLMD&DULJUDGVNDSDWULMDUãLMD0DNDULMH6RNRORYLü 0(+0('3$â$62.2/29,û$1'257+2'2;3$572)+,6)$0,/< ,17+(6(5%,$13$75,$5&+$7(2)3(û Abstract 7KLV SDSHU GHDOV ZLWK 2WWRPDQ JUHDW 9L]LHU 0HKPHG3DVKD 6RNRORYLFDQGWKHEUDQFKRIKLVIDPLO\LQWKH6HUELDQ3DWULDUFKDWHRI3Hü1DPHO\D ORWRIVFLHQWL¿FDQGRWKHUFRQWHQWGHDOWZLWKWKHPHQWLRQHGLVVXHV7KHUHDUHGLৼHUHQW YLHZSRLQWVDQGFRQWURYHUVLHVZKLFKDGGLWLRQDOO\UHDFKRXWWRUHVHDUFKHUVIRUQHZ UHVHDUFKDQGNQRZOHGJHLQRUGHUWRVHHWKLVLVVXHDVREMHFWLYHDVSRVVLEOHDQGWRJLYH LWDFOHDUHUKLVWRULFDOLPDJH7KHDXWKRURQWKHEDVLVRIDYDLODEOHOLWHUDWXUHWUHDWV DQGH[DPLQHVWKLVLVVXHDQGJLYHVKLVYLHZRQWKHUROHRI0HKPHGSDVKD6RNRORYLF LQWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUHZLWKDVSHFLDODFFHQWRQKLVDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVWKH2UWKRGR[ EUDQFKRIKLVIDPLO\LQWKH6HUELDQ3DWULDUFKDWHRI3Hü Key words 0HKPHGSDVKD 6RNRORYLü 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH 6HUELDQ 3DWULDUFKDWHRI3Hü &RQVWDQWLQRSOH3DWULDUFKDWH0DNDULMH6RNRORYLü 0U8URã'$.,û Uvod 5DG NRML VOHGL MH L]ODJDQ QD NRQIHUHQFLML =QDPHQLWH OLþQRVWL X KLVWRULML %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH RGUåDQRM QD )LOR]RIVNRP IDNXOWHWX 8QLYHU]LWHWD X7X]OL LQRYHPEUDJRGLQH.DNRVDPQDVORYVXJHULãHXIRNXVXUDGDVHQDOD]L SUDYRVODYQLRJUDQDNSRURGLFH6RNRORYLü0HKPHGSDãD6RNRORYLüLQMLKRYDXORJD XIXQNFLRQLVDQMX3HüNHSDWULMDUãLMH5DGQHQDVWRMLL]PHULWLNROLNHVX]DVOXJHRYLK SRMHGLQDFD]DLVWRULMX%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHNDR ãWR QH QDVWRMLQL SRVHEQR LVWLFDWL QMLKRYX ]QDPHQLWRVW RQL VX EH] VXPQMH ]QDPHQLWH OLþQRVWL L] LVWRULMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH VDPLP VYRMLP JHRJUDIVNLP SRUHNORP L VDPRP VYRMLP XORJRP NRMX VXLPDOLXMHGQRMFUNYHQRMRUJDQL]DFLMLþLMDVHMXULVGLNFLMDSURWH]DODLQDWHULWRULMX GDQDãQMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 2YH OLþQRVWL üH SRVOXåLWL MRã MHGQRM VYUVL NDR SUL]PDNUR]NRMXVHSRVPDWUDMXRGUHÿHQHSRMDYHX2VPDQVNRPFDUVWYXQMHJRYD NXOWXURORãNRYHUVNDVOLND¿OR]R¿MDYODGDQMDDGPLQLVWUDFLMDYHUVNDSROLWLNDLQMHQ RGUD]XYDåQRMSRJUDQLþQRMSURYLQFLMLNDRãWRMHELOD%RVQD Pravoslavna crkva u Osmanskom carstvu od pada Carigarda 1453. do REQDYOMDQMD3HüNHSDWULMDUãLMHJRGLQH 5%LQ:RQJSRVWDYOMDSLWDQMHGDOLRGVXVWYRRGUHÿHQRJWHUPLQDXRGUHÿHQRP LVWRULMVNRP WUHQXWNX SUHWSRVWDYOMD QHSRVWRMDQMH VDPRJ SRMPD R]QDþHQRJ WLP WHUPLQRPXGDWRPYUHPHQX1%DNL7H]FDQRGOXþQRGDMHQHJDWLYDQRGJRYRUQDYRGHüL NDR SULPHU DSVROXWLVWH L NRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWH NRML SRG WLP QD]LYRP QLVX SRVWRMDOL X SR]QRP ;9, L ;9,, YHNX DOL MH X WRP SHULRGX ELOR PRJXüH GH¿QLVDWL RYH GYH UD]OLþLWHSROLWLþNHSR]LFLMHNDGVHJRYRULRDXWRULWHWXRVPDQVNLKVXOWDQDLQMHJRYLP RJUDQLþHQMLPD0HÿXWLPGDOLVHRYDNDYQHJDWLYDQRGJRYRUPRåHSULPHQLWLNDGD JRYRULPRLWHUPLQXWROHUDQFLMDLRSRMPXR]QDþHQRPRYLPWHUPLQRP"'DSLWDQMH EXGH MRã SUHFL]QLMH 'D OL PRåHPR JRYRULWL R WROHUDQFLML X 2VPDQVNRP FDUVWYX ;9,YHNDWMYUHPHQXNDGDVXåLYHOLQDM]QDPHQLWLML6RNRORYLüLLNDGDMHXND]RP VXOWDQD 6XOHMPDQD 9HOLþDQVWYHQRJ REQRYOMHQD VUSVND SUDYRVODYQD FUNYD "$XWRUSRVWDYOMDRYRSLWDQMHLLVWRYUHPHQRWYUGLGDMHRQREHVPLVOHQR L QHVYUVLVKRGQR ýLWDODF üH VH ]DSLWDWL ]DãWR JD X WRP VOXþDMX XRSãWH SRVWDYOMD 5D]ORJMHWDMãWRMHXSRVOHGQMHYUHPHXLVWRULRJUDIVNRMOLWHUDWXULRYRSLWDQMHSULOLþQR SRSXODUQRLãWRVHPQRJLLVWRULþDULRVPDQLVWLEDYH QH SRVWRMDQMHPQHþHJDãWRVH ]RYHSD[2WWRPDQDLOLSD[2WWRPDQLFDRVPDQVNLPLUWMRVPDQVNREODJRVWDQMH .UR]NRQNUHWQHOLþQRVWLLLQVWLWXFLMHNRMHREUDÿXMHRYDMUDGQDVWRMLSRND]DWLGDMH RQRãWRELRGUHÿHQLLVWRULþDULQD]YDOLWROHUDQFLMRPXGDWRPVOXþDMX]DSUDYRSUDNWLþQD LRSRUWXQDSULURGDRVPDQVNHSROLWLNHNRMDXVHELQLMHLPDODSHUPDQHQWQRGH¿QLVDQH &LWLUDQRX%DNL7H]FDQ7KH6HFRQG2WWRPDQ(PSLUH 3ROLWLFDODQG6RFLDO7UDQVIRUPDWLRQLQWKH (DUO\0RGHUQ:RUOG&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJH GDOMH %7H]FDQ7KH6HFRQG 2WWRPDQ(PSLUH %7H]FDQ7KH6HFRQG2WWRPDQ(PSLUH 0HKPHGSDãD6RNRORYLüLSUDYRVODYQLRUJDQDNQMHJRYHSRURGLFHXPHüNRMSDWULMDUãLML VWDYRYHSUHPDVYRMLPYHUVNLPVNXSLQDPDYHüMHWHVWDYRYHIRUPLUDODXRGQRVXQD GDWLWUHQXWDN *RGLQHQD6DERUXX$XJ]EXUJXKDE]EXUãNLFDU.DUOR9MHQHPDþNLP SULQþHYLPDJDUDQWRYDRSUDYRGDXVYRMLPGRPHQLPDGH¿QLãXYODGDMXüXUHOLJLMX FXLXV UHJLR HLXV UHOLJLR L]D]LYDMXüL WDNR EURMQH YHUVNH QHUHGH L VHREH X (YURSL 1DNRQVYHJDGYHJRGLQHRVPDQVNLVXOWDQL]GDMHXND]NRMLPGR]YROMDYDREQRYX VUSVNHSUDYRVODYQHFUNYHWM3HüNHSDWULMDUãLMH2YDMGRJDÿDMLGHXSULORJSRVWRMDQMX NRQVWUXNWDNRMLVH]RYHSD[2WWRPDQD0HÿXWLPNDGDVHSR]QDMXLVWRULMVNHRNROQRVWL NRMHVXGRYHOHGRREQRYHVUSVNHFUNYHXYLÿDVHGDSD[2WWRPDQDQLMHWUHQGQHJRYDQ SHUVHQLWLUH]XOWDWWROHUDQWQHYHUVNHSROLWLNHRVPDQVNRJFDUVWYD3UHVHPRåHUHüLGD MHSD[2WWRPDQDXRYRPNRQNUHWQRPVOXþDMXSURSUDWQDSRMDYDQDVWDODNDRUH]XOWDW QDJODãHQRJSUDJPDWL]PDRVPDQVNHDGPLQLVWUDFLMH 3UHVYDNRJNRQNUHWQRJSLWDQMDYH]DQRJ]DVWDY2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYDSUHPD 3HüNRMSDWULMDUãLMLLXOR]LERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNHSRURGLFH6RNRORYLüXQMRMSRWUHEQR MHLVWDüLGDVHRSãWLVWDYRYLLVODPDSUHPDKULãüDQLPDLKULãüDQVNLPRUJDQL]DFLMDPDQH VPHMXSURMHNWRYDWLQDRGQRVRVPDQVNHGUåDYHSUHPDLVWLP37DNRÿHVHQHVPHNRULVWLWL MHGLQVWYHQLSHUPDQHQWDQREUD]DFXGH¿QLVDQMXRYRJRGQRVDXSULOLNDPDXNRMLPD MH 2VPDQVNR FDUVWYR RVYDMDOR QRYH WHULWRULMH QDVHOMHQH VWDQRYQLãWYRP UD]OLþLWLK NRQIHVLMD5D]QROLNRVW2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYDXSRJOHGXVWDQRYQLãWYDUHOLJLMDLRELþDMD XþLQLODMHGDWRFDUVWYRUD]YLMHMHGDQYHRPɚRVHWOMLYLRSRUWXQSROLWLþNLUHÀHNVNRML MHSRGUD]XPHYDRRGVXVWYRSHUPDQHQWQRJVWDYDSUHPDVWUDQLPHOHPHQWLPDLVWDYD NRMLELSRþLYDRLVNOMXþLYRQDãHULMDWX2GVXVWYRWDNYRJVWDYDVHYLGLL]þLQMHQLFHGDMH VUSVNDFUNYDXNLQXWDLREQRYOMHQDXUHODWLYQRNUDWNRPYUHPHQVNRPUD]PDNX XNLQXWD MHQDMSUHNUDMHPWUHüHGHFHQLMH;9,YHNDDREQRYOMHQDJRGLQHâWDYLãHRQDMH LXNLQXWDLREQRYOMHQD]DYUHPHYODGDYLQHLVWRJVXOWDQD6XOHMPDQD9HOLþDQVWYHQRJ ,SRUHGVOXþDMD3HüNHSDWULMDUãLMHSULPHULXND]XMXQDWRGDRVPDQVNDYODVWQLNDGD QLMH VDPLP VYRMLP RVYDMDQMHP VHGLãWD RGUHÿHQH FUNYHQH RUJDQL]DFLMH XNLGDOD WX RUJDQL]DFLMX 2VPDQVND SROLWLND MH QD WHULWRULMDPD SUHPD NRMLPD MH XVPHUDYDOD VYRMD RVYDMDQMDWUDåLODSURRVPDQVNHHOHPHQWHNRMLELMRMSRPRJOLGDXþYUVWLVYRMXYODVW QDNRQRVYDMDQMD3RYROMDQIHXGDOQLSRORåDM9DVHOMHQVNHSDWULMDUãLMHX9L]DQWLMLMHELR SULOLþQRRVODEOMHQXRþLRVPDQVNRJRVYDMDQMD&DUVWYRMHYUãLORVHNXODUL]DFLMX PDQDVWLUVNLK SRVHGD NDR MHGQX RG PHUD SUHXVPHUDYDQMD VYLK UHVXUVD QD VYRMX YRMQX RGEUDQX 2YDNYR GHORYDQMH MH RVODELOR HNRQRPVNL SRORåDM FUNYH *HRUJLMH 2VWURJRUVNL SLãH Ä3RVOH GXJRJ SHULRGD QHSUHNLGQRJ QDSUHWND L PDWHULMDOQRJ ERJDüHQMDYL]DQWLMVNLPDQDVWLULVXVHQDãOLXNUDMQMHåDORVQRPSRORåDMX1LMHþXGR ãWR VX VH VYHWRJRUVNL PDQDVWLUL ODNR SRPLULOL VD WXUVNRP YODGDYLQRP NRMD LP MH RVWDYLODXQXWUDãQMXVDPRXSUDYXLJDUDQWRYDODPDWHULMDOQXEH]EHGQRVWOLNYLGLUDMXüL XLVWRYUHPHNODVXYL]DQWLMVNHYRMQHDULVWRNUDWLMH´ 3 ɆɢɪɤɨɆɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɋɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟɩɨɞɬɭɪɫɤɨɦɜɥɚɲʄɭ ɁɚɜɨɞɡɚɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɟɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɚɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɋɪɛɢʁɟȻɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɞɚʂɟ ɆɆɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɋɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟ ɆɆɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɋɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟ 0U8URã'$.,û 9L]DQWLMVNR GUXãWYR MH XRþL RVPDQVNRJ RVYRMHQMD &DULJUDGD ELORSROLWLþNL SRGHOMHQR 6SROMDãQMD PDQLIHVWDFLMD WH SRGHOH VH RJOHGDOD X LGHRORãNRYHUVNRM SRGYRMHQRVWLGUXãWYDQDSULVWDOLFHLSRERUQLNHXQLMHVDNDWROLþNRPFUNYRP9L]DQWLMVNL YODGDUL VX GYD SXWD IRUPDOQR SULKYDWLOL XQLMX X /LRQX L X )LUHQFL 9L]DQWLMVNDFUNYDVHSUHGSURWLYLODXQLMLLSROLWLFLYL]DQWLMVNHGUåDYHNRMDMHMRã RGUDQLMHRVODELODQMHQHNRQRPVNLSRORåDM,]PHÿXXQLMHLRVPDQVNRJSRNURYLWHOMVWYD YL]DQWLMVNDFUNYDVHRSUHGHOLOD]DRYRGUXJR8FUNYHQLPNUXJRYLPDVHVPDWUDORGD MHÄEROMHX&DULJUDGXYLGHWLLWXUVNXþDOPXQHJRSDSVNXWLMDUX´56DGUXJHVWUDQH 2VPDQVNDDGPLQLVWUDFLMDMHXYL]DQWLMVNRMFUNYLPRUDODYLGHWL]QDþDMQRJSROLWLþNRJ VDYH]QLND9L]DQWLMVNDFUNYDWM&DULJUDGVNDSDWULMDUãLMDMHSUL]QDWDVYHJDWULGDQD QDNRQ RVYRMHQMD &DULJUDGD JRGLQH SR UHþLPD VDYUHPHQLND SURWRYHVWLMDUD * )UDQFLMD ÄIUDSDQWQR EU]R´ 3DWULMDUK NRML MH ]DJRYDUDR XQLMX MH SREHJDR D RVPDQVNDGUåDYDMHQDXSUDåQMHQRSDWULMDUãLMVNRPHVWRGRYHOD*HQDGLMD6KRODULMD RVYHGRþHQRJDQWLXQLMDWDNDROLþQRVWSRGREQXDNWXHOQRMRVPDQVNRMSROLWLFL1DNRQ SULMHPDEHUDWDFDULJUDGVNLSDWULMDUKMHRGVWUDQHVXOWDQD0HKPHGD,,ELRWUHWLUDQ NDRSDãDRGÄWULNRQMVNDUHSD´LVDFDUVNRPVYLWRPELRMHRWSUDüHQGRSDWULMDUãLMH 1D]LYPLOHWEDãD VWDUHãLQDPLOHWDWMQHPXVOLPDQVNHYHUVNH]DMHGQLFH NRMLPVX R]QDþDYDQLFDULJUDGVNLSDWULMDUKLSRJODYDULGUXJLKSUL]QDWLKFUNDYDX2VPDQVNRP FDUVWYXVSDMDRXVHELYHUVNHLSROLWLþNHSUHURJDWLYH =YDQLþQDRVPDQVNDSROLWLNDSUHPDFUNYHQLPRUJDQL]DFLMDPDMH]DYLVLODRG WRJDGDOLVHFHQWULWLKRUJDQL]DFLMDQDOD]HXQXWDULOLYDQJUDQLFDRVPDQVNRJFDUVWYD 2VPDQVNDDGPLQLVWUDFLMDQLMHELODX]YDQLþQRMNRPXQLNDFLMLVDSDSVNRPNXULMRP SRSLWDQMXVWDWXVDLWUHWPDQDNDWROLþNHFUNYHQHRUJDQL]DFLMHXQXWDUJUDQLFD&DUVWYD ,]X]HWDNSUHGVWDYOMDERVDQVNDIUDQMHYDþNDRUJDQL]DFLMDNRMDMHRGVXOWDQD0HKPHGD ,, GRELOD$KGQDPXNRMHVHRGQRVLODVDPRQDERVDQVNH IUDQMHYFHQHQDVYHERVDQVNHNDWROLNH 6LWXDFLMDVHQLMHUD]OLNRYDODQLVDVUSVNRP SUDYRVODYQRPFUNYRPVYHGRNQMHQRVHGLãWHQLMHGLUHNWQRXNOMXþHQRXRVPDQVNH GRPHQH 'RN VX QMHQH WHULWRULMDOQH RUJDQL]DFLMH RVYDMDQMLPD SRVWHSHQR SULSDMDQH RVPDQVNLP GRPHQLPD QLMH SRNUHWDQR SLWDQMH OHJDOL]DFLMH 3HüNH SDWULMDUãLMH X RVPDQVNRPSUDYQRPVLVWHPX 2EQRYD3HüNHSDWULMDUãLMH 6OXþDM3HüNHSDWULMDUãLMHMHVOLþDQVOXþDMX&DULJUDGVNH3HüNDSDWULMDUãLMDMD REQRYOMHQDJRGLQHIHUPDQRPVXOWDQD6XOHMPDQD9HOLþDQVWYHQRJ'RREQRYH 1HYUD1HFLSR÷OX%\]DQWLXPEHWZHHQWKH2WWRPDQVDQGWKH/DWLQV 3ROLWLFVDQG6RFLHW\LQWKH /DWH (PSLUH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV &DPEULGJH GDOMH 1 1HFLSR÷OX %\]DQWLXP EHWZHHQWKH2WWRPDQVDQGWKH/DWLQV ɆɆɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɋɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟ 11HFLSR÷OX%\]DQWLXPEHWZHHQWKH2WWRPDQVDQGWKH/DWLQV ɆɆɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɋɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟ ɂɫɬɨ, 0HKPHGSDãD6RNRORYLüLSUDYRVODYQLRUJDQDNQMHJRYHSRURGLFHXPHüNRMSDWULMDUãLML VUSVNHSUDYRVODYQHFUNYHQLMHGRãORXVOHGQHNDNYLKHPRWLYQLKSREXGDWDGDWUHüHJ YH]LUDFDUVNRJGLYDQVNRJYHüD0HKPHGSDãH6RNRORYLüDNDRãWRWRQHNLLVWRULþDUL WYUGH10=DWRVXVHUD]YLOHRNROQRVWLNRMHMHRVPDQVNDDGPLQLVWUDFLMDXRþLODLVNODGQR VYRP RVHWOMLYRP SROLWLþNRP UHÀHNVX MDNR GREUR LVNRULVWLOD 7RNRP RVPDQVNR XJDUVNRJ VXNRED X %DQDWX JRGLQH VUSVNL SUDYRVODYQL KULãüDQVNL HOHPHQWQDRYRPSRGUXþMXMHSUHGVWDYOMDRSRWHQFLMDOQR]QDþDMDQYRMQLþLQLODFNRJD MHRVPDQVNDXSUDYDQDVWRMDODGDSULYXþHXVYRMHUHGRYH8VNODGXVDWLP0HKPHG SDãD 6RNRORYLü MH NDR SUHGYRGQLN NDPSDQMH JRGLQH11 SRUHNORP L] %RVQH NRPXQLFLUDRVDRYLPåLYOMHPQDQMLKRYRPMH]LNXLYHOLNLGHRSULYXNDRXRVPDQVNH UHGRYH3ULOLNRPSRQRYQHOHJDOL]DFLMHVUSVNHFUNYHX2VPDQVNRPFDUVWYXYH]LU 6RNRORYLüMHELRVDPRLQVWUXPHQWWMSRVUHGQLNSUHNRNRJDMHXVSRVWDYOMHQDSULVQLMD YH]D VD YHUVNRHWQLþNRP JUXSRP QD %DONDQX NRMD MH X GDWRP WUHQXWNX SRVWDOD ]QDþDMDQYRMQRSROLWLþNLIDNWRU2VPDQVNDDGPLQLVWUDFLMDMHVPDWUDODGDüHRYXJUXSX H¿NDVQLMHLVNRULVWLWLDNRMHSROLWLþNLRUJDQL]XMHXYLGXFUNYHQHRUJDQL]DFLMHLSRGDUL MRMYHUVNRJSRJODYDUDNRMLELXLVWRYUHPHELRQMHQYHUVNRSROLWLþNLSUHGVWDYQLN7DNR MHLVUSVNRSUDYRVODYQRVWDQRYQLãWYR&DUVWYDGRELORVYRJSDWULMDUKDWMPLOHWEDãX 6USVNDSUDYRVODYQDFUNYDMHQDNRQSDGDVUSVNHVUHGQMRYHNRYQHGUåDYHRVPDQVNX YODVW SUHWSRVWDYLOD VDUDGQML VD SDSVNRP NXULMRP L VDYH]QLãWYX VD PDÿDUVNRP GUåDYRPLQMHQLPSROLWLþNRWHULWRULMDOQLPDVSLUDFLMDPDýDNVXL]YHVQLPDQDVWLULL SULSDGQLFLNOLUDVUSVNHSUDYRVODYQHFUNYHSRG2VPDQOLMDPD]DGUåDOLVYRMXSULSDGQRVW IHXGDOQRPGUXãWYHQRPVORMXSRVWDOLVXVSDKLMH13 8QDPHULGDVUSVNLSUDYRVODYQLHOHPHQWãWREROMHRUJDQL]XMHSRGVYRMRP XSUDYRP RVPDQVND XSUDYD MH 3HüNRM SDWULMDUãLML QDNRQ REQRYH JRGLQH GRGHOLODSRGMXULVGLNFLMXYHOLNXWHULWRULMX1MHQHJUDQLFHVXVHSURWH]DOHGRJUDQLFD VDPRJ 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD X 'DOPDFLML +UYDWVNRM L 0DÿDUVNRM 8NOMXþLYDOD MH L 6R¿MX QD LVWRNX D QD MXJX VH SURWH]DOD QHãWR MXåQLMH RG 6NRSOMD 7DNRÿH MH VDGUåDYDODQHNHHSDUKLMHYDQJUDQLFD2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYDXKDE]EXUãNRM+UYDWVNRM L GXå POHWDþNH MDGUDQVNH REDOH 8 WHULWRULMDOQRP SRJOHGX RVWDOH SUDYRVODYQH FUNYH X 2VPDQVNRP FDUVWYX VX ]DRVWDMDOH ]D 3HüNRP SDWULMDUãLMRP 3RQRYQR XVSRVWDYOMDQMH VUSVNH FUNYH L QMHQH MXULVGLNFLMH QD RJURPQRM WHULWRULML UH]XOWLUDOR MHQMHQRPSRYROMQRPHNRQRPVNRPVLWXDFLMRP3DWULMDUãLMDMHJUDGLODQRYHFUNYHL REQDYOMDODVWDUHXVSRVWDYOMHQDMHLXþYUãüHQDPUHåDHSLVNRSLMDDYHUVNDXPHWQRVW QDURþLWRIUHVNRVOLNDUVWYRMHSURFYHWDOD3UHSLVLYDQHVXYHUVNHNQMLJHDQHNRYUHPH VXIXQNFLRQLVDOHLRGUHÿHQHPDQDVWLUVNHãWDPSDULMH83HüLJRGLQHÄV]LGD VHLSRSLVDVHVLMDSUHSUDWDVYHWLMHYHOLNLMHFUNYLSDWULMDUãLMHVUEVNRLWUXGRPLXVUGLHP 10 ɆɢɥɟɧɤɨɆȼɭɤɢʄɟɜɢʄɁɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɋɪɛɢɦɭɫɥɨɦɚɧɢɋɪɩɫɤɚɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɚɡɚɞɪɭɝɚȻɟɨɝɪɚɞ 11 2UDWRYDQMX0HKPHGD6RNRORYLüDX%DQDWXJRGLQHSRJOHGDWL ȻɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜȭɭɪɻɟɜÄɉɪɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚɆɟɯɦɟɞɚɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄɚɭȻɚɧɚɬɭɢɩɪɜɚɨɩɫɚɞɚɌɟɦɢɲɜɚɪɚ´Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚɭɇɨɜɨɦɋɚɞɭ, ɛɪ 0Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟ 13 ɂɫɬɨ, *DERU$JRVWRQ%UXFH0DVWHUV(QF\FORSHGLDRIWKH2WRPDQ(PSLUH)DFWVRQ)LOH1HZ 2VPDQVNDXSUDYDLSUDYRVODYQLRJUDQDNSRURGLFH6RNRORYLüX3HüNRM patrijaršiji 1LVX EURMQL LVWRULMVNL L]YRUL NRML EL SRVYHGRþLOL R SXWRYDQMLPD SHüNLK SDWULMDUDKDL]SRURGLFH6RNRORYLüX,VWDQEXO0HÿXWLPVRE]LURPQDWRGDMHSDWULMDUK ELRMHGLQDYH]DVUSVNHYHUVNH]DMHGQLFHVD3RUWRPMHGLQLÄSUDYQLVXEMHNWLRYODãüHQL XåLYDODFFHORNXSQLKDXWRQRPQLKSRYODVWLFD´RQVHNDRWDNDYQDMþHãüHSRMDYOMLYDRX ,VWDQEXOX5DGRYDQ6DPDUGåLüVXJHULãHGDMH0DNDULMH6RNRORYLüPRUDRSXWRYDWL X ,VWDQEXO QHSRVUHGQR SUH XVSRVWDYOMDQMD SDWULMDUãLMH L GD MH ÄVWYDU VYUãHQD LVNOMXþLYRXSRURGLþQRPNUXJXYHRPDSULVQLPGRJRYRURP6RNRORYLüDRNXSOMHQLK RNR0HKPHGSDãH´*HUODFKEHOHåLGDMHXVHSWHPEUXJRGLQHÄVLQ0HKPHG SDãLQRJ EUDWD´ SRVWDYOMHQ ]D DUKHSLVNRSD %XJDUVNH L GD VX FHUHPRQLML QMHJRYRJ SRVYHüLYDQMD X ,VWDQEXOX SULVXVWYRYDOL L þLWDOL PROLWYH FDULJUDGVNL L SR VYRMRM 15 0Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟ ɂɫɬo Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧ ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɞɚʂɟ 3 ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ 0 Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɉɪɚɜɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ 0Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟ 3ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄɆɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ 0Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟ 3ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄɆɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ 30 0HKPHGSDãD6RNRORYLüLSUDYRVODYQLRUJDQDNQMHJRYHSRURGLFHXPHüNRMSDWULMDUãLML XþHQRVWL SR]QDWL DOHNVDQGULMVNL SDWULMDUK NRML VH WRP SULOLNRP QDãDR X SUHVWRQLFL 1RYRSRVWDYOMHQLDUKLHSLVNRSSRGVRERPLPDþHWUGHVHWHSLVNRSLMDLPHVWRQMHJRYRJ VWRORYDQMDMHÄ2KULGJUDGNRMLVHQDOD]LQDJUDQLFLL]PHÿX(SLUDL6UELMHQDGHVHWGDQD XGDOMHQRVWLRG-HGUHQD´0RJXüHMHGD*HUODFKRYGHPLVOLQD*HUDVLPD6RNRORYLüD NRMLMHSUHPDLVWRULRJUD¿MLSDWULMDKSRVWDRJRGLQHDNRMLMHNDNR6DPDUGåLü SUHWSRVWDYOMD SUH SDWULMDUãLMVNRJ ]DX]LPDR SRORåDM RKULGVNRJ DUKLHSLVNRSD 1RYL SRGDWDN NRML *HUODFK L]QRVL R SULURGL URGELQVNLK YH]D L]PHÿX 0HKPHGSDãH L SHüNLKSDWULMDUDKD6RNRORYLüDGRSULQRVLMHGLQRWHåHPUDVYHWOMDYDQMXLVWLKýHWUGHVHW SRPHQXWLKHSLVNRSLMDXQH]QDWQRL]PHQMHQRPEURMX ÄþHWUGHVHWLMHGQDPLWURSROLMD LHSLVNRSLMD´ QDYRGLLNDWROLþNLPLVLRQDU)/HRQDUGLNRMLMHSRþHWNRP;9,,YHND GHORYDRQD%DONDQX5HþLSDWULMDUK i DUKLHSLVNRSVXUDYQRSUDYQRLþHVWRMHGQDX] GUXJXNRULãüHQHXWLWXODWXULSRJODYDUDVUSVNHSUDYRVODYQHFUNYH1DM]DG*HUDVLP 6RNRORYLüMHSUYLSDWULMDUKNRMLVYRMRPWLWXODWXURPREXKYDWDL%XJDUHÄDUKLHSLVNRSD SHNVNDJRLSDWULMDUKDYVHPVUEOMHPLEOJDURPLVHYHUQLPVWUDQDP´*HUODFKEHOHåL MRãMHGQXSRVHWXÄQDMEOLåHJURÿDND0HKPHGSDãH´SDWULMDUKD*HUDVLPD6RNRORYLüD ,VWDQEXOX 1D 8VNUV DSULOD JRGLQH SHüNL SDWULMDUK *HUDVLP L RKULGVNL DUKLHSLVNRS REDYLOL VX ERJRVOXåHQMH ]DMHGQR VD FDULJUDGVNLP SDWULMDUKRP 6DP *HUODFKGDNOHQDYRGLGYHSRVHWH*HUDVLPD6RNRORYLüD,VWDQEXOX0HÿXWLPL]YRUL NRML EL SRVYHGRþLOL R HYHQWXDOQLP VXVUHWLPD 0HKPHGSDãH 6RNRORYLüD VD VYRMLP URÿDFLPDSDWULMDUVLPDSULOLNRPQMLKRYLKSRVHWDSUHVWRQLFLVX]DVDGDQHSR]QDWL8 VYDNRPVOXþDMXYHURYDWQRüDGDMHRYDNYLKVXVUHWDELORMHYHOLNDMHULVDYUHPHQLFL NDRãWRMH*HUODFKQDYRGHQMLKRYHQDMSULVQLMHSRURGLþQHYH]H 1DVXSURW WUDGLFLRQDOQRP QDJODãDYDQMX DQWDJRQL]PD L]PHÿX RVPDQVNH YODVWLLVUSVNHSUDYRVODYQHFUNYHRþLJOHGQRMHGDMHL]PHÿXQMLKSRVWRMDODGREUD VDUDGQMDLGDMHWDFUNYDELODGHRRVPDQVNRJXSUDYQRJVLVWHPD$QWDJRQL]PLVX QDUDYQR SRVWRMDOL L MDYOMDOL VX VH NDGD EL VH SROLWLNH FUNYH L GUåDYH PLPRLOD]LOH 0HÿXWLP SRJUHãQR EL ELOR SHULRGH QHVXJODVLFD SURMHNWRYDWL QD FHORNXSDQ YLãHYHNRYQL RGQRV FUNYH L GUåDYH 3RORåDM VUSVNH FUNYH SRG RVPDQVNRP YODãüX XYHOLNRMH]DYLVLRRGVDPRJQMHQRJSRJODYDUD7DMSRORåDMMHELRSRYROMQLMLXNROLNR MH VDUDGQMD FUNYH L GUåDYH ELOD SULVQLMD 5D]YRM RYLK RGQRVD MH ELR QD YUKXQFX XSUDYRNDGDVXSDWULMDUãLMVNLSUHVWRGUåDOLþODQRYLERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNHSRURGLFH 6RNRORYLü ,DNR MH XORJD 0HKPHGSDãH 6RNRORYLüD X REQRYL 3HüNH SDWULMDUãLMH NDR ãWR MH YHü QDJODãHQR LQVWUXPHQWDOQD D QH LQLFLMDWRUVND LSDN QLMH VOXþDMQRVW GDMHJRGLQH]DSDWULMDUKDSRVWDYOMHQMHGDQ6RNRORYLü0DNDULMH2VPDQVND GUåDYD MH ]D SUHGVWDYQLND YHUVNRHWQLþNH JUXSH NRMRM MH GR]YROLOD RUJDQL]DFLMX L RGUHÿHQLVWHSHQDXWRQRPLMHL]DEUDODEUDWDLOLURÿDNDVYRJPLQLVWUD0HKPHGSDãH 6RNRORYLüDMHUVH]DWDNYXRVREXQLMHVXPQMDORGDüHELWLSROLWLþNLSRGREQDGDüH 6WHSKDQ *HUODFK 7UNL\H *QO÷ , XU .HPDO %H\GLOOL .LWDS ȻɪɚɧɢɫɥɚɜȭɭɪɻɟɜɆɢɥɚɧȼɚɫɢʄȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟɡɟɦʂɟɩɨɞɬɭɪɫɤɨɦɜɥɚɲʄɭ ɞɨɤɪɚʁɚ;9,,, ɜɢʁɟɤɚ Ɂɚɜɨɞɡɚɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟɢɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɚɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ $JRVWRQ0DVWHUV(QF\FORSHGLDRIWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUH 30 ɊɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄɆɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ 31 0Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟ 3ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄɆɟɯɦɟɞɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄ 33 0U8URã'$.,û VUSVNRPSDWULMDUKXQLVXGDYDOLQLNDNYHSULVWRMEHMRãRGVODYQHVXOWDQVNHRNXSDFLMH SDGRGDQDV-HGLQRMRãRVWDMHGDVHGRNDåH QH RVQRYDQRVWUHþL0DULQD&DYDOOLMD 3UDNVD SRWUDåLYDQMD GDGåELQD RG NDWROLþNLK YHUQLND %RVQH PHÿXWLP QLMHSRþHODVD6RNRORYLüLPD'YDIHUPDQDVXOWDQD%DMD]LWD,,L]RGQRVHVH QDQHRVQRYDQRVWRYDNYLKSRWUDåLYDQMDRGIUDQMHYDFDERVDQVNRJKHUFHJRYDþNRJL NOLãNRJ VDQGåDND 8 SUYRP IHUPDQX VH SRVWDYOMD SLWDQMH GD OL VH IUDQMHYFL PRJX LGHQWL¿NRYDWL VD SUDYRVODYQLPD GRN VH GUXJLP IHUPDQRP GDMH RGULþDQ RGJRYRU QDRYRSLWDQMH,]YRULVYHGRþHGDMHRYRGUXJLSXWNDNRVHIUDQMHYFLVXRþDYDMXVD QH]DNRQLWLP SRWUDåLYDQMHP SULVWRMEL RG VWUDQH SUHGVWDYQLND VUSVNH SUDYRVODYQH FUNYH33.DRãWRVHL]GDWLKSULPHUDYLGLLNDRãWRMHYHüQDJODãHQRRYDSUDNVDQLMH RVRELWRVW SHULRGD 6RNRORYLü۲ QD SDWULMDUãLMVNRP SUHVWROX 2QD MH ELOD SULVXWQD L UDQLMHGRGXãHXSULOLþQRVSRUDGLþQLPLQWHUYDOLPD2QDMH]DYUHPH6RNRORYLü۲VDPR LQWHQ]LYLUDQD3DWULMDUVL6RNRORYLüLVXVHRþLJOHGQRVOXåLOLVYRMLPGREULPRGQRVLPD VDRVPDQVNRPXSUDYRPLWDNRQDVWRMDOLSULNXSLWLGRGDWQDVUHGVWYD ,] RYDNYH SUDNVH VUSVNH FUNYH SURLVWLþX QDMPDQMH GYD YDåQD LVWRULMVNR NXOWXURORãND SLWDQMD 'D OL VX L NROLNR YODVWL X ,VWDQEXOX ELOH VYHVQH SRGHOMHQRVWL KULãüDQVWYDX%RVQLWMUD]OLNHL]PHÿXSUDYRVODYQRJLULPRNDWROLþNRJåLYOMD"9LGLPR GDVHQMLKRYDUD]OLþLWRVWPRUDODGRND]LYDWLQDãHULMDWVNLPVXGRYLPD8IHUPDQXL] JRGLQH XSXüHQRP EXGYDQVNRP YH]LUX $OLSDãL EHJOHUEHJX ERVDQVNRP L NDGLMDPDUD]QLKPHVWDX%RVQLVWRMLGDVHWXåLWHOMLÄODWLQVNH´YHUHUD]OLNXMXRGYHUH ÄÿDXUD´ 'UXJR SLWDQMH EL VH RGQRVLOR QD RGVXVWYR RYDNYH SUDNVH X RVPDQVNRM 0DÿDUVNRMWHULWRULMLQDNRMXVHWDNRÿHSURWH]DODMXULVGLNFLMD3HüNHSDWULMDUãLMH6D GUXJH VWUDQH SR]QDWR MH GD VX 2VPDQOLMH ELOH GREUR XSXüHQH X YHUVNH SRGHOH X ]DSDGQRM(YURSL2VPDQVNDXSUDYDMHXODJDODYHOLNLWUXGNDNRELRVWYDULODGREUH RGQRVHVDSURWHVWDQWLPDLSULGRELODLKQDVYRMXVWUDQXXERUELSURWLYHYURSVNLKNDWROLND 0HÿXWLPL]JOHGDGDSRGHODQDSUDYRVODYQHLNDWROLNHQLMHPQRJRRNXSLUDODSDåQMX RVPDQVNHDGPLQLVWUDFLMHLGDVXIHUPDQLLEHUDWLL]GDYDQLNOLUX3HüNHSDWULMDUãLMH SRGQMHQXMXULVGLNFLMX]DLVWDVWDYOMDOLVYHKULãüDQHQDQMHQRMWHULWRULML7HNNDVQLMH NUR]SUDNVXPRUDODVHNUR]IHUPDQHLKXGåHWHL]YUãLWLVSHFL¿NDFLMDSDWULMDUãLMVNLK RYODãüHQMD 8PHVWR]DNOMXþND 2GQRVL 3HüNH SDWULMDUãLMH L RVPDQVNH GUåDYH VX ELOL X XVSRQX GRN VX VH QD SDWULMDUãLMVNRP SUHVWROX VPHQMLYDOL þODQRYL SUDYRVODYQRJ RJUDQND ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH SRURGLFH 6RNRORYLü URÿDFL YHOLNRJ YH]LUD 0HKPHGSDãH 6RNRORYLüD1HGXJRQDNRQYH]LURYRJXELVWYD JRGLQHSROLWLNHVUSVNHFUNYH L 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD SRþLQMX GD VH UD]LOD]H ãWR MH L]D]YDOR QMLKRYH ORãH RGQRVH 3DWULMDUVLNRMLVXQDVOHGLOLÄGLQDVWLMX´6RNRORYLü۲VXSRþHOLGDVHYH]XMX]DVYHþHãüH 33 0Ɇɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɉɪɚɜɧɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɪɩɫɤɟɰɪɤɜɟ ɂɫɬo 0HKPHGSDãD6RNRORYLüLSUDYRVODYQLRUJDQDNQMHJRYHSRURGLFHXPHüNRMSDWULMDUãLML DQWLRVPDQVNH SRNUHWH NDNR XQXWDU WDNR L YDQ &DUVWYD SD MH VOHGVWYHQR SRORåDM VUSVNHFUNYHVODELRGRNRQDQLMHNRQDþQRXNLQXWDJRGLQH Summary 5HODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKH3DWULDUFKDWHRI3HFDQGWKH2WWRPDQVWDWHZHUHULVLQJ ZKLOHWKHPHPEHUVRIWKH2UWKRGR[EUDQFKRIWKH%RVQLDQ+HU]HJRYLQLDQIDPLO\ 6RNRORYLFUHODWLYHVRIWKHJUHDWYL]LHU0HKPHGSDVKD6RNRORYLFZHUHSODFHGRQWKH SDWULDUFKDOWKURQH6KRUWO\DIWHUYL]LHU¶VPXUGHULQ WKHSROLFLHVRIWKH6HUELDQ &KXUFKDQGWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUHEHJDQWRGLYHUJHWKDWFDXVHGWKHLUEDGUHODWLRQV 7KHSDWULDUFKVZKRLQKHULWHGWKH³G\QDVW\´6RNRORYLüVXEHJDQWRDVVRFLDWHZLWK LQFUHDVLQJO\IUHTXHQWDQWL2WWRPDQPRYHPHQWVERWKLQVLGHDQGRXWVLGHWKH(PSLUH DQGFRQVHTXHQWO\WKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH6HUELDQFKXUFKZHDNHQHGXQWLOLWZDV¿QDOO\ DEROLVKHGLQ 35 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û ,]YRUQLQDXþQLUDG ,QVWLWXW]DKLVWRULMX8QLYHU]LWHWDX6DUDMHYX ,=0(Ĉ8'(260$1,=$&,-(,%$/.$1,=$&,-( 08+$'ä,56.(',21,&(%2â1-$ý.(+,6725,-( $SVWUDNW 3URãORVWLVDGDãQMRVWVXQHUD]GYRMQHMHGQDWXPDþLGUXJX0QRJL SURFHVL ³GXJRJ WUDMDQMD´ SUHYD]LOD]H ORNDOQH RNYLUH L UHJLRQDOQH JUDQLFH 7R VH RGQRVLLQDVORåHQR³,VWRþQRSLWDQMH´NDRLSUREOHPGHRVPDQL]DFLMH%DONDQDþLMD MHSROLWLþNDJHRJUD¿MDX;,;L;;VWROMHüXELODL]ORåHQDUDGLNDOQLPSUHNUDMDQMLPD 5DWRYL L SURJRQL VX YDåQL þLQLRFL KLVWRULMH EDONDQVNLK PXVOLPDQD Sedamdesetih JRGLQD;,;VWROMHüDRQLVXVDþLQMDYDOLSRORYLQXVWDQRYQLãWYDQDRVPDQVNRPGLMHOX %DONDQD 8] UDWQD SXVWRãHQMD ]QDWDQ GLR MH XELMHQ LOL MH SURJQDQ X $QDGROLMX1DVWDOD³WXUVNDRVWUYD´QD%DONDQXVXQDNRQVYHYLãHVXåDYDQD LOL VX QHVWDOD ]ERJ LVHOMDYDQMD PXVOLPDQD 0XOWLHWQLþNL L YMHUVNL NRORULW %DONDQD UHPHWLRMHUDþXQLFHSURVWLPNDWHJRUL]DFLMDPD7HUPLQ³EDONDQL]DFLMD´R]QDþDYDR MH QDNRQ EDONDQVNLK UDWRYD ³QH VDPR XVLWQMDYDQMH YHOLNLK L VQDåQLK SROLWLþNLK MHGLQLFD YHü MH SRVWDR VLQRQLP ]D SRYUDWDN SOHPHQVNRP ]DRVWDORP SULPLWLYQRP L YDUYDUVNRP´ %DONDQL]DFLMD ³RVPDQVNH (YURSH´ L QDVLOQH L]PMHQH QMHQH HWQLþNRYMHUVNH VWUXNWXUH GRYHOL VX L GR GLVNRQWLQXLWHWD EULVDQMD KLVWRULMH NDRLIUDJPHQWDFLMHVYLMHVWLSUHRVWDOLKPXVOLPDQDLQMLKRYLKSURULMHÿHQLK]DMHGQLFD L]RVWDMDQMD ]QDQMD R PHÿXVREQRM SRYH]DQRVWL QMLKRYLK VXGELQD ,VHOMDYDQMD %RãQMDND NDR L GUXJLK PXVOLPDQD UD]OLþLWRJ HWQLþNRJ L OLQJYLVWLþNRJ SRULMHNOD VD %DONDQDXUD]QHNUDMHYH2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYDSRWRPLX7XUVNXWRNRP;,;L;; VWROMHüDLPDOHVXQL]SRVOMHGLFD .OMXþQH ULMHþL ³,VWRþQR SLWDQMH´ 2VPDQVNR FDUVWYR 7XUVND %DONDQ PXVOLPDQL%RãQMDFLGHRVPDQL]DFLMDPXKDGåLULEDONDQL]DFLMDNXOWXUDVMHüDQMD %(7:((1'(260$1,=$7,21$1'%$/.$1,=$7,21 5()8*((¶6 67(362)%261,$.+,6725< $EVWUDFW 7KH SDVW DQG WKH SUHVHQW DUH LQVHSDUDEOH RQH LQWHUSUHWV WKH RWKHU 0DQ\ ³ORQJODVWLQJ´ SURFHVVHV JR EH\RQG ORFDO IUDPHZRUNV DQG UHJLRQDO ERUGHUV 7KLV DOVR DSSOLHV WR WKH FRPSOH[ ³(DVWHUQ TXHVWLRQ´ DV ZHOO DV WKH SUREOHP RI WKH GHRVPDQL]DWLRQ RI WKH %DONDQV ZKRVH SROLWLFDO JHRJUDSK\ LQ WKH WKDQGWKFHQWXULHVZDVH[SRVHGWRUDGLFDORYHUODSV:DUVDQGSHUVHFXWLRQV DUHLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVLQWKHKLVWRU\RI%DONDQ0XVOLPV,QWKHVHYHQWLHVRIWKH;,; ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH FHQWXU\WKH\FRQVWLWXWHGKDOIRIWKHSRSXODWLRQLQWKH2WWRPDQSDUWRIWKH%DONDQV :LWK ZDU GHYDVWDWLRQ D FRQVLGHUDEOH SDUW ZDV NLOOHG RU H[SHOOHG WR $QDGROLD EHWZHHQDQG 7KHHPHUJHQW³7XUNLVKLVODQGV´LQWKH%DONDQVDIWHU ZHUHLQFUHDVLQJO\QDUURZHGRUGLVDSSHDUHGGXHWRWKHGLVSODFHPHQWRI0XVOLPV 0XOWLHWKQLF DQG UHOLJLRXV FRORU RI WKH %DONDQV GLVWXUEHG DFFRXQWV ZLWK VLPSOH FDWHJRUL]DWLRQV 7KH WHUP ³EDONDQL]DWLRQ´ VLJQL¿HG DIWHU WKH %DONDQ ZDUV RI ³QRWRQO\WKHIUDJPHQWDWLRQRIODUJHDQGSRZHUIXOSROLWLFDOXQLWVEXW EHFDPHV\QRQ\PRXVZLWKUHWXUQLQJWULEDOEDFNZDUGSULPLWLYHDQGEDUEDULF´7KH %DONDQL]DWLRQRI³2WWRPDQ(XURSH´DQGWKHYLROHQWFKDQJHVLQLWVHWKQLFUHOLJLRXV VWUXFWXUH OHG WR GLVFRQWLQXLW\ WKH HURVLRQ RI KLVWRU\ DV ZHOO DV IUDJPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH PLQGV RI WKH UHPDLQLQJ 0XVOLPV DQG WKHLU D৾LFWHG FRPPXQLWLHV WKH ODFN RI NQRZOHGJHRIWKHLQWHUFRQQHFWHGQHVVRIWKHLUIDWHV7KHHPLJUDWLRQRI%RVQLDNVDQG RWKHU0XVOLPVRIGLৼHUHQWHWKQLFDQGOLQJXLVWLFEDFNJURXQGVIURPWKH%DONDQVWR YDULRXVSDUWVRIWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUHDQGWKHQWR7XUNH\GXULQJWKH;,;DQG;; FHQWXULHVKDGDQXPEHURIFRQVHTXHQFHV .H\ZRUGV ³(DVWHUQLVVXH´2WWRPDQ(PSLUH7XUNH\%DONDQV0XVOLPV %RVQLDNVGHRVPDQLVDWLRQUHIXJHHVEDONDQL]DWLRQFXOWXUHRIPHPRU\ +LVWRULMD MH SROLIRQLþDQ SURFHV MHGDQ RG QDMRVMHWOMLYLMLK EDURPHWDUD GXKRYQHDWPRVIHUHXGUXãWYX2QDMHLVORåHQDYH]DL]PHÿXLQWHUSUHWDFLMHSURãORVWL SRLPDQMD VDGDãQMRVWL L QDGDQMD RG EXGXüQRVWL NRMD MH XYLMHN X PDJOL , SUHNR QMHQRJSRYUãQRJL]XþDYDQMDQDSLVDRMH0HãD6HOLPRYLüL]QHQDGLPRVHNROLNRLPD ³DQDORJQLKSDLLGHQWLþQLKVLWXDFLMDVQDãLPDL]RYRJYUHPHQDXNRMHPåLYLPR 6YDHJ]LVWHQFLMDOQDSLWDQMDLPXNHåLYHXQDPDMHGQDNRNDRãWRVXåLYMHODXQDãLP EOLåLP L GDOMLP SUHFLPD´1 'LVNXUV VD SURãORãüX SRND]XMH EURMQD OLWHUDWXUD MHVWH GRND]GDMHVDYUHPHQRVWPQRJRVWUXNRSRYH]DQDVDMXþHUDãQMLP+LVWRULMDVHNDåH VH X OLWHUDWXUL QLNDGD QH SRQDYOMD GRVORYQR LDNR VH QHNH SDUDOHOH WHãNR PRJX L]EMHüL2QDSURVYMHWOMDYDXND]XMXüLQDSRVOMHGLFHGMHODXXSRUHGLYLPVLWXDFLMDPD 6YDNDJHQHUDFLMDPRUDGDRWNULMH]DVHEHNRMHVXVLWXDFLMHXSRUHGLYH1HSRVWRMH QDURGL EH] KLVWRULMH NDåH (ULN +REVEDXP (ULF +REVEDZP ³LOL QDURGL NRML VH PRJXVKYDWLWLEH]QMH´2QLVHREOLNXMXXKLVWRULMVNLPSURFHVLPD6YLQDURGLLPDMX ]DVHEQH SULþH L GDWXPH X VYRMRM PHPRULML 8 QMLKRYRM GUXãWYHQRM VYLMHVWL SRVWRMH QDVODJHPLWRORJLMHNDRGLRNROHNWLYQRJLGHQWLWHWD+LVWRULMVNHUHIHUHQFHVXEURMQH VYHSULVXWQHLVHOHNWLYQH,GHQWLWHWMHGQHHWQLþNHJUXSHMHX]QDWQRMPMHULXVORYOMHQ RQLPþHJDVHQMHQLþODQRYLVMHüDMXVDSR]LWLYQLPLQHJDWLYQLPSRVOMHGLFDPDNRMH ³/RJLþDQ]DNOMXþDNL]WRJQRWRUQRJVD]QDQMDMHGDVHVYHRNRþRYMHNDPRåHSURPLMHQLWLDOLVH VXãWLQDþRYMHNRYDYHRPDVSRURPLMHQMDLOLVHXRSãWHQHPLMHQMD2WNDNRþRYMHNSRVWRMLLVWDMHOMXEDY PUåQMD ]DYLVW åHOMD ]D PRüL VXMHWD þHVWD VXURYRVW ULMHWND SOHPHQLWRVW ]DVOLMHSOMHQRVW SDURODPD VSUHPQRVW QD RVXÿLYDQMH GUXJLK VWUDK RG RVWDOLK OMXGL VWUDK RG VPUWL åHOMD ]D ODåQRP XWMHKRP HXIRULþQRLOLSDQLþQRWUDåHQMHERJRYDåDOMHQMHLJXEOMHQMHLOX]LMD´±FLWSUHPD 06HOLPRYLü5RPDQL LVWRULMD, =ERUQLNUDGRYDSRVYHüHQXVSRPHQL6DONH1D]HþLüD6DUDMHYR ).DUþLü.UR]SUL]PXKLVWRULMH6DUDMHYR 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û WRQRVLVDVRERP6YDNDQDFLRQDOQDYHU]LMDSURãORVWLMHNRPSDNWQDDLVWRYUHPHQRL UDGLNDOQRUD]OLþLWDXRGQRVXQDVXVMHGQHQDURGHNRMLVXGRåLYMHOLLVWRLVNXVWYRDOLL] SHUVSHNWLYHGUXJDþLMHHWQLþNHJUXSDFLMH3 -RãMH*L]R )UDQoRLV*XL]RW XND]LYDRGD LPDVWRWLQXQDþLQDNDNRGDVHQDSLãHKLVWRULMD,VWLVHGRJDÿDMLPRJXSULND]LYDWLQD YLãHQDþLQDVDVXSURWQLPHIHNWLPD +LVWRULMVNLSURFHVLQHULMHWNRSUHYD]LOD]HORNDOQHRNYLUHLUHJLRQDOQHJUDQLFH 0QRJHGRJDÿDMHMHVNRURQHPRJXüHSURPDWUDWLDNRVHRQMLPDQHJRYRULXãLUHP NRQWHNVWX *HRJUD¿MD MH RNYLU ]D KLVWRULMX ]DSDåD 5REHUW ' .DSODQ DPHULþNL SLVDF %LWQD MH ]D VXGELQX VYDNH ]HPOMH GH¿QLUD QMHQR PMHVWR QD NDUWL QMHQD RJUDQLþHQMDLSULOLNH*HRJUDIVNLSRORåDMGUåDYHRGUHÿXMHQMHQXKLVWRULMXYLãHQHJR QDþLQQDNRMLVH RQDSROLWLþNLYRGL0DSHRSRYUJDYDMXVDPXLGHMXR MHGQDNRVWLL MHGLQVWYXþRYMHþDQVWYD3ULND]XMXLNDNRVYDNDQDFLMDRSVWDMHXUD]QLPRNROQRVWLPD DOLLSRGVMHüDMXQDVYHUD]OLþLWRVWLSRGQHEOMDNRMHL]D]LYDMXQHMHGQDNRVWLLQHVORJH5 /MXGLVXRGXYLMHNGLMHOLOLVYLMHWQDREODVWLSRVMHGXMXüLUHDOQXLOL]DPLãOMHQXOLQLMX UD]GYDMDQMD*HRJUDIVNHJUDQLFHSUDWH³GUXãWYHQHHWQLþNHLNXOWXUQHQDRþHNLYDQL QDþLQ´3ROLWLþDULLKLVWRULþDULVX]DUD]OLNXRGJHRJUDIVNHQDXNHVYHGRGXERNR X ;,; VWROMHüH GLMHOLOL (YURSX SUHPD QHXKYDWOMLYLP JUDQLFLPD ³FLYLOL]DFLMH´ LOL SUHPDVWUDWHãNLPRGQRVLPDLUDVSRUHGXVQDJDYHOLNLKVLODLQMLKRYLPLQWHUHVLPD 5D]XPLMHYDQMHKLVWRULMHQDURGDLåLYRWDQD%DONDQXSULPDUQRMHYH]DQR]D]QDQMH RJHRJUDIVNRMSULURGLRYRJGLMHOD(YURSH8VYLMHVWLPQRJREURMQLKLVWUDåLYDþDRQ VH PDKRP LGHQWL¿FLUD VD RQLP QMHJRYLP GLMHORP NRML MH SULSDGDR 2VPDQVNRP FDUVWYX 3RVHEQRVWL EDONDQVNH KLVWRULMH L JHRJUD¿MH GRLVWD þLQH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUQL SULVWXS LPSHUDWLYRP 2GUHÿLYDQMH JUDQLFD %DONDQD QLMH VDPR JHRJUDIVNR SLWDQMH 8 ãLUHQMX LOL VXåDYDQMX QMHJRYH WHULWRULMH YLãH MH SUHVXÿLYDOD SROLWLND QHJR JHRJUD¿MD6YDNLYHOLNLSURFHVWXMH]DSRþLQMDRX]DVLVWHQFLMXVWUDQHGLSORPDWLMHL HYURSVNRJGXKRYQRJXWLFDMD8SXQMHQMXLGHWRQLUDQMXEDONDQVNRJ³EXUHWDEDUXWD´ L ³PHÿXQDURGQD ]DMHGQLFD´ MH WRNRP KLVWRULMH LPDOD ]QDWQRJ XGMHOD %DONDQ MH ]QDþDMQR FLYLOL]DFLMVNR UDVNUãüH NROLMHYND UD]OLþLWLK NXOWXUD UHJLRQ NRQWDNDWD L NRQWUDVWD L]PHÿX KULãüDQVWYD L LVODPD ,VWRND L =DSDGD DOL L PHWDIRUD VWDOQRJ FLMHSDQMD L VXGDUDQMD 7R MH SROMH QDSHWRVWL L QHGRYUãHQH KLVWRULMH ³HWQLþNLK NRNWHOD´L³QHVDYUãHQLKSROLWLþNLKJUDQLFD´JGMHÄNRORSOHWVMHüDQMDLRVYHWDQLNDGD + $QKHO 5XLV +LPHQH 6HQNH YDUYDUVWYD VXþHOMDYDQMH NROHNWLYQLK VHüDQMD X ELYãLP MXJRVORYHQVNLPUHSXEOLNDPD%DONDQLMDEU%HRJUDG 1HWUHEDJXELWLL]YLGDXSR]RUHQMH (GYDUGD+.DUDGD³DNRQHNDSODQLQDGUXJDþLMHL]JOHGDNDGDVHSRVPDWUDL]UD]OLþLWLKXJORYDL]WRJD QHVOHGLGDRQDREMHNWLYQRQHPDQLNDNDYREOLNLOLGDLPDEHVNRQDþQLEURMREOLND´±SUHPD (+.DU âWDMHLVWRULMD"%HRJUDG ȽɆɚɪɤɨɜɁɛɨɝɭɦɧɚɛɚɥɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɬɚX Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɬɜɨɧɨɜɢɨɬɦɢɥɟɧɢɭɦɋɤɨɩʁɟ 0Rü]HPOMRSLVQHNDUWH3ROLWLND%HRJUDGVHSWHPEDU (:6DLG2ULMHQWDOL]DP ]DSDGQMDþNHSUHGRGåEHR2ULMHQWX6DUDMHYR 8SRU ý 3RSRY 1HNH NRQWURYHU]H R LVWRULML 3UYRJ VUSVNRJ XVWDQND, =ERUQLN 0DWLFH VUSVNH ]D LVWRULMXEU 1RYL6DG /M7UJRYþHYLü2LVWRULMVNRMSURPHQOMLYRVWL%DONDQDNDRSROLWLþNHPHWDIRUH7RNRYLLVWRULMHEU %HRJUDG ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH QH LãþH]DYD³9HüLGLR %DONDQD þLQH PMHãDYLQH QDURGD L UHOLJLMD 0MHVWD VXVUHWD L SURåLPDQMDYHOLNLKUHOLJLMDLNXOWXUDRERJDWLODVXQMHJRYGXKRYQLSURVWRUDOLLELOH SRYRGGLREDPDLUDVNROLPD ,VWRþQRSUDYRVODYQRKULãüDQVWYRMHYL]DQWLMVNRULPVNR NDWROLþDQVWYR MH QDVOMHÿH =DSDGQRJ ULPVNRJ FDUVWYD GRN MH LVODP QD %DONDQX RVPDQVNR QDVOMHÿH 6YDND RG RYLK VORåHQLK L DPELYDOHQWQLK UHOLJLMVNLK WUDGLFLMD XþHVWYRYDODMHXRGUåDYDQMXQDVOMHÿDRGãLUHJNXOWXUQRJLFLYLOL]DFLMVNRJ]QDþDMD10 5HOLJLMH VX ELOH PRüQH YRGRGMHOQLFH X IRUPLUDQMX MXåQRVODYHQVNLK QDFLRQDOQLK LGHQWLWHWD L QDFLRQDOL]DPD 2QH PRJX ELWL ]QDþDMQR RUXåMH X SROLWLFL ]ERJ VYRJ NDUDNWHUD þLQMHQLFH GD þLQH VNXS YMHURYDQMD VSRVREQLK GD PRWLYLUDMX GUXãWYHQH DNFLMH11,GHRORJLMHVXSUROD]QHUHOLJLMVNHNXOWXUHVXWUDMQLMH 5D]YLWDN KLVWRULRJUDIVNLK VD]QDQMD L NULWLþNLK WXPDþHQMD X GUXãWYLPD GLMDORJD RWYDUDMX ³QRYD SROMD QHSR]QDWRJ´ SD MH X WRPH L QMLKRYD SRVHEQD YULMHGQRVW 6YDNL ]QDþDMQLML GRJDÿDM L] SURãORVWL %DONDQD PRåH VH SURPDWUDWL L] YLãH XJORYD L ELWL SUHGPHW UD]OLþLWLK WXPDþHQMD 1MHJRYD QDVOMHÿD WXPDþHQD VX L NDROLQLMHUD]GYDMDQMDNRMHVXPXGDOHVYRMHYUVWDQQHVWDOQLNDUDNWHU1DVOMHÿDSDN QLVXQLSRVWRMDQDQLYMHþQD,VWLFDQMHQMLKRYLKNDUDNWHULVWLNDQDFUWDPDUD]GYDMDQMD L]PHÿX QHNRPSDWLELOQLK FLYLOL]DFLMD SUHWSRVWDYOMD VYRÿHQMH OMXGVNRJ ELüD QD IUDJPHQWDFLMXLUHODWLYL]DP³NDGDVHQDVOHÿDVXVWLåXLX]DMDPQRSUHSOLüXVWYDUDMXüL MHGLQVWYHQHSURVWRUHNRMLVXSRYH]DQLVDQMLKRYLPLVWRULMVNLPQDVOHÿHPLQMLKRYRP RVREHQRP LGLRVLQNUD]LMRP´ %DONDQ WUHED VDJOHGDYDWL NDR FMHOLQX +LVWRULMD PDOLKQDURGDLUD]OLþLWLKREODVWLPRåHVHREMHNWLYQLMHVKYDWDWLVDPRXRNYLUXãLUHJ JHRJUDIVNRKLVWRULMVNRJ NRQWHNVWD NRML LK REXKYDWD 1LMHGQD HWQLþND ]DMHGQLFD QD WRP SURVWRUX QLNDGD QLMH åLYMHOD SRWSXQR RGYRMHQR RG GUXJLK 1MHJRYD HWQLþND L YMHUVND PR]DLþQRVW NYDULOD MH UDþXQH SURVWLP NDWHJRUL]DFLMDPD L RQHPRJXüDYDOD MHGQRVWDYQDUMHãHQMD13+LVWRULMDVYDNRJQDURGDMHKLVWRULMDSURFHVDGXJRJWUDMDQMD 1LMHGDQSURVWRUQLMHMHGQRP]DYLMHNGDWELORNRMHPQDURGXQLWLMHGDQQDURGPRåH UDþXQDWLQDVYRMXYMHþQRVW'DYQRMHQDSLVDQR³GDVXQDURGLNXOWXUHLFLYLOL]DFLMH VPUWQLNDRLOMXGVNDELüD´6YDNLQDURGLPDVYRM³åLYRWWDNRãWRLPDUDÿDQMHXVSRQ SDLXPLUDQMH´+LVWRULMDMHSXQDXPUOLKDOLLQDURGDNRMLVHPRåGD³LQDQDãHRþL UDÿDMXQDURGDXQDãHPVPLVOXUHþL´3URIHVLMDKLVWRULþDUDXþLLGDQDURGL³LWHNDNR PRJX XWLFDWL QD YODVWLWX VXGELQX´ ,YDQ ĈXULü 3LWDQMD KLVWRULMH NDR LVNXVWYD L (WQLþNLþLVWHNXOWXUHXVWYUGLRMH%RJGDQ%RJGDQRYLüQHSRVWRMH ³=DEOXGDGDSRVWRMHSRVHEQR MHSRJXEQDQD%DONDQXJGHVHERJDWVWYRPRGHODXSUDYRLVDVWRMLXKLOMDGXJRGLãQMLPSURåLPDQMLPD´ ±FLWSUHPD %%RJGDQRYLü=DYDÿHQHPHPRULMHX 'UXJD6UELMD±GHVHWJRGLQDSRVOH %HRJUDG 10 0%DNLü+D\GHQ9DULMDFLMHQDWHPX³%DONDQ´%HRJUDG 11 8SRU'.HFPDQRYLü3VLKRSROLWLNDPUåQMH%HRJUDG 'å(VSR]LWR,VODPVNDSUHWQMD 0LWLOLVWYDUQRVW%HRJUDG 67HU]Lü5HOLJLMDNDRIDNWRUREOLNRYDQMDQDFLRQDOQRJLGHQWLWHWD 6UED X 6XVUHW LOL VXNRE FLYLOL]DFLMD QD %DONDQX %HRJUDG 0 *OHQL %DONDQ ,%HRJUDG 55DGLü3ULSDGDQMHEH]YHURYDQMDLSR]QDYDQMDX 1RYRVWLL]SURãORVWL ]QDQMHQH]QDQMHXSRWUHEDL]ORXSRWUHEDLVWRULMH%HRJUDG $ 0DXUD .DVWLOMD (YURSVNL LPDJLQDUQL VLPEROL]PL NULWLþNL SULVWXS L]XþDYDQMX %DONDQD %DONDQLMDEU%HRJUDG 13 8SRU 0 7RGRURYD ,PDJLQDUQL %DONDQ %HRJUDG 1 0DOFROP .RVRYR .UDWND povijest6DUDMHYR 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û QMH NDR VYMHGRþDQVWYD PRUDMX VH SRYH]LYDWL L ]DMHGQR UD]PDWUDWL âLURP %DONDQD HJ]LVWLUDYLãHKLVWRULRJUD¿MDRGNYD]LQDXþQLK³SDWULRWVNLK´RGRQLKXãDQþHQLKX ]DVWDUMHOHLVWUDåLYDþNHPHWRGHL³XåHJOR]QDQMH´GRNULWLþNLKLPXOWLSHUVSHNWLYQLK SUL þHPX VYDND åLYL VYRMLP åLYRWRP L PMHULOLPD X PHÿXVREQLP VSRURYLPD LOL LJQRULUDQMLPDNDRLVDUD]OLþLWLPVIHUDPDXWLFDMD 0LJUDFLMHVXVWDOQLSUDWLRFLHWQLþNHSROLWLþNHNXOWXUQHLSULYUHGQHHYROXFLMH þRYMHþDQVWYD3RPLFDQMDLSUHVHOMHQMDVXãLURPSODQHWHXWLFDOLQDL]PMHQHHWQLþNLK JUDQLFD QD SURPMHQH X WHULWRULMDOQRM SURãLUHQRVWL SRMHGLQLK MH]LND L GLMDOHNDWD 3RYLMHVWVYDNRJLVHOMHQLãWYDXVWYUGLRMH/MXERPLU$QWLüVDVWDYQLMHGLR³QDFLRQDOQH SRYLMHVWLWHMHNDRWDNYXWUHEDX]LPDWLUDãþODQMLYDWLLRFMHQMLYDWL´1LNDNYDVWXGLMD R HWQLþNLPJUXSDPDXSXüLYDR MH -RYDQ &YLMLüQH PRåHVH NRULVQR SRGX]HWLEH] SUHWKRGQRJ SR]QDYDQMD SRULMHNOD VWDQRYQLãWYD15 .DGD EL VH R SURãORVWL %DONDQD SLVDORL]SHUVSHNWLYHKLVWRULMHVHREDVWHNODELVHPQRJRUHDOQLMDVWYDUQRVWLEOLåD VOLNDRGRQHNRMHSUXåDMXL]REOLþHQHLHNVWUHPQRNRQVWUXLUDQHQDFLRQDOQHKLVWRULMH 1LãWD QD WRP SURVWRUX XRþDYD 9DOWHU 5REHUWV QLNDGD QLMH FUQRELMHOR ³SRVWRMH VDPR UD]OLþLWH QLMDQVH VLYH´ %DONDQVND KLVWRULMD NDR YHþQL GLMDORJ SURãORVWL VD VDGDãQMRãüX RGYHü MH ³QDWRþHQD L]JXEOMHQLP REHüDQMLPD L QHRVWYDUHQLP QDFLRQDOQLP YHOLþLQDPD´ 0LJUDFLMH VX UDGLNDOQR PLMHQMDOH GHPRJUDIVNX NDUWX EDONDQVNRJSURVWRUD³SRMDVDWUHQMD´JGMHMHSULVXWDQIHQRPHQVHREDPLJUDFLMD HJ]RGXVDSUHVHOMDYDQMDUDVHOMDYDQMDLQDVHOMDYDQMD]QDþDMQRXWLFDRLQDSUR¿OLUDQMH HWQLþNLKSROLWLþNLKGUXãWYHQLKLNXOWXUQLKRGQRVD 3RþHYãLRGNUDMD;,9VWROMHüD X YHOLNLP PLJUDFLMVNLP SRNUHWLPD ³LVSUHPHãWDQR MH VYH VWDQRYQLãWYR QD SURVWRUX RG 9HOHãNH NOLVXUH QD 9DUGDUX SD GR =DJUHEDþNH JRUH´ - &YLMLü ,] GLQDUVNLK REODVWLPLJUDFLRQHVWUXMHVXSUHãOH'XQDY6DYX8QX.XSX'UDYXLQDVHOMDYDOH VX%DQDW%DþNX%DUDQMX6UHPL6ODYRQLMX+UYDWVNXâWDMHUVNX.UDQMVNX³SUHãOH VXQDPQRJDRVWUYDLOLRWRNH-DGUDQVNRJPRUDX,VWUXXRNROLQX7UVWDþDNQHNH VODEHVWUXMHX*RULFX'ROD]LOHVXX,WDOLMXSRJODYLWRXPOHWDþNXREODVWL$EUXFH ]DWLPX(UGHOML-XåQX5XVLMX´ 1DSXãWDQMHL]YRUQHVUHGLQHUH]XWLUDORMHNUXSQLP 0 )ULJDQRYLü 'HPRJUD¿MD 6WDQRYQLãWYR VYLMHWD =DJUHE 3RYLMHVW VYLMHWD =DJUHE 15 0 6HQWLü =QDþDM &YLMLüHYRJ UDGD ]D VDYUHPHQD LVWUDåLYDQMD PLJUDFLMD, 6WDQRYQLãWYR ;;,, %HRJUDG +=XQGKDXVHQ,VWRULMD6UELMHRG GRYHND%HRJUDG 0 (NPHþLü 6DYUHPHQL LVWRþQRHYURSVNL LQWHOHNWXDODF L 0DNLMDYHOL )LOR]R¿MD L GUXãWYR ,,, %HRJUDG 0/XWRYDF0LJUDFLMHLNRORQL]DFLMHX-XJRVODYLMLXSURãORVWLLVDGDãQMRVWL, *ODVQLN(WQRJUDIVNL LQVWLWXW6$189,,%HRJUDG ,YDQĈXULüMHXVWYUGLRGDVX6ODYHQLNRMLX9,VWROMHüXVDGRQMHJ WRND'XQDYDQDSDGDMXEDONDQVNHJUDQLFH9L]DQWLMHSRþHOLGXJRURþQRGDVHQDVWDQMXMXXQXWDURYRJ SROXRVWUYDSRþHWNRP9,,VWROMHüD8SURãüHQRX]HYPRåHVHND]DWLGDVXGDQDãQML6ORYHQFLLVWDQRYQLFL ³MXJRVODYHQVNH´0DNHGRQLMHSRWRPFLWLK6ODYHQDSULVWLJOLKXSUYRPWDODVXQDVHOMDYDQMD7HNQHNROLNR GHFHQLMDGRFQLMHSULVWLåX±L]W]Y³%LMHOH+UYDWVNH´L³%HOH6UELMH´SRGUD]OLþLWLPRNROQRVWLPDGUXJL 6ODYHQL+UYDWLL6UELUD]GYDMDMXüLRQH6ODYHQHL]SUHWKRGQHVHREH1MLKRYDGRPRYLQDVHQDOD]LODQD SRGUXþMXGDQDãQMH-XåQH3ROMVNH´ RSãLU,ĈXULü9ODVWRSR]LFLMDDOWHUQDWLYD%HRJUDG ³2YHVHREH]QDWQRVXL]PHQLOHUDVSRUHGQDURGDQD%DONDQVNRPSROXRVWUYXXPQRJLPREODVWLPD -HGQRVWDQRYQLãWYRVPHQMHQRGUXJLPGUXNþLMLPRVRELQDPDQHJGHGUXJRJMH]LNDDþHVWRGUXNþLMHJ ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH SRWUHVLPD ± SURPMHQDPD GUXãWYHQLK RGQRVD GUXãWYHQLK JUXSD LGHQWLWHWD QRUPL SRQDãDQMD NULWHULMD YULMHGQRVWL 0LJUDFLMH VX SUDWLOH NRQÀLNWL L NRPSURPLVL NRMH SRMHGLQDF L NROHNWLY XVSRVWDYOMDMX VD QRYRP VUHGLQRP GLVNULPLQDFLMH L RWSRUL VRFLMDOQD GH]RUJDQL]DFLMD NVHQRIRELMD QDFLRQDOL]DP NXOWXUQL ãRN WRNRYL DGDSWLUDQMD DVLPLODFLMH 8 VUHGLãQMHP L VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX %DONDQD RG ;9 GR;,;VWROMHüDHWQLþNLVXSUHRYODGDOLMXåQRVODYHQVNLQDURGL3RGVYRMXNRQWUROX GRELOLVXLVWRþQHREDOH-DGUDQD6DYHL7LVHX'XQDYJODYQLSUROD]SUHNR%DONDQD GROLQRP0RUDYHL9DUGDUD +LVWRULMDQDPJRYRULXWYUÿXMH)LNUHW.DUþLüGDVXVYHPXVOLPDQVNHGUåDYH ³RG0HGLQHSDGR2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYD±ELOHPXOWLHWQLþNHGUåDYH´0DULMD7RGRURYD QLMHXVDPOMHQDNDGDWYUGLGDMHSRODPLOHQLMXPDRVPDQVNHXSUDYH%DONDQXGRQLMHOR QHVDPRLPHYHüLQDMGXåLSHULRGSROLWLþNRJMHGLQVWYDXQMHJRYRMKLVWRULML+LVWRULMD RVPDQVNH GUåDYH MH L KLVWRULMD VYLK QDURGD NRML VX XQXWDU QMH åLYMHOL EH] RE]LUD QD VYH QMLKRYH UD]OLNH PHPRULVDQH UD]OLþLWH GDWXPH L SULþH 2YD QHRNRORQLMDOQD LPSHULMDMHELODQDGQDFLRQDOQDVLPELR]DWXUVNLKLVODPVNLKYL]DQWLMVNLKLEDONDQVNLK WUDGLFLMD%DONDQVHNDRPXOWLUHOLJLMVNLLPXOWLNXOWXUDOQLSURVWRUXOLWHUDWXULGH¿QLUD L NDR RVPDQVND EDãWLQD 2VPDQVND VWROMHüD ]DMHGQLþNH NRHJ]LVWHQFLMH VWYRULOH VX L ]DMHGQLþNR QDVOMHÿH SULVXWQR X EURMQLP HOHPHQWLPD QMHJRYH PDWHULMDOQH L GXKRYQH NXOWXUH ,QWHUSUHWDFLMH R RVPDQVNRP QDVOMHÿX QD %DONDQX VX SDN UD]OLþLWH X ]QDWQRM PMHUL GXJR GHWHUPLQLUDQH YLVRNLP VWHSHQRP LGHRORJL]DFLMH L SROLWL]DFLMH XQXWDU YHüLQH SRVWRVPDQVNLK GUåDYD 7R MH UH]XOWLUDOR RJUDQLþHQLP VHOHNWLYQLP WXPDþHQMLPD ³QHNRKHUHQWQRãüX QHSRX]GDQRãüX L SURWLYUHþQRãüX´ PQRJLK VXGRYD L RFMHQD YH]DQLK ]D RYX WHPDWLNX +LVWRULMD RVPDQVNH GUåDYH MH QHULMHWNR LQWHUSUHWLUDQD SUHNR ]DPDJOMHQLK YLGLND VD PQRãWYRP SUHGUDVXGD VD SRWFMHQMLYDþNLPLRODNLP]DNOMXþFLPDXHYURSVNLPDQDURþLWRXKLVWRULRJUD¿MDPD EDONDQVNLK ]HPDOMD DPELFLR]QLP L LVNOMXþLYLP X ORNDOQLP NRRUGLQDWDPD YLãHVWUXNRLPXQLPQDNRQWUDDUJXPHQWHSURL]DãOHL]VXSURWQLKLVNXVWDYDLVD]QDQMD 7UDGLFLRQDOQL QDþLQ LVWUDåLYDQMD ELR MH X YH]L VD SROLWLNRP 'RGDWQL SUREOHP X SURXþDYDQMXRVPDQVNRJSHULRGDþLQHPDWULFHLJQRUDQFLMDRSVMHGQXWRVWDUKDLþQLP GLMDOHNWD 1DVWDOD VX XNUãWDQMD VWDQRYQLãWYD NRMH VH XVOHG PLJUDFLMD L]PHãDOR L]YUãLOL VX VH ]QDWQL HWQLþNLLHWQRORãNLSURFHVLNRMLVXXPQRJRPHL]PHQLOLHWQLþNLWLSSRMHGLQLKREODVWLýHVWRMHQHVWDMDOR VWDURJ SRNUDMLQVNRJ L LVWRULMVNRJ QDURGQRJ WLSD L REUD]RYDR VHQRY HWQLþNL DPDOJDP´ ± FLW SUHPD - &YLMLü %DONDQVNR SROXRVWUYR L MXåQRVORYHQVNH ]HPOMH 2VQRYL DQWURSRJHRJUD¿MH %HRJUDG /M'LPLü6UELL-XJRVODYLMD%HRJUDG +LVWRULMDQDURGD-XJRVODYLMH,,=DJUHE 63HWURYLü7RGRVLMHYLü³1DFLRQDOQRYUHPH´±RNYLU]DVDPRUHFHSFLMXJUDÿDQD5HSXEOLNH6UELMH, X 1RYRVWLL]SURãORVWL ]QDQMHQH]QDQMHXSRWUHEDL]ORXSRWUHEDLVWRULMH2VPDQVNRFDUVWYRMH SUHPDJUþNRPKLVWRULþDUX'LPLWUL.LFLNLVXELORMHGQRRGQDMYHüLKVWDOQLKQHRNRORQLMDOQLKFDUVWDYDL FLYLOL]DFLMDGUXJRJPLOHQLMDQRYHHUH8WUHQXWNXQDMYHüHHNVSDQ]LMHSULVXVWYRPQDWULþHWYUWLQHRERGD 6UHGR]HPOMD RYR FDUVWYR MH SRVMHGRYDOR LPSUHVLYQX SROLWLþNX NRQVWUXNFLMX NDNYX =DSDG QLMH YLGLR MRãRGYUHPHQD5LPVNRJFDUVWYD3RLVND]Xä6RYDåHD³VYDNLSRGDQLN9HOLNRJ*RVSRGDUD PRJDR MHGD SXWXMHRG'XQDYDGR,QGLMVNRJRNHDQDLRG3HUVLMHGR0DJUHEDDGDXVYDNRPWUHQXWNXEXGH SRWþLQMHQ LVWLP ]DNRQLPD VD LVWRP DGPLQLVWUDWLYQRP RUJDQL]DFLMRP GD JRYRUL LVWLP MH]LNRP L GD NRULVWLLVWXQRYþDQXMHGLQLFX´ 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û SRJOHGLPDLREUDVFLPDSUHX]HWLPL]SROLWLþNRJPLOMHDLOLWHUDWXUHSURãOLKVWROMHüD 8NRUMHQMHQD L SRMHGQRVWDYOMHQD VWDMDOLãWD QLVX NDUDNWHULVWLþQDVDPR ]D YDQVWUXþQX MDYQRVWYHüL]DRQHVWUXþQHNUXJRYHNRMLVXVHYLãHWUXGLOLGDVXGHQHJRGDVKYDWH ³=QDQMD´ R SURãORVWL GH¿QLUDQD QD VSHFL¿þDQ QDþLQ NRULVWH VH ]D REUD]ODJDQMH UD]OLþLWLK LGHRORJLMD RSUDYGDYDQMH ³KLVWRULMVNLK SUDYD´ IRUPLUDQMH NROHNWLYQLK LLQGLYLGXDOQLKLGHQWLWHWDãWRVXSROMDNRMDXWLþXQDUD]OLþLWHGUXãWYHQHVLWXDFLMHX VDYUHPHQRVWL 2VPDQVND GUåDYD MH X QDXFL L SROLWLFL GXJR ELOD QXåQD L NDR XQXWDUQMD GHSRQLMD HYURSVNLK VWHUHRWLSD L UD]QLK VWUDVWL GD EL =DSDG PRJDR VHEH GD YLGL X WRMSHUVSHNWLYLNDREROMHJ´,PDJLQDUQL7XUþLQ´MHNOMXþQL³HYURSVNL'UXJL´EXGL UD]OLþLWH DVRFLMDFLMH 2VPDQVND L +DEVEXUãND LPSHULMD VX SRGUåDYDOH RQR þHJD VH =DSDG GXJR QDMYLãH SODãLR ± PMHãDYLQH ]DMHGQLþNRJ åLYRWD QHGRYROMQR VOLþQLK ³NDUDNWHUD´ L QDþLQD åLYRWD ³QHNRPSDWLELOQLK DQWURSRORãNLK NDUDNWHULVWLND QHVSRMLYLK MH]LND L NRQIHVLMD´ 2YDNYD SURåLPDQMD ]DSUDYR VX UHÀHNVL PLMHãDQMD ,VWRNDL=DSDGD =DSDGQMDFLVXGXJREDONDQVNHSURVWRUHVKRGQRNOLãHLPDWUHWLUDOL QHLVWUDåHQRPHJ]RWLþQRP]RQRPNRMDRGYDMDVXSHULRUQXHYURSVNXFLYLOL]DFLMXRG ³PLVWLþQRJ2ULMHQWD´6WYDUDMXüLYODVWLWLPLW=DSDGMHSULSLVLYDRVHELVYHSR]LWLYQH RVRELQH0RUDRMHSULWRPGDSURQDÿHLNRQVWUXLUDLRQRVXSURWQRLQHJDWLYQR0HWRGD VWYDUDQMD³SUHGUDVXGDEH]JULåHVDYMHVWL´RGDYQRMHSR]QDWD-RãMHPLWRGLYOMHP þRYMHNXWRNRPRWNULYDQMD1RYRJVYLMHWDGDRRNYLUHYURSVNRMSHUFHSFLML³GUXJLK´ ³9LãHQRMHGQRP´QDSLVDRMH%HUQDUG/HZLV³PLVD=DSDGDVPRVYRMDQDMGXEOMD QDGDQMDLVWUDKRYHSURMLFLUDOLQDVWUDQHQDURGHLXGDOMHQH]HPOMH´+LVWRULMDWRGQRVD =DSDGDL,VWRNDPRåHVHSUHGVWDYLWLNDRSURFHVXNRMHPMH³2ULMHQWXYLMHNLL]QRYD ELYDR RULMHQWDOL]LUDQ RG VWUDQH =DSDGQMDND´ %URMQL SXWRSLVFL VX X ;9,,, L ;,; VWROMHüXQDOD]LOLGD,VWRNSRþLQMHXSUDYRX%HRJUDGX8YUHPHQXNDGDVX%DONDQRP GRPLQLUDODGYDYHOLNDFDUVWYD2VPDQVNRL+DEVEXUãNRþLMHVXJUDQLFHVPDWUDQH WDþNRP UD]JUDQLþHQMD L]PHÿX ,VWRND L =DSDGD QD =DSDGX VX WDM GLR VYLMHWD VYH GR 3UYRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD VPDWUDOL ³SDUþHWRP $]LMH X (YURSL´ RGQRVQR %OLVNLP LVWRNRP ³3URFKH2ULHQW´ ³1HDU(DVW´ 1DNDUWL%OLVNRJLVWRNDREMDYOMHQRM NDRQMHJRYDQDM]DSDGQLMDWDþNDR]QDþHQDMH%DQMD/XNDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLD NDRQDMLVWRþQLMD.RQMDX2VPDQVNRPFDUVWYX3UHWHåQRQHJDWLYQHVOLNHRLVODPX PXVOLPDQLPDR³WXUVNRMRNXSDFLML´SULVXWQHVXLXKLVWRULMVNRMVYLMHVWLLNROHNWLYQR SVLKRORãNRP VWHUHRWLSX KULãüDQVNLK QDURGD ³MXJRLVWRþQH (YURSH´ WHUPLQ NRML VH EXGXüL GD MH L]UD] %DONDQ YUHPHQRP GRELR SHMRUDWLYQR ]QDþHQMH XSRWUHEOMDYD VYH YLãH NDR ³QHXWUDOQLML L]UD]´ ]D %DONDQ .DUDNWHU ³EDONDQL]PD´ MH YLãHVORMDQ L 9 0LKDMORYLü *HQLXV ORFL %DONDQL UHFHSFLMD SURãORVWL L NRQVWUXLVDQMH DNDGHPVNRJ QDUDWLYD R EDONDQVNRPQDVOHÿX, (WQRDQWURSRORãNLSUREOHPLVY%HRJUDG 6/D]DUHYLü5DGDN6LPEROLþNDJHRJUD¿MD%DONDQD JUDQLþQLSURVWRUXHQJOHVNLPLDPHULþNLP SXWRSLVLPD X .XOWXUQDSURåLPDQMD DQWURSRORãNHSHUVSHNWLYH%HRJUDG 0 0LORVDYOMHYLü 'LYOML þRYHN NDR PHUD GUXJRVWL, (WQRDQWURSRORãNL SUREOHPL VY %HRJUDG $ .DVXPRYLü 'MHODWQRVW NRQ]XODWD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL X SUYLP JRGLQDPD DXVWURXJDUVNH RNXSDFLMH JRGLQH, *RGLãQMDN NQM &HQWDU ]D EDONDQRORãND LVSLWLYDQMD $18%L+ 6DUDMHYR ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH SROLIRQLþDQ =D EDONDQVNH QHPXVOLPDQH SUHPD VXGX ' 7DQDVNRYLüD ³LVODPVNR RVPDQVNR QDVOHÿH X LVWRULMVNRM VYHVWL´ SUHWHåQR VH YH]XMH ]D ³PUDþQH VWUDQLFH QDFLRQDOQH SURãORVWL ]D ÄURSVWYR SRG 7XUFLPD´ L þLWDY VLVWHP SUHGVWDYD NRML MH QD WHPHOMX WH SHUFHSFLMH WRNRP YHNRYD XREOLþHQ´ 'XJRYMHþQH VX WHQGHQFLMH X EDONDQVNLP GUåDYDPD ]DSRVWDYOMDQMD ³LVODPVNH SURãORVWL´ RGQRVQR SUDNVH GD VH R QMRM PDKRP JRYRUL VDPR X QHJDWLYQLP WHUPLQLPD 1XåQR MH SRYHüDQMH ]QDQMD R WHRULMVNRPHWRGRORãNLP RVQRYDPD ]D SURXþDYDQMH RVPDQVNRJ QDVOMHÿD NDR L QMHJRYR SUHLVSLWLYDQMH L] SHUVSHNWLYH UD]OLþLWLK KXPDQLVWLþNLK GLVFLSOLQD ³2ULMHQWDOLVWLþNL´ SUWOMDJ PQRJLK HYURSVNLK QDXþQLND MRã L ³GDQGDQDV SXWXMH ]DMHGQRVQMLPD´'HNRQVWUXNFLMHRULMHQWDOL]PDNDRGLVNXUVDRLVODPVNRMGUXJRVWL NRMXMHL]YHR(GYDUG6DLGLEDONDQL]PDNDRGLVNXUVDR³QHSRWSXQRMGUXJRVWL´LOL SULMH ³QHSRWSXQRP URSVWYX XQXWUDãQMRM WDPQRM VWUDQL´ X GMHOX 0DULMH 7RGRURYH RVWYDUHQMDVXNRMDRKUDEUXMX 2VPDQVNDNXOWXUDVHPRåHDQDOL]LUDWLWHNVDGLVWDQFRPRGQDFLRQDOLVWLþNLK NULWHULMD.ULWLþNDQDXNDMHXYHOLNRMPMHULRGEDFLODWH]HGDMHSULKYDWDQMHLVODPD QD%DONDQXELRUH]XOWDWRVPDQVNRJGUåDYQRJSULWLVND,VODPVHUD]YLMDRSRVWXSQR LHYROXWLYQR8;9,,VWROMHüXPXVOLPDQLVXYHüþLQLOLYHüLQXVWDQRYQLãWYDX%RVQL 9ODGLVODY6NDULüMHQDSLVDRGDMHNULYRPLãOMHQMHNDNRVHQD%DONDQX³LVODPãLULR QDJORLGDMHVOXåEHQRãLUHQVLORP-DüXLVWDüLVDPRIDNDWGD YLMHNQHEL]DWHNDR QLMHGQRJKULãüDQLQDQLWLELELORLMHGQHFUNYHLPDQDVWLUDGDMHLVODPãLUHQGUåDYQRP VLORP ,VODP VX ãLULOH SULOLNH L OMXGVNH RNROQRVWL´30 7RPRYL QDXþQR XWHPHOMHQLK GMHODQLãWDSDNQHPLMHQMDMXXRGQRVXSUHPDKLVWRULMLDNRVXGUXãWYHQHLSROLWLþNH RNROQRVWL WDNYH GD MH SRåHOMQD GUXJDþLMD ³VYLMHVW´ L ³NXOWXUD VMHüDQMD´ 0QRJR MH ³QDXþQLK´ UDGRYD þLML DXWRUL LVWUDMDYDMX QD PHQWDOQRM PDWULFL ;,; VWROMHüD NDR SRERUQLFLHSLNHLPDQLKHMVNHLQWHUSUHWDFLMHKLVWRULMHRODNLKVXGRYDNRMLVXVQDJRP LQHUFLMH XNRUMHQMLYDQL NDR GRJPH ,VNDULNLUDQ RVPDQVNL PXVOLPDQVNL VYLMHW þHVWR MH RSWXåLYDQ ]D GHNDGHQFLMX GRN MH RVPDQVND GUåDYD WUHWLUDQD NDR ³EROHVQLN QD %RVIRUX´NRMHJVXEURMQLOMHNDULLQMLKRYLDVLVWHQWLSULMHWHåLOLGDXELMXQHJRL]OLMHþH $NRELVHQDVXSURW(YURSLLOL=DSDGXSLãH*XQQDU+HULQJDXVWULMVNLEDONDQRORJ 2VPDQVNR FDUVWYR SRVWDYLOR NDR UH]HUYDW VWDJQDFLMH WH SULWRP LPSOLFLUDOR GD EL MXJRLVWRþQD (YURSD EH] SURGRUD 2VPDQOLMD XþHVWYRYDOD X QDSUHWNX SURVYLMHüHQH '7DQDVNRYLü,VODPVNRXLNXOWXULEDONDQVNLKQDURGD'MHOLPLþQRL]PLMHQMHQLWHNVWVDRSãWHQMD SRGQLMHWRJQDQDXþQRPVNXSXÄ9HUVNDLVWRULMDLVODPDQD%DONDQX³ *D]]DGD VHSWHPEUD KWWS ZZZYHUD]QDQMHPLUERVUVLQGH[SKS"SDJH LQLFLMDWLYB]DBSRPLUHQMH ODQJ VUS VXEDFWL RQ VKRZIXOO LG DUFKLYH VWDUWBIURP XFDW ODQJ VUS SDJH LQLFLMDWLYB ]DBSRPLUHQMH ,GHMD³(YURSH´NDRGLRLVWHRQHWUDGLFLMHNRMDMHVWYRULODL³RULMHQWDOL]DP´±VOLNX³2ULMHQWD´NDR HYURSVNRJ³GUXJRJ´LNRMHJMHSRULFDODRGUD]LODVHLQDDQWURSRORãNDLVWUDåLYDQMD±YLGL 7%ULQJD %LWL0XVOLPDQQDERVDQVNLQDþLQ6DUDMHYR 6 3HWDQ %DONDQVNH JUDQLFH L NDNR LK SUHüL KWWS ZZZHQRYLQHFRPNXOWXUDNXOWXUD NQMLJH%DONDQVNHJUDQLFHNDNRSUHLKWPO 30 &LWSUHPD 0+DQGåLü,VODPL]DFLMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLSRULMHNORERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLK PXVOLPDQD6DUDMHYR 56PDMLü2GQRV3RUWHSUHPDYMHUVNRMVWUXNWXULVWDQRYQLãWYDX%RVQLL +HUFHJRYLQL VW /MXGVNDSUDYDEU6DUDMHYR 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û (YURSH RQGD MH WDNYR JOHGLãWH QHRGUåLYR ³=RQD QHUD]YLMHQRVWL´ QLMH RJUDQLþHQD VDPRQD2VPDQVNRFDUVWYRLQMHJRYHGUåDYHQDVOMHGQLFHYHüMHREXKYDWDODãLURN SRMDV RG 5XVLMH GR FHQWUDOQRJ GLMHOD LVWRþQH (YURSH %DONDQ L MRQVND RVWUYD SRG POHWDþNRP L EULWDQVNRP XSUDYRP MXåQX ,WDOLMX WH âSDQLMX L 3RUWXJDOLMX L WLPH QHNDGDPRüQH]DMHGQLFHNRORQLMDOQHGUåDYHLVUHGLãWDUHQHVDQVQHNXOWXUH31 3ROLWLþND JHRJUD¿MD %DONDQD UDGLNDOQR MH SUHNUDMDQD QDMþHãüH LJURP LQWHUHVDYHOHVLODDOLVXVHGXELQVNHPDWULFHNROHNWLYQHSVLKRORJLMHQMHJRYLKQDURGD SUHVSRUR PLMHQMDOH .XOWXUD L HWQLþQRVW SRMHGQRVWDYOMHQR UHþHQR QH PRJX VH DSULRULSRLVWRYMHüLYDWL.XOWXUQHJUDQLFHVHULMHWNRSUHNODSDMXVJUDQLFDPDHWQRVD QDURGD33$NRVHNXOWXUDLJHRJUD¿MDQHSRNORSHRQGDVHSRNODSDQMHPRåHQDPHWQXWL JHQRFLGRP LOL SULVLOQLP PLJUDFLMDPD 8 QDFLRQDOQLP KLVWRULRJUD¿MDPD þHVWR MH SUHQHEUHJDYDQDþLQMHQLFDL]KLVWRULMHEDONDQVNLKQDURGDGDVXLRQL³ELOL]DKYDüHQL ³SRMDYDPDQDFLRQDOQHPLWRPDQLMHPHJDORPDQLMHLQHWUSHOMLYRVWLSDLãRYLQLVWLþNH PUåQMH MHGQLK SUHPD GUXJLPD´35 3ULQFLS QDFLRQDOQRVWL´ L]PLMHQLR MH SROLWLþNX NDUWX (YURSH *RWRYR VYXGD MH VRSVWYHQRM GUåDYL SULSLVLYDQD ERåDQVND SULURGD ,VSXQMHQMH QDFLRQDOQLK FLOMHYD EH] RE]LUD QD QMLKRY VDGUåDM VPDWUDOR VH ÄVYHWRP³ GXåQRãüX 1DFLRQDOL]DP WUDQVQDFLRQDOQL L WUDQVWHULWRULMDOQL IHQRPHQ SDOLR MH (YURSX 8 GUXJRM SRORYLFL ;,; VWROMHüD QDFLRQDOL]DP QD %DONDQX XJODYQRP MH VOLMHGLR LWDOLMDQVNL L QMHPDþNL SULPMHU NDR L HYURSVNH VPMHUQLFH R]QDþHQHMDNRELQVNLPSULQFLSRP ³MHGQDQDFLMDMHGQDGUåDYD´³8YR]HYURSVNH YUVWH QDFLRQDOL]PD´ L]LVNLYDR MH GD VH ³KHWHURJHQL RVPDQVNL SURVWRU QDVHOMHQ UD]OLþLWLP HWQLþNLP L YHUVNLP ]DMHGQLFDPD WUDQVIRUPLUD X KRPRJHQX QDFLRQDOQX GRPRYLQX´ SLãH %HKXO 2]NDQ %HKOO g]NDQ 3URFHV ³HYURSHL]DFLMH %DONDQD´ L]D]YDR MH YHOLNH WUDJHGLMH QD WRP SURVWRUX +ULãüDQVNL VWDQRYQLFL %DONDQD VX QDVWRMDOL ³SRVWDWL (YURSOMDQL´ WLPH ãWR VX EUXWDOQR UD]DUDOL RVPDQVND QDVOMHÿD 31 3UHPD 6%DOLü%RVQDXHJ]LOX=DJUHE /M0LWURYLü*HRSROLWLþNLLVRFLRORãNLDVSHNWLWUDQ]LFLMHMHGQRJUHJLRQDOQRJSURVWRUDRG%DONDQD ND-XJRLVWRþQRM(YURSL6USVNDSROLWLþNDPLVDREU%HRJUDG 33 03LMRYLü3ULVWXSLSURXþDYDQMDLGHQWLWHWDXSURãORVWL+LVWRULMVNDWUDJDQMDEU6DUDMHYR 6 +XQWLQJWRQ 6XNRE FLYLOL]DFLMD L SUHXVWURM VYMHWVNRJ SRUHWND =DJUHE +LVWRULþDUL VHþHVWRVXRþDYDMXVDGRJDÿDMLPDNRMLVXSRSULURGLQHGRNXPHQWLUDQL.DGDVXPDVRYQDXELVWYDX SLWDQMXLQWHUHVSRþLQLWHOMDMHGDWL]ORþLQLRVWDMXQHGRNXPHQWLUDQL%H]VYMHGRþHQMDRþHYLGDFDQHNL KLVWRULMVNLGRJDÿDMLQHELVHXRSãWHPRJOLGRNXPHQWLUDWLLÄQHVWDOLELL]OMXGVNHPHPRULMH³ 1DWKDQ %H\UDN ±YLGL 2VORERÿHQMH6DUDMHYRMDQXDU 35 ý3RSRY*UDÿDQVND(YURSD NQM,,,%HRJUDG +6XQGKDXVVHQ6DUDMHYVNLDWHQWDW6UELMDLGXK 3HãþDQLNQHWQRYHPEDUKWWS SHVFDQLNQHWVDUDMHYVNLDWHQWDWVUELMDLGXK 3LWDQMH HWQLFLWHWD MH RG ;,; VWROMHüD ELOR ³PXþQR SLWDQMH´ VUHGQMH LVWRþQH L MXJRLVWRþQH (YURSH 3RVWRMDQMH QDFLMD L QDFLRQDOQLK PDQMLQD SRVOMHGLFD MH KLVWRULMVNRJ RUJDQL]LUDQMD WHULWRULMD QD QDFLRQDOQRP SULQFLSX 2YDM SULQFLS MH PLORP LOL VLORP DVLPLODFLMRP LOL SURWMHULYDQMHP XPDQMLR ãDUHQLOR L UD]QROLNRVW HYURSVNRJ NRQWLQHQWD 1DYHGHQL SULQFLSNRMLSR]QDMHVDPRGYDPRJXüDREOLNDQDFLRQDOQRJLHWQLþNRJSRVWRMDQMHQDFLMHLQDFLRQDOQH PDQMLQHLVNOMXþXMHSRVWRMDQMHGUXJLKHWQLþNLKJUXSDNRMHQLVXSUL]QDWHNDRQDFLRQDOHPDQMLQH±YLGL . 3URPLFHU 1H YLGOMLYRVW VNULYHQLK PDQMLQD QD %DONDQX QHND WHRULMVND ]DSDåDQMD X 6NULYHQH PDQMLQHQD%DONDQX%HRJUDG =ûLUMDNRYLü*DYULORXPDMLFLVDORJRP3HãþDQLND, 3ROLWLND%HRJUDGMXOL ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH QHNULWLþNL RSRQDãDOL PRGHOH =DSDGD L SULKYDWDOL RJUDQLþDYDMXüL REOLN QDFLRQDOQLK GUåDYD(WQLþNLQDFLRQDOL]DPQLMHELR]DJRYRUQLNYLãHQDFLRQDOQHGUåDYH +LVWRULMD %DONDQD QLMH SRWSXQD QLWL VH PRåH WXPDþLWL EH] L]XþDYDQMD L XYDåDYDQMD XGHVD PXVOLPDQD þLML MH EUXWDOQL SURJRQ VD WRJ SURVWRUD ]DSRþHR MRã NUDMHP ;9,, VWROMHüD 8QXWDU KLVWRULMVNRGHPRJUDIVNH SUREOHPDWLNH ]QDþDMQR PMHVWR]DX]LPDMXPLJUDFLRQDNUHWDQMDPXVOLPDQVNRJVWDQRYQLãWYDNRMDNDRSRMDYX GXJRJ WUDMDQMD WUHED SURPDWUDWL X UHJLRQDOQRM SHUVSHNWLYL 0LJUDFLMH VX MHGQR RG QDMYDåQLMLKRELOMHåMDKLVWRULMHPXVOLPDQDQD%DONDQXMHGDQRGWHPHOMQLKVLPEROD QMLKRYHKLVWRULMHELORMHGDULMHþRGXJRPSHULRGXSRYODþHQMD2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYD L] (YURSH ]DSRþHWRP X ;9,, VWROMHüX ãWR MH GRYHOR GR JROHPLK SURVWRUQLK L GHPRJUDIVNLKSUHNRPSRQLUDQMDHWQLþNLKLYMHUVNLK]DMHGQLFDLOLRSHULRGXNUDMHP ;,;LWRNRP;;VWROMHüDNDGDVHRYDNUHWDQMDRGYLMDMXXQRYRQDVWDOLPXYMHWLPD XSRMHGLQLPUHJLMDPDVDYLãHLOLPDQMHLQWH]LWHWDX]QDNXHJ]RGXVDGHSRUWDFLMD DVLPLODWRUVNLK SULWLVDND QHGH¿QLUDQRJ PDQMLQVNRJ VWDWXVD X RNYLUX EDONDQVNLK GUåDYDODWHQWQHLOLRWYRUHQHGLVNULPLQDFLMHUHSUHVLMHLQHL]YMHVQRVWL Ä+LVWRULMVNL SRMPRYL³ QHPDMX VDPR VD]QDMQX XORJX 1MLKRYH ERUEHQH YHU]LMH LPDMX PRELOL]DFLMVNX DOL L GUXãWYHQRLQWHJUDWLYQX IXQNFLMX MHU KRPRJHQL]LUDMX ]D LOL SURWLY +LVWRULMD YLãHGLPHQ]LRQDOQRJ ³,VWRþQRJ SLWDQMD´ EXKYDWD KLVWRULMX QHNROLNR EXUQLK VWROMHüD L ODQDF QDURGD L UD]QLK QDFLRQDOQLK NXOWXUD8åLVPLVDRSRMPDÄ,VWRþQRSLWDQMH³GXJRJKLVWRULMVNRJ³SUREOHPD´MRã RGNUDMD;9,,VWROMHüDQDOD]LRVHXVXGDUX(YURSHVDLVODPVNLPVYLMHWRPNRMLMH VD VRERP GRQLMHOR RVPDQVNR SURGLUDQMH X (YURSX L QMHJRYR ]DSRVMHGDQMH ELWQLK WUJRYDþNLKLYRMQLKSXWHYDQDMNUDüLKYH]D=DSDGDVD,VWRNRP8YULMHPHRVPDQVNRJ XVSRQD WR MH SLWDQMH RSVWDQND HYURSVNLK VLOD NRMH VX ELOH QD XGDUX RVPDQVNLK RVYDMDQMD2YRSLWDQMHMHGLMDJQRVWLFLUD'UDJXWLQ3DYOLþHYLü³YLãHVWROMHWQLSURFHV VXNREOMDYDQMD,VWRNDL=DSDGD3UHGQMH$]LMHL(XURSHNUãüDQVWYDLLVODPDGYLMX NXOWXUDLFLYLOL]DFLMD´2SDGDQMHPRVPDQVNHPRüL³,VWRþQRSLWDQMH´MHSUHUDVORX ERUEX]DRVPDQVNRQDVOMHÿH2G³%HþNRJUDWD´ QDVWXSLORMHYULMHPH RSãWHJSURJRQDPXVOLPDQD6WDYGDVXPXVOLPDQLWXÿLQFLX(YURSLGLRMHPHQWDOLWHWD SR]QDWRJ SRG LPHQRP ,VWRþQR SLWDQMH Ä2ULMHQWDOQR SLWDQMH³ 5HV RULHQWDOHV NRMH MH X (YURSL SRVHEQR åLYMHOR RG .XþXN.DMQDUGåLMVNRJ PLUD UXV Ʉɸɱɭɤ Ʉɚɣɧɚɪɞɠɢɣɫɤɢɣɦɢɪɧɵɣɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ WXU .oN.D\QDUFD$QWODúPDVÕ GR SHULRGDSURJRQDPXVOLPDQDL]QMHQLKGLMHORYD8ELWLWRMH³QDVWRMDQMHGDVH 2VPDQOLMHLLVODPL]EDFHL](XURSH´0XVOLPDQLVXVPDWUDQL³VWUDQFLPD´RGNRMLKMH WUHEDORRVORERGLWLHYURSVNXWHULWRULMX 0DORVH]QDRIDWXPXPXVOLPDQDX+HUFHJ 8SRU . .DVHU 6XNRE UHOLJLMD L NXOWXUD QD %DONDQX SURãORVW L SHUVSHNWLYH $OPDQDK EU 3RGJRULFD ý,QJUDR'HVHWQHQDXþHQLKOHNFLMDR6UHGQMRM(YURSLSRJOHGLVWRULþDUD, +HOVLQãNHVYHVNHEU%HRJUDG 63DYORYLü,VWRULMD%DONDQD%HRJUDG 7.XOMLü3RMPRYQDLVWRULMDL]YRULWHRULMDLNULWLNH, 7RNRYLLVWRULMHEU%HRJUDG '.LFLNLV2VPDQOLMVNR&DUVWYR%HRJUDG '3DYOLþHYLü+UYDWLL,VWRþQRSLWDQMH=DJUHE 6%DNU).DUþLü=DSDGLPXVOLPDQVNLVYLMHWMuallimEU6DUDMHYR GHFHPEDU ,]UD],VWRþQRSLWDQMHSUHPD9DVLOMX3RSRYLüXPRåHGDVHSUDWLGDOHNRXSURãORVWþDNGR /HSDQWVNH ELWNH SUYH YHOLNH SREMHGH XGUXåHQLK KULãüDQVNLK VLOD QDG 2VPDQVNLP FDUVWYRP 93RSRYLüJDWUHWLUDNDRSLWDQMHRRSVWDQNXRVPDQOLMVNHFDUHYLQHQD%DONDQXLX/HYDQWX7RMH 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û 1RYRP.QLQX2VLMHNX%XGLPX%HRJUDGX8åLFXQDSURVWRULPD/LNH6ODYRQLMH 8JDUVNH7HãNDMHELODLVXGELQDPXVOLPDQDQDSURVWRUXGDQDãQMH6UELMH&UQH*RUH .RVRYD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 5XPXQLMH %XJDUVNH *UþNH 0DNHGRQLMH WRNRP ;,;L;;VWROMHüD ,]UD] ³,VWRþQR SLWDQMH´ SUYL SXW VH SRMDYLR X GLSORPDWVNRM WHUPLQRORJLML X YULMHPH JUþNRJ XVWDQND 0 (NPHþLü L]QRVL GD MH WHãNR ³LVSUDYQR RJUDQLþLWL GRNOH GRVHåH LVWRULMD ,VWRþQRJ SLWDQMD MHGQDNR WHULWRULMDOQR NDR L YUHPHQVNL´ 3RMDP ÄXGDOMHQRVWL³ LOL ÄEOL]LQH³ PRåH XSXüLYDWL QD UD]OLþLWD VWDQMD ± ¿]LþNR LQWHOHNWXDOQR NXOWXUQR KURQRORãNR SROLWLþNR L PRUDOQR 6QDåQD RVSRUDYDQMD2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYDGRãODVXX;,;YLMHNXRGEDONDQVNLKKULãüDQVNLK LQWHOHNWXDODFDãNRORYDQLKQD=DSDGX,QWHOHNWXDOQHHOLWHEDONDQVNLKQDURGDUD]YLMDOH QDMPODÿDID]DYHNRYQHERUEHL]PHÿX$]LMHL(YURSH]DQMLKRYHGRGLUQHREODVWLLPRUHX]HRNRMHVX VHSUH2VPDQOLMDERULOL3HUVLMDQFL*UFL$OHNVDQGDU9HOLNL5LPOMDQL9L]DQWLQFL$UDSLLVHOGåXþNL 7XUFL )UDQFX] (GXDU 'ULR eGRXDUG 'ULDXOW GH¿QLUD JD SDN SUHQRVL 9 3RSRYLü NDR SUREOHP QDSUHGRYDQMDVXVMHGQLKQDURGDQDãWHWXPXVOLPDQVNLKGDMXüLPXWDNRYMHUVNLNDUDNWHUDOLXYLÿDMXüL GDMHRQRXELWLELORX]HORSRJODYLWRHNRQRPVNLNDUDNWHUMHUVXVYLHYURSVNLQDURGLRVMHWLOLSRWUHEX GDLPDMXMHGQRPMHVWRQDYHOLNRPWUJRYDþNRPGUXPXLVWRND3UHPD'ULRX,VWRþQRSLWDQMHMHQDVWDOR VSRYODþHQMHPLVODPDX(YURSLL$]LMLVMHGQHLGUXJHVWUDQH%RVIRUDL'DUGDQHOD3LVDFSUHGJRYRUD L] ]D'ULRRYRGMHOR0RQR *DEULHO0RQRG QDJODãDYDQDURþLWRGDMH'ULRVKYDWLRWRSLWDQMHX QDMãLUHPVPLVOX NDRKLVWRULMXRGQRVDLVODPDVKULãüDQVNLPVYLMHWRP8,VWRþQRPSLWDQMXXYLMHNVH QDYRGL0(NPHþLü]DSDGQD(YURSDPRUDODVSRUD]XPHYDWLVD5XVLMRPRNRGHREH7XUVNRJFDUVWYD, XWRPVSRUD]XPHYDQMXVD5XVLMRPãWDüHNRPHSULSDVWLXGHREL7XUVNRJFDUVWYD5XVLMDMHXYHNQHãWR PRUDODåUWYRYDWL=DSDGXL=DSDGåUWYRYDWL5XVLML $XVWULMDQFL VX X VLORYLWRM NRQWUDRIDQ]LYL SRWSXQR RþLVWLOL FLMHOX 8JDUVNX RG PXVOLPDQD6DPRQD]HPOMLãWXL]PHÿX'UDYH'XQDYD6DYHL,ORYHRNRELORMHRNR PXVOLPDQD+UYDWD6UEDL0DÿDUD%RVDQVNLHMDOHWüHSRVWDWLYHOLNLPXKDGåLUVNL FHQWDU 0XKDGåLUL L] 8JDUVNH L /LNH SUHSODYLOH VX %RVQX 7RNRP OMHWD L QDMYHüL GLR MXJR]DSDGQH8JDUVNHXNOMXþXMXüLWXL3HãWXELRMHXKDEVEXUãNLPUXNDPD+LOMDGHRVPDQVNLKVSDKLMD PHÿXQMLPDLPQRJL%RãQMDFLQDSXVWLORMHWHNUDMHYH-XQDSDRMH%XGLPQDMYDåQLMLPXVOLPDQVNL FHQWDUVMHYHUQRRG6DYHL'XQDYD1DNRQPOHWDþNRJ]DX]LPDQMDGDOPDWLQVNLKLSULPRUVNLKJUDGRYD EURMQHPXVOLPDQVNHSRURGLFHVXVHLVHOLOHX%DU+HUFHJRYLQXL1LNãLü,]8JDUVNH6ODYRQLMH /LNH 'DOPDFLMH NDNR QDYRGL QHNL DXWRUL $GHP +DQGåLü RNR PXKDGåLUD SRYXNOR VH X %RVQX 7RNRPãHVWGHFHQLMD;,;VWROMHüDXQHNROLNRQDYUDWDGMHORYDQMHPYLãHXQXWUDãQMLKLYDQMVNLK YRMQRSROLWLþNLK IDNWRUD NDR L SRG UD]QLP REOLFLPD SULVLOH GROD]LOR MH GR PDVRYQRJ SRNUHWDQMD L LVHOMDYDQMDPXVOLPDQDL]6PHGHUHYVNRJVDQGåDNDXUD]OLþLWLPSUDYFLPDSDMHGQLP]QDWQLPGLMHORP L X %RVDQVNL HMDOHW 2YR QHNDGD EURMQR VWDQRYQLãWYR MH MRã RG NUDMD ;9,, VWROMHüD ELOR L]ORåHQR XþHVWDOLP VWUDGDQMLPD L]EMHJOLãWYX SDXSHUL]DFLML L QL]X GUXJLK HJ]LVWHQFLMDOQLK LVNXãHQMD X WRP VDQGåDNX 3UYL PXKDGåLUVNL SRNUHW QDVWDR MH SR L]ELMDQMX VUSVNH SREXQH SRG .DUDÿRUÿHP L RSãWHJSURJRQDPXVOLPDQD1DNRQVODPDQMDWHSREXQHGLRQMLKüHVHYUDWLWLXVYRMHRSXVWRãHQH GRPRYH6WLFDQMHVUSVNHDXWRQRPLMHLSURFHVL]JUDGQMHVUSVNHGUåDYQRVWLQDSURVWRUX6PHGHUHYVNRJ VDQGåDNDGRYHãüHXEU]RGRSRVWHSHQRJQHVWDMDQMDSUHRVWDOLKPXVOLPDQD1RYLPXKDGåLUVNLSRNUHW ND%RVDQVNRPHMDOHWXREXKYDWLRMHPDKRPVHRVNRVWDQRYQLãWYRRYRJVDQGåDNDDLGXüL L]DYUãQLLJUDGVNRJRGLQH'LRPXVOLPDQDüHX%RVQXGRüLLL]NUDMHYDNRMLVX SULSDOL &UQRM *RUL SRVHEQR L] 1LNãLüD L .RODãLQD RSãLU 6 %DQGåRYLü %RãQMDFL L GHRVPDQL]DFLMD %DONDQD PXKDGåLUVNL SRNUHWL L SULEMHåLãWD VXOWDQRYLK PXVD¿UD 6DUDMHYR ,VWL 'HRVPDQL]DFLMD%DONDQDL%RãQMDFL UDWRYLLPXKDGåLUVNDSULEMHåLãWD 6DUDMHYR ý3RSRY*UDÿDQVND(YURSD NQM,1RYL6DG . ( )OHPLQJ 2ULMHQWDOL]DP %DONDQ L EDONDQVND LVWRULRJUD¿MD )LOR]R¿MD L GUXãWYR ;9,,, %HRJUDG ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH VXYL]LMHLDVSLUDFLMHNRMHVXXUDþXQDYDOHãWRMHPRJXüHYLãHREODVWLXNRMLPDVXWL QDURGLåLYMHOL1DFLRQDOL]DPVHWXSUYRELWQRIRUPLUDRPHÿX*UFLPDLVODYHQVNLP KULãüDQVNLP QDURGLPD +HOHQL]DP MH ELR YRGHüL EDONDQVNL QDFLRQDOL]DP $NR MH 2VPDQVNR FDUVWYR GR JUþNRJ XVWDQND ELOR ³WHUUD LQFRJQLWD´ ]QDQMD R QMHPXYLãHVH]DVQLYDORQD³SULþDPDL]QRüL´QHJRQDKLVWRULMVNLPIDNWLPD 6YUKD³,VWRþQRJSLWDQMD´ELODMHSUHPDQHNLPDXWRULPDGH]LQWHJUDFLMDRVPDQVNH PXOWLHWQLþNH GUåDYH SRãWR (YURSD QLMH VKYDWLOD QMHQD FLYLOL]DFLMVND GRVWLJQXüD ³SRJRWRYR X VIHUL YMHUVNH WROHUDQWQRVWL OMXGVNLK SUDYD L PXOWLNXOWXUDOL]PD´ 2þLWD MH ]DWR VORåHQRVW ³,VWRþQRJ SLWDQMD´ þLMX MH SROLWLþNX VXãWLQX þLQLOD RãWUD PHÿXVREQDNRQIURQWLUDQRVWQL]DDNWHUD2QRMHELORPDVND]DVWUDWHãNHRVYDMDþNHL QDFLRQDOLVWLþNHFLOMHYHDWLUDWRYLVDPR³KLSRNULWVNRUMHãHQMHWRJSLWDQMD´³,VWRþQR SLWDQMH´ X NRMHP VH LVSROMDYDR GXK WUDGLFLMH QHWUSHOMLYRVWL SUHPD PXVOLPDQLPD L LVODPX QDMSULMH EL WUHEDOR GD XPUH X GXãDPD OMXGL GD EL QMHJRYD KLVWRULRJUD¿MD SRVWDODFMHORYLWDQDXND (YURSVNL SURFHV L]JUDGQMH QDFLMD NUDMHP ;9,,, VWROMHüD XQLR MH ELWQH SURPMHQH X RGQRVH KULãüDQD L PXVOLPDQD QD %DONDQX 1DFLRQDOQL SRNUHWL KULãüDQVNLKQDURGDQDãOLVXVHX]QDNX³HYURSHL]DFLMH´L³PRGHUQL]DFLMH´ãWRMH]D KULãüDQHELORSRYH]DQRV³EULVDQMHP´QDVOMHÿDRVPDQVNHYODVWLLDNRVX³HYURSVNL HOHPHQWL´ þHVWR ELOL SRYUãLQVNH QDUDYL YLGOMLYL X NXOWXUL HOLWD PRGL WHKQLFL L DUKLWHNWXUL50 5D]DUDQMHP RVPDQVNRJ VLVWHPD L QMHJRYRJ GHPRJUDIVNRJ REUDVFD PMHãDYLQHYMHUDLQDURGDSULKYDWDQMHPREOLNDQDFLRQDOQLKGUåDYDLIUDJPHQWLUDQMHP KLVWRULMVNH VYLMHVWL SURXþDYDQMH L YDORUL]LUDQMH LVODPVNRJRVPDQVNRJRULMHQWDOQRJ NXOWXUQRJ QDVOMHÿD RVWDMDOR MH SRGORåQR XWLFDMLPD HWQRFHQWULþQRVWL L SDUFHOL]DFLMH QHNDG]DMHGQLþNHKLVWRULMHDNFLMDPDSUHUDGHLNRQVWUXLUDQMDGHNUHWLUDQHQDFLRQDOQH SURãORVWL 8 $OWHUPDWW (WQRQDFLRQDOL]DP X (YURSL 6YMHWLRQLN 6DUDMHYR 6DUDMHYR 0LORUDG (PHþLüXVWYUÿXMHNDNRMHQDVLOMH³EDELFDVWYDUDQMDQDFLRQDOQLKGUåDYDLWRXJODYQRPQDVLOMHXUDWX 6YDNLQDFLRQDOL]DPSRþLQMHVNXSOMDQMHPEDMNLLOLHSVNLKSHVDPDLWRMHXJODYQRPHOLWQLQDFLRQDOL]DP )9HLJD%DONDQVND]DPND %HRJUDG . 99LQDYHU7XUVNRVWDQRYQLãWYRX6UELML]DYUHPH3UYRJVUSVNRJXVWDQND,VWRULMVNLJODVQLNEU %HRJUDG '.LFLNLV2VPDQOLMVNR&DUVWYR%HRJUDG 'å 6RNRORYLü %L+ MH SRVOMHGQMH LVNXãHQMH QDFLRQDOQH GUåDYH KWWS ZZZHQRYLQHFRP IHOMWRQ%L+SRVOMHGQMHLVNXHQMHQDFLRQDOQHGUDYHKWPO 8SRU'å6RNRORYLü%DONDQVNLUDWRYLHYURSVNHYULMHGQRVWLLWHRULMVNHNRQWURYHU]H*RGLãQMDN %=. 3UHSRURG 6DUDMHYR . .ODUN 0HVHþDUL NDNR MH (YURSD NUHQXOD X UDW 6PHGHUHYR 'UXãWYHQLÀXLGMHDQWLVODPVNDXEMHÿHQMDSUHQRVLRL]VWYDUQRVWLXQDXNX³RVWDYOMDMXüLMHXYLMHN GD EXGH YMHUQR þHGR VYRJ YUHPHQD´ ± YLGL 0 (NPHþLü 5H]XOWDWL MXJRVORYHQVNH LVWRULRJUD¿MH R ,VWRþQRPSLWDQMX, -XJRVORYHQVNLLVWRULMVNLþDVRSLVEU%HRJUDG 50 5 ýLþDN&KDQG .UãüDQL PXVOLPDQL L PHÿXHWQLþND NRHJ]LVWHQFLMD X MXJRLVWRþQRM (XURSL, 0LJUDFLMVNH L HWQLþNH WHPH EU =DJUHE *UR]QLþDYL SRNXãDML HYURSHL]DFLMH %DONDQD L]YHGHQLGDELVHXVYRMLOHL]DPLãOMHQHLVWYDUQHSUHGQRVWL=DSDGDUH]XOWLUDOLVXRQLPãWRMH-H]HUQLN QD]YDRMHGQRPþXGQRPþLQMHQLFRP 'RNVH%DONDQVYRMVNLWUXGLGDOLþLQD(YURSXNDNYDMHQHNDGD ELOD(YURSDVHGDQDVRGUHÿXMHQDRVQRYXVYRMHUD]OLNHXRGQRVXSUHPD,VWRNXXNOMXþXMXüLL%DONDQ LWYUGLGDMHGDQDVRQRãWRMH%DONDQELRJRWRYRSHWYHNRYD RSãLU%-H]HUQLN=HPOMDXNRMRMMHVYH QDRSDNR 3ULOR]L]DHWQRORJLMX%DONDQD6DUDMHYR ,VWL'LYOMD(YURSD %DONDQXRþLPDSXWQLND VD=DSDGD%HRJUDG 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û 2VPDQVNRFDUVWYRMHGXJRLPDORXORJXÄKODGQMDND³NRMLMHþXYDREDONDQVNH QDFLRQDOL]PH X ÄþYUVWRP³ VWDQMX 6D UDVSDGDQMHP RYRJ FDUVWYD X ;,; VWROMHüX EDONDQVNL LQWHJULVWLþNL QDFLRQDOL]PL VX VH X] UDWQH WUXEH HYURSVNLK VLOD WUJOL L] XVSDYDQRVWL516DYUHPHQLQDXþQLFLVKYDWDMXüLSULPDUQXXORJXLPSHULMDXKLVWRULML UDVXÿXMX R QMLPD NDR VORåHQLP QHMHGQR]QDþQLP SRMDYDPD NRMH VX RVWDYLOH QH VDPRQHJDWLYQRYHüLSR]LWLYQRQDVOMHÿHWHQDQMLKJOHGDMXYLãHVUHVSHNWRPQHJR VRVXGRP3RåHOMLL]SURãORVWLVHPRåHL]DEUDWLGRVWDSULPMHUD]DRGEUDQXNDNR LPSHULMDOQHWDNRLQDFLRQDOLVWLþNHLGHMH0HÿXVREQLRGQRVLLPSHULMHLQDFLMHGUåDYH þLQH MHGDQ RG DVSHNDWD SDUDGRNVD RGQRVD LPSHULMD L PRGHUQLK GUåDYD 3URMHNDW QDFLMHGUåDYH VD QMHJRYLP VWUHPOMHQMHP NXOWXUQRM L MH]LþNRM KRPRJHQL]DFLML VWDQRYQLãWYDWDNRÿHUVD]ULMHYDXRNYLUXLPSHULMD7LQDFLRQDOQLSURMHNWLQD%DONDQX X PQRJR þHPX QLVX VDPR QHJDFLMD LPSHULMH QHJR L SORGRYL LPSHULMDOQH SROLWLNH 8 QMHJRYRP HWQLþNRP NDOHLGRVNRSX QDþHOR QDFLRQDOQRVWL QDGDVYH MH ³UHFHSW ]D QDVLOMH´ SRVHEQR SUHPD PXVOLPDQLPD 3URWXRVPDQVNL XVWDQFL X ;,; VWROMHüX VPDWUD ,YR %DQDF SR GH¿QLFLML VX L YMHUVNL L QDFLRQDOQL ³X WRPH OHåH NRULMHQL XYULMHåHQD VWUDKD RG YMHUVNH L QDFLRQDOQH UD]QROLNRVWL´ 7UHQG ND SURWMHULYDQMX PXVOLPDQD SULVXWDQ MH X KLVWRULML EDONDQVNLK QDFLRQDOQLK GUåDYD X ;,; VWROMHüX NRMH VX WHåLOH SULPLMHQMHQLP ³UMHãHQMLPD´ SULMH GD HOLPLQLUDMX QHJR GD UHJXOLUDMX ³PXVOLPDQVNR SLWDQMH´ 0XVOLPDQVNR VWDQRYQLãWYR VPDWUDQR MH MHGQLP RG QHSRåHOMQLKVHJPHQDWDRVPDQVNRJQDVOMHÿD1D]LYDQMHVYLKPXVOLPDQD³7XUFLPD´ VYDNDNRQLMHSRVOMHGLFDQHXSXüHQRVWLYHüNRQNUHWQRJVWDYD53 2YRQHSUHYD]LÿHQR VWDQMH GXKD QD %DONDQX 0LURVODY .UOHåD MH QD]YDR IDVFLQDQWQLP ³NUXJRP WXUVNH PDJLMH´³7XUVNLMDUDP´MHWXSRSXWQHNHYUVWHKLVWRULMVNHLQGXOJHQFLMHQHãWRãWR XQDSULMHG GDMH RSUDYGDQMH ]D ELOR NRML SRVWXSDN ³QDFLMH´ QHãWR ãWR MH DSULRUQD DPQHVWLMD ýLQL VH SLãH 'XEUDYND 6WRMDQRYLü GD ³NDGD EL QDP QHNR ³X]HR´ ³7XUNH´ ELOL ELVPR SULQXÿHQL GD VH VXRþLPR VD VDPLPD VRERP L VD VRSVWYHQLP SURSXVWLPD´ 7XUFL´ VX GXJR ELOL NRVWXU EDONDQVNLK ³RVORERGLODþNLK PLWRYD´ L NROHNWLYQRJSDPüHQMDNRMHMHXWLFDORLQDQL]WLKQDFLRQDOQLKKLVWRULRJUD¿MDDOLL QDGUXJHGUXãWYHQHQDXNH2QHVHWHãNRRVOREDÿDMXJYR]GHQLK]DJUOMDMDJGMH³PLW LPD PRüQLMX VQDJX RSWXåEL QHJR LVWRULMVND LVWLQD´ 0 (NPHþLü 'XJRYMHþQH VX WHQGHQFLMH X EDONDQVNLP GUåDYDPD ]DSRVWDYOMDQMD QMLKRYH ³LVODPVNH SURãORVWL´ RGQRVQR GD VH R QMRM PDKRP JRYRUL VDPR X QHJDWLYQLP WHUPLQLPD 6XãWLQVND GLPHQ]LMDXRGQRVLPDUD]OLþLWLKHWQLþNLKLYMHUVNLK]DMHGQLFDMHRGQRVMHGQDNRVWL RGQRVQR QHMHGQDNRVWL .UXW L RGERMDQ VWDY X YH]L V SUL]QDYDQMHP HWQRNXOWXUQLK UD]OLND XQXWDU YODVWLWRJ QDFLRQDOQRGUåDYQRJ WHULWRULMD QD WUXVQRP EDONDQVNRP SURVWRUXYRGLRMHGRQDVWRMDQMD]DKRPRJHQL]DFLMRP2QDVXVHNRQNUHWL]LUDODXQL]X 51 1HGRYUãHQLPLU ,]YHãWDM0HÿXQDURGQHNRPLVLMH]D%DONDQ%HRJUDG 8SRU 0 7RGRURYD ,PDJLQDUQL %DONDQ 0 (NPHþLü 5HYROXFLMD L URPDQWL]DP, /HWRSLV 0DWLFHVUSVNHVY1RYL6DG 00D]RZHU%DONDQ .UDWNDSRYLMHVW=DJUHE 53 '7DQDVNRYLü6UELWXUVNRJ]DNRQDLOL7XUFLVUSVNRJMH]LNDX 6HUELDLNRPHQWDUL%HRJUDG ' 6WRMDQRYLü 8 RJOHGDOX ³GUXJLK´,X 1RYRVWL L] SURãORVWL ]QDQMH QH]QDQMH XSRWUHED L ]ORXSRWUHEDLVWRULMH RSãLU.5RW.DNRL]DüLQDNUDMVSURãORãüX,X 6OLNHXJODYDPD2JOHGLR QDURGQRMNXOWXULXMXJRLVWRþQRM(YURSL%HRJUDG ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH UHYL]LMD JUDQLFD SULVOLOQLK DVLPLODFLMD SURWMHULYDQMD RUJDQL]LUDQLK SUHVHOMDYDQMD HWQLþNLK þLãüHQMD L UDWRYD UHVWDXUDFLMD L VWYDUDQMD WDNR]YDQLK ³HWQLþNL þLVWLMLK´ GUåDYQLK]DMHGQLFD55 (WQLþNL LGHQWLWHW QDVWDMH QDVXSURW L X RGQRVX QD QHNH GUXJH HWQLþNH LGHQWLWHWH NDR QMLKRYD VXSURWQRVW L NDR ³VLPEROLþNR RGUHÿHQMH MHGQH ]DMHGQLFH X RGQRVX QD GUXJH´ 3ULSDGQLNRP MHGQRJ QDURGD SRVWDMH VH RSUHGMHOMHQMHP D QH JHQHWLþNLP SRULMHNORP 6RFLRORãND L KLVWRULRJUDIVND LVWUDåLYDQMD VX X GUXJRM SRORYLQL ;; VWROMHüD SRND]DOD GD VX VYH PRGHUQH QDFLMH ªYMHãWDþNH© RGQRVQR GD SULMH )UDQFXVNH UHYROXFLMH QDFLMH QLVX SRVWRMDOH X IRUPL X NRMRM VH GDQDV SRGUD]XPLMHYDMX%H]RE]LUDQDWRDNRMHGQDRGUHÿHQDJUXSDOMXGLNRMHVSDMDMXLVWL MH]LNNXOWXUDUHOLJLMDLJHRJUDIVNLSRORåDMPDGDQHPRUDRYLPUHGRPQLWLVXVYLRYL ªHOHPHQWL©QHRSKRGQLRVMHüDGDSULSDGDMHGQRMQDFLMLRQGDWDQDFLMDSRVWRMLEH] RE]LUDQDNRMLQDþLQLNDGDMHQDVWDOD 3ULURGQRVWQDFLMH³QLMHXSRVHEQRMNUYLQHJR XGXJRYHþQRVWLSURFHVDL]JUDGQMHVYHVWLR]DMHGQLþNRMSULSDGQRVWL´ 0(NPHþLü 8VYDNRPQDFLRQDOQRPLGHQWLWHWXSRVWRMLPQRãWYRQLMDQVLLUD]OLNDNRMHVYDNRRG QMHJRYLK SULSDGQLND QD VYRM QDþLQ RVMHüD L LVND]XMH /MXGL VH QH GH¿QLUDMX VDPR MH]LNRP]DSDåD+ROP=XQGKDXVHQ +ROP6XQGKDXVVHQ ³NROLNRJRGGDMHYDåDQ´ 1L]DXWRUDSRND]XMHGDVHQDFLRQDOQDVYLMHVWIRUPLUDNUR]RGUHÿHQHHWDSH1DURGL VH REOLNXMX L PLMHQMDMX X KLVWRULMVNLP SURFHVLPD 1DURG JOHGDQR X FMHOLQL QLMH VDPRHWQRJUDIVNDL¿ORORãNDNDWHJRULMDYHüLGUåDYQRSUDYQLRGQRVQRWHULWRULMDOQR SROLWLþNL L NXOWXUQRKLVWRULMVNL SRMDP 7HRULMD GD MH HWQRJHQH]D MHGQRJ QDURGD MHGQRNUDWQL þLQ REDYOMHQ MHGQRP ]DXYLMHN SRWSXQR MH QHKLVWRULMVND +HWHURJHQR SRULMHNOR PQRJROMXGQLK UD]YLMHQLK HWQLþNLK ]DMHGQLFD QLMH L]X]HWDN YHü SUDYLOR 0DGDQLMHMHGLQLPLWR$UPLQLMXXRNYLUXQMHPDþNRJQDFLRQDOQRJLGHQWLWHWDMHGDQ MHRGEROMLKSULPMHUDWLSLþQRHYURSVNHLGHQWLWHWVNHPMHãDYLQHXNRMRMVHRGUHÿHQD WHULWRULMD SRYH]XMH VD MHGQLP QDURGRP QMHJRYRP VXGELQRP L QMHJRYLP MH]LNRP 6WDQGDUGL]DFLMD MHGQRJ MH]LND GRYRGL GR VWYDUDQMD MH]LþNH ]DMHGQLFH þLML þODQRYL SUHSR]QDMX RQH NRML QH SULSDGDMX WRM ]DMHGQLFL DOL LVWRGREQR VH L PHÿXVREQR SUHSR]QDMX NDR GLR LVWRJ NROHNWLYD )UDQFX]L VX QDVWDOL VWDSDQMHP NHOWVNRJ LEHUVNRJLJHUPDQVNRJVWDQRYQLãWYD(QJOH]LPLMHãDQMHP.HOWDL*HUPDQDGRNVXX IRUPLUDQMX,WDOLMDQDXþHVWYRYDOL3HOD]JL(WUXUFL.HOWL*UFLLGUXJL=DMHGQLFHNRMH VHQD]LYDMXHWQLþNLPQHPRUDMXGDEXGXL]DMHGQLFHOMXGLLVWRJSRULMHNODSRYH]DQLK NUYQLP VURGVWYRP 0RJX DOL QH PRUDMX ³%LRORãND´ SRYH]DQRVW QLMH NRQVWDQWQR YHüYDULMDELOQRVYRMVWYRHWQRVDSDVHVKRGQRWRPHLQHPRåHXYUVWLWLXQMHJRYH 55 . &XFXOLü 6XVUHW EH] UD]XPLMHYDQMD, 1RYL OLVW 5LMHND RNWREDU RSãLU . ĈRUGDQR 2JOHGLRLQWHUNXOWXUQRMNRPXQLNDFLML%HRJUDG 8SRU'ĈRNLü.ULWLþNRPLãOMHQMHLLVWRULMD5HSXEOLNDEU%HRJUDGVHSWHPEDU 9HRPDVOLNRYLWSULPMHUXORJHMH]LNDXLGHQWL¿FLUDQMXQMHJRYLKJRYRUQLNDMHVWHULMHþÄ1LMHPDF³ X JRWRYR VYLP VODYHQVNLP MH]LFLPD þHãNL QƟPHF KUYDWVNL 1LMHPDF VUSVNL 1HPDF« L VXVMHGQLP QHVODYHQVNLPMH]LFLPDNDRãWRVXUXPXQVNL QHDPĠ LOLPDÿDUVNL QpPHW XNRULMHQXVHQDOD]LSRMDP ÄQLMHP³ÄRQHPRJXüHQRJJRYRUD³WRMHVWQHVSRVREDQGDNRPXQLFLUD±SUHPD +'RUDGR.DGLOMD 8WLFDM GUXãWYHQLK VWUXNWXUD 2WRPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD QD OLQJYLVWLþNL LGHQWLWHW X %RVQL, %DONDQLMD EU %HRJUDG 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û ³RGUHGQLFH´ 1DFLMD QLMH JHQHWVND RUJDQVND YHü KLVWRULMVND NDWHJRULMD ,ODULRQ 5XYDUDFMHUHODWLYL]LUDMXüLVUSVNXHWQLþNXDXWHQWLþQRVWQDYRGLRGD]QDL]YODVWLWRJ LVNXVWYD ³GD MH X QDV 6UED L SRVUEOMHQLK PHÿ QDPD %XJDUD 9ODKD &LQFDUD L $UEDQDVDODNãHLSURELWDþQLMHYHURYDWLLSULPDWLVYHURPVNDVNHLL]PLãOMRWLQH´QHJR QHYMHURYDWL³WHRQGDPRUDWLGRND]LYDWL]DãWRQHWUHEDYHURYDWLXVNDVNHLL]PLãOMHQH SULþHNRMHVXWROLNLR]ELOMQLXþHQLLUD]ERULWLSLVFLSULPLOL]DLVWLQXLJRWRYQRYDF´ ³1DFLMD´ NRMD MH SRVWDOD RVQRYD EDONDQVNLK GUåDYD VKYDüHQD MH XND]XMH .HPDO .DUSDW X RVQRYL NDR YMHUVND ]DMHGQLFD D WHN QDNRQ WRJD NDR VYMHWRYQL HWQROLQJYLVWLþNL HQWLWHW XSUNRV IRUPDOQRJ XYDåDYDQMD RYRJ SRVOMHGQMHJ NRQFHSWD 1HSULMDWHOMVNL UDVSRORåHQH EDONDQVNH QDFLRQDOLVWLþNH HOLWH ELOH VX UDGLNDOQD SULMHWQMD]DPXVOLPDQH*HRSROLWLþNDVLWXDFLMDQD%DONDQXLRNRQMHJDVHPLMHQMDOD DOL QH L QMLKRY PHQWDOLWHW 8 RGUHÿHQLP SHULRGLPD RQH VX UHYLWDOL]LUDOH GXERNH DQWLPXVOLPDQVNHSUHGUDVXGHLVSUHWQLPPDQLSXODFLMDPDLKPXWLUDOHXWUDQVSDUHQWQH DJUHVLYQHSURMHNWH¿]LþNRJLNXOWXUQRJ]DWLUDQMD³+LVWRULMVNLPHQWDOLWHW´SLãH3HWHU 'LQFHOEDKHUMH³DQVDPEOQDþLQDLVDGUåLQDPLãOMHQMDLRVMHüDQMDNRMLRELOMHåDYDQHNL RGUHÿHQLNROHNWLYXQHNRRGUHÿHQRGRED´0HQWDOLWHWVHNDRLLGHQWLWHWIRUPLUDX SURFHVLPD GXJRJ WUDMDQMD WHãNR VH PLMHQMD 0DQLIHVWLUD VH X SRVWXSFLPD 7X VH QD L]YMHVWDQ QDþLQ SRMDYOMXMH L WHUPLQ GUåDQMH NDR SULPDUDQ X RGUHÿHQMX MHGQRJ ³KLVWRULMVNRJ PHQWDOLWHWD´ 7R MH QDWRSOMHQR ]QDQMLPD RþHNLYDQMLPD VWUDKRYLPD YMHURYDQMLPD SRWUHEDPD 3URPMHQD QDYLND L PHQWDOLWHWD QDMWHåD MH L ³QDMGXEOMD UHYROXFLMD X OMXGVNRM KLVWRULML´ 1HPD QDFLRQDOL]PD EH] VWHUHRWLSD R ³GUXJLPD´ SRãWR EH] QMLK QHPD QL VWHUHRWLSD R ³VHEL´ QLWL LQWHUHVQLK PDQLSXODFLMD 6XGELQD PXVOLPDQDQLMHELODRGUHÿHQDVDPRWLPHNDNRVXVHSRQDãDOLLãWDVXPLVOLOLRVHEL YHüLRQLPãWDVX³GUXJL´PLVOLOLRQMLPD2QLQLVX³PLOMHQLFL´EDONDQVNHLHYURSVNH KLVWRULRJUD¿MH0DVVLHQGH&OHUYDO QDNRQERUDYNDX%RVQLSLãH '%DQGLü&DUVWYR]HPDOMVNRLFDUVWYRQHEHVNR RJOHGLRQDURGQRMUHOLJLML%HRJUDG 3UHPD 20LORVDYOMHYLü,]ERULOLQDPHWDQMHWUDGLFLMH5HSXEOLNDEU%HRJUDGPDUW %URMQLVXSULPMHULGDHWQRJHQH]DMHGQRJQDURGDQLMHMHGQRNUDWDQþLQ7DNR]YDQL%XJDULLOL 3URWREXJDUL$VSDUXKRYL%XJDULSULSDGDMXWXUVNRMJUXSLQDURGD'RVHOMDYDMXVHQHJGMHRNRQD %DONDQQDSURVWRUL]PHÿXSODQLQVNLKPDVLYD%DONDQDL'XQDYDXQMHJRYRPGRQMHPWRNXQL]YRGQR RG ĈHUGDSD 1D WRP SURVWRUX YHü ]DWLþX X PHÿXYUHPHQX QDVHOMHQR VODYHQVNR VWDQRYQLãWYR 2G WLKWLKJRGLQD9,,VWROMHüDSDVYHGRSUYHSRORYLQH,;VWROMHüDWUDMDORMHXWDSDQMHQHXSRUHGLYR PDOREURMQLMLK %XJDUD X VODYHQVNX PDVX .DGD VX *UFL SRGLJOL XVWDQDN SURWLY RVPDQVNH XSUDYHWRMHL]D]YDORSRGUãNXLVLPSDWLMHX(YURSL8MHNXYHOLNRJ¿OKHOHQVWYD1LMHPDF-DNRE)LOLS )DOPHUDMHUREMDYLRMHGYRWRPQXNQMLJX,VWRULMD3HORSRQH]DWRNRP6UHGQMHJYLMHND'RND]LYDRMHGD *UFLQMHJRYRJGRED±XVWDQLFLQLVX]DSUDYR*UFL]DNRMHVHL]GDMXGDRQLQHPDMXQLNDNYHYH]HVD 3ODWRQRP$ULVWRWHORPQLVD3HULNORPGDVXRQLMHGQRVWDYQRWROLNRL]PLMHãDQLWRNRPVYRMHSRWRQMH KLVWRULMH L]ORåHQL SUHYDVKRGQR XWLFDMLPD L PLJUDFLML QD JUþNR WOR PHÿX NRMLPD MH QDMYHüH PMHVWR SULGDRVODYHQVNRMWXUVNRMQHãWRNDVQLMHLDOEDQVNRMDXSRUHGRVQMRPW]YIUDQDþNRMWMODWLQVNRM8 WRPNRQJORPHUDWXQDURGDSR)DOPHUDMHUXJUþNLHWQRVVHL]JXELRSDMHELOREHVPLVOHQRSR]LYDWLVH QDWUDGLFLMHNODVLþQHJUþNHNXOWXUHVNRMRP*UFL;,;VWROMHüDQLVXLPDOLYH]H7DNYDWH]HGRYHODMH QMHJRYRGMHORX*UþNRMWUDMQRQDW]YLQGH[SURVNULELUDQLKNQMLJD3RWNDQMHJRYHSUHWHUDQHLGHMHSLãH ,YDQĈXULüELODMHWDþQD ýLQMHQLFDMHGDVXVH*UFLWRNRPVYRMHLVWRULMHPHãDOLVDGUXJLPQDURGLPD ±SUHPD ,ĈXULü9ODVWRSR]LFLMDDOWHUQDWLYD ='DNRYLü(YURSVNLPHQWDOLWHWL, 3ROLWLND%HRJUDGPDM 50 ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH R%RãQMDFLPDGDMH³YHOLNDQHVUHüDRYRJGLMHODVODYHQVNHUDVHGDMHQHSR]QDWLOLGD MHEDUMHGLQRSR]QDWSUHNRL]YMHãWDMDVYRMLKQHSULMDWHOMD´ 0XVOLPDQLVXVDWDQL]LUDQLSUHPDVKHPLPLWVNHNRQIURQWDFLMHDQWDJRQL]PD GREUD L ]OD 1DVLOMH MH QDNRQ GHPRQL]DFLMH L]JOHGDOR NDR QRUPDOQD SRMDYD 6YHREXKYDWQD HWQLþNRYMHUVND þLãüHQMD L SURJRQL PXVOLPDQD QLVX SRVOMHGLFH YHü SULPDUQL FLOMHYL UDWRYD 'UDPDWLþQD ]ELYDQMD L GLQDPL]LUDQL GHRVPDQL]DFLMVNL WRNRYL SURJRQL PXVOLPDQD NDR L SUDWHüD WHULWRULMDOQD UD]JUDQLþHQMD L]PLMHQLOL VX YMHUVNX L HWQLþNX VOLNX %DONDQD 1DSRUL KULãüDQVNLK QDURGD ND RVDPRVWDOMLYDQMX SUDüHQL SURJRQLPD PXVOLPDQD QH EL ELOL GRYROMQL EH]SRPRüLYHOLNLKVLODSULMHVYHJD5XVLMH5XVNRRVPDQVNLUDWX]XþHãüH EDONDQVNLK KULãüDQVNLK VDYH]QLND GRYHR MH GR PDVRYQRJ SURJRQD PXVOLPDQD VD %DONDQD Ä9HOLND LVWRþQD NUL]D³ ELOD MH ODERUDWRULM JGMH MH VYMHWVND GLSORPDWLMDRSUREDODUHFHSWHREMHORGDQMHQHVYLMHWXX%HþX1D%HUOLQVNRP NRQJUHVX ³,VWRþQR SLWDQMH´ ³QDGPHWDQMH RNR SRGHOH RVPDQOLMVNH WHULWRULMDOQH EDãWLQH´ UHYL]LMRP SUHOLPLQDUQLK RGUHGDED 6DQVWHIDQVNRJ XJRYRUD WULMXPID UXVNH SROLWLNH L SDQVODYL]PD QD %DONDQX L HNODWDQWQRJ L]UD]D UXVNH VODYHQR¿OVNH NRQFHSFLMH UMHãDYDQMD ³,VWRþQRJ SLWDQMD´ QDNRQ WHãNRJ RVPDQVNRJ YRMQRJSRUD]DUHJXOLUDQRMHL]YMHVQLPXUDYQRWHåHQMHPLQWHUHVDHYURSVNLKVLODQD %DONDQX%HUOLQVNLNRQJUHVMHELRNODVLþQLPRGHOGLREHLQWHUHVQLKVIHUD2VQDåLR MHGLSORPDWVNLPRGDOLWHWVSRUD]XPLMHYDQMDYHOHVLOD8%HUOLQXMHL]YUãHQDGR WDGD QDMYHüD GLRED WHULWRULMD 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD 1HNDGD MHGLQVWYHQL JHRJUDIVNL UHJLRQ5XPHOLMHLOL³RVPDQVNH(YURSH´SRGLMHOMHQMHNUDMHP;,;LSRþHWNRP;; VWROMHüD QD QHNROLNR VLWQLK PHÿXVREQR QHSRYMHUOMLYLK GUåDYD (WQLþND L YMHUVND 0GH&OHUYDO 3XWRYDQMHX%RVQX)RUXP%RVQDHEU6DUDMHYR 7RNRP.ULPVNRJUDWD NDRLQDNRQQMHJRYRJRNRQþDQMDWUDMDRMH YHOLNL WDODVLVHOMDYDQMD7DWDUDVD.ULPDX2VPDQVNRFDUVWYR3RUWDMHL]GDOD]DNRQNRMLMHSRURGLFDPD PXKDGåLUDREHüDYDR]HPOMXRVOREDÿDQMHRGSRUH]DLVOXåHQMHYRMQRJURNDRGãHVWGRGYDQDHVWJRGLQD X RYLVQRVWL RG PMHVWD QDVHOMDYDQMD 8 SHULRGX HPLJULUDOR MH RNR 7DWDUD 3RUWD MH X RNYLUX 0LQLVWDUVWYD WUJRYLQH RVQRYDOD SRVHEQR RGMHOMHQMH ± .RPLVLMX ]D PXKDGåLUH VD ]DGDWNRPGDVHVWDUDRQDVHOMDYDQMX7DWDUD9HüLPLJUDFLRQLSURFHVLVXãH]GHVHWLKJRGLQDQDVWDYOMHQL QDVHOMDYDQMHPýHUNH]DSURWMHUDQLKVD.DYND]DNDRLQHãWRNDVQLMHPXVOLPDQDVD%DONDQD0XVOLPDQL L] L]JXEOMHQLK RVPDQVNLK SURYLQFLMD PDVRYQR VX VH NUHWDOL SUHPD FHQWUX RVPDQVNH GUåDYHþLMDMHSULYODþQRVWLYDåQRVWUDVODXSURSRUFLMLVDVODERãüXSHULIHULMHVOMHGXMXüL³QHSR]QDWLP RGUHGEDPDVXGELQH7RMHSUHG3RUWXNRMDMHQD¿QDQVLMVNRPSODQXYHüELODQDL]GLVDMXSRVWDYLOR NUXSDQ SUREOHP QMLKRYRJ SULKYDWDQMD ± RSãLU 0 -DJRGLü 1DVHOMDYDQMH .QHåHYLQH 6UELMH 1880, %HRJUDG RSãLU 6 %DQGåRYLü 0XKDGåLUVNL SRNUHWL X VSLVLPD L VYMHGRþHQMLPD VDYUHPHQLNDWRNRP;,;L;;VWROMHüD=ERUQLN6MHQLFHEU6MHQLFD 9 ûRURYLü 6WYDUDQMH QH]DYLVQLK GUåDYD QD %DONDQX X .QMLJD R %DONDQX , %HRJUDG 0 (NPHþLü 6SROMQL IDNWRU X SURFHVX VD]ULMHYDQMD EDONDQVNLK UHYROXFLMD JRGLQH, -XJRVORYHQVNLLVWRULMVNLþDVRSLVEU%HRJUDG 0 ,PDPRYLü %HUOLQVNL NRQJUHV L MXåQRVODYHQVNL SURVWRU, 3UHJOHG EU 6DUDMHYR $ 0LWURYLü =QDþDM ,VWRþQH NUL]H ]D LVWRULMX EDONDQVNLK QDURGD 0DUNVLVWLþND misaoEU%HRJUDG 07RGRURYD,PDJLQDUQL%DONDQ%HRJUDG 0(NPHþLü .DUDNWHULVWLNH%HUOLQVNRJNRQJUHVDJRGLQH, 3ULOR]LEU6DUDMHYR ,VWL2JOHGL L]LVWRULMH%HRJUDG 15DQÿHORYLü,VWRþQRSLWDQMHLQMHJRYHUHÀHNVLMHQDGUåDYQRSUDYQH SURFHVH QD %DONDQX, =ERUQLN UDGRYD 3UDYQRJ IDNXOWHWD EU 6SOLW , âDERWLü $JUDUQHSULOLNHX%RVDQVNRPHMDOHWX 7X]OD 51 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û KRPRJHQL]LUDQRVW SRVWRVPDQVNLK QHPXVOLPDQVNLK GUåDYD SRVWLJQXWD MH SXWHP ]QDWQRJ SURJRQD UD]QRURGQRJ PXVOLPDQVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD %HUOLQVNL NRQJUHV MH ³SRPRJDR´ GD VH NRGL¿FLUD L SULPMHQL SULQFLS ³PRQRHWQLþNRJ´ VXYHUHQLWHWD LHWQLFLWHWDXVYRMRMQDNDQLGDNUHLUDKRPRJHQHQDFLRQDOQHGUåDYH1RYLSULQFLSL HWQLþNRJ VXYHUHQLWHWD L XVSRVWDYH QDFLRQDOQLK GUåDYD LPDOL VX ]D UH]XOWDW ³QRYX FMHORYLWXVWUDWHJLMXHWQLþNRJLUHOLJLMVNRJþLãüHQMD´7RMHLPDORGXJRURþQRWUDJLþQH SRVOMHGLFH1DNRQRQRãWRMHMRãSUHRVWDORRGRVPDQVNH(YURSHELODMH³WUDND ]HPOMH´ UDVWHJQXWD RG -DGUDQVNRJ GR &UQRJ PRUD L]D]RYQD ]D QRYD RVYDMDQMD L NRPDGDQMD RG UDWRERUQLK VXVMHGQLK GUåDYD 8 QDPMHUL GD GRNDåX VYRMH ]DKWMHYH EDONDQVNH GUåDYH VX RG ³,VWRþQRJ SLWDQMD´ QDSUDYLOH GHPRJUDIVNL SUREOHP. 1DFLRQDOL]DP MH ³GRNLGDR ãDQVH UD]OLþLWLK QDFLRQDOQRVWL GD LNDGD åLYH PLUQR X MHGQRM GUåDYL´ %DONDQVNH QDFLMH IRUPLUDQH VX X SURFHVX UD]DUDQMD RVPDQVNRJ SROLWLþNRJSRUHWNDQMHJRYRJVRFLMDOQRJLNXOWXUQRJQDVOMHÿDSULþHPXMHVYDNDNR ELR SULPDUDQ ³SRSXODFLMVNL DVSHNW´ QHSR]QDW ]DSDGQRHYURSVNRP PRGHUQRP LVNXVWYX7DVSHFL¿þQRVWMXJRLVWRþQH(YURSHVDVWRMDODVHXQHPRJXüQRVWLQDFLRQDOQH LQWHJUDFLMHRQLKGLMHORYDVWDQRYQLãWYDNRMHVHLGHQWL¿FLUDORLELORLGHQWL¿FLUDQRVD RVPDQVNLPUHåLPRP]ERJYMHUVNHSULSDGQRVWL0QRJLYUãLWHOMLSURFMHQDEDONDQVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD L XþHVQLFL X ³UDWX VWDWLVWLND´ ELOL VX LQ¿FLUDQL UDVL]PRP (YURSVNL SURUDþXQL R VWDQRYQLãWYX ³RVPDQVNH (YURSH´ VX QHELWQL NDR SURFMHQD EURMD VWDQRYQLND 7R MH ³GMHOLPLþQR SRVOMHGLFD SUHGUDVXGD NRMH VX (YURSOMDQL XQLMHOL X VYRMH DQDOL]H´ 2QL QLVX NRQ]XOWLUDOL SULPDUQH SRSXODFLRQH L]YRUH RVPDQVNH (YURSHRVPDQVNXGUåDYQXVWDWLVWLNXQHXYDåDYDMXüLWHPHOMQLSULQFLSGHPRJUD¿MH GD VDPR RQL NRML EURMH VWDQRYQLãWYR PRJX VWYDUQR ]QDWL VWYDUQH SRGDWNH 2VPDQOLMH VX MHGLQL SRSLVLYDOL VWDQRYQLãWYR &DUVWYD 5HOLJLMD MH X RVPDQVNRM GUåDYL ELOH VWYDU VDPRLGHQWL¿NDFLMH D RQD MHGLQL VWYDUQL NULWHULM ]D ³QDURGQRVW´ %DONDQVNL QDFLRQDOLVWL ELOL VX QHULMHWNR NODVLþQL UDVLVWL XYMHUHQL GD VX ³QDURG´ LOL ³QDFLMD´ RGUHÿHQL NUYOMX LOL QDURGQLP RELOMHåMLPD GXãH 6YDNR MH SUHWSRVWDYOMDR GD MH VWDQRYQLãWYR ³RVPDQVNH (YURSH´ XSUNRV ³]DãWLWQLP ERMDPD´ EDã QMHJRYH QDFLRQDOQRVWL 5DVLVWLþND YMHURYDQMD VX SRUD]QD ]D UDþXQDQMH VWDQRYQLãWYD Za UD]OLNX RG HYURSVNLK KULãüDQVNLK DSRORJHWD 2VPDQLOLMH QLVX NRULVWLOH ³UDVQH´ NULWHULMHXSRSLVLPDVWDQRYQLãWYD ).DUþLü.UR]SUL]PXKLVWRULMH3UHVWDQDNRVPDQVNHYODVWLX-XJRLVWRþQRM(YURSLSUHPD .DUþLüX ]DSUDYR MH VHULMD NUYDYLK VXNRED PDVRYQRJ VWUDGDQMD L NRUMHQLWLK SURPMHQD GUXãWYHQH VWUXNWXUHQDSRGUXþMXRYRJUHJLRQD 0XVOLPDQVNRVWDQRYQLãWYRMXJRLVWRþQH(YURSHNRMHMHSRþHWNRP YLMHNDQDSURVWRUXRG-DGUDQDGR&UQRJPRUDþLQLORYHüLQXVWRWLQXJRGLQDNDVQLMHVYHGHQRMHQD ]DQHPDULYXPDQMLQX - 0F&DUWK\ 6WDQRYQLãWYR RVPDQOLMVNH (YURSH SULMH L SRVOLMH SDGD &DUVWYD X 0XVOLPDQL %DONDQD ,VWRþQRSLWDQMHX;;YLMHNX6DUDMHYR -0F&DUWK\]DSDåD .DGDEUDQLODFMHGQHLOLGUXJHEDONDQVNHQDFLMHSURFMHQMXMHEURMSULSDGQLND VYRMHQDFLMHRQXWRþHVWRXNOMXþXMHVYHRQHNRMLSRVMHGXMX]DKWMHYDQLWLSGXãH1DWRQHPDXWLFDMD þLQMHQLFDGDWHRVREHQHJRYRUHQMHJRYMH]LNSULSDGDMXGUXJRMUHOLJLMLLOLVXVHþDN]DNOHOLGDVHERUH SURWLYQMHJDLQMHJRYLKLVWRQDURGQLNDGRVPUWL2QLVX%XJDUL LOL*UFLLOL6UEL YROMHOLWRLOLQH3ULURGQL ]DNOMXþDNMHELRGDVYLWLOMXGLSULSDGDMXLVWRMGUåDYLXNRMRMVHQDOD]HQMLKRYDUDVQDEUDüD±SUHPD - 0F&DUWK\6WDQRYQLãWYRRVPDQOLMVNH(YURSHSULMHLSRVOLMHSDGD&DUVWYD ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH 8 L]YRULPD ;,; VWROMHüD RGQRV L]PHÿX QRYRVWYRUHQLK EDONDQVNLK GUåDYD LPXVOLPDQDMHORãHLOLMHGQRVWUDQRGRNXPHQWLUDQ8GRNXPHQWDFLMLåXUQDOLVWLþNRJ WLSDGRPLQLUDRMHQHJDWLYDQVWHUHRWLSRPXVOLPDQLPDDRQDMHSUHüXWNLYDODQDVLOMD QDG PXVOLPDQLPD NRMD VX SUDWLOD HNVSOR]LMX L WRN ERUEH ]D QHRYLVQRVW 1LNR VH QLMH SUHYLãH EULQXR X (YURSL ]ERJ VXGELQH PXVOLPDQD VD %DONDQD 1D HYURSVNX QDNORQRVW QLVX PRJOL UDþXQDWL L] MHGQRVWDYQRJ UD]ORJD QLVX ELOL KULãüDQL 6YH åUWYH QLVX ELOH MHGQDNH X VYRMLP VWUDGDQMLPD 2 RQLPD NRMH VX GRåLYOMHQH NDR ]ORQLMHVHPLVOLORQLWLJRYRULOR ,DNRMH]DSDGQLVYLMHWGXJRSRND]LYDREULJX]D SRORåDMKULãüDQDX2VPDQVNRPFDUVWYXVDPRVHQH]QDWDQGLRLQWHUHVLUDR]DIDWXP EDONDQVNLKPXVOLPDQD=ERJWHQHEULJHMHGQDRGQDMYHüLKGHPRJUDIVNLKNDWDVWURID QLNDGD QLMH RWNULYHQD %LOR MH MHGQRVWDYQLMH QDSLVDWL GD MH ³WXUVNR VWDQRYQLãWYR VORåLORVYRMHãDWRUHNDRãWRWRUDGH$UDSLLMHGQDNRWLKRRWLãOR´%URMQLKLVWRULþDUL LVDPLSRGSVLKR]RPXVWDOMHQLKPDWULFDRYLãHVWROMHWQRPPUDNXSRG2VPDQOLMDPD ³ERUEHNUVWDSURWLYQHNUVWD´NDRLSROLWLNHQHSUHYD]LÿHQRJQDFLRQDOL]PDWXPDþLOL VX L RSUDYGDYDOL SURFHV QHVWDQND PXVOLPDQD NDR SRWSXQR ORJLþQX SRMDYX 7DNYL QDXþQLFL VX ]DPMHQMXüL XORJH åUWYH L SRþLQLRFD X] SUXåDQMH LPSOLFLWQRJ RSUDYGDYDQMD]DVYHãWRMHVQDãORPXVOLPDQHGRSULQRVLOLGHOHJLWLPL]LUDQMXLVDPH HJ]LVWHQFLMH PXVOLPDQD NDR ]DMHGQLFH WH LK GHKXPDQL]LUDMXüL GHOHJLWLPLUDOL WDNRÿHU NDR OMXGVND ELüD $QWLPXVOLPDQVNH WHQGHQFLMH VX GLR ³VYLK PRGHUQLK LGHRORJLMD´3ROLWLNDLLGHRORJLMDQHPDMXRELþDMGDVWYDUQRVWSUHGVWDYOMDMX³RQDNYRP NDNYDRQDXLVWLQXLOLSULEOLåQRMHVWHYHüRQDNYRPNDNYDQMLPDRGJRYDUDLNDNYDEL åHOMHOLGDEXGH´7]Y³SRãWHQD´QDFLRQDOQDKLVWRULMDSUHWSRVWDYOMDVSRVREQRVWGDVH ³]DERUDYL´VYHãWRMRMQHLGHXSULORJ6XãWLQDPRUDODMHXQMHJRYRMXQLYHU]DOQRVWL 3UREOHPDWLþQRMHLQWHUHVQRXYDåDYDQMHDUJXPHQDWDVDPRMHGQHVWUDQHLJQRULUDQMH VXSURWQLK WXPDþHQMD ,GHMD R MHGQRM LVWLQL RVQRYD MH DXWRULWDUQRJ PLãOMHQMD L WRWDOLWDUL]PD 7UDGLFLRQDOQD KLVWRULMD %DONDQD MH X RVQRYL KLVWRULMD RVPDQVNLK PDQMLQDGDWDL]YDQQMLKRYRJNRQWHNVWDNRJDþLQL]DSUDYRYHüLQVNRPXVOLPDQVNR VWDQRYQLãWYRWRNRPRVPDQVNHXSUDYH3RVWRVPDQVNLRGQRVSUHPDPXVOLPDQLPD LVNOMXþLYDR MH WROHUDQFLMX L UDYQRSUDYQRVW 9LROHQWQL QDFLRQDOL]DP ³YHüLQH´ VXSURWVWDYOMDR VH VYDNRP GUXJRP SROLWLþNRP LOL HWQLþNRQDFLRQDOQRP PRGHOX XQXWDU QRYRQDVWDOLK EDONDQVNLK GUåDYD NRML EL PRJDR XJUR]LWL QMHJRYX HNVNOX]LYQRVWLSRWSXQXSRVHVLYQRVW5DWRYLXNRMHP³RVORERÿHQMH´MHGQRJQDURGD UH]XOWLUDHOLPLQLUDQMHPGUXJLKQDURGDQHPRJXLPDWLRVORERGLODþNLVPLVDRSRUHG VYLK PLWRORãNLK PDJOL L ³SREMHGQLþNLK LVWLQD´ NRMH SUHQHEUHJDYDMX þLQMHQLFH 0'RJR%DONDQVNHQDFLRQDOQHGUåDYHLSLWDQMHPXVOLPDQD*RGLãQMDN]DGUXãWYHQXLVWRULMXEU %HRJUDG 8SRU%-H]HUQLN=HPOMDXNRMRMMHVYHQDRSDNR 3ULOR]L]DHWQRORJLMX%DONDQD 63DYORYLü ,VWRULMD%DONDQD '6WRMDQRYLü,VWRULþDULQLVXVXGLMH, +HOVLQãNDSRYHOMDEU %HRJUDGQRYHPEDUGHFHPEDU /3HURYLü-HGQDSUHYUDWQLþNDNQMLJD+HOVLQãNDSRYHOMDEU %HRJUDGPDMMXQL ).DUþLü1HLVSULþDQDSULþD VPUWLSURJRQVWYRRVPDQOLMVNLKPXVOLPDQD3UHSRURGEU 6DUDMHYRVHSWHPEDU 53 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û RGEDFXMXüL VYH RQR ãWR PRåH QDUXãLWL LGHDOL]LUDQX VOLNX SURãORVWL NRMRM VH WHåL RVLJXUDWLXLPH³YLãLKFLOMHYD´VWYDUQRVWLQHRSKRGQLOHJLWLPLWHW7UHEDVHVXRþLWL VDND]LYDQMLPDåUWYHEH]RE]LUDQDRQX/LVDQGURYXPXGUROLMXGDXUDVSUDYLRNR PrÿD QDMLVSUDYQLMH SURVXÿXMH RQDM X þLMLP MH UXNDPD PDþ7ULMXPI SREMHGH UDÿD VDPR]DGRYROMVWYR +LVWRULMX SLãX SREMHGQLFL DOL GXEOMH UD]XPMHYDQMH L]QRVL 0LUMDQD *URVV ³QXGH SRUDåHQL´ .RG L]YUãLWHOMD SURJRQD SRVWRML SRWUHED GD WR QHGMHOR VYHGX X ³SRGQRãOMLYH´ QXPHULþNH JUDQLFH .XOWXUH SRULFDQMD SRGVWLþX GUXãWYHQR åPXUHQMH QHLVWUDåLYDQMH ]ORþLQD L QMLKRYR QRUPDOL]LUDQMH )HQRPHQ XQLãWDYDQMD QDVOMHÿD GUXJLK QDURGD LOL YMHUD SRNRSDQ MH QHJGMH X ³GXELQDPD KLVWRULMHLOMXGVNHSVLKH´JRYRULQHVDPRRQHVLJXUQRVWLRQRJNRXQLãWDYDYHüLR ³QMHJRYRMSDWRORJLMLQMHJRYRMGHPHQWQRMSRWUHELGDXQLãWLVYHRNRVHEH´2NR PLOLRQD HYLGHQWLUDQLK PXKDGåLUD QDSXVWLOR MH %DONDQ QH X]LPDMXüL X RE]LU]QDWDQEURMRQLKNRMLVXLOHJDOQRSUHãOLRVPDQVNHJUDQLFH3VLKRORãNHWUDXPH UDWRYD ELOH VX QD SUHRVWDORM RVPDQVNRM WHULWRULML GXJRWUDMQH QRVLOH VX LK SRVHEQR PXKDGåLUL (YURSVNH VLOH VX VH IRUPDOQR XåDVDYDOH ]ORþLQD QDG PXVOLPDQLPD DOL VX UHGRYQR OHJDOL]LUDOH WHULWRULMDOQD RVYDMDQMD L UH]XOWDWH HWQLþNLK L YMHUVNLK SURJRQD 0XVOLPDQVNLP QDURGLPD QD %DONDQX QLVX RWYRULOH PRJXüQRVW GUåDYH YHü VDPR YMHUVNH RSVWRMQRVWL 1MLKRYL ]DKWMHYL ]D VDPRRGUHÿHQMHP GRþHNLYDQL VXVDUH]HUYRP0LORUDG(NPHþLüQDYRGLNDNRMH³VYHWVNDQDXND´GDYQRL]JUDGLOD VWDQRYLãWH GD MH GR SURJRQD PXVOLPDQD VD HYURSVNRJ WHULWRULMD X VYLP UDWRYLPD NRMHMH2VPDQVNRFDUVWYRGRJXELORGROD]LOR]ERJQHSRVWRMDQMDRGUHGEHX PHÿXQDURGQRPSUDYXGDVH³PXVOLPDQVNDPDQMLQDXRVORERÿHQRPWHULWRULMX´PRUD ]DãWLWLWL8VSRVWDYOMHQLVLVWHP]DãWLWHPDQMLQDELRMHQHSULNODGDQQLMHSRVMHGRYDR QDG]RUQHPHKDQL]PH]DNRQWUROXSULPMHQHSUHX]HWLKREDYH]D0HÿXQDURGQD]DãWLWD PDQMLQDGR QLMH]QDþLODRSãWXXVWDQRYXYHüLQGLYLGXDOQHVOXþDMHYHSURLVWHNOH L]QDVWDQNDQRYLKGUåDYDRGQRVQRWHULWRULMDOQRJSUHNRPSRQLUDQMD (.DULü%RVDQVNHPXVOLPDQVNHUDVSUDYH]DLSURWLYREQRYHLUHIRUPHX;;VWROMHüX%HKDULVWDQ EU6DUDMHYR 0(NPHþLü2SDåDQMHR6UELPDXWXUVNRPþDVRSLVX³3HUFHSWLRQV´]DIHEUXDU, 5DGRYLEU %DQMD/XND%HþNLNRQJUHVMHSRQMHJRYRPVXGXWRSUDYGDR³SULURGRPLVODPVNLK UDWRYD´2QLVHSRUD]QLPRGUHGEDPDQH]DYUãDYDMXPLURPQHJRVDPRSULPLUMHP6YL]DUREOMHQLFL XNROLNRNDRPXVOLPDQLåHOHRVWDWLQD³RVORERÿHQRMVWUDQL´PRUDMXSURPLMHQLWLYMHUXNDRLKULãüDQLQD ³WXUVNRMVWUDQL´3R³WUDGLFLMLNRMXMHSUHNLQXRWHN%HUOLQVNLNRQJUHV´±SLãHRYDMKLVWRULþDU ³NDG VXOWDQJXELGHORYHHYURSVNRJ]HPOMLãWDPXVOLPDQVNDPDQMLQDVHPHÿXQDURGQRSUDYQRQHSUL]QDMH´ ±QDYSUHPD 0(NPHþLü6USVNLQDURGXERUEL]DQH]DYLVQXGUåDYX1,1EUVSHFGRGDWDN %HRJUDGIHEUXDU7XPDþHüL³YRÿHQMHQDSRUD´VUSVNHYODGHQDQRYRRVYRMHQLP WHULWRULMDPD³GDSRNUHQHPXVOLPDQVNRVWDQRYQLãWYR´(NPHþLüQDYRGLGDMHGRYODGDORSUDYLOR X GRWDGDãQMLP UDWRYLPD GD PXVOLPDQL QHPDMX ãWD GD þHNDMX NDG GRÿX YRMVNH KULãüDQVNLK GUåDYD RSãLU0(NPHþLü,VWRULRJUD¿MD³VDPRSRRJUWDþX´,X 2GJRYRUQDNQMLJX1RHOD0DONROPD .RVRYR .UDWNDLVWRULMD%HRJUDG0LORã-DJRGLüSLãHGDMHQD³HPLJUDFLMXPXVOLPDQD´³XWLFDOD LQMLKRYDåHOMDGDQHåLYHXKULãüDQVNLPGUåDYDPDXNRMLPDELELOLMHGQDNLVDKULãüDQLPDLOLGDQH VOXåH X YRMVNDPD NRMH VX VH RSHW ODNR PRJOH GD QDÿX X UDWX SURWLY7XUVNH´ SUHPD 0 -DJRGLü .RORQL]DFLRQL SURFHVL X HYURSVNRM 7XUVNRM LK L LK JRGLQD YHND L .QHåHYLQD 6UELMD X ɂɦɩɟɪɢɢɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɏȱɏ±ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨɧɚɏɏɜɟɤ ɋɨɮɢɹ 8SRU 9 'HJDQ =DãWLWD PDQMLQD QD %DONDQX SXWHP PHÿXQDURGQLK XJRYRUD 3UHJOHG EU 6DUDMHYRRNWREDU 0%DUWRã0HÿXQDURGQRMDYQRSUDYR,%HRJUDG ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH 3LWDQMDHPLJUDFLMH]DMHGQLþNRMH]DVYHPXVOLPDQVNH]DMHGQLFHQDSHULIHULML PXVOLPDQVNRJ VYLMHWD X ;,; VWROMHüX (YURSVND NRORQLMDOQD HNVSDQ]LMD XQLMHOD MH QRYX GLPHQ]LMX X RGQRV L]PHÿX LVODPD L GUåDYD ]D EURMQH PXVOLPDQVNH QDURGH 0XVOLPDQL%DONDQD.DYND]D/LEDQD,QGLMH1LJHULMHL7UDQVYDODWUDåLOLVXIHWYHR åLYRWXXQHPXVOLPDQVNRMVUHGLQL.UDMHP;,;LSRþHWNRP;;VWROMHüDPXVOLPDQL QD%DONDQXRVMHüDOLVXVH³RVWDYOMHQLPLRSNROMHQLP´7HUPLQ³(YURSD´XVWDOMXMH VH NRG %RãQMDND QDNRQ DXVWURXJDUVNH RNXSDFLMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NDGD MH RYD RVPDQVND SRNUDMLQD L] RNYLUD ³RVPDQVNH (YURSH´ SUHãOD X NRQWHNVW ³FHQWUDOQH(YURSH´5XVNLSUHGVWDYQLNMHMRãQD%HUOLQVNRPNRQJUHVXND]DRGD MH DXVWURXJDUVNL XOD]DN X %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX QD RVQRYX GRELMHQRJ PDQGDWD ]DSUDYR ©ɨɤɤɭɩɚɰɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɨɤɚª .RG %RãQMDND MH SLãH 0XKVLQ 5L]YLü SHULRG ELR ³YULMHPH PXND´ NDNR WDGD RQL QLVX QDSLVDOL QHNX ULVDOXNQMLJXNRMDMHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLGDWLUDQD]DWHþHWLULJRGLQH%LORMHWR GRLVWD³GLVNXUVãXWQMH´LOL³GLVNXUVãXWQMRP´PDNROLNRWRELORSURWLYUMHþQR2G LVODPVNXGLVNXUVVHVYRGLRNRGQL]DDXWRUDQDGLOHPXRWLüL KLGåUD QDVSUDP GLVNXUVDRVWDWL YDWDQ 5D]QLREOLFLGLVNULPLQDFLMHVDPRVXSRMDþDYDOLWHGLOHPH 6YH GR X VOXåEHQRM XSRWUHEL ]D %RãQMDNH ELOL VX QD]LYL ³PXKDPHGDQDF´ ³PXKDPHGRYDF´ RGQRVQR ³PRKDPHGRYDF´ 7DGD MH =HPDOMVND YODGD QDUHGLOD GD X XSRWUHEL ]D QMLK EXGH VDPR QD]LY ³PXVOLPDQ´ 3URFHV PRGHUQL]LUDQMD L ³HYURSHL]LUDQMD´ %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH RGYLMDR VH SRG VQDåQRP GR]RP SULVLOH 2QD MH SRVWDOD ³EMHOþHY WHUHW´ $XVWURXJDUVNL SURMHNDW PRGHUQL]DFLMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ]DVQLYDR VH QD HYURSVNRM NXOWXUL L SUDNVL NDR VYRP GRPLQDQWQRP UHIHUHQWQRP RNYLUX ,PDR MH QL] VOLþQRVWL VD LVNXVWYLPD GUXJLK PXVOLPDQVNLK 0 6WRMNRYLü ,VWRULMVNL UD]YRM ]DãWLWH PDQMLQD L VDYUHPHQD PHÿXQDURGQD DNWXHOQRVW PDQMLQVNRJ SLWDQMDXEDONDQVNLPRGQRVLPD,X 3RORåDMPDQMLQDX6DYH]QRM5HSXEOLFL-XJRVODYLML%HRJUDG ) .DUþLü âHULMDWVNR SUDYRUHIRUPL]DP L L]D]RYL +UHVWRPDWLMD WHNVWRYD L HVHMD SULUHÿLYDþ HL]GDQMD ERVQDPXVOLPPHGLDFRP6DUDMHYR 8SRUȿɄȼɹɡɟɦɫɤɚɹɉȺɂɫɤɟɧɞɟɪɨɜȺȼɄɚɪɚɫɟɜȻɨɫɧɢɹɢȽɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚɜ±ɟ ɝɨɞɵ;,;ɜɟɤɚX ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹȻɚɥɤɚɧ ɋɭɞɶɛɨɧɨɫɧɨɟɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ±ɝɝ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ).DUþLü3UDYQRKLVWRULMVNHVWXGLMH6DUDMHYR 8SRUȿɄȼɹɡɟɦɫɤɚɹȻɨɫɧɢɹɢȽɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɢɯɦɟɫɬɨɢɪɨɥɶɜɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ;; ɜɟɤɚ,X ȼ ³ɩɨɪɨɯɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ´ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȿ Ʉ ȼɹɡɟɦɫɤɚɹɉȺɂɫɤɟɧɞɟɪɨɜȺȼɄɚɪɚɫɟɜȻɨɫɧɢɹɢȽɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚɜ±ɟɝɨɞɵ;,;ɜɟɤɚ,X ɋɭɞɶɛɨɧɨɫɧɨɟɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ±ɝɝ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ (.DULü9LGRYLLVODPVNRJGLVNXUVDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLRGGUXJHSRORYLQH;,;VWROMHüDGR GDQDV±KLVWRULMVNLSUHJOHGX ,VODPVNLGLVNXUVX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL6DUDMHYR 2 ³QDFLRQDOL]LUDQMX´ 0XVOLPDQD JRGLQD D¿UPLUDQMD L QHJLUDQMD QDFLRQDOQRJ LGHQWLWHWD 0XVOLPDQDSULUHG$,VDNRYLü=DJUHE 5XVNLGLSORPDWVNLSUHGVWDYQLFLVXWDNRÿHUXRþLOL NDNRVXQRYHRNXSDFLRQHYODVWLQDNRQQDSUDYLOHQL]JUHãDNDSUHPDPXVOLPDQLPD7RMHELRSULMH VYHJDUD]PMHãWDMYRMQLNDSRNXüDPDSUHWYDUDQMHGåDPLMDXPDJDFLQHLQMLKRYRVNUQDYOMHQMHXQRãHQMHP YLQD DONRKROQLK SLüD L VYLQMHWLQH QHSUDYLODQ UD]UH] JUDGVNLK SRUH]D SRYUHPHQR QHSULPMHUHQR SRQDãDQMH R¿FLUD L þLQRYQLND SUHPD SUDYLPD L OMXGVNRP GRVWRMDQVWYX L NRQDþQR QHXVSMHãQH PMHUH UHåLPDQDVUHÿLYDQMXRSãWHJVWDQMDX]HPOML RSãLU,7HSLü8VSRVWDYOMDQMHDXVWURXJDUVNHRNXSDFLRQH YODVWLX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLXL]YMHãWDMLPDUXVNRJNRQ]XODWDX6DUDMHYX 3ULOR]LEU 6DUDMHYR 55 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û QDURGD SRG NRORQLMDOQRP XSUDYRP PRGHUQL]DFLMD MH QDVWXSLOD QDNRQ YRMQRJ RVYDMDQMD RNXSDFLRQD YODVW MH SUHGVWDYOMDOD VYRM FLOM NDR ³NXOWXUQX PLVLMX´ D RSUDYGDQMH SURMHNWD MH YUãHQR SR]LYDQMHP QD WHRULMX ³GYRVWUXNRJ LGHQWLWHWD´ SR NRMRMNRORQLMDOQDYODVWLPDSUDYRGDYUãHQMH³NXOWXUQHPLVLMH´QDSODWLNRULãüHQMHP SULYUHGQLK UHVXUVD ]HPOMH NRMRP XSUDYOMD (PLJUDFLMD %RãQMDND X 2VPDQVNR FDUVWYR SD SRWRP X 7XUVNX QDURþLWR X ;,; L ;; VWROMHüX NDR VDVWDYQL GLR GXJRWUDMQRJ SURFHVD ãLURNRJ LVHOMDYDQMD PXVOLPDQD VD %DONDQD þLQL PDVRYQL LVHOMHQLþNL SRNUHW L]D]YDQ QHSRVUHGQLP GMHORYDQMHP QL]D SROLWLþNLK GUXãWYHQLK HNRQRPVNLKLGUXJLKUHOHYDQWQLKþLQLODFD,VHOMHQLþNLSRNUHWLVDSURVWRUD%DONDQD NDDQDGROVNLPLGUXJLPGDOHNLPNUDMHYLPDXPRJRPHVXL]PLMHQLOLQMHJRYXHWQLþNX LYMHUVNXVOLNX,VHOMDYDQMLPDVHJXELRL]QDWDQGLRQDURGDVODYHQVNRJSRULMHNODNRML VH X RVPDQVNRWXUVNLP SUHGMHOLPD X SURPLMHQMHQLP RNROQRVWLPD åLYOMHQMD GXJR SULODJRÿDYDR QRYLP XYMHWLPD åLYRWD VYUVWDYDMXüL VH X NDWHJRULMX ³L]PMHãWHQRJ QDURGD´ þXYDMXüL SUHGDQMD R VYRP SRULMHNOX L ]DYLþDMX 6D NRORQDPD LVHOMHQLND RGOD]LOL VX L EURMQL XþHQL L REUD]RYDQL OMXGL D VD QMLPD L GLR KLVWRULMH NRML VH QH PRåH XSURãüHQR LQWHUSUWHWLUDWL .QMLåHYQRVW MH ]QDOD ]DWR L RYGMH ]DX]HWL PMHVWR KLVWRULMVNH QDXNH .DG NQMLåHYQRVW QH EL SUXåDOD VYMHGRþDQVWYR R ³YLVRYLPD L SRQRULPDOMXGVNRJSRVWRMDQMDOMXGVNHSVLKHVPUWMHGQRJGHWHWDELODELUDYQDVPUWL MHGQHRYFH´ '.Lã 6HREHX2VPDQVNRFDUVWYRJXWDOHVXFLMHOHSRURGLFH1DNRQ PXKDGåLULVXGRELOLSUDYRGDVHQDVHOMDYDMXSRXUEDQLPRVPDQVNLP]RQDPD 2GWDGDRNRFHQWUDOQLKDQDGROVNLKJUDGRYDL]UDVWDMXNYDUWRYLPXKDGåLUDNRMLVXVH UD]OLNRYDOLSRSODQXLWLSXQDVHRELQD7DNDYMHLVOXþDMERVDQVNRJNYDUWDX$QNDULLOL QHNROLNRNYDUWRYDXýRUXPXVDJUDÿHQLK JRGLQH0XKDGåLULVD%DONDQD GRQRVLOLVXVDVRERP]QDQMHDSRQHJGMHLNDSLWDO1MLKRYGRSULQRVMH]QDþDMDQL QD LQWHOHNWXDOQRP SODQX %RVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNL PXKDGåLUL VX VH UDVXOL SUHNR 6DQGåDNDDOEDQVNLKNUDMHYDL(SLUDVYHGR-DQMLQHNDRLSRUXPHOLMVNLPREODVWLPD 3UYHQDVHRELQH%RãQMDNDX$QDGROLMLQDVWDOHVXQDNRQQDSRGUXþMXRG6PLUQH GR (VNLâHKHUD RNR %XUVH -HQLãHKHUD X RNROLQL$QNDUH WH X VDPRP ,VWDQEXOX .DUDPXUVHOX ,QHJROX %LJL $¿XP.DUDKLVDUX ,VPLGX +DPGLML 0DQML EURM %RãQMDNDVHQDVWDQLRLXDUDSVNLPSURYLQFLMDPD2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYD1HNLVXGRãOLX 3DOHVWLQXLQDVHOLOLVHX.DM]HULMXXEOL]LQL+DLIHQDSDOHVWLQVNRMREDOL6UHGR]HPQRJ PRUD-HGQDJUXSDVHQDVHOLODX-DQXQXEOL]X1DEOXVD'LRPXKDGåLUD]DXVWDYLRVH QDSURVWRUXGDQDãQMH$OEDQLMHXEOL]LQL'UDþDXJUDGLüXâLMDNXVHOLPD%RUDNL ) .DUþLü ,VODPVNL UHIRUPL]DP X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL X VWROMHüX /MXGVND SUDYD EU 6DUDMHYR 'ROD]DN $XVWUR8JDUVNH X %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX MH ]D YHüLQX %RãQMDND X HNRQRPVNRP SROLWLþNRP YMHUVNRP L NXOWXUQRP SRJOHGX ELR FLYLOL]DFLMVNL ãRN SRG þLMLP VX VH GRMPRP PQRJL RGOXþLOLQDVHREX0DVRYQRLVHOMDYDQMHWUDMDORMHXQHNROLNRYDORYDVYHGR JRGLQH3RSRGDFLPD QRYHXSUDYHL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLVHOLORVH%RãQMDNDGRNYLãHQDXþQLNDQDYRGLGDVHLVHOLOR L]PHÿXL%RãQMDND .QMLåHYQLN+XVHLQ%DãLüXURPDQX&UQRWXUFLQDYRGL ³3LWDOLJDYUDQDLPDOLãWDFUQMHRGQMHJD$ RQLPRGJRYRULR 6UFHPXKDGåHUVNRMHFUQMHRGPHQH´±SUHPD +%DãLü&UQRWXUFL3RGJRULFD )äRUåRQ3RVOHGQMLWU]DML ,X ,VWRULMD2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYD%HRJUDG ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH KRGåRHXRNROLQL0X]LþHMD %RãQMDþNLPXKDGåLULVXVHXQRYLPVUHGLQDPDVXVUHOL VDEURMQLPSUREOHPLPD3UHOD]DNL]MHGQRJXGUXJLVYLMHWMHJROHPRLVNXãHQMHVD GXERNLPLWUDXPDWLþQLPSRVOMHGLFDPD8EHVSXüLPD$QDGROLMH³PQRJLVXXPLUDOL DRQLNRMLVXRVWDOLXåLYRWXVDþXYDOLVXVYRMMH]LNLVYRMHRELþDMH PLVOLPDYD]GD åLYMHOL VD VYRMLP URGQLP NUDMHP´9ODVW X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL MH LVWLFDOD GD MH SRNUHW LVHOMDYDQMD QDVWDR ³PDQMH L] HNRQRPVNLK X]URND YHü YLãH DJLWDFLMRP L UDVSURVWLUDRVHSRYUHPHQRNDR]DUD]D´.DGLUD%HãLUHYLüL]&D]LQVNHNUDMLQHNRMD VHLVHOLOD JRYRULODMHGDMHNDRGLMHWHþXODGDMHRGVXOWDQDVWLJDRIHUPDQVD SR]LYRP ³NR MH PRM QHN LGH PHQL´ 6XRþDYDQMH VD JUXERP UHDOQRãüX L QRYLP VYLMHWRPMHUD]ELMDORLOX]LMHQDGDQMDLVQRYH3RVHEQRVXORãHSULKYDWDQLRQLEH] ]QDQMDWXUVNRJMH]LND-RYDQ&YLMLü SLãH ³3ULþDOLVXPLERVDQVNLPXKDGåLUL 'RVDGDãQMDKLVWRULRJUD¿MDMHPDKRPELODXSXüHQDQDX]URNHLVHOMDYDQMD%RãQMDNDQDNRQ JRGLQH GDMXüL SULWRP WHN RGUHÿHQH QD]QDNH R SRORåDMX PXKDGåLUD X QMLKRYLP QRYLP VUHGLQDPD åLYOMHQMDRGQRVXRVPDQVNLKYODVWLLGRPLFLOQRJVWDQRYQLãWYD+LVWRULRJUD¿MDMHPDORGRWDNODVXGELQX ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLK PXKDGåLUD YDQ %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH QMLKRYD VWUDGDQMD QRYD LVHOMDYDQMD L SRPMHUDQMDWRNRPEDONDQVNLKLVYMHWVNLKLGUXJLKUDWRYD =HPDOMVNDYODGDMHSRþHWNRP XSXWLODGRSLVVYLPNRWDUVNLPXUHGLPDGDVDVOXãDMXSRYUDWQLNH RUD]OR]LPDQMLKRYRJSRYUDWNDX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXLGDMRMGRVWDYOMDMX]DSLVQLNHVDWLKVDVOXãDQMD 3RYUDWQLFLVXYHüLQRPL]MDYOMLYDOLGDLPX0DORM$]LMLQLMHRGJRYDUDODNOLPD±³KDYD´GDVXGRELMDOL QHSORGQX ]HPOMX PDOH L QHXVORYQH NXüH NDNR VX PRUDOL PQRJR UDGLWL ]D PDOH GQHYQLFH GD VX ]D SRYUDWDNGRELMDOLRGUHÿHQXQRYþDQXSRPRüRGDXVWURXJDUVNLKNRQ]XODWDX,VWDQEXOX,]PLUX6NRSOMX 1LãXL%HRJUDGX1HNLVXVHLSMHãLFHYUDWLOLX%RVQX9HOLNLGLRERãQMDþNLKPXKDGåLUDQDVHOMHQSR RVPDQVNLPEDONDQVNLPSURYLQFLMDPDQDNRQ ELRMHSULVLOMHQGDLKQDSXVWLLSRYXþHVHGXEOMHX XQXWUDãQMRVWRQRJDãWRMHSUHRVWDORRG2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYD0DQMLVHGLRYUDWLRX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX ± YLGL 0 .XMRYLü 2 ERVDQVNLP PXKDGåLULPD SRYUDWQLFLPD L] 7XUVNH X YULMHPH DXVWURXJDUVNH XSUDYH, *UDþDQLþNL JODVQLN EU *UDþDQLFD 8$UKLYX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X IRQGX =HPDOMVNH YODGH ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX QDOD]L VH WDNYLK ]DSLVQLND X SRVHEQRM IDVFLNOL SRG QDVORYRP³6DVOXãDQMHLVHOMHQLNDX7XUVNRM´ -DKMDHIHQGLMD0XVLüSODYVNLPXIWLMDLNDGLMD*XVLQMVNRJRNUXJD*ODVQLN5LMDVHW,9=X6)5- 6DUDMHYR 6 %DQGåRYLü (NRQRPVNRGHPRJUDIVND RELOMHåMD &D]LQVNH NUDMLQH L]PHÿX GYD VYMHWVND UDWD, 3ULOR]LEU6DUDMHYR 2VYRPSXWRYDQMXNUR]%RVQXXGREDJUþNRRVPDQVNRJUDWD 6WMHSDQ5DGLüMHGRFQLMHL]QRVLRVYRMHXWLVNHXUDVSUDYLäLYRKUYDWVNRSUDYRQD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX ³'DYDPMHRQGDELORGRüLXNRMXWXUVNXNDYDQXLOLMRãEROMHQHJGMHXSULNUDMNXVWDWLYLGMHOL ELVWHNDNRQDãL³7XUFL´SRåXGQRVOXãDMXVYHYLMHVWLRUDWXNDNRLPRþLSODPWHLJRYRUH ³(GDMHQDPD VDGDWDPRELWLL]DFDUDNUYVYRMXSUROLWL´±QDYSUHPD 0+DGåLMDKLü3RVHEQRVW%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH LVWUDGDQMD0XVOLPDQD6DUDMHYR 2³QDFLRQDOL]LUDQMX´0XVOLPDQD JRGLQDD¿UPLUDQMD LQHJLUDQMDQDFLRQDOQRJLGHQWLWHWD0XVOLPDQD â)LODQGUD%RãQMDþNDSROLWLND6DUDMHYR ,]6LYUL+LVDUDVWL]DORMHSLVPRX%RVQX ³-D VDPåLYKYDOD%RJXVDPRPLMHRGGDQDGRGDQDWHåHLQLNDGVHþRYMHNRYGMHRELNQXWQHPRåH1LNR QHUDGLQLãWDYHüDNRLPD%RãQMDNMHGQXåXWXPHGåLGLMXLOLGYLMHSDLGHQDVHORGDNXSLãWDQHüHJD XELWLYHüPXX]PXRYRSDUDSDNDåX KDMGHVDGNDMPDNDPXSDWXåL7DNRPL%RJDQHPRUHVHåLYLWL 7XUNXãHJOHGDMXQDQDVNRQDNUPNH1RLPDGDQDNDGDYLãHQHSODþHPQHJRãXWLP1HPDPSDVRãDGD EMHåLPQLWLLPDPMHGQHNUDMFDUH2YRPDORWLQDPUþLKYLãHQHVPLMHP6DUDMOLMHVXX6LYUL+LVDUX YLODMHW$QJRUDSDWHVHLSODþX´-HGDQPXKDGåLUMHSLVDRL]$GDSD]DUD ³6YLVHNDMHPRLSODþHPR 7XUNXãHQDVQHWUSHSDNDNRVQMLPDQHPRUHELWLVORJHLPLUDMHUVXWROMXGL]DGUWLLNDYJDGåLMHWR LPDQDV%RãQMDND]ERJVYDÿHLWXþQMDYHXYLMHNQDVXGXDQDåDORVWL]ERJNUDÿDMHUüHþRYMHNVDJQXWL ]DWXÿLPPDORPNDGJDJODGQD]ORQDWMHUD´,]$QNDUHMHQHNLPXKDGåLUSLVDR ³5DGRELVHYUDWLOLVYL QDãLPXKDGåLULDOLQDPQHGDMXRYDPRãQMHYODVWLDLQHPDPRVDþLP7XUNXãHVSUDP%RãQMDNDVXJRUH QHJRVH]DPLVOLWLPRUH´ RSãLU6%DQGåRYLü,VHOMDYDQMH%RãQMDNDX7XUVNX6DUDMHYR 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û NRMLVXNDRPODGLüLSRãOLX0DOX$]LMXLRQDPRQDXþLOLWXUVNLNDRãWRSURVWþRYHN NRMLVHSRWXFDSR$XVWULMLLOL1HPDþNRMQDXþLQHPDþNLGDVYDNL2VPDQOLMDSR]QD RG SUYH UHþL GD VX VWUDQFL L GD VH V QMLPD NDR VD VWUDQFLPD SRQDãD -HGQR YHþH VDPVHVDVWDRUDGLUD]JRYRUDVDYDåQLMLPERVDQVNLPPXKDGåLULPDL]%UXVH%LORMH WHãNRJOHGDWLWHRSDOHLRURQXOHOMXGHPDKRPSUHGVWDYQLNHQHNROLNRQDMSR]QDWLMLKL QDMVLOQLMLKERVDQVNLKSRURGLFD6YLVXVHVDPRWXåLOLLNDMDOLãWRVXQDSXVWLOLVYRMX ]HPOMXDOLVXVHWLPHEUDQLOLãWRVHSRG³âYDERP´QLMHPRJORL]GUåDWL´ 2ELOD]HüL LVHOMHQLNH X 2VPDQVNRP FDUVWYX - &YLMLü MH ]DSLVDR GD MH SR QMLKRYRP GRODVNXXPDODULþQHLPRþYDUQHNUDMHYHRGPDKSRPUOREOL]XMHGQHWUHüLQHPDKRP GMHFHWXPDþHüL WR QDJOLPSUHODVNRPL]VYMHåHL KODGQH%RVQH XVXKX$QDGROLMX 2QLSDNQDVHOMHQLSRVUHGLQDPDNRMHVXNOLPDWVNLLPRUIRORãNLELOHVOLþQHVWDULP NUDMHYLPDSRSXWRQLKX0UDPRUQRPSULPRUMX .DUDPXUVHOLRNROQDVHOD 2OXNOL .DUDEXQDU +D\UL\H ,QVDQL\H L GUXJD JGMH VX GRãOL KHUFHJRYDþNL PXKDGåLUL EUåHVXVHEH]QHNLKSRWHãNRüDSULODJRÿDYDOL&YLMLüMHL]QLRLPLãOMHQMHGDüHL SRWRPVWYRLVHOMHQLNDL]XPLUDWLL]LVWLKUD]ORJD66PODWLüMHVHGDPGHVHWLKJRGLQD ;;VWROMHüDXVWDQRYLRGDVHWD³SURJQR]D´QLMHRVWYDULODGDMHQDWDOLWHWGRVHOMHQLND QDSURWLYVWDOQRUDVWDR 3UYLGRVHOMHQLFLVHQLVXODNRDGDSWLUDOL³QDURþLWRVWDUFLNRML QLVXPRJOLGDQDXþHWXUVNLLNRMLYD]GDRVMHüDMXGDLKRYGMHVPDWUDMXNDRVWUDQFH´ 2QLPXVOLPDQLNRMLVXåLYMHOLQDSHULIHULML&DUVWYDVXRþHQLVDSULMHWQMDPD VYRP RSVWDQNX L PDWHULMDOQRM VLJXUQRVWL WUDåLOL VX VSDV LGXüL ND FHQWUDOQLP VLJXUQLMLP GLMHORYLPD GUåDYH =D PXVOLPDQH QD %DONDQX NDR QDMEURMQLMH VWDQRYQLãWYRXSUNRVþLQMHQLFLGDMHYHüLQDQMLKåLYMHODQDJUDQLFLLVODPVNRJVYLMHWD -&YLMLü*RYRULLþODQFL6DEUDQDGHODNQM,,,%HRJUDG . 6DUDMHYVNLOLVW³*DMUHW´ QDVWRMHüLGDXWLþHGDVH]DXVWDYLLVHOMDYDQMHPXVOLPDQVNRJVWDQRYQLãWYDL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSLVDR MHSRþHWNRPIHEUXDUD GDXWXÿHPQHSR]QDWRPVYLMHWX³QHPRåHELWLVODGDNQLQDMOMHSãL]DORJDM MHUVHRQVYDNLþDV]DJRUþXMHLSUHWYDUDVHLVODWNLãHüHUXJUNLSHOHQLþHPHU-HUãWDMHODNãHQHJR ELWLLVPLMDQLSRJUÿHQNDGVHþRYMHNQDÿHXWXÿHPVYLMHWXPHÿXWXÿLPOMXGLPDNRMLLPDMXGUXNþLMH RELþDMHLNRMLJRYRUHGUXJLPQHSR]QDWLPMH]LNRP1LãWDQLMHODNãHQHJRELWLSUH]UHQLRGEDþHQPHÿX WXÿLPOMXGLPDNRMLWLQHUD]XPLMXMH]LNDNRMLPLKQDVWRMLãXPROLWLGDWLGDGX]DUDGHDVYDNLRQDM QHYROMQLN NRML PRUD SUXåLWL UXNX GD LVSURVL NRPDG KOMHED JRUL MH RG QDMSUH]UHQLMHJ VNRWD X RþLPD VWUDQFDLQH]QDQFDNRMLJDOMXWLWRRWMHUDLRGJXUQHYHOHüL ³'RVWDPLMHLQDãHVLURWLQMHQHJRPLVHMRã GRYODþHNRMHNDNYLSURELVYMHWLL]WXÿHJVYLMHWD´LWG-HVWQDVYRPHWRSUDJXXVYRMRMURGQRMJUXGLJGMH VHOMXGLPHÿXVREQRSR]QDMXPRåHVYDNLQDüLQHNRJDNRMLJDUD]XPLMH,PDãNRPHGDNDåHãGHUWHL þHGHUHLPDãNRPHGDVHSRWXåLãQDQHYROMHLQHGDüHLPDãXNRJLGDX]DMPLãXSRWUHEL LPDãQDSRNRQ XNRJDLGDLVSURVLãXQHYROML6YLMHWWHSR]QDMHLUD]XPLMHWHSDWHQHüHRGELWLQLRGEDFLWLDQDMPDQMH üHWHSUH]UHWLUH]LOXþLQLWL2MHVWWHãNRLQHYROMQRMHWDPRJGMHQHPDVYRJDEUDWDQLEOLåQMHJD3DLSDN LPDQDãHEUDüHNRMDVHRGOXþXMXQDWDMVXGERQRVQLNRUDNNRMLVH]RYHKLGåUHWSDLSDNLPDGHQDãHJ VYLMHWDNRMLQDSXVWLRYX]HPOMXRYDMNUYOMXGMHGRYDQDãLKQDWRSOMHQLWRSUDJLRGHXOHGLQXWXÿLQXX GDOHNLQHSR]QDWLVYLMHW³JGMHVYRJDQHPDLJGMHEUDWDQLMH´,SDNLPDQDãHMDGQHEUDüHNRMDSRÿXQD WDMVXGERQRVDQSXWQDNRMHPLPMHVLJXUQDSURSDVW«3UHPDWRPHQDãLVHOMHQLNQHPRåHGDVHRERP SRSUDYLLSREROMãDVYRMHLPRYLQVNRVWDQMHSDMHSUHPDWRPHODNRPRVWRQLKQDãLKOMXGLNRMLþXMX]D NRMHNDNYH³GXQXPH]HPOMHYRORYHLOLUH´ãWRFDUGDMHPXKDGåLULPDJOXSDSDQHELWUHEDORQLNRGDVH QDWDNYHJODVHSRODNRPL´ 6 6PODWLü ,VHOMDYDQMH MXJRVORYHQVNLK 0XVOLPDQD X 7XUVNX L QMLKRYR SULODJRÿDYDQMH QRYRM VUHGLQLUXNRSLV * *UDYLHU (PLJUDFLMD 0XVOLPDQD L] %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 3UHJOHG JRG , EU 6DUDMHYR ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH VXRþHQDVDQHSULMDWHOMVNLPRGQRVRPKULãüDQVNRJVYLMHWDLVODPMHRVWDRDSROLWLþDQ VYHGRNQLVXGHVHWNRYDQL1MLKRYDSDVLYQDNXOWXUQRYMHUVNDVYLMHVWPRJODVHODNR SUHREUDWLWL X LPSXOVLYQL PXVOLPDQVNL LGHQWLWHW NDGD VX WR RNROQRVWL ]DKWLMHYDOH 0HÿXWLPVYHGRSRMDYHPLJUDFLMHLVODPVNLLGHQWLWHWRYLKPXVOLPDQDRGUåDYDRVH PDKRPXQHSROLWLþNLPREUHGLPDLGUXãWYHQRMSUDNVL0LJUDQWLVXNUDMQMHUD]QROLNL X SRJOHGX GUXãWYHQRJ HWQROLQJYLVWLþNRJ L KLVWRULMVNRJ SRULMHNOD .HPDO .DUSDW VPDWUD GD VX VH RQL X PMHVWX VYRJD SRULMHNOD LGHQWL¿FLUDOL V LVODPRP X VPLVOX GUXãWYHQRJSRQDãDQMDLULWXDODYLãHQHJRXVPLVOXSROLWLþNRJVLVWHPD3ULMHVHRED X VUFH &DUVWYD YHüLQD WLK PXVOLPDQD VH SRLVWRYMHüLYDOD VD VYRMLP SOHPHQRP LOL HWQLþNRPJUXSRPGRNMHLVODPXSULQFLSXRVLJXUDYDRSUDYLORGUXãWYHQRJSRQDãDQMD L VHNXQGDUQL L]YRU LGHQWLWHWD 3URFHV VHRED MH SURPLMHQLR RYDM UHODWLYQR SDVLYQL JUXSQLPXVOLPDQVNLLGHQWLWHWXLQWH]LYQLMXSROLWLþNXVYLMHVWãLUHüLQMHQJHRJUDIVNL LLGHRORãNLRNYLU2QMHL]PLMHQLRL]YRUQLJUXSQLPXVOLPDQVNLLGHQWLWHWPLJUDQDWDL SRPRJDRGDVHSROLWL]LUDLGHQWLWHWRPPXVOLPDQDXNUDMHYLPDXNRMHVXGRãOL (ULN +REVEDXP SHULRG RG GR QD]LYD ³GRERP LPSHULMD´ ;; VWROMHüHMHSRUHGGRVWLJQXüDNRMDVHQHRVSRUQRPRJXR]QDþLWLNDRQDSUHGDNELOR RELOMHåHQR WHãNLP YUDüDQMLPD X QHþRYMHãWYR VXURYRVW SRQLåDYDQMH L QHVORERGX 1HþRYMHãWYRQLMHELORSURVWDUHJUHVLMDXSULPLWLYQLMDGREDYHüMHRQRLVSROMDYDOR L RVRELQH UDQLMH QHSR]QDWH SR NYDOLWHWX LOL LQWHQ]LWHWX =OR VH SRGX]LPDOR L SULPMHQMLYDORVLVWHPVNLLXRGQRVXQDYHOLNLEURMOMXGL .OMXþQLGRJDÿDMLNRMLVX SUHWKRGLOLL]ELMDQMX³9HOLNRJUDWD´ ELOLVX³0DURNDQVNDNUL]D´ LVXNRE 1MHPDþNH L )UDQFXVNH QDSDG ,WDOLMH QD RVPDQVNH WUXSH X /LELML LVWH JRGLQH WH EDONDQVNLUDWRYL2SHUDFLMD,WDOLMHX/LELML ELODMHQHLVSURYRFLUDQLQDSDGQD GLR RVPDQVNRJ SRVMHGD SUYL UDW X NRPH VH SULEMHJOR ERPEDUGLUDQMX L] YD]GXKD 0LURVODY6SDODMNRYLüWDGDYLVRNL]YDQLþQLN0LQLVWDUVWYDVSROMQLKSRVORYD6UELMH ND]DR MH GRFQLMH GD MH LWDOLMDQVNLP QDSDGRP QD 7ULSROL ]DSRþHR SURFHV NRML MH GRYHRGRUDWDQD%DONDQX ³VYLGRJDÿDMLNRMLVXXVOHGLOLELOLVXVDPRHYROXFLMDWH SUYHDJUHVLMH´ 1DSXWXSURãLUHQMD6UELMHSUHPD³LVWRULMVNRPMH]JUX´QLMHVWDMDOD SDN VDPR VXOWDQRYD YODVW QHJR L SUHWHQ]LMH %XJDUD L *UND X 0DNHGRQLML NDR L GUåDYRWYRUQH DPELFLMH$OEDQDFD %HRJUDG MH YHOL .ULVWRIHU .ODUN &KULVWRSKHU &ODUN LPDRFDUWHEODQFKH]DUDWVD2VPDQVNLPFDUVWYRPD%DONDQXORJX³EDFDþD 6HREH L RNROQRVWL NRMH VX LK SURL]YHOH ELOH VX NDWDOL]DWRU SURPMHQH YMHUVNRJ L NXOWXUQRJ LGHQWLWHWDPLJUDQDWDXQRYLGLQDPLþQLSROLWLþNLLGHQWLWHWSRYH]DQVQRYLPNRQFHSWRPPXVOLPDQVNH WHULWRULMDOQH GUåDYH 2QH VX SRWDNOH L]PMHQH X GUXãWYHQRM VWUXNWXUL GHPRJUD¿ML REOLFLPD QDVHOMD L ]HPOMRYODVQLþNRP VLVWHPX &DUVWYD ± SUHPD . .DUSDW +LGåUHW L] 5XVLMH L VD %DONDQD SURFHV VDPRGH¿QLUDQMDXNDVQRMRVPDQOLMVNRMGUåDYL,X 0XVOLPDQL%DONDQD ³,VWRþQRSLWDQMH´X;;YLMHNX 9'LPLWULMHYLü6WUDKRYODGD RJOHGROMXGVNLPSUDYLPDLGUåDYQRPWHURUX%HRJUDG 5DWVXSUDWLOLMH]LYLL]YMHãWDMLR]ORþLQLPDLWDOLMDQVNHYRMVNHQDGDUDSVNLPVWDQRYQLãWYRP,WDOLMDQL VXJRGLQDPD³SDFL¿FLUDOL´OLELMVNR]DOMHÿHYLGL ..ODUN0HVHþDUL NDNRMH(YURSDNUHQXODXUDW /3HURYLü6UELL6UELMDXQRYRYHNRYQRMLVWRULML LVNXVWYRVDGUXJLPQDURGLPD,X -XJRVODYLMDX LVWRULMVNRMSHUVSHNWLYL%HRJUDG 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û YDWUH´ 6D EDONDQVNLP UDWRYLPD RNRQþDQ MH SURFHV HOLPLQLUDQMD RVPDQVNH XSUDYH QD YHüHP GLMHOX %DONDQD ]DSRþHW WUDQVIRUPLUDMXüL SULWRP PXVOLPDQH RG EURMþDQR GRPLQDQWQRJ IDNWRUD X SDVLYL]LUDQX PDQMLQX QDG NRMRP üH SULMHWHüL VWDMDWL QHNDGDãQML VXOWDQRYL KULãüDQVNL SRGDQLFL %DONDQVNL UDWRYL R]QDþLOL VX NUDK 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD X (YURSL 3UREOHP ]D EDONDQVNH GUåDYH±SREMHGQLFHXWLPUDWRYLPDMHELRWDMãWRVXQMLKRYLQDURGLELOLXPDQMLQL X ³RVPDQVNRM (YURSL´ JGMH VX PXVOLPDQL þLQLOL VWDQRYQLãWYD %DONDQVNL VDYH]QLFLVXVPDWUDOLGDüHPXVOLPDQVNDYHüLQDVWDOQRELWLSULMHWQMD]DYODGDYLQX PDQMLQH5MHãHQMHMHELORLVHOMHQMHLSRJURPPXVOLPDQD7RNRP GRãOR MH GR SUYLK HWQLþNLK þLãüHQMD YHOLNRJ VWLOD X HYURSVNRM KLVWRULML ;; VWROMHüD âRN ]ERJ WLK ]ORþLQD MH XWROLNR YHüL ãWR VX VH ]ELOL VDPR SHW JRGLQD QDNRQ XVYDMDQMD +DãNH UDWQH NRQYHQFLMH JRGLQH 3URPMHQD HWQLþNH NRPSR]LFLMH QLMH VH 5DWRYH NRMH MH 6UELMD SRYHOD VUSVNH VRFLMDOGHPRNUDWH VX RFLMHQLOH NDR RVYDMDþNH L RNXSDWRUVNH'LPLWULMH7XFRYLüMHJRYRULR ³$NRELVH0DNHGRQLMDSULVDMHGLQLOD%XJDUVNRMRQGDEL QDVYDNRJMHGQRJ%XJDULQDNRMLMHELRRVORERÿHQGROD]LORSRMHGDQLOLYLãH]DUREOMHQLK6UED*UND 5XPXQD 7XUDND LWG$NR EL VH VWDUD 6UELMD SULGUXåLOD 6UELML RQGD EL RSHW QD MHGQRJD VORERGQRJD 6UELQD GROD]LOR SR GYD SRUREOMHQD $UQDXWLQD 7XUþLQD LWG 0L KRüHPR VORERGX VYRJD QDURGD QH XQLãWDYDMXüLVORERGXGUXJLK´SUHPD '6WRMNRYLü$QWLUDWQHLPLURYQHLGHMHXLVWRULML6UELMHLDQWLUDWQL SRNUHWLGRJRGLQH, 5HSXEOLNDEU %HRJUDGMDQXDU 0XVOLPDQL VX QDNRQ UDWRYD ELOL QHRVSRUQL JXELWQLFL X IRUPLUDQMX QRYLK GUåDYQLK JUDQLFD 1MLKRYD SUDYD VX SRWSXQR ]DQHPDULYDQD ]D QMLK QLMH YDåLR SULQFLS VDPRRGUHÿHQMD %DONDQ MH SR QHNLP VWUDQLP LVWUDåLYDþLPD QDNRQ L]X]LPDQMD RG RVPDQVNH XSUDYH SRVWDR VLPERO åDORVQH VXGELQH PXVOLPDQD X (YURSL )DQDWLþQH DNFLMH GHRVPDQL]DFLMH ELOH VX SRVHELFH XVSMHãQH X PDWHULMDOQRMYLGOMLYRMLMDYQRMVIHUL1DMGUDVWLþQLMHWHNWRQVNHSURPMHQHVXL]YUãHQHXRSüRM¿]LRQRPLML JUDGRYDDUKLWHNWXULRGLMHYDQMX2G PXVOLPDQDNRMLQLVXYLãHåLYMHOLXRVYRMHQRPSRGUXþMX RVPDQVNH(YURSHQMLK VHQDYRGL-XVWLQ0F&DUWK\LVHOLORX7XUVNXXWRNXLQDNRQEDONDQVNLK UDWRYD ,]PHÿX L X 7XUVNX MH GRãOR PXVOLPDQD YHüLQRP NDR GLR UD]PMHQH VWDQRYQLãWYD 2G PXVOLPDQVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD L] RVWDOR MH VYHJD RGVWR ± YLGL - 0F&DUWK\6WDQRYQLãWYRRVPDQOLMVNH(YURSHSULMHLSRVOLMHSDGD&DUVWYD 6DNLE .RUNXW MH QD UH]ROXFLMH VWXGHQDWD %RãQMDND QD =DSDGX QD QMLKRY VWDY ³GD VD QHXVSMHKRP 7XUVNH FDUHYLQH X %DONDQVNRP UDWX QLMH VSRMHQ QHXVSMHK LVODPD D SRJRWRYR QH ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLK PXVOLPDQD´ NDR L GD ³PXVOLPDQVND DNDGHPVND RPODGLQD GUåL GD QDGH L LGHDOL ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLK PXVOLPDQD QH VPLMX ELWL L]YDQ JUDQLFD QMLKRYD QDURGD´ RGJRYDUDR ³*RUQMLFLWDWLQH]QDþHQLYLãHQLPDQMHQHJROLµPXGUX¶SRXNXGDQDãPLOHWWUHEDGDQDSXVWLYH]X VDKLODIHWLVODPLMRPLSRSULPLYãLLGHDOQDFLRQDOL]PDVYUDWLSRJOHGVDPRQDVHLVYRMHVDSOHPHQLNH 3RUD] SD L PH¶D]HOODK QRVLOLFH KLODIHWD LVWUHEOMHQMH PXVOLPDQD VD %DONDQVNRJ SROXRVWUYD NODQMH LVODPVNHQHMDþDGLåHQDLVWDUDFDSOMDþNDQMHQMLKRYDLPHWNDLUXãHQMHGåDPLMDQDVLOQRSUHNUãWDYDQMH LRVWDOLEHODMLQDãHEUDüHX5XPHOLML±VYHVHWRQDVQHWUHEDWLFDWLVYHWRWUHEDGD]DQDVEXGXWULFH LNXþLQH±LWDNRUH]RQXMXQDãLRPODGLQFLQDãDVDPR]YDQD³X]GDQLFD´±GRYROMQRMHLSRWUHEQRGD SREMHÿXMX µMXQDþNL¶EDONDQVNL ³6ODYHQL´ VD NUVWRP X MHGQRM D JODYQMRP X GUXJRM UXFL 'UåLP GD QDPQLJUþNLSDWULMDUKQHELSUHSRUXþLRGUXNþLMLKRVMHüDMD´±FLWSUHPD $+DVDQRYLü5DVSUDYHR YMHUVNRPLQDFLRQDOQRPLGHQWLWHWXXþDVRSLVLPDãWDPSDQLPDUHELFRP, *ODVQLNDUKLYiL$UKLYLVWLþNRJ XGUXåHQMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH;/,,6DUDMHYR &LOM NRQYHQFLMH MH ELR GD VH VYDND IRUPD UDWD XNORSL X QHND SUDYLOD SD MH MDVQR SRYXþHQD UD]OLND L]PHÿX ERUDFD L FLYLOD 7D VX SUDYLOD QD %DONDQX EU]R SUHNUãHQD ± YLGL + =XQGKDXVHQ ,VWRULMD6UELMHRG GRYHND 6NDNYRPVHQDLYQRãüXHYURSVNDEFOOHHSRTXHVXRþLOD V UDWQLP ]ELYDQMLPD QD %DONDQX LOXVWULUD 0 7RGRURYD ULMHþLPD 0DU\ ( 'XUKDP SXEOLFLVWLþNH VYMHGRNLQMHEDONDQVNLKUDWRYDNUDWNRSULMHL]ELMDQMD³9HOLNRJUDWD´ ³5DWMHQHãWRWDNRRSVFHQRWDNR REHãþDãüXMXüHQHãWRãWRQHGRQRVLQLLVNUHLVNXSOMHQMDGDMHJRWRYRQHPRJXüHGDLNDGDYLãHL]ELMH NDNDYUDWX]DSDGQRM(YURSL´ ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH PRJOD L]YUãLWL GUXJDþLMH QR QDVLOMHP SD MH WDNR VD EDONDQVNLP UDWRYLPD WHUPLQ ³þLãüHQMH´XãDRLXYRMQXWHUPLQRORJLMXXNRMRMMHNRULãüHQXYLãH]QDþHQMD,DNR VDPL]UD]QLMHHWQLFL]LUDQWRNRPWLKUDWRYDVYDNDNRMHVWHSUDNVDþLãüHQMD7HUPLQ MHNRORNYLMDOQRXSRWUHEOMDYDQGDR]QDþLSDFL¿NDFLMXRVYRMHQHWHULWRULMHLXNODQMDQMH SURWLYQLND VD QMH100 %DONDQVNL UDWRYL VX RWNULOL ]DSDGQLP NUHDWRULPD SROLWLNH RSDVQRVWL NRMH VX ³QDFLRQDOQH GUåDYH SUHGVWDYOMDOH ]D PDQMLQVNH VNXSLQH´ 0 0D]RZHU 8 WXUVNRM OLWHUDWXUL EDONDQVNL UDWRYL VH SHUFHSLUDMX NDR L]UD] QHPRüL RVODEOMHQRJ &DUVWYD GD ]DãWLWL VYRMX WHULWRULMX L VWDQRYQLãWYR101 8 OMHWR REMDYOMHQMH,]YMHãWDM0HÿXQDURGQHNRPLVLMHRLVWUD]LX]URNDLYRÿHQMXEDONDQVNLK UDWRYD &DUQHJLH (QGZRPHQW IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 3HDFH 5HSRUW IRU WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPLVVLRQWR,QTXLUHLQWRWKH&DXVHVDQG&RQGXFWRIWKH%DONDQV :DUV:DVKLQJWRQ'& 8QMHPXVXSUHGRþHQDEURMQDNUãHQMDPHÿXQDURGQLK NRQYHQFLMD L RSLVDQL PQRJL ]ORþLQL SRþLQMHQL ]D YULMHPH WLK UDWRYD -HGDQ RG LVWUDåLYDþD MH WDGD UHNDR NDNR MH ³%DONDQ XGDOMHQLML RG (YURSH QHJR (YURSD RG $PHULNH´ 7HUPLQ ³EDONDQL]DFLMD´ R]QDþDYDR MH QDNRQ ³QH VDPR XVLWQMDYDQMHYHOLNLKLVQDåQLKSROLWLþNLKMHGLQLFDYHüMHSRVWDRVLQRQLP]DSRYUDWDN SOHPHQVNRP ]DRVWDORP SULPLWLYQRP L YDUYDUVNRP´103 9ODGH EDONDQVNLK GUåDYD RVWDYOMDOH VX PDOR SURVWRUD ]D SRVWRMDQMH HWQLþNLK MH]LþNLK L YMHUVNLK PDQMLQD *UDQLFH GUåDYD QDVWDOLK QD UXãHYLQDPD 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD ELüH RVSRUDYDQH GRND]XMXüLGDQMHJRYDGLREDQLMHVDPRSRVHELYRGLODXPLULVWDELOQRVW 100 6XSURWVWDYOMHQH YRMVNH ]DX]LPDOH VX QRYH SURVWRUH þLMH VH VWDQRYQLãWYR QHULMHWNR VPDWUDOR SURWLYQLNRPWHMHELORL]ORåHQRUD]OLþLWLPYLGRYLPDUHSUHVLMHNRMXVXYUãLOHYRMQHLSROLWLþNHYODVWL NDRLUD]OLþLWHSDUDYRMQHIRUPDFLMH±SUHPD 93HWURYLü(WQL]DFLMDþLãüHQMDXUHþLLQHGHOX+HUHWLFXV EU%HRJUDG 101 'RFQLMHMH0XVWDID.HPDOSDãD NDVQLMLSUHGVMHGQLN5HSXEOLNH7XUVNH±0XVWDI.HPDO$WDWUN XELFLQD*DOLSROMXX3UYRPVYMHWVNRPUDWXXERUEL]DYLVýXQXNEDLUDSULOD L]GDRQDUHÿHQMH YRMQLFLPDUHJLPHQWH Ä-DRþHNXMHPGDELVYDNLRGQDVUDGLMHXPURQHJRSRQRYLRVUDPRWQXSULþX L] EDONDQVNLK UDWRYD YLGL ) .DUþLü 2GMHN EDONDQVNLK UDWRYD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL SURPMHQD SDUDGLJPHERãQMDþNRJYRÿVWYDX =ERUQLNUDGRYDVD1DXþQRJVNXSD+LVWRULMDGUåDYHLSUDYD%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH L]D]RYL L SHUVSHNWLYH SRYRGRP JRGLQD QDXþQRJ L SXEOLFLVWLþNRJ UDGD SURI GU 0XVWDIH,PDPRYLüD7X]OD ,]ELMDQMH 3UYRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD ]DVMHQLOR MH RYDM L]YMHãWDM NRML MH PRJDR LPDWL YHOLNL XWLFDM QD UD]YRMPHÿXQDURGQRJSUDYDSRVHEQRPHÿXQDURGQRJUDWQRJLKXPDQLWDUQRJSUDYDYLGL 73RQRã 3RYLMHVQLLGUXãWYHQLNRQWHNVWXNRMHPXVHSRþLQMXSURFHVXLUDWLUDWQL]ORþLQL,X 3URFHVXLUDQMHUDWQLK ]ORþLQD-DPVWYRSURFHVDVXRþDYDQMDVSURãORãüXX+UYDWVNRM=DJUHE '6WRMDQRYLü 8OMHQDYRGL RJOHGLL]LVWRULMHVDGDãQMRVWL6UELMH%HRJUDG 36LPLü%DONDQLEDONDQL]DFLMD X;;L;;,YHNX L]YHãWDML.DUQHJLMHYLKNRPLVLMD]D%DONDQL] L JRGLQHX 9HOLNLUDW QHGRYUãHQDSURãORVW%HRJUDG 103 ³%DONDQL]DP´ MH VKRGQR VWHUHRWLSQL PDWULFDPD SRVWDR ³VLQRQLP ]D QHUHG QDVLOMH L QHVUHüX´ D ³EDONDQVND NUYRORþQRVW RþHNLYDQL SULURGQL LVKRG UDWQLþNRJ HWRVD GXERNR XNRUHQMHQD X SVLKL EDONDQVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD´ XSRU 0 7RGRURYD ,PDJLQDUQL %DONDQ % %XGHQ Kaptolski NRORGYRU%HRJUDG 2SãLU ȼ Ɉɪɬɚɤɨɜɫɤɢ Ɇɚɥɰɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɬ ɋɤɨɩʁɟ ɋ Ʉɢɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɫɤɢɂ ɋɬɚɜɨɜɢɄɚɜɤɚ Ɇɚɥɰɢɧɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɬ ;; ɜɟɤ ɋɤɨɩʁɟ . .DUSDW *UDÿDQVND SUDYDPXVOLPDQD%DONDQDX 0XVOLPDQL%DONDQD ³,VWRþQRSLWDQMH´X;;YLMHNX7X]OD ä 2EUDGRYLü0DQMLQHQD%DONDQX%HRJUDG ,VWL%DONDQVNLHWQLþNLPR]DLN PDQMLQVNR SLWDQMHQD%DONDQX%HRJUDG 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û 0HQWDOLWHW³,VWRþQRJSLWDQMD´QDVWDYLRMHSURãLUHQGDåLYLLX;;VWROMHüX 1DþLQL LQWHUSUHWDFLMH KLVWRULMVNLK GRJDÿDMD PRJX GD REOLNXMX YLÿHQMH DNWXHOQLK GUXãWYHQLK GHãDYDQMD ,]PLãOMDQMD LPDMX YODVWLWX ORJLNX VYRMX GLMDOHNWLNX UDVWD L RSDGDQMD105 9HOLNLUDW MH GR WHPHOMD X]GUPDR L LVODPVNX RULMHQWDOQX FLYLOL]DFLMX2ULMHQWDOLVWD/HRQ.DHWDQL &DHWDQL XSR]RUDYDRMH RHIHNWLPD WRJUDWD ³&LRRULMHQWDOQLVYLMHWRG.LQHGR0HGLWHUDQDVDGDMHXSUHYLUDQMX6YXGD JRULVNULYHQDYDWUDDQWLHYURSVNHPUåQMH1HPLULX0DURNXEXQHX(JLSWX$UDELML L /LEDQX SUHGVWDYOMDMX UD]OLþLWH PDQLIHVWDFLMH LVWRJ GXERNRJ RVMHüDQMD L ]D FLOM LPDMXSREXQXRULMHQWDOQRJVYLMHWDSURWLYHYURSVNHFLYLOL]DFLMH*ODYQLUD]ORJRYRJ XSR]RUHQMD MHVWH VD]QDQMH GD $QWDQWD åHOL GD UD]ELMH 2VPDQVNR FDUVWYR GLMHOHüL QMHJRYXWHULWRULMXVYMHWVNLPVLODPDLXVWXSDMXüL3DOHVWLQX-HYUHMLPD´ 2VPDQVNL PXVOLPDQL VX GR UDVSDGD 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD VHEH GRåLYOMDYDOL VDPR NDR PXVOLPDQH7HNLQ$OS SLãHGDVX³RVPDQVNL7XUFL´XJRGLQDPDSUHG 3UYLVYMHWVNLUDWYLGMHOL³VDPLVHEHSURVWRNDRPXVOLPDQHLQLNDGQLVXVPDWUDOLVYRMX QDFLMXNDRQDFLMXVDSRVHEQLPSRVWRMDQMHP$QDGROVNLVHOMDFLVXVPDWUDOLUHþ7XUþLQ NDRVLQRQLPVD.L]LOEDãLWRMHVWNDRSRMDPNRMLR]QDþDYDQHQDFLMXYHüþRYHND NRMLQRVLFUYHQLIHVWMFUYHQRJODYL´3RRGOXNDPDPLURYQHNRQIHUHQFLMHX9HUVDMX SRUDåHQR 2VPDQVNR FDUVWYR MH ELOR REDYH]QR GD SUHGD UDWQX ÀRWX SREMHGQLFLPD RGUHNQHVHDUDSVNLKSRVMHGDVYHGHVYRMXYRMVNXQDOMXGL2YRFDUVWYRMH JXEOMHQMHPDUDSVNLKSURYLQFLMDVXåHQRQDPDQMXWHULWRULMXX0DORM$]LMLDOLQLRQD QLMHSRãWHÿHQDGDOMHJUDEHåL6DYH]QLFLVXSRQLåDYDOL2VPDQOLMHGR]YROMDYDMXüL *UFLPDGDRNXSLUDMXGLMHORYHRVPDQVNHGUåDYHXQDSRUXGDXVSRVWDYH+HOHQVNR FDUVWYRXDOHNVDQGURYVNRPVWLOX =DSDGQHVLOHVXVH]DQRVLOHSODQRYLPDRSRGMHOL QDIWH L SUHRVWDOLK ERJDWVWDYD 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD X VWDQMX UDVXOD QH QDGDMXüL VH QMHJRYRPYHüHPRWSRUX3UHPD(JRQX+H\PDQXVYHãWRMHRVWDORRGWRJFDUVWYD þLQLORMH³WLMHOREH]XGRYD´6QDJH$QWDQWHSUHGYRÿHQH%ULWDQFLPDVX XãOH VXXVUHGLãWHRVPDQVNHGUåDYHVDXEMHÿHQMHPXYMHURGRVWRMQRVWSURSDJDQGHGDVX PXVOLPDQLSRELOLPLOLRQHKULãüDQDEH]LNDNYRJUD]ORJD3RVKYDWDQMXRNXSDFLRQLK VLOD PXVOLPDQL VX WLPH L]JXELOL SUDYR GD XSUDYOMDMX VDPL VRERP ³þLPH VH MRã 105 (:6DLG2ULMHQWDOL]DP ]DSDGQMDþNHSUHGRGåEHR2ULMHQWX6DUDMHYR 3UHPD -/(VSRVLWR,VODPL=DSDG VXNREFLYLOL]DFLMD"%HKDULVWDQEU6DUDMHYR 0 -HYWLü ,VODPVNRRVPDQVNR GUåDYQR SUDYR X 6UELML, =ERUQLN 0DWLFH VUSVNH ]D GUXãWYHQH QDXNH EU 1RYL 6DG 0LUROMXE -HYWLü VPDWUD GD LP MHSRMDP ³7XUþLQ´ ELR SR]QDW L RQLVXJDNRULVWLOL ³$OLMHRQLPDR]QDþHQMHNRMHQLMHLPDORQLNDNYXYH]XVDQDFLMRP,]WRJDMDVQR YLGLPRNROLNRVXRQLNRMLJRYRUHWXUVNLNDRPDWHUQMLLNRMHPLQD]LYDPR7XUFLPDXVWYDULELOLGDOHNR RGQDãHJXYHUHQMDGDVXRQLVHEHVDPH7XUFLPDVPDWUDOL2QLWRQLVXELOLLDNRVXPRJOLELWLMHULPWR QLãWDQLMH]QDþLOR=DQMLKMHLVODPELRVYH´SUHPD 0-HYWLü1HRRVPDQL]DPYHUVXVSDQLVODPL]DP 3ROLWHLDEU%DQMDOXNDĈXUR%RGURåLüL]QRVLGDVX³7XUFLL]EHJDYDOLQLVXQLYROHOLGD XSRWUHEOMDYDMXVYRMHHWQLþNRLPH5Hþ7XUþLQ]DQMLKMHELRVLQRQLP]DDQDGROLMVNRJVHOMDND´±YLGL Ĉ9%RGURåLü 6RFLRORãNRSUDYQH RVQRYH VUSVNRJ LGHQWLWHWD UXNRSLV GRNWRUVNH GLVHUWDFLMH 3UDYQL IDNXOWHW%HRJUDG ý3RSRY2G9HUVDMDGR'DQFLJD%HRJUDG 0(NPHþLü6XVUHWFLYLOL]DFLMDLVUSVNL RGQRVSUHPD(YURSL1RYL6DG 6%DQGåRYLü%RãQMDFLL7XUVND GHRVPDQL]DFLMD%DONDQDL PXKDGåLUVNLSRNUHWLX;;VWROMHüX6DUDMHYR 75DMV2ULMHQWDOLVWD UHãDYDQMHPLVWHULMHMHGQRJQHRELþQRJLRSDVQRJåLYRWD%HRJUDG, ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH MHGQRPGRND]DODQDGPRü]DSDGQHFLYLOL]DFLMHQDGLVODPVNRP´1DFLRQDOQHPDQMLQH VXQDVWRMDOHLVNRULVWLWLSULVXVWYRRNXSDFLRQHYRMVNH]DVYRMHFLOMHYHQDURþLWR*UFL L -HUPHQL %LR MH WR XYRG X JUþNRWXUVNL VXNRE L UDW ]D QH]DYLVQRVW QRYH WXUVNH GUåDYH SRG YRÿVWYRP .HPDOD $WDWXUND NRML VH VXSURWVWDYLR GLNWDWLPD 0LURYQH NRQIHUHQFLMH110 8 $WDWXUNRYRM DUPLML MH ELOR GRVWD PXKDGåLUD L] QHNDGDãQMLK RVPDQVNLKEDONDQVNLKSURYLQFLMD0HÿXQMLPDMHELORL%RãQMDND=QDWDQEURMQMLK XVSLR MH GD RVWYDUL L YLVRNX YRMQX L GLSORPDWVNX NDULMHUX111 $WDWXUNRYD 7XUVND QDVWDOD QD UXãHYLQDPD 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD QDNRQ JUþNRWXUVNRJ UDWD SRXþHQD LVNXVWYRPUDVSDGDYLãHQDFLRQDOQLKGUåDYDNDNYRMHELORL2VPDQVNRFDUVWYRX]HOD MH]DQDþHORVWYDUDQMHHWQLþNLKRPRJHQHGUåDYH2QDMHQDVOLMHGLODYLWDOQRMH]JUR RVPDQVNHGUåDYH1MHQDWUDQVIRUPDFLMDRGPRQDUKLVWLþNRJUHåLPDXUHSXEOLNXELOD MHORJLþQLVNRU³PHÿXLJUHVQDJDNRMHVXUDQLMHWUDQVIRUPLVDOHVDPXWUDGLFLRQDOQX 2VPDQOLMVNXGUåDYX´ 0HÿXGUåDYQD UD]PMHQD VWDQRYQLãWYD MH HXIHPL]DP ]D NROHNWLYQD SURWMHULYDQMDOMXGLNRMLVXGHMXUH i GHIDFWRSRVWDOLVWUDQFLX]OLFHPMHUQDSUDYGDQMD XQXWDUQMRPVWDELOQRãüXEXGXüLPSULMDWHOMVNLPRGQRVLPDPLURPXUHJLRQX'UåDYH VX VPDWUDOH GD X VNODGX VD NODVLþQLP PHÿXQDURGQLP SUDYRP PRJX RGOXþLYDWL R VXGELQL VYRMLK SRGDQLND %URMQH GUDPDWLþQH GLRQLFH QRYLMH EDONDQVNH KLVWRULMH ELOH VX SURL]YRG IDWDOQRJ ³SULQFLSD /R]DQH´ L] - GRJRYRUHQLK UD]PMHQD VWDQRYQLãWYD XRELþDMHQLK X PHÿXGUåDYQLP VSRUD]XPLPD X SUYLP GHFHQLMDPD ;; VWROMHüD 3ULQFLS L] /R]DQH OHJDOL]LUDR MH QDNRQ JUþNRWXUVNRJ UDWD SUDNVX SURWMHULYDQMD HWQLþNLK ]DMHGQLFD ± *UND L] 7XUVNH 7XUDND L ³WXUDND´ GUXJLK PXVOLPDQD VD %DONDQD 2Q MH QDLPH XWYUGLR REDYH]QX UD]PMHQX VWDQRYQLãWYD 110 ý3RSRY2G9HUVDMDGR'DQFLJD 07HRGRVLMHYLü0XVWDID.HPDO$WDWXUNXMXJRVORYHQVNRM MDYQRVWL%HRJUDG 111 0 3HOHVLü %RãQMDFL QD VYMHWVNLP UDWLãWLPD 6DUDMHYR *HQHUDO 5LIDW 0DWDUGåLMD SRULMHNORPL]/MXELQMDX+HUFHJRYLQLELRMHNRPDQGDQWMHGLQLFDWXUVNHDUPLMHXLVWRþQRM7UDNLMLWH NDVQLMH NRPDQGDQW åDQGDUPHULMH 8þHVWYRYDR MH NDR YRMQL HNVSHUW QD NRQIHUHQFLML X /R]DQL $VLP *XQGX] SRULMHNORP L] 7X]OH ELR MH DUPLMVNL JHQHUDO D âXNUL$OLEHJ )HWDKDJLü L] 7UHELQMD SXNRYQLNQDþHOQLNJHQHUDOãWDEQRJREDYMHãWDMQRJXUHGD-HGDQEURM%RãQMDNDELRMHPHÿXR¿FLULPD L SRGR¿FLULPD X DUPLML L åDQGDUPHULML NDR L X SROLWLFL L GLSORPDWLML 0HKPHG 6XOHMPDQSDãLü üH QDYHVWL L YLVRNRJ R¿FLUD L GLSORPDWX +XVUHYEHJD 6WRþHYLüD 5L]YDQEHJRYLüD GLSORPDWX 8]HLU =HNDULEHJD +DGåL $OLDJLüD SRULMHNORP L] *UDGLãNH NRML MH L]PHÿX RVWDORJD ELR þODQ WXUVNH PLURYQH GHOHJDFLMH X /R]DQL 'LSORPDWD 0HKPHG 0XQLUEHJ SRULMHNORP L] VUHGQMH %RVQH VWUXþQMDN ]D PHÿXQDURGQR SUDYR REDYOMDR MH YDåQX VWUXþQX XORJX WRNRP WXUVNRJUþNLK SUHJRYRUD RNRUD]PMHQHVWDQRYQLãWYD%LRMHLVWDOQLWXUVNLL]DVODQLNNRG0HÿXQDURGQRJVXGDX+DJX=QDþDMQR PMHVWRXGUXãWYHQRPåLYRWX7XUVNHL]PHÿXRVWDOLKLPDOLVXLJUDGRQDþHOQLN$QNDUH$EGXODK1HY]DG 0XGHUL]RYLü.XULü/XW¿EHJ5HVXOEHJRYLü0XUDWEHJ7DIUR5XãHQ(ãUHIEHJ6PDLONDGLü9DL]RYLü ± SUHPD 0 6XOHMPDQSDãLü +UYDWL PXVOLPDQL X åLYRWX 7XUVNH UHSXEOLNH KWWS JROJRWDEORJJHUED DUKLYD .RPDGDQMHWHULWRULMDNRMHVXQDVHOMDYDOLLSRMDYDQRYRJXåHJGH¿QLUDQMDLGHQWLWHWDQDURGDGRYHOD MHGRGLVNRQWLQXLWHWDLIUDJPHQWDFLMHVYLMHVWLPXVOLPDQDQD%DONDQX0XVOLPDQLVXVHYLGMHOLVDPRNDR SULSDGQLFL]DVHEQLKYMHUVNRHWQLþNLKVNXSLQDþLMDVHKLVWRULMDQLMHGRWLFDODRVWDOLKPXVOLPDQD±YLGL ) .DUþLü0XVOLPDQL%DONDQDQDSUDJXYLMHND=QDNRYLYUHPHQDEU 6DUDMHYR ,VWL ³,VWRþQR SLWDQMH´ SDUDGLJPD ]D KLVWRULMX PXVOLPDQD %DONDQD X ;; YLMHNX,X 0XVOLPDQL %DONDQD ³,VWRþQRSLWDQMH´X;;YLMHNX 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û RG XNXSQR PLOLRQD *UND L SROD PLOLRQD 7XUDND 8 /R]DQL VX YHOLNH VLOH JUþNDLWXUVNDYODGDGDOHXSUYRPþODQXVSRUD]XPDSULQFLSSUHYHQWLYQHUD]PMHQH VWDQRYQLãWYD ³2G PDMD GRüL üH GR REDYH]QH UD]PMHQH WXUVNLK JUDÿDQD JUþNH SUDYRVODYQH YMHUH NRML åLYH QD WHULWRULML 7XUVNH L JUþNLK JUDÿDQD LVODPVNH YMHURLVSRYLMHVWL NRML åLYH QD WHULWRULML *UþNH 2YH RVREH VH QHüH YUDWLWL GD åLYH X 7XUVNRMRGQRVQR*UþNRMEH]RGREUHQMD7XUVNHRGQRVQR*UþNHYODGH´8JRYRUVH RGQRVLRQDVYH*UNHNRMLåLYHX$QDGROLMLL7UDNLMLRVLPQDVWDQRYQLNH,VWDQEXOD SULMH WHQDVYH7XUNHX*UþNRMVHPåLWHOMD]DSDGQH7UDNLMHJGMHMHSRWXUVNLP L]YRULPD RG VWDQRYQLND ELOR 7XUDND 5D]PMHQD VWDQRYQLãWYD MH ]DSRþHODMRãNUDMHPUDWDNDGDMHKLOMDGH*UNDSUHYH]HQRL],]PLUDX*UþNX7LPH MHVWDQRYQLãWYRXREMHGUåDYHSRVWDORHWQLþNLUHODWLYQRKRPRJHQR3ULPMHQXRYRJ JUþNRWXUVNRJ XJRYRUD QDG]LUDOH VX YHOLNH VLOH VPDWUDMXüL JD VYRMLP XVSMHKRP (WLND SULVLOQRJ SUHVHOMDYDQMD QLMH PQRJR NRPHQWLUDQD 8 OXNH X 3LUHMX L 6ROXQX QD VYLP PRJXüLP SORYLOLPD SULVWL]DOH VX JUþNH L]EMHJOLFH113 'HVHWLQH KLOMDGD L]EMHJOLFD SRYLMDOR MH OHÿD SRG WHUHWRP VYRMLK VWYDUL LOL YXNXüL QD UDVNOLPDWDQLP GYRNROLFDPD³RQRãWRLPMHRVWDORRGåLYRWD´ Ä7RXUNRVSRURL³JRYRULORMHORNDOQR JUþNR VWDQRYQLãWYR ]D SULVWLJOH L]EMHJOLFH L]$QDGROLMH 6 GUXJH VWUDQH (JHMVNRJ PRUDÄ\DULJDYXU³ELRMHSHåRUDWLYQLHSLWHW]DPXVOLPDQHSULVWLJOHL]*UþNH3RJUGQL QD]LYLÄWRXUNRVSRURL³ ÄVMHPH7XUDND³ LÄ\DULJDYXU³ ÄSROXQHYMHUQLN³ XSXüHQL UD]PLMHQMHQRPVWDQRYQLãWYXRGVWUDQHGRPLFLOQRJVWDQRYQLãWYDVDPRVXMHGQDRG SUL]PLNUR]NRMHVHPRJXSURPDWUDWLPLNURHIHNWLRYHUD]PMHQHVWDQRYQLãWYD1152YD UD]PMHQDMHNDWDVWURIDOQDQDLQGLYLGXDOQRMRVQRYLãWRüHUHüL]DRNRGYDPLOLRQD SRMHGLQDFD 6 DVSHNWD NUHLUDQMD QDFLRQDOQLK GUåDYD7XUDND L *UND WH VWDELOL]DFLMH PHÿXQDURGQLK RGQRVD X UHJLML SURPDWUDQD MH EDUHP RG WDGDãQMLK VDYUHPHQLND NDRSR]LWLYDQDNW1HãWRãWRMH]DNOMXþXMH1HYHQ$QÿHOLü³VDVYLPVLJXUQRMHGQR RG QDMWHåLK NUãHQMD RVQRYQLK OMXGVNLK SUDYD WDNR MH PLVOLOR VH GRQLMHOR PLU L VWDELOQRVWXSRGUXþMH(JHMVNRJPRUD´%URMQL*UFLSULGRãOL L]RVPDQVNLK JUDGRYDJOHGDOLVDYLVLQHQDSURYLQFLMDOL]DP*UþNH%URMGHSRUWLUDQLKPXVOLPDQD L] *UþNH NUHüH VH L]PHÿX L 3ULMH RYH ]DPMHQH X *UþNRM MH SR 113 ³1DSDOXELMHVWDMDODJRPLODOMXGL]ELMHQLKNDRVDUGLQHNRMLVXVHJUþLOLLPHãNROMLOL±VOLNDLSULOLND SUDYHOMXGVNHELMHGH1LMHELORPMHVWDJGMHELPRJOLRGVSDYDWLLOHüLQLMHELORKUDQHDQLVXPRJOLQL RWLüLGR]DKRGD0QRJHRGWLKOMXGLNRMLVXVWDMDOLQDNLãLLYMHWUXþHWLULGDQDQDWRSLODMHNLãDãLEDRLKMH LMHVHQVNLKODGQLYMHWDUDSRQHNDGLKMHSUåLORSRGQHYQRVXQFH1DREDOXVXL]DãOLXGURQMFLPDJODGQL EROHVQLSXQLSDUD]LWDLXSDOLKRþLMXGRNVHRNRQMLKãLULRXåDVDQPLULVOMXGVNHSUOMDYãWLQHDRQLVX VDJLQMDOLJODYHXRþDMX´±WDNRMHWRVWDQMHRSLVDR+HQU\0RUJHQWKDXDPHULþNLSUHGVMHGQLN.RPLWHWD ]DL]EMHJOLFHJOHGDMXüLNDNRVHGDPKLOMDGDPXãNDUDFDåHQDLGMHFHL]OD]LQDREDOXVEURGDQDNRMLMH XQRUPDOQLPSULOLNDPDPRJORVWDWLMHGYDGYLMHKLOMDGHOMXGL5DGLORVHRJUþNLPL]EMHJOLFDPDNRMHVX SRþHWNRP LVWRYDULYDQHSRSXWVWRNHVDVYLKPRJXüLKSORYLODXOXNHX6ROXQXL3LUHMX±SUHPD )âNLOMDQ0HÿXUDWQLSHULRGQD%DONDQX 1RYRVWLEU=DJUHEQRYHPEDUKWWS ZZZ VQYKUSGISGI 0 *OHQL %DONDQ ,, RSãLU ɋ Ʉɢɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɫɤɢ Ʌɨɡɚɧɫɤɢɨɬ ɦɢɪɨɜɟɧ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɟɝɭ Ƚɪɰɢʁɚ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢʁɚ Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤɛɪɋɤɨɩʁɟ 115 +.DUþLü'YDSXWDVWUDQDF, 2VORERÿHQMH6DUDMHYRQRYHPEDU 1$QÿHOLü.UDWNDSRYLMHVWOMXGVNLKSUDYD6DUDMHYR ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH QHNLPSRGDFLPDELORXNXSQRRNRPXVOLPDQDLOLRGVWRRG VWDQRYQLND NROLNR MH RYD GUåDYD WDGD LPDOD ,] *UþNH MH X 7XUVNX SURWMHUDQR L RNR GHQPL SULSDGQLND WDMQH MHYUHMVNRPXVOLPDQVNH VHNWH NRMD MH SRG PXVOLPDQVNLPLPHQLPDLRGMHüRPåLYMHODRG;9,,VWROMHüDXUD]QLPJUDGRYLPD QDURþLWR X 6ROXQX ,DNR VX GHQPH WYUGLOL GD QLVX 7XUFL JUþND YODGD MH SRULFDOD QMLKRY MHYUHMVNL LGHQWLWHW 5DVSDGRP 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD WUHQG GHPRJUDIVNH GHRVPDQL]DFLMH XNOMXþXMH VH X PRGHUQX SUREOHPDWLNX PDQMLQD X FMHOLQLXNRMLPDGUåDYHXWDGDMRãQHVWDELOL]LUDQRPPHÿXQDURGQRPNRQWHNVWXX PDQMLQDPDXRþDYDMXSULMHWQMH]DVLJXUQRVWRGQRVQRPRJXüQRVWGDSRVWDQXWDRFLLOL LVWRGREQRRERMH 5HSXEOLND 7XUVND QDVWDOD MH QDNRQ 3UYRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD NDR SRVOMHGQMD GUåDYD QD UD]YDOLQDPD 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD 3RG NUDM XNLQXW MH VXOWDQDW SRVOMHGQMLVXOWDQ0HKPHG9,RWLãDRMHL],VWDQEXOD5HSXEOLND7XUVNDSURJODãHQD MH D KDOLIDW X OLNX VXOWDQRYRJ URÿDND $EGXOPHGåLGD ,, XNLQXW MH JRGLQH 3UYL SXW X KLVWRULML LVODPD UHOLJLMD MH RGYRMHQD RG GUåDYH 7XUFL VX X SRUHÿHQMX VD %DONDQRP ELOL SRVOMHGQMD JUXSD NRMD üH UD]YLWL VRSVWYHQL WXUVNL QDFLRQDOL]DP'RODVNRP0XVWDID.HPDOD$WDWXUNDQDYODVWQDVWXSLODMHGLQDPLþQD ID]DXUD]YLWNX7XUVNHHWDSDUHIRUPLUD]YLWNDLXNLGDQMDSROXNRORQLMDOQHRYLVQRVWL 9RMQRELURNUDWVNDHOLWDSRGQMHJRYLPYRGVWYRPRGOXþLODVH]DUDGLNDOQLSUHNLGVD RVPDQVNRP SURãORãüX L VWYDUDQMH PRGHUQLK GUåDYQLK VWUXNWXUD SUHPD ]DSDGQRP X]RUX .HPDOLVWL VX ]D MHGDQ RG VYRMLK SULRULWHWD VPDWUDOL LQGXVWULMDOL]DFLMX LVWLVNLYDQMH VWUDQRJ NDSLWDOD L HNRQRPVNR RVDPRVWDOMLYDQMH ]HPOMH NDR QDGRJUDGQMX SROLWLþNRP RVDPRVWDOMHQMX 5HIRUPH NRMH VX XVOLMHGLOH GH¿QLUDMX VH L NDR VYHREXKYDWQD SROLWLþND HNRQRPVND VRFLMDOQD L NXOWXUQD WUDQVIRUPDFLMD ]DVWDUMHORJ RVPDQVNRJ VLVWHPD X PRGHUQX SURHYURSVNX GUåDYX 6XãWLQD UHIRUPL PRåHVHVXPLUDWLXãHVWJODYQLKSULQFLSD UHSXEOLNDQL]DPSRSXOL]DPVHNXODUL]DP UHIRUPL]DPQDFLRQDOL]DPLHWDWL]DP&LOM$WDWXUNRYHERUEHELRMHGD7XUVNXXYHGH X GUXãWYR VORERGQLK L QH]DYLVQLK GUåDYD L GUXãWYHQLK ]DMHGQLFD %LOR MH X ERUEL ]DL]JUDGQMLQRYRJLGHQWLWHWDSURNODPLUDQRRGYDMDQMHYMHUHRGUåDYHL]DEUDQMHQR PLMHãDQMH X GUåDYQX SROLWLNX $WDWXUN VH XSXVWLR X RSVHåDQ SURFHV WXUFL]LUDQMD SR]DSDGQMDþLYDQMDLVHNXODUL]DFLMHNRMLMHSUHREOLNRYDRMH]LNLKLVWRULMXUHOLJLMXL SROLWLNX7XUFLVXXSRUHÿHQMXVD%DONDQRPSRVOMHGQMD]DMHGQLFDNRMDüHUD]YLWL 7HNMHPDORPEURMXRQLKNRMLVXVHEDYLOLX]JRMHPGXKDQDGR]YROMHQRGDRVWDQX.HPDOLVWLþND ODLFL]DFLMD7XUVNHXEU]DüHHYROXFLMXGHQPL$NWLYQRüHXþHVWYRYDWLXREQRYL]HPOMHL³QRYD7XUVND VLJXUQR QLMH LPDOD YDWUHQLMLK SULVWDOLFD RG QMLK´ ± YLGL GHWDOMQLMH 2 =LURMHYLü 3LWDQMH LVODPL]DFLMH -HYUHMD,VWRULMVNLþDVRSLVNQM;/,,;/,,,%HRJUDG ,VWD'|QPH+HOVLQãNDSRYHOMD EU%HRJUDGPDUWDSULO 0 'RJR 0XVOLPDQL NDR HWQLþNH L YHUVNH PDQMLQH X MXJRLVWRþQRM (YURSL L]PHÿX GYD VYHWVND UDWDX ,VODP%DONDQLYHOLNHVLOH ;,9;;YHN %HRJUDG RSãLU6%DQGåRYLü5DWRYLL GHPRJUDIVNDGHRVPDQL]DFLMD%DONDQD 3ULOR]LEU6DUDMHYR 8SRU + 6RPXQ %RVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþND GLMDVSRUD )RUXP %RVQDH EU 6DUDMHYR '.LFLNLV2VPDQOLMVNR&DUVWYR äĈXULü9$M]HQKDPHU3ROLWLþNLVLVWHP7XUVNHQDUD]PHÿX NHPDOL]PDLLVODPL]PD, 6USVNDSROLWLþNDPLVDREU%HRJUDG 0%HM]DW 2$WDWXUNRYRP ODLFL]PXLQDFLRQDOL]PX, VakatEU6NRSOMHPDM $'RVW.RPSOLNRYDQDSULþD*ODVLVODPD EU1RYL3D]DU 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û VRSVWYHQL QDFLRQDOL]DP -HGQD RG QDMSRSXODUQLMLK $WDWXUNRYLK SDUROD ³%ODJR RQRPNR]DVHEHPRåHUHüLGDMH7XUþLQ´ ³1HPXWOX7UNPGL\HQH´ L]QMHJRYRJ þXYHQRJ JRYRUD X NRMHP MH L]ORåLR VYRM GUåDYQL SURJUDP SRND]DOD MH LVWRGREQRFLOMHYHLSUREOHPHRYHYL]LMH3ROLWLNDVHNXODUL]DFLMHELODMHVLPEROL]LUDQD ]DEUDQRP QRãHQMD IHVD ãWR MH XPDQMLOR XRþDYDQMH UHOLJLR]QLK NODVD D ELOR MH L SRNXãDMGDVHOMXGLSULYLNQXGDQRVH]DSDGQXRGMHüX ³VWDYLWLãHãLU´XPMHVWRIHVD GRELOR MH ]QDþHQMH ³HYURSHL]LUDWL VH´ =DSDGQR SLVPR MH X 7XUVNRM ]DPLMHQLOR DUDSVNR D KLVWRULMD MH UHLQWHUSUHWLUDQD SRWLVNLYDQMHP QMHQH DUDSVNH NRPSRQHQWH .DGD MH XNLQXWD XSRWUHED DUDSVNRJ SLVPD L XVYRMHQD ODWLQLFD SRYHGHQD MH RãWUDERUEDSURWLYQHSLVPHQRVWL=DYULMHPHRGSHWJRGLQDþDN JUDÿDQD QDXþLOR MH GD þLWD L SLãH X W]Y ³QDURGQLP ãNRODPD´ 8 YLVRNRP VWHSHQX$WDWXUN MH XVSLR GD ]DVQXMHWXUVNX QDFLRQDOQXVYLMHVW]DSDGQRJWLSDX HWQLþNRPORQFX ]D WRSOMHQMH$QDGROLMH,VODPMHSRVWDRLQWHJULUDQLGLRQDFLRQDOQLKRVMHüDMD 7XUVND MH VPDWUDOD OHJLWLPQLP SUDYD PXVOLPDQD VD %DONDQD GD VH QDVHOH X QMRM L XåLYDMX SUDYD SRSXW RVWDOLK QMHQLK JUDÿDQD ãWR MH VYDNDNR RGJRYDUDOR LVHOMHQLþNLP SODQRYLPD EDONDQVNLK GUåDYD NRMH VX LPDOH PXVOLPDQVNH PDQMLQH 7XUVNL ]DNRQ R QDVHOMDYDQMX L] RWYDUDR MH ãLURP YUDWD RVREDPD ÄWXUVNRJ SRULMHNOD³ HWQRVD LÄWXUVNHNXOWXUH´7XUVNRMMHELRSRWUHEDQVYDNLGRVHOMHQLN SRVHEQR ]D QDVHOMDYDQMH SR NUDMHYLPD NRMH VX QDSXVWLOL *UFL L -HUPHQL SD VH DQJDåLUDOD QD SURSDJDQGL UDGL GRVHOMDYDQMD PXVOLPDQD VD %DONDQD $WDWXUN MH JRYRULR GD VX PXKDGåLUL WXUVND ³QDFLRQDOQD XVSRPHQD QD ]HPOMH NRMH VPR L]JXELOL´1DNRQJUHVXHYURSVNLKPXVOLPDQDRGUåDQRPSRORYLQRPVHSWHPEUD XäHQHYLSUHGVWDYQLFLPXVOLPDQDL]-XJRVODYLMHL]QMHQLKMXåQLKNUDMHYDLVWLFDOL VXNDNRVHQDNRQEDONDQVNLKUDWRYDLVHOLR]QDWDQEURMPXVOLPDQVNHLQWHOLJHQFLMH XþLWHOMDLYMHURXþLWHOMDWHGDMHQDURGRVWDREH]YRÿVWYDREH]JODYOMHQLSRPHWHQ 8SRU 0 6YDUD .HPDOSDãD L VYLMHW, 1RYL EHKDU EU 6DUDMHYR VHSWHPEDU 1$ .DQVX1DURGQDSULYUHGDX7XUVNRMX .QMLJDR%DONDQX,%HRJUDG (.RQHO 6YHWR ULPVNR FDUVWYR LVODPVNRJ QDURGD, .QMLåHYQH QRYLQH EU %HRJUDG VHSWHPEDU 3RVOMHGQMLRWRPDQVNLJHQHUDO1,1EU%HRJUDGVHSWHPEDU WHNVWSUHX]HWL] ³7KH %RRNV´ 'å(VSR]LWR,VODPVNDSUHWQMD 0LWLOLVWYDUQRVW 2=LURMHYLü2VDPGHVHWSHWJRGLQD 7XUVNH5HSXEOLNH5HSXEOLNDEU%HRJUDGGHFHPEDU ( 3H]R .RPSDUDWLYQD DQDOL]D MXJRVODYHQVNRWXUVNH NRQYHQFLMH L] L ³GåHQWOPHQVNRJ VSRUD]XPD´L] 7RNRYLLVWRULMHEU%HRJUDG $$YGLü2SãWLSRJOHGQDPLJUDFLRQDNUHWDQMDPXVOLPDQVNRJVWDQRYQLãWYDQD%DONDQXRGNUDMD ;,; YHND GR ]DNOMXþHQMD MXJRVORYHQVNRWXUVNH NRQYHQFLMH MXOD JRGLQH 1RYRSD]DUVNL ]ERUQLN EU 1RYL 3D]DU =D UD]OLNX RG 6DQGåDND .RVRYD L 0DNHGRQLMH L] %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHXSHULRGXL]PHÿXGYDVYMHWVNDUDWDL]X]LPDMXüLGRQHNOH&D]LQVNXNUDMLQXQLMHGRãORGR ³QDURGQRJKXND´SUHPD7XUVNRMNDRXYULMHPHDXVWURXJDUVNHXSUDYHL]PHÿXRVWDORJL]ERJPDQMH XJURåHQRVWL X RGQRVX QD PXVOLPDQH ³MXåQLK NUDMHYD´$WDWXUN MH ELR XND]XMH âDüLU )LODQGUD L GLR VYDNRGQHYQHVYLMHVWLRELþQLK%RãQMDND2QLVXJDSR]QDYDOLX]GL]DOLLYROMHOL2QMHPXVHLSDNPDOR ]QDOR³EXGXüLGDMH¿JXULUDRNDRUHPLQLVFHQFLMDQDVODYQHVXOWDQHWXMH¿JXULUDRNDR]DãWLWQLNLYRÿD PXVOLPDQD VYLMHWD 2 SUHNLGX V WRP SUHGVWDYOMDþNRP L ]DãWLWQLþNRP IXQNFLMRP ,VWDQEXOD PDOR VH ]QDORLOLVHQLMHEDãQLKWMHORSXQR]QDWL2$WDWXUNRYRMUHYROXFLMLSURPMHQDPDNRMHMHGRQLRWXUVNRP GUXãWYXNDUDNWHUXWLKSURPMHQDQMLKRYLPGRPHWLPDXVORYLPDSRGNRMLPVXVHVYHRQHLGRJRGLOH RELþQLOMXGLVXMRãPDQMH]QDOL$OLEH]RE]LUDQDVYHWR$WDWXUNVHSRãWRYDR´±YLGL â)LODQGUD %RãQMDFLL]PHÿXNHPDOL]PDLSDQLVODPL]PDOdjekEU6DUDMHYR ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH SUHGRþDYDMXüLGDOMHNDNRVXVHREHQDVWDYOMHQHLQDNRQ ³QDURþLWRSURVYMHüHQLK VORMHYD´ 3RVOLMH JUþNRWXUVNH UD]PMHQH VWDQRYQLãWYD GDOMH NRQYHQFLMH L]PHÿX 7XUVNH L EDONDQVNLK GUåDYD %XJDUVNH 5XPXQLMH -XJRVODYLMH UHJXOLUDOH VX L]PHÿXGYDVYMHWVNDUDWDHPLJUDFLMXQRYLKNRQWLJHQDWDPXVOLPDQD 'RJRYRUHQR SUHVHOMDYDQMHVWDQRYQLãWYDQHPRåHVHWUHWLUDWLGREURYROMQLPPDGDVHVXGELQDWDNR SUHVHOMHQLKOMXGLUD]OLNXMHRGVXGELQHRQLKQDVLOQRLVHOMHQLK,VHOMDYDQMDPXVOLPDQD VD %DONDQD SRGVWDNQXWD GMHORYDQMHP QL]D GUXãWYHQLK SROLWLþNLK L HNRQRPVNLK IDNWRUD QDVWDYOMHQD VX L QDNRQ 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD 'R ãH]GHVHWLK JRGLQD LGHMD HWQLþNH SRGMHOH SURãLULOD VH .LSURP D X SRVOMHGQMRM GHFHQLML ;; VWROMHüD L QDSURVWRUXELYãH-XJRVODYLMH8%XJDUVNRMMH GRãORGR³YHOLNHHNVNXU]LMH´ ± SURJRQD YLãH VWRWLQD KLOMDGD PXVOLPDQD X7XUVNX 8 QMX üH SULVWLüL L GLR ERãQMDþNLKPXKDGåLUDL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHWHVPMHãWHQXSUDYRSRNDPSRYLPDX NRMLPDVXSULMHERUDYLOLPXKDGåLULL]%XJDUVNH 7XUVND SROLWLND MH ELOD XVPMHUDYDQD QD MH]LþNX L NXOWXUQRSROLWLþNX DVLPLODFLMXVYLKGRVHOMHQLND$VLPLODFLMDXVRFLMDOQRSROLWLþNRPSRJOHGXMHELOD SRWSXQD LDNR VX LVHOMHQLFL SR PQRJLP QDVHOMLPD þLQLOL RGUHÿHQX VXENXOWXUQX LOL IRONORUQXJUXSXLOL]DMHGQLFXXQXWDUNRMHVHVDþXYDRPDWHUQMLMH]LNLDNRSULOLþQR DUKDLþDQ ,VHOMHQLFL QL VDPL QLVX PDKRP åHOMHOL NXOWXUQRSROLWLþNX DXWRQRPLMX D MRã PDQMH L]RODFLMX X RGQRVX QD QRYR RNUXåHQMH YHü QDSURWLY LQWHJUDFLMX X ,]YMHãWDMGHOHJDWD,9=.UDOMHYLQH-XJRVODYLMHQD.RQJUHVXHYURSVNLKPXVOLPDQDXäHQHYL VHSWHPEDU , *ODVQLN9UKRYQRJVWDUMHãLQVWYD,9=.UDOMHYLQH-XJRVODYLMHEU%HRJUDG RNWREDUQRYHPEDU 7XUVND ãWDPSD MH SRYRGRP GRVHOMDYDQMD EDONDQVNLK PXVOLPDQD LVWLFDOD GD MH QHVWDQDN RVPDQVNHGUåDYHQDPHWQXRSRWUHEXGD³SULVWXSLPRXVHOMDYDQMXQDãHMHGQRNUYQHEUDüHNRMLVXRVWDOL L]YDQJUDQLFHVYRMHSUDYHRWDGåELQH7XUVNH7RMHQHNHYUVWHGXJNRMLVPRSRþHOLGDPDORSRPDOR SODüDPR EODJRGDUHüL EXGåHWVNLP NUHGLWLPD NRML VH VYDNH JRGLQH RGREUDYDMX X WX VYUKX 3ULPMHQD HPLJUDFLRQHSROLWLNHSUHGVWDYOMDMHGDQRGQDMGHOLNDWQLMLKSUREOHPDLYODGDWXSULGDMHVYXRQXYDåQRVW NRMX]DVOXåXMX0LPRUDPRGR]YROLWLJRGLãQMLXOD]X]HPOMXVDPRRQROLNRPEURMXHPLJUDQDWDNROLNR VPRXVWDQMXGDVPMHVWLPR2JUDQLþHQRVWUDVSRORåLYLPVUHGVWYLPDPHÿXWLPVPDQMXMHQXåQRVPMHãWDM HPLJUDQDWD.DGDüHPRGDNOHVPMHVWLWLMHGDQLSRGRGYDPLOLRQDRYHQDãHEUDüHX]JRGLãQMLULWDP XVHOMDYDQMD RG GR KLOMDGD" 0L VPR PLãOMHQMD GD VH RYR SLWDQMH RNRQþD VD QDMYHüLP SROHWRP XURNXRGRVDPGRGHVHWJRGLQD´±SUHPD $$YGLü-XJRVORYHQVNRWXUVNLSUHJRYRULRLVHOMDYDQMX PXVOLPDQVNRJVWDQRYQLãWYDXSHULRGXL]PHÿXGYDVYHWVNDUDWD1RYRSD]DUVNL]ERUQLNEU1RYL 3D]DU . ,VHOMHQLFLL]VRFLMDOLVWLþNH-XJRVODYLMH PDKRPL]6DQGåDNDVD.RVRYDLL]0DNHGRQLMH RGODVNRP X7XUVNXJXELOLVXMXJRVODYHQVNRGUåDYOMDQVWYRNDRLQMLKRYLSUHWKRGQLFLXUDQLMLPSHULRGLPDVKRGQR XJRYRULPDVD7XUVNRPGUåDYOMDQVWYR.UDOMHYLQH6UELMH.UDOMHYLQH&UQH*RUH.UDOMHYLQH-XJRVODYLMH 7LPHMHPQRJLPDNRMLVHQLVXXVSMHOLVQDüL]ERJVORåHQHLGXJHSURFHGXUHSRYUDWNDGUåDYOMDQVWYD RQHPRJXüHQSRYUDWDNX]HPOMX,VHOMHQLFLL]-XJRVODYLMHXGUXJH]HPOMHQLVXPRUDOL]DUD]OLNXRGRYLK LVHOMHQLNDGDVHRGULþXGUåDYOMDQVWYD 0HKPHW$OL.LOLþEDMWXUVNLKLVWRULþDUHNRQRPLMHLSROLWRORJSLãH GDMH7XUVNDXYHüRMPMHUL SURL]YRG%DONDQDQHJR6UHGQMH$]LMH ³'DQDVXQDãRM]HPOMLåLYHQDUDYQROMXGLþLMLVXSUHFLGRãOL L]6UHGQMH$]LMHDOLLPDLRQLKNRMLPDVXSUHFLSULVSHOLV%DONDQD.RMLKOLMHYLãH"1HVXPQMLYRRYLK GUXJLK7RSUHGVWDYOMDQHL]EHåDQLQHSRUHFLYGUXJLRVORQDFHYURSVWYD7XUVNH%DONDQMHRVWDYLRGXERNH WUDJRYHXWXUVNRPHWQLþNRPNXOWXUQRPLGUXãWYHQRPELüX´±SUHPD '7DQDVNRYLü1HRVPDQL]DP GRNWULQDLVSROMQRSROLWLþNDSUDNVD%HRJUDG 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û WXUVNR GUXãWYR ,DNR VX QHNH SRURGLFH VD SRGUXþMD QHNDGDãQMH -XJRVODYLMH GRVHOLOHSULMHVWRLYLãHJRGLQDSDVHUDGLRþHWYUWRMJHQHUDFLMLWLKLVHOMHQLNDRQH L SRUHG WXUVNRJ ³JRYRUH VUSVNRKUYDWVNL PDNHGRQVNL LOL DOEDQVNL MH]LN SD QD WRPMH]LNXUD]JRYDUDMXNRGNXüHLXXåHPNUXJXSULMDWHOMD´LOLNRUHVSRQGLUDMXQD QMHPX VD URGELQRP L SULMDWHOMLPD´ X ]DYLþDMQLP NUDMHYLPD -H]LN LVHOMHQLND MH XJODYQRP RQDNDY NDNYLP VX JD GRQLMHOL PXKDGåLUL ,VHOMHQLFL VWDULMLK QDUDãWDMD QLVX ]DERUDYLOL PQRãWYR MH]LþNRJ IRONORUD QDURGQH SMHVPH GRVNRþLFH ãDOH SULþH ]DJRQHWNH L GU NRMH VX GRQLMHOL L] URGQH ]HPOMH 8 WR VX VH PRJOL XYMHULWL VYLRQLNRMLVXLKSRVMHüLYDOL130=XIHU%HãOLüRELOD]HüL 7XUVNXQDLãDRMHX ,QHJHOXJUDGLüXNPRG%XUVHQDEURMQHLVHOMHQLNHLQMLKRYRSRWRPNHL]%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHL6DQGåDND ³,QWHUHVDQWQRMHWRGDLGDQDVLPDNDNRVPRVD]QDOLGRVWD åHQDOMXGLNRMLQH]QDMXWXUVNLMH]LNLDNRVXGRãOLSULMHJRGLQD/MXERPRUQRL GDQDVXVYRMLPSRURGLFDPDþXYDMXQDãHRELþDMHLMH]LN´1311DLOD9DOMHYDFVPDWUDGD VHJRYRULVHOMHQLNDþXYD³XVXãWLQLXJRWRYRQHL]PLMHQMHQRMIRUPLXNRMRMMHSRQLMHW L] GRPRYLQH D SULURGQH LQRYDFLMH X QMHPX YMHþLWR XND]XMX QD QMHJRYR MH]LþNR RNUXåHQMH´ *RYRU MH X YHOLNRM PMHUL RþXYDQ VD EURMQLP DUKDL]PLPD QD RVQRYX þHJD MH PRJXüH XWYUGLWL SRULMHNOR SRMHGLQLK SRURGLFD 1HNH VX VDþXYDOH PDWLþQX ]DSDGQRERVDQVNX L FHQWUDOQRERVDQVNX LNDYLFX 8 VHOLPD JGMH VX SRPLMHãDQL GRVHOMHQLFLLNDYFLLLMHNDYFLSUHRYODGDYDODMHLMHNDYãWLQD6HQDKLG+DOLORYLüQDYRGL GD LVHOMHQLFL ³X] QDã MH]LN PQRJL SR]QDMX L WXUVNL 0DWHUQML MH]LN QDMþHãüH QD]LYDMXERVDQVNLP´8WLFDMWXUVNRJMH]LNDYLGOMLYMHLQDGUXJLPMH]LþNLPQLYRLPDL VORMHYLPDNDUDNWHULVWLþQLP]DELOLQJYDOQH]DMHGQLFH133 0,PDPRYLü%RãQMDFLXHPLJUDFLML0RQRJUD¿MD%RVDQVNLKSRJOHGD 6DUDMHYR 3LVPR+DMUXGLQD0HKPHGEDãLüDLVSUHG*ODYQRJRGERUD0DWLFHLVHOMHQLND%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH ,]YUãQRPYLMHüX65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRGDXJXVWD SRYRGRPSRVMHWH6XOHMPDQD'HPLUHOD SUHPLMHUD5HSXEOLNH7XUVNH $1DPHWDN-H]LNQDãLKLVHOMHQLNDX7XUVNRM*ODVQLN5LMDVHW,9=X6)5-EU6DUDMHYR $OLMD 1DPHWDN QDYRGL GD VX PXKDGåLUL SUDYLOL RG WXUVNLK ULMHþL WXUFL]PH NRMLK UDQLMH QLMH ELOR 1DYRGL SULPMHU ³2G RYRJD WUD¿ND SXQD ND]DMD ELYD´ ³GHãDYD VH PQRJR SURPHWQLK VDREUDüDMQLK QHVUHüD´ GDOMHYLGL $1DPHWDN-H]LNQDãLKLVHOMHQLNDX7XUVNRM, .DEHVEU0RVWDUQRYHPEDU 130 )âDQWLü =DSLVLL]$QDGROLMH6DQGåDNEU6DUDMHYRIHEUXDU 131 =%HãOLü3UYDQDXþQDHNVNXU]LMDþODQRYD8OHPHXLQRVWUDQVWYR*ODVQLN9,6X6)5-EU 6DUDMHYR RSãLU+0XMLü2YRJRGLãQMHSXWRYDQMHQDKDGå*ODVQLN9,6X6)5-EU 6DUDMHYR 8JRYRUXSRURGLFHSRULMHNORPL]%LKDüDVDþXYDQHVXJODYQHIRQHWVNHRVRELQH]DSDGQRERVDQVNLK LNDYVNRãüDNDYVNLK JRYRUD ± QHGRVOMHGDQ LNDYL]DP OОSãƝ PОVWR WUuEƗ X] üТMHN svjet EMМO JТUH; QHGRVOMHGDQãüDNDYL]DP LPSSЪãüƯJOSULGUDGãüКR'UXJLLVHOMHQLFLþXYDMXLVWRþQRKHUFHJRYDþNX LMHNDYLFXWUHüLDUKDLþQXVMHYHURLVWRþQRERVDQVNXDNFHQWXDFLMX*RYRURYLKJUXSDSRSULPLRMHLRVRELQH WXUVNRJ MH]LND V NRMLP MH X NRQWDNWX L þLMHP MH XWMHFDMX VQDåQR L]ORåHQ SRVHEQR QD OHNVLþNRP SODQX RSãLU $ *HQMDF1DNLüHYLü *RYRU %RãQMDND X 7XUVNRM )RQHWVNRIRQRORãNH RVREHQRVWL %RVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLVODYLVWLþNLNRQJUHVNQM6DUDMHYR 133 8SRU$1DPHWDN-H]LNQDãLKLVHOMHQLNDX7XUVNRM 19DOMHYDF(NVWUDOLQJYLVWLþNLIDNWRULX ERVDQVNRPMH]LNX)RUXP%RVQDHEU6DUDMHYR QDS 6+DOLORYLü%RVDQVNLMH]LN 6DUDMHYR +9DM]RYLü3ULþDPWLSULþX2VORERÿHQMH6DUDMHYRDSULO ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH 5DQLMHVXELOLULMHWNLEUDNRYLERãQMDþNLKLVHOMHQLNDLQMLKRYLKSRWRPDNDVD ³7XUNXãDPD´NDNRRQLQD]LYDMX7XUNHNDRLVD.XUGLPD/D]RYLPDLSULSDGQLFLPD GUXJLK ]DMHGQLFD 8 QRYLMH GRED VX XþHVWDOLML EUDNRYL QDURþLWR GMHYRMDND L] LVHOMHQLþNLKSRURGLFDVD7XUFLPD 0RJORVHþXWLGDVXERãQMDþNLLVHOMHQLFLLQMLKRYL SRWRPFLRVWDOLRVREHQL,PDLSRGUXþMDQDYRGLVHXPDWHULMDOLPD0DWLFHLVHOMHQLND %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH JRGLQH VD SRVHEQLP JUREOMLPD X NRMD VH VDKUDQMXMX VDPR QDãL LVHOMHQLFL 0XKDGåLUL L QMLKRYL SRWRPFL QLVX VWDUH NUDMHYH L] NRMLK VX ELOLSRULMHNORP]DERUDYOMDOL1353RVHEQHREOLNHL]UDåDYDQMDOMXEDYLNDRLSRVHEQH VDUDGQMH L YH]D VD VWDULP NUDMHYLPD þLQH VYRMHYUVQL VDVWDQFL VLMHOD WHIHULþL GDQ JRVWLMXVYDGEHPHYOXGLSRNXüDPDLOLLPDQMLPDLVHOMHQLNDLQMLKRYLKSRWRPDND JGMHVHRNXSOMDMXJRWRYRLVNOMXþLYRSRURGLFHLVHOMHQLNDLQMLKRYLKSRWRPDNDWHRQH SRURGLFHSRULMHNORPL]GUXJLKQDURGQRVWLNRMHVXXURGELQVNLPYH]DPDVDQMLPD /MXEDYSUHPD%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL6DQGåDNX&UQRM*RUL.RVRYXL0DNHGRQLML NDR XåHP ]DYLþDMX L]UDåDYD VH X PQRJLP LVHOMHQLþNLP QDVHRELQDPD RGQRVQR X YHüLP L PDQMLP JUXSDPD LOL SRMHGLQDþQLP SRURGLFDPD WLK LVHOMHQLND L QMLKRYLK SRWRPDND QD UD]QH QDþLQH 'XERND YH]DQRVW ERãQMDþNLK PXKDGåLUD L QMLKRYLK SRWRPDND]DVWDUHNUDMHYHL]NRMLKVXSRWHNOLRþLWRYDODVHLXNUL]QLPYUHPHQLPD 8WRNX'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVODOLVXSRPRüX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX 2QLVXL X UDWX SUXåLOL ]QDWDQ GRSULQRV X ]EULQMDYDQMX L]EMHJOLFD L] %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHSRJODYLWRL]QMHQLKLVWRþQLKGLMHORYDWHXVYDNROLNRMSRPRüLNRMDMH XSXüHQDXRYXGUåDYX 0XKDGåLULL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSULVWLJOLX7XUVNXX 6WDUD6D¿MD$NWDQL]3RODWOLMDQDGRPDN$QNDUHMHND]LYDOD ³'RÿRãHMDEDQÿLMHXNXüXGMHFD SRþHãHåHQLWL7XUNXãHLûXUWHLVYHSUHRNUHQXãH'MHFDSRþHãH]ERULWLVQMLPDLPLQLãWDQHUD]XPLPR 0RMDVYHNUYDQLULMHþLQLMH]QDODWXUVNL.DGDELQHNRSUR]ERULRRQDELUHNOD³âWD]ERULWH%RJYDV QHXELRMDQLMHQXULMHþQHUD]XPLP´±FLWSUHPD $+RGåLü0.DODMGåLü'RÿRãHMDEDQÿLMHXNXüX GMHFDSRþHãHåHQLWL7XUNXãH, 3UHSRURGEU 6DUDMHYRPDM RSãLU$+RGåLü0 .DODMGåLü%RãQMDFLX7XUVNRM6DUDMHYR 135 2SãLU YLG UDGRYH 6 6PODWLüD .DODIDW NR\ NRG %LJHQDVHOMH ERVDQVNLK LVHOMHQLND0XVOLPDQD *HRJUDIVNL SUHJOHG ;,;,, 6DUDMHYR 0DWHUQML MH]LNQDMYHüH EODJR NDNR QDãL LVHOMHQLFL X 7XUVNRMQMHJXMXQDãXQDURGQXWUDGLFLMXLNXOWXUX ,VHOMHQLþNLNDOHQGDU6DUDMHYR 8.DODEDNX NUDM,]PLUD, ,VHOMHQLþNLDOPDQDK6DUDMHYR 0XVOLPDQLVUSVNRKUYDWVNRJMH]LNDX7XUVNRM ,;NRQJUHVJHRJUDID-XJRVODYLMH6DUDMHYR =%HãOLü3UYDQDXþQDHNVNXU]LMDþODQRYD8OHPHXLQRVWUDQVWYR*ODVQLN9,6X6)5-EU 6DUDMHYR 3UHPDSRGDFLPD(NRQRPVNRLQIRUPDWLYQRJELURD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHX,]PLUX L]VUHGLQHJRGLQHX7XUVNRMVXGRVHOMHQLPXVOLPDQLL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHL6DQGåDNDRGQRVQR QMLKRYRSRWRPVWYRYHRPDEURMQLSRSRMHGLQLPPMHVWLPD %DONDMDVHOR±GRVHOMHQL JRGLQH ,VWDQEXOGRVHOMHQLK %XUVDGRVHOMHQLK ,]PLU GRVHOMHQLK JRGLQH 3UHPD QDYRGLPD RYRJ ELURD X 7XUVNRM MH ELOR SRWRPDND PXKDGåLUDL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHL6DQGåDNDGRVHOMHQLK JRGLQH±QDYSUHPD ,âDERWLü 6HREH%RãQMDNDL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXYULMHPHDXVWURXJDUVNHXSUDYHX =ERUQLNUDGRYD1DXþQL VNXSRYL ³0LJUDFLMH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL´ RGUåDQL L X 7X]OL L]G %=. ³3UHSRURG´7X]OD $.XUSHMRYLü2SãWLRVYUWQDRVQRYQHX]URNHLVHOMDYDQMD0XVOLPDQD&UQH*RUHX7XUVNX UXNRSLV 'RNXPHQWDFLMD0DWLFH0XVOLPDQVNH&UQH*RUH EURM 0 3HOHVLü ³0HUKDPHW´ X 'UXJRP VYMHWVNRP UDWX X +XPDQLVWLþNL DVSHNWL GMHORYDQMD GREURWYRUQLKGUXãWDYDXUDWQLPXYMHWLPD6DUDMHYR %RãQMDFL SRULMHNORP L] 6DQGåDND QDVWDQMHQL X ,VWDQEXOX SULNXSLOL VX ]D %RVQX L 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û OMHWR RWNULYDOLVXXVYRMRMQHYROMLMHGDQJROHPLVYLMHWUDVHOMHQLK%RãQMDNDR NRMHPQLVXPQRJR]QDOL7XVXQDLãOLQDVYRMHEURMQHVXQDURGQLNHNRMLVXJRYRULOL LVWLPMH]LNRPþLMLVXSUHFLRGDYQRSULVWLJOLXQHNLPRGPQRJREURMQLKPXKDGåLUVNLK WDODVD3URFMHQHGDMHGDQDVYLãHSRWRPDNDMXåQRVODYHQVNLKPXKDGåLUDX7XUVNRM X]LPDMXüLXRE]LUVYHPXKDGåLUVNHSRNUHWHWRNRP;,;L;;VWROMHüDQHJRRQLK LVWRJ SRULMHNOD X SRVWMXJRVODYHQVNLP ]HPOMDPD L]D]LYDMX GXERND SURPLãOMDQMD R VXGELQLPXVOLPDQDQDNRQQHVWDQNDRVPDQVNHXSUDYHXVXGXRQLKNRMLVXRVWDOLR RVWDWNX³LVHOMHQRJQDURGD´RUDWRYLPDVWUDGDQMLPDLLVNXãHQMLPD 3UHORPQH GRJDÿDMH X KLVWRULML %DONDQD WUHED SULND]LYDWL VD UD]OLþLWLK SR]LFLMD SD L L] LVNXVWDYD PXVOLPDQVNLK ]DMHGQLFD 7D KLVWRULMD MH X EDONDQVNLP KLVWRULRJUD¿MDPD PDKRP SUH]HQWLUDQD X] PLQLPL]LUDQMH L PDUJLQDOL]LUDQMH PXVOLPDQVNH NRPSRQHQWH =ERJ ³UHGXNFLMH WRWDOLWHWD´ SRVWRML UHODWLYQRVW X WUHWLUDQMX KLVWRULMVNLK IHQRPHQD 6 YUHPHQRP PQRJH VWYDUL QHVWDMX L] VMHüDQMD D ]DERUDY RPRJXüDYD L LVNULYOMHQD WXPDþHQMD 0RUD VH SURXþDYDWLVYHãWRVH GRJRGLOR X KLVWRULML QH VDPR RQR ãWR VHOHNWLYQR RGJRYDUD SRWUHEDPD YUHPHQD L SROLWLNH +RGDQMH SR SRYUãLQL ]HPOMH SULPMHüXMX KLVWRULþDUL ³QLNDG X LVWL PDK QH RWNULYD L RQR ãWR VH ]ELYD SRG ]HPOMRP´ 2SVWDMX QH VDPR X UHJLRQDOQLP QDXþQLP NUXJRYLPD RWSRUL SUHPD UDFLRQDOQLP UHNRQVWUXNFLMDPD L UHDNWXHOL]DFLML ³NRQWURYHU]QLK´ WHPD SRãWR LP RGJRYDUDMX NRQ]HUYLUDQH VOLNH UDQLMH LGHRORãNH RFMHQH L GRJPDWVND WHUPLQRORJLMD %URMQL LVWUDåLYDþL NDR L RELþQL OMXGL GDQDV WUHWLUDMX SURãORVW %DONDQD VD XVNR QDFLRQDOQLK SROD]LãWD LJQRULUDMXüL KLVWRULMX L GRVWLJQXüD GUXJLK HWQLþNLK JUXSD L PXOWLQDFLRQDOQLK GUXãWDYD L GUåDYD NRMLPD VX QHNDGDSULSDGDOL(J]LVWLUDMXLGDOMH]DVHEQLPRGHOLNROHNWLYQLKPHPRULMDUD]OLþLWL GDWXPL L SULþH XQXWDU QMLK 3UHGUDVXGH VH ]DVQLYDMX QD LUDFLRQDOQLP þLQLRFLPD L MDNLP HPRFLMDPD 5HWRULND SRYH]DQD VD QHJDWLYQLP VWDYRP SUHPD RVPDQVNRP QDVOMHÿX V IXQNFLRQDOQLP SVHXGRPLWVNLP L SVHXGRKLVWRULMVNLP PUHåDPD LPD GXJRWUDMQRJ RGUD]D X KLVWRULRJUD¿ML SUR]L PHGLMLPD L HPRFLRQDOL]DFLML GLVNXUVD 5DFLRQDOQD VD]QDQMD R RVPDQVNRP %DONDQX L QMHJRYRP QDVOMHÿX WUHED UD]YLMDWL X] XVSRVWDYX QXåQH GLVWDQFH RG QDFLRQDOLVWLþNLK NDWHJRULMD HSLNH VWHUHRWLSD L WHQGHQFLR]QLK SUHGVWDYD D QMHJRYX KLVWRULMX YLãHGLPHQ]LRQDOQR UDãþODQMLYDWL NULWLþNLUHNDSLWXOLUDWLLUHGH¿QLUDWL=DGDWDNXNODQMDQMDSUHGUDVXGDXYLMHNMHSULWRP WHåDNSRVDR'XJRåLYHLWHãNRVHLVNRUMHQMXMX +HUFHJRYLQXGRQDFLMXYULMHGQXPLOLRQDDPHULþNLKGRODUD±YLGL 6+DOLORYLü/XNDYDVWUDWHJLMD 6DUDMHYR 3UHPDSRSLVXVWDQRYQLãWYDL] X7XUVNRMMHELOR LVHOMHQLNDSRULMHNORPL]-XJRVODYLMH 3RSRGDFLPD.RQ]XODUQHXSUDYH6DYH]QRJVHNUHWDULMDWD]DLQRVWUDQHSRVORYH-XJRVODYLMHL] X 7XUVNRM VH QDOD]LOR W]Y ³*HþPHQD´ SRUDWQLK GRVHOMHQLND L] VRFLMDOLVWLþNH -XJRVODYLMH 1D ]QDWQHDGPLQLVWUDWLYQH]DSUHNHVXQDLOD]LOLRQLNRMLVXUD]RþDUDQLXåLYRWX7XUVNRMKWMHOLGDVHYUDWH 1MLKMHXVSLRSUHEURGLWLWHNPDQMLEURMLVHOMHQLND 5LþDUG+ROEUXNMHQDSLVDRGDMHQDSR]QDWLMDRGVYLKNQMLJDR-XJRVODYLMLQDHQJOHVNRPMH]LNXX $PHULFLGXJRELODNQMLJD5HEHFH:HVW&UQRMDJQMHLVLYLVRNRL]WULGHVHWLKJRGLQD;;VWROMHüDþLMH VXWH]HGDVX³7XUFLXSURSDVWLOL%DONDQ´ GDVXPXVOLPDQLUDVQRLQIHULRUQLXWLFDOHQDGYLMHJHQHUDFLMH þLWDODþNHSXEOLNHSUHPD 5+ROEURRNH=DYUãLWLUDW6DUDMHYR ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH 6KYDüHQDNDRVORåHQRVWKLVWRULMDVHQHPRåHYDORUL]LUDWLVDPRL]ORNDOQH SHUVSHNWLYH -HGQRGLPHQ]LRQDOQR L PDQLKHMVNR SULND]LYDQMH QMHQRJ NDUDNWHUD NDR L SUDNVD QRUPLUDQLK SULþD MRã QH SULSDGDMX SURãORVWL 3URPDWUDQMH SRMDYD X NRQWLQXLWHWX QH GRSXãWD ³QL ]DERUDY QL SUHYLÿDQMH´7R VH VYDNDNR RGQRVL L QD SLWDQMDGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH=D³SURFHVHGXJRJWUDMDQMD´QDXþQLFLQDYRGH GDVXWRRQLVSRULWRNRYLKLVWRULMHNRMLVHQDOD]HGXERNRLVSRGSRYUãLQVNLKNUHWDQMD SROLWLþNH KLVWRULMH 6XGELQX %RãQMDND WUHED SURPDWUDWL L X NRQWHNVWX VXGELQH L GUXJLKPXVOLPDQVNLK]DMHGQLFDQD%DONDQX5DWRYLSURJRQLLLVHOMDYDQMDVXRVWDYLOL GXERNH SRVOMHGLFH X QMLKRYRM KLVWRULML 2GQRVLOL VX VQDJX VYDNROLNH SRWHQFLMDOH RVWDYOMDMXüL L]D VHEH ³REUDQR POLMHNR´ UDQMLYX ]DMHGQLFX LVSDUFHOL]LUDQX VYLMHVW EULVDQMH LOL VNUDüLYDQMH þLWDYLK EORNRYD SDPüHQMD )UDJPHQWDFLMD SURVWRUD GRYHOD MH GR SRGMHOD L SDUFHOL]DFLMH VYLMHVWL SR]LFLMH ³SRYLMHVQH SDVLYH´ ³YMHþLWH åUWYH´ ,]ORåHQ YLãHVWUDQLP QDSDGLPD PXVOLPDQVNL VYLMHW VH RNUHQXR VHEL GROD]HüL X GXJRWUDMQRVWDQMH]DWYRUHQRVWLGHIDQL]LYQRVWLLSUHRVMHWOMLYRVWLYROMQLKLQHYROMQLK NRPSURPLVD1MLKRYRLVNXVWYRPDKRPQLMHNRQGHQ]LUDQRRþXYDQRLJHQHUDFLMVNL SUHQRãHQR 'XJRWUDMQL SURFHV EDONDQL]DFLMH GRYHR MH L GR SDUWLNXODUQH VYLMHVWL 3URXþDYDQMH SURFHVD GHRVPDQL]DFLMH %DONDQD NDR L SUDWHüHJ YLãHVWROMHWQRJ PXKDGåLUVNRJ IDWXPD RVWDMH ³WUDMDQ QDSRU´ XYLMHN ³QDSRU X WRNX´ NRMHP VH QH QD]LUHNUDM ³.UDWNR´ ;; VWROMHüH´ GRED HNVWUHPL]PD´ L ³HSRKH SROLWLNH´ SURL]YHOR MHGRLVWDQDMYHüHQDGHþRYMHþDQVWYDDOLMHYHüLQXLVDKUDQLOR%LORMHWRSUHPD( +REVEDXPXQDMXELODþNLMHVWROMHüHSRUD]PMHUDPDXþHVWDORVWLLGXåLQLUDWRYDNDRL SRYHOLþLQLOMXGVNLKNDWDVWURIDEH]SUHPFDNRMHVXWLUDWRYLSURL]YHOL2QLXOMXGLPD L]D]LYDMXGXERNHSURPMHQHPLMHQMDMXSRLPDQMHLYLÿHQMHQMLKVDPLKDOLLQDþLQQD NRMLRQLYLGHLGRåLYOMDYDMXGUXJH ³ýLãüHQMH´RGUHÿHQLKHWQLþNLKJUXSDYH]DQRMH ]DPRGHUQLQDFLRQDOL]DPQDMPRüQLMXSROLWLþNXVQDJX;,;L;;VWROMHüD8RSãWHP VPLVOX³HWQLþNRþLãüHQMH´VHPRåHUD]XPMHWLNDRWHUPLQNRMLREXKYDWDVLVWHPDWVNH PDVRYQH]ORþLQHSURWMHULYDQMH³QHSRåHOMHQRJ´VWDQRYQLãWYDVDMHGQHWHULWRULMH]ERJ UHOLJLR]QH LOL HWQLþNH GLVNULPLQDFLMH VWUDWHãNLK LOL LGHRORãNLK SREXGD 5DVQL L HWQLþNLSURMHNWLQDSLVDODMH6LPRQ9HMO 6LPRQH:HLO NRMLGRYRGHGRL]EMHJOLãWYD X RVQRYL VX XVPMHUHQL QD VODPDQMH þRYMHND QMHJRYH GXãH 3RWUHEH GXãH QMHQD SUDYD QHRGYRMLYL VX RG LGHMH SRVWRMDQMD /MXGVNL åLYRW XYLMHN SRGUD]XPLMHYD RGUHÿHQL RNYLU GD EL LPDR VPLVOD ,]EMHJOLãWYR MH MHGDQ RG QDMVQDåQLMLK QDþLQD GDVHWDMRNYLUXNLQHLþRYMHNVORPL3RWUHED]DNRULMHQLPDMHPRåGDQDMYDåQLMDL QDMPDQMH VKYDüHQD SRWUHED OMXGVNH GXãH %LWL LVNRULMHQMHQ XVWYUGLOD MH +DQD $UHQW +DQQDK$UHQGW ]QDþLOR MH QHPDWL X VYLMHWX PMHVWR NRMH EL GUXJL SUL]QDOL ).DUþLü³,VWRþQRSLWDQMH´ SDUDGLJPD]DKLVWRULMXPXVOLPDQD%DONDQDX;;YLMHNX 7%ULQJD%LWL0XVOLPDQQDERVDQVNLQDþLQ (%HO)LMDONRY.UDWNDLVWRULMDHWQLþNRJþLãüHQMD,IHOMWRQ3ROLWLND%HRJUDGMXOL WHNVW SUHX]HWL]DPHULþNRJþDVRSLVD³)RUHLJQ$൵DLUV´ 3UHPD ä.RUDü,]EHJOLãWYRLþRYHNRYDSRWUHED]DXNRUHQMHQRãüX2GJRYRUEU %HRJUDG MDQXDU 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û L MDPþLOL 5D]OLþLWH PLJUDWRUQH SRMDYH L]EMHJOLãWYD HYDNXDFLMH GHSRUWDFLMH HJ]LOD NDR VYRMHYROMQRJ L]ERUD QDVLOQRJ SURWMHULYDQMD PHÿXGUåDYQH UD]PMHQH VWDQRYQLãWYD SRVYRPVDGUåDMXþLQHSRND]XMXEURMQLSULPMHULL]KLVWRULMHGXERNH SRWUHVHXåLYRWXQHVDPRSRMHGLQFDYHüLSRURGLFDãLULKGUXãWYHQLK]DMHGQLFD ,]EMHJOLãWYR MH NRPSOHNVQD SRMDYD NRMD LPD HNRQRPVNH VRFLMDOQH SROLWLþNH SUDYQHSVLKLþNHLGUXJHGLPHQ]LMH,]SRUHÿHQMDRQRJDãWRHPLJUDQWQDSXãWDLOL MHSULVLOMHQGDQDSXVWLLRQRJD]DþLPHWUDJDGRELMDVHVOLNDGRPRYLQHXQMHJRYRM VYLMHVWL 0LWRYL R ³YMHþQRP YUDüDQMX´ QLVX ULMHWNL D RVQRYQD LP MH GUXãWYHQD IXQNFLMDRGUåDWL]DMHGQLFXQDRNXSXLSRELMHGLWL³VWUDKRGQHVWDQND´0LWRGLMDVSRUL YLGLVHLNDRYDULMDQWDDUKHWLSVNRJPLWDRVDNUDOQRPFHQWUXLYMHþQRPSRYUDWNX150 -HGQRQDþHORRVWDMHQHVSRUQRNRQVWDWLUD0LUNRĈRUÿHYLü³þRYHNMHGHRLVWRULMHL GHRQMHQRJWRNDLWRLLQGLYLGXDOQRLXNROHNWLYLWHWX´ 1D NUDMX ;; VWROMHüD XPQRJRPH VH L]PLMHQLOR JOHGDQMH PQRJLK GUåDYD HWQLþNLKLVRFLMDOQLK]DMHGQLFDQDYODVWLWXSURãORVW1MHJRYDSRVOMHGQMDGHFHQLMD]D PQRJHPXVOLPDQHQD%DONDQXELODMHSRGHVWUXNFLMLVOLþQDSRVOMHGQMLPGHFHQLMDPD ;,; VWROMHüD151 6DYUHPHQRVW XWLþH QD PHWRGRORãNH L VDGUåDMQH ³SUHYUDWH X PHPRULML´ VSRUHQMD UD]QLK ³]DMHGQLFD SDPüHQMD´ QD WHPHOMQR SUHLVSLWLYDQMH L SUHREOLNRYDQMH UD]OLþLWLK VORMHYD KLVWRULMVNH VYLMHVWL %H] L]RãWUHQRJ SRJOHGD X SURãORVW ]QDQMD NRMH ³SR]LYD QD RSUH]QRVW´ QHPD YULMHGRQRVQLK VLVWHPD QLWL LVNRUDND X ãLUD XSRUHGQRKLVWRULMVND LVWUDåLYDQMD L SRUHÿHQMD X PHÿXQDURGQLP RNYLULPD9LãHVORMQDKLVWRULMVNDQDXNDMHQHSULMDWHOMMHGQR]QDþQLKKLVWRULMVNLKVOLND 0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDUQL SULVWXS VORMHYLWLP WHPDPD þLQL MDVQLMRP QH]DYUãHQX ]DPUãHQX KLVWRULMXRPRJXüDYDMXüLXMHGQRUD]XPOMLYLMRPVDGDãQMRVW +$UHQW ,]YRUL WRWDOLWDUL]PD %HRJUDG 1D SLWDQMH JGMH MH ]DSUDYR GRPRYLQD ĈHUÿ.RQUDGRGJRYDUD ³7DPRJGHWHQHüHXELWL7DPRJGHPRJXELWLXYHUHQGDVXPLGHFDEH]EHGQD 7DPRJGHVHSRãWXMHOLþQRVWLUHþ7DPRJGHVHXQDSUHGXYDåDYDWRãWRVDPRQDNDYNDNDYMHVDPLãWR PLVOLPRQRãWRPLVOLP´±SUHPD 3ROLWLND%HRJUDGRNWREDU 2SãLU,]EHJOLFH±åUWYHHWQLþNRJLQåHQMHULQJDSULUHGLR%RULV'HOLü%HRJUDG *7ULSNRYLü,]EHJOLFHNXOWXUQLLVRFLMDOQLL]D]RY, 6RFLRORãNLSUHJOHGEU%HRJUDG 2SãLU 1DFLRQDOQL RVMHüDM LVHOMHQLND 0XVOLPDQDVUSVNRKUYDWVNRJ MH]LND X 7XUVNRM )RQG LVWUDåLYDþNRJSURMHNWD 0HÿXQDFLRQDOQLRGQRVLX-XJRVODYLMLLSUREOHPLIHGHUDOL]PD ãDSLURJUD¿UDQR L]GDQMH,QVWLWXWD]DGUXãWYHQDLVWUDåLYDQMD)DNXOWHWDSROLWLþNLKQDXND6DUDMHYR 0'RJR1HND ]DSDåDQMD R WXUVNRP QDVOHÿX L VHREDPD 0XVOLPDQD,X %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD RG VUHGQMHJ YHND GR QRYLMHJYUHPHQD%HRJUDG 150 0LWRGLMDVSRULþLQLPDOXQDFLMXYHüRPOLMHþLQMHQNRPSOHNVLQIHULRUQRVWL0DWLFDLGLMDVSRUDNDR FMHOLQDVWYDUDMXLOX]LMXGDWRYLãHQLVX³PDOH]HPOMH´.DGVHWRPHGRGD³RSüLXWMHFDM0LWDRQDFLMLNRML VWYDUDLOX]LMXRUJDQVNRJMHGLQVWYDVYLKPUWYLKLåLYLKþODQRYDNUR]VWROMHüDPLWVNHSURãORVWLQDFLRQDOQL SRQRVLVDPRSRX]GDQMHUDVWXDIUXVWUDFLMHVHODNãHSRGQRVH´SUHPD 93HULFD0LWRGLMDVSRULX NRQVWUXNFLMLQRYRJKUYDWVWYDLVUSVWYD, 3ROLWLþNDPLVDREU=DJUHE 151 3DUDGLJPD RGQRVD YHOLNLK VLOD L EDONDQVNLK KULãüDQVNLK QDFLRQDOQLK HOLWD SUHPD PXVOLPDQLPD ]YDQD ³,VWRþQR SLWDQMH´ SULMHWHüL MH QDGåLYMHOD L]QRVL )LNUHW .DUþLü SRVWRMDQMH RVPDQVNH GUåDYH L IRUPDOQR]DWYDUDQMHRYRJSLWDQMDXJRYRURPX/R]DQL JRGLQHWHVHPRåHNRULVWLWLNDRUHIHUHQWQL RNYLU]DVDåLPDQMHLUD]XPLMHYDQMHKLVWRULMHPXVOLPDQD%DONDQDVYHGRNUDMD;;VWROMHüD±SUHPD ) .DUþLü³,VWRþQRSLWDQMH´ SDUDGLJPD]DKLVWRULMXPXVOLPDQD%DONDQDX;;YLMHNX ,]PHÿXGHRVPDQL]DFLMHLEDONDQL]DFLMH PXKDGåLUVNHGLRQLFHERãQMDþNHKLVWRULMH =DNOMXþDN %URMQL SURFHVL ³GXJRJ WUDMDQMD´ SUHYD]LOD]H ORNDOQH RNYLUH L UHJLRQDOQH JUDQLFH7RVHRGQRVLLQDVORåHQR³,VWRþQRSLWDQMH´NDRLSUREOHPGHPRJUDIVNH GHRVPDQL]DFLMH %DONDQD ³UD]PHÿD VYMHWRYD´ þLMD MH SROLWLþND JHRJUD¿MD ELOD L]ORåHQDUDGLNDOQLPSUHNUDMDQMLPD+LVWRULMDYLãHGLPHQ]LRQDOQRJ³,VWRþQRJSLWDQMD´ REXKYDWD KLVWRULMX QHNROLNR EXUQLK VWROMHüD L ODQDF QDURGD L UD]QLK QDFLRQDOQLK NXOWXUD 5DWRYL SURJRQL L VHREH VX YDåQL þLQLRFL KLVWRULMH EDONDQVNLK PXVOLPDQD 6HGDPGHVHWLKJRGLQD;,;VWROMHüDPXVOLPDQLVXVDþLQMDYDOLSRORYLQXVWDQRYQLãWYD QD RVPDQVNRP GLMHOX %DONDQD 8] YHOLND UDWQD SXVWRãHQMD ]QDWDQ GLR MH XELMHQLOLMHSURJQDQX$QDGROLMX0XVOLPDQVNRVWDQRYQLãWYR%DONDQDNRMH MH GR þLQLOR YHüLQX X PQRJLP SRGUXþMLPD SRGLMHOMHQR MH X UD]OLþLWH QHPXVOLPDQVNH QDFLRQDOQH GUåDYH RGVMHþHQH RG 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD 6YH WHULWRULMHRVLPGRQHNOH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNRMHMHRYRFDUVWYRL]JXELORRVWDOH VXEH]PXVOLPDQDLOLMHQMLKRYEURMELRUDGLNDOQRXPDQMHQVDWHQGHQFLMRPGDOMHJ UHGXFLUDQMD1DVWDOD³WXUVNDRVWUYD´QD%DONDQXVXQDNRQVYHYLãHVXåDYDQD LOLVXQHVWDMDOD]ERJLVHOMDYDQMDPXVOLPDQD 0XOWLHWQLþNLLYMHUVNLNRORULW%DONDQD UHPHWLR MH UDþXQLFH SURVWLP NDWHJRUL]DFLMDPD7HUPLQ ³EDONDQL]DFLMD´ R]QDþDYDR MH QDNRQ EDONDQVNLK UDWRYD ³QH VDPR XVLWQMDYDQMH YHOLNLK L VQDåQLK SROLWLþNLK MHGLQLFD YHü MH SRVWDR VLQRQLP ]D SRYUDWDN SOHPHQVNRP ]DRVWDORP SULPLWLYQRPLYDUYDUVNRP´ .RPDGDQMHWHULWRULMHWH³RVPDQVNH(YURSH´X;,;L ;;VWROMHüXJGMHVXX]QDWQRMPMHULåLYMHOLPXVOLPDQL]QDþDMQHL]PMHQHQMHJRYH HWQLþNRYMHUVNHVWUXNWXUHSRMDYDQRYRJXåHJGH¿QLUDQMDLGHQWLWHWDQDURGDGRYHOR MHLGRGLVNRQWLQXLWHWDEULVDQMDLOLVNUDüLYDQMDKLVWRULMHNDRLIUDJPHQWDFLMHVYLMHVWL SUHRVWDOLKPXVOLPDQDLQMLKRYLKSURULMHÿHQLK]DMHGQLFDQDWRPSURVWRUX,VHOMDYDQMD %RãQMDND NDR L GUXJLK PXVOLPDQD UD]OLþLWRJ HWQLþNRJ L OLQJYLVWLþNRJ SRULMHNOD VD %DONDQDXUD]QHNUDMHYH2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYDSRWRPLX7XUVNXQDVWDOXQDQMHJRYLP RVWDFLPD LPDOD VX QL] SRVOMHGLFD 0XOWLSHUVSHNWLYQR SURXþDYDQMH YLãHVWROMHWQH EDONDQVNHPXKDGåLUVNHGUDPHRWNULYDLGXJR]DERUDYOMHQLVYLMHWGUXãWYHQLKJUXSD QMHJRYLK LVNXãHQMD L]PHÿX DGDSWDFLMH L QRVWDOJLMH LQGLYLGXDOQLK L SRURGLþQLK OMXGVNLK VXGELQD L LVNXVWDYD X åLYRWQLP NUL]DPD L HJ]LVWHQFLMDOQRM ERUEL RVWDMXüL SULWRPXYLMHN³QDSRUXWRNX´NRMHPVHQHQD]LUHNUDM Summary 1XPHURXVORQJWHUPSURFHVVHVJREH\RQGORFDOIUDPHZRUNVDQGUHJLRQDO ERUGHUV 7KLV DOVR DSSOLHV WR WKH FRPSOH[ ³(DVWHUQ TXHVWLRQ´ DV ZHOO DV WKH SUREOHP RI WKH GHPRJUDSKLF GHRVPDQLVDWLRQ RI WKH %DONDQV WKH ³EULGOH RI WKH ZRUOGV´ZKRVHSROLWLFDOJHRJUDSK\ZDVH[SRVHGWRUDGLFDORYHUODSV7KHKLVWRU\ RI WKH PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO ³(DVWHUQ ,VVXH´ LV ERRPLQJ WKH KLVWRU\ RI VHYHUDO WXUEXOHQW FHQWXULHV DQG D FKDLQ RI QDWLRQV DQG YDULRXV QDWLRQDO FXOWXUHV :DUV 'U6DIHW%$1'ä29,û SHUVHFXWLRQVDQGGLVSXWHVDUHLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVLQWKHKLVWRU\RI%DONDQ0XVOLPV ,Q WKH VHYHQWLHV RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ 0XVOLPV FRQVWLWXWHG KDOI RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ LQWKH2WWRPDQSDUWRIWKH%DONDQV:LWKJUHDWZDUGHYDVWDWLRQDVLJQL¿FDQWSDUW ZDV NLOOHG RU H[SHOOHG WR $QDGROLD 7KH 0XVOLP SRSXODWLRQ RI WKH %DONDQV ZKLFK ZDV XQWLO FRQVWLWXWHG WKH PDMRULW\ LQ PDQ\ DUHDV LW ZDV GLYLGHG LQWR GL൵HUHQW QRQ0XVOLP QDWLRQDO VWDWHV FXW R൵ IURP WKH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH$OOWKHWHUULWRULHVH[FHSWIRUDVRPHZKDWRI%RVQLD+HU]HJRYLQDORVWWKLV HPSLUHUHPDLQHGZLWKRXWWKH0XVOLPVRUWKHLUQXPEHUZDVUDGLFDOO\UHGXFHGZLWK WKHWHQGHQF\RIIXUWKHUUHGXFWLRQ7KHHPHUJHQW³7XUNLVKLVODQGV´LQWKH%DONDQV DIWHUZHUHLQFUHDVLQJO\QDUURZHGRUGLVDSSHDUHGGXHWRWKHGLVSODFHPHQWRI 0XVOLPV 0XOWLHWKQLF DQG UHOLJLRXV FRORU RI WKH %DONDQV GLVWXUEHG DFFRXQWV ZLWK VLPSOHFDWHJRUL]DWLRQV7KHWHUP³EDONDQL]DWLRQ´VLJQL¿HGDIWHUWKH%DONDQZDUV RI ³QRW RQO\ WKH IUDJPHQWDWLRQ RI ODUJH DQG SRZHUIXO SROLWLFDO XQLWV EXWEHFDPHV\QRQ\PRXVZLWKUHWXUQLQJWULEDOEDFNZDUGSULPLWLYHDQGEDUEDULF´ 7KHFROODSVHRIWKHWHUULWRU\RIWKLV2WWRPDQ(XURSHLQWKH WKDQGWKFHQWXULHV ZKHUH 0XVOLPV OLYHG FRQVLGHUDEO\ WKH VLJQL¿FDQW FKDQJHV LQ LWV HWKQLFUHOLJLRXV VWUXFWXUH WKH HPHUJHQFH RI D QHZ QDUURZHU GH¿QLWLRQ RI WKH SHRSOH¶V LGHQWLW\ OHGWRGLVFRQWLQXLW\HURVLRQRUVKRUWHQLQJRIKLVWRU\DVZHOODVIUDJPHQWDWLRQWKH DZDUHQHVVRIWKHUHPDLQLQJ0XVOLPVDQGWKHLUKDUGHQHGFRPPXQLWLHVLQWKDWDUHD 7KH HPLJUDWLRQ RI %RVQLDNV DQG RWKHU 0XVOLPV RI GL൵HUHQW HWKQLF DQG OLQJXLVWLF EDFNJURXQGVIURPWKH%DONDQVWRYDULRXVSDUWVRIWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUHDQGWKHQWR 7XUNH\DULVLQJRQLWVUHPDLQVKDGDQXPEHURIFRQVHTXHQFHV$PXOWLSHUVSHFWLYH VWXG\RIWKHFHQWXULHVORQJ%DONDQUHIXJHHGUDPDUHYHDOVWKHORQJIRUJRWWHQZRUOG RIVRFLDOJURXSVLWVWHPSWDWLRQVEHWZHHQDGDSWDWLRQDQGQRVWDOJLDLQGLYLGXDODQG IDPLO\KXPDQGHVWLQLHVDQGH[SHULHQFHVLQOLIHFULVHVDQGH[LVWHQWLDOVWUXJJOHZKLOH UHPDLQLQJDQ³RQJRLQJH൵RUW´WKDWGRHVQRWHQG 3URIGU,]HWâ$%27,û,]YRUQLQDXþQLUDG )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL 85(Ĉ(1-(*5$1,ý1,+35,-(/$=1,+0-(67$, 6$2%5$û$-$1$%26$16.2+(5&(*29$ý.2-, CRNOGORSKOJ GRANICI 1912. GODINE $SVWUDNW 8UDGXMHGDWNUDüLRVYUWQDSUREOHPDWLNXXUHÿHQMDVDREUDüDMD L JUDQLþQLK SULMHOD]D QD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRM L FUQRJRUVNRM JUDQLFL X JRGLQL 1DNRQ ãWR MH QD %HUOLQVNRP NRQJUHVX JRGLQH XWYUÿHQD JUDQLFD L]PHÿX &UQH *RUH L %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH QDVWDOL VX RGUHÿHQL SUREOHPL X RVWYDULYDQMX NRPXQLNDFLMD L SULMHOD]D L]PHÿX VWDQRYQLãWYD SRJUDQLþQLK GLMHORYD RYLK GUåDYD 5DGLOR VH R SRGUXþMLPD NRWDUHYD )RþD *DFNR %LOHüD L 7UHELQMH V ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH VWUDQH L 3LYVNH L *ROLMVNH NDSHWDQLMH V FUQRJRUVNH VWUDQH 1DLPH QD RGUHÿHQLP PMHVWLPD QLMH ELOR XWYUÿHQLK SULMHOD]D V MHGQH LOL V GUXJH VWUDQH SD MH VWDQRYQLãWYR SUHOD]LOR QD W]Y ³LOHJDOQLP´ PMHVWLPD REDYOMDMXüL WUJRYDþNH L GUXJH QHRSKRGQH SRVORYH L SRWUHEH 7R MH SUHGVWDYOMDOR RGUHÿHQH SRWHãNRüHYODVWLPDRELMXGUåDYDMHUVHYHüDNROLþLQDUREHNULMXPþDULODRGQRVQR QLMH FDULQMHQD ãWR MH QDQRVLOR RGUHÿHQX ãWHWX RYLP GUåDYDPD 9ODVWL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHL&UQH*RUHVXELOHYROMQHXUHGLWLRGQRVHQDJUDQLFLXVSRVWDYRPYLãH ]YDQLþQLKSULMHOD]QLKPHVWDWHXWYUÿHQRPSURFHGXURPSUDüHQMDSXWQLNDLFDULQMHQMD UREH 8 JRGLQL WDM SRVWXSDN MH ELR DNWXDODQ ãWR SRWYUÿXMH PHÿXVREQD NRUHVSRQGHQFLMDL]PHÿX]YDQLþQLKRUJDQDYODVWLGYLMXGUåDYD8UDGXVHQDRVQRYX QHNROLNRGRNXPHQDWDSRNXãDORXND]DWLQDSRNXãDMHXUHÿHQMDVDREUDüDMDLGDYDQMD SRYODVWLFD VWDQRYQLFLPD QD RYRM JUDQLFL RG VWUDQH GUåDYD &UQH *RUH L %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH .OMXþQHULMHþL %RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD&UQD*RUD=HPDOMVNDYODGD%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 0LQLVWDUVWYR XQXWUDãQMLK GMHOD &UQH *RUH NDSHWDQLMD 3LYVND L *ROLMVNDNRWDUL *DFNR)RþD%LOHüDL7UHELQMH '(9(/230(172)%25'(5&5266,1*6$1'75$)),&,1 %261,$+(5=(*29,1$$1'0217(1(*5,1%25'(5 . $EVWUDFW 7KH SDSHU JLYHV D EULHI RYHUYLHZ RI WKH SUREOHP RI WUD৽F UHJXODWLRQDQGERUGHUFURVVLQJVRQWKH%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDDQG0RQWHQHJUR ERUGHULQ $IWHUWKHERUGHUEHWZHHQ0RQWHQHJURDQG%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD ZDVHVWDEOLVKHGDWWKH%HUOLQ&RQJUHVVLQFHUWDLQSUREOHPVZHUHFUHDWHGLQ 3URIGU,]HWâ$%27,û WKH UHDOL]DWLRQ RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQV DQG WKH WUDQVLWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH SRSXODWLRQ RI WKHERUGHUSDUWVRIWKLVVWDWH,WZDVWKHDUHDRIWKHGLVWULFWV )RFD*DFNR%LOHFD DQG 7UHELQMH IURP WKH %RVQLDQ VLGH DQG WKH 3LYND DQG *ROLMD &DSWDLQV IURP WKH 0RQWHQHJULQVLGH1DPHO\LQFHUWDLQSODFHVWKHUHZHUHQRWUDQVLWLRQVIURPRQHVLGH RUWKHRWKHUVRWKHSRSXODWLRQZHQWWRWKHVRFDOOHG³,OOHJDO´SODFHVSHUIRUPLQJ WUDGH DQG RWKHU QHFHVVDU\ MREV DQG QHHGV 7KLV UHSUHVHQWHG VRPH GL৽FXOWLHV IRU WKH DXWKRULWLHV RI ERWK FRXQWULHV EHFDXVH PDQ\ JRRGV ZHUH VPXJJOHG RU QRW FOHDUHGZKLFKFDXVHGVRPHGDPDJHWRWKHVHFRXQWULHV7KHDXWKRULWLHVRI%RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD DQG 0RQWHQHJUR ZHUH ZLOOLQJ WR UHJXODWH ERUGHU UHODWLRQV WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQWRIVHYHUDOR৽FLDOFURVVLQJSRLQWVDQGWKHHVWDEOLVKHGSURFHGXUHIRU PRQLWRULQJ SDVVHQJHUV DQG FOHDUDQFH RI JRRGV ,Q WKLV SURFHGXUH ZDV XS WRGDWHDVFRQ¿UPHGE\WKHPXWXDOFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHR৽FLDODXWKRULWLHVRI WKHVHVWDWHV,QWKLVSDSHURQWKHEDVLVRIVHYHUDOGRFXPHQWVDWWHPSWVZHUHPDGHWR SRLQWRXWDWWHPSWVWRUHJXODWHWUD৽FDQGJUDQWSULYLOHJHVWRFLWL]HQVRQWKLVERUGHU E\WKHVWDWHVRI0RQWHQHJURDQG%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD .H\ZRUGV %RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD0RQWHQHJUR7KH6WDWH*RYHUQPHQW RI %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD 0LQLVWU\ RI ,QWHULRU RI 0RQWHQHJUR &DSWDLQ 3LYVND DQG*ROLMVNDWKHGLVWULFWV *DFNR)RFD%LOHFDDQG7UHELQMH Uvod %HUOLQVNLP NRQJUHVRP JRGLQH XWYUÿHQH VX JUDQLFH GUåDYDPD QD %DONDQX %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD MH RVWDOD X JUDQLFDPD %RVDQVNRJ YLODMHWD GRN MH &UQD*RUDWHULWRULMDOQR]QDþDMQRSURãLUHQDQDXãWUESRVUQXORJ2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYD1 7HULWRULMDOQRSURãLUHQMH&UQH*RUHLPDORMHXWLFDMDQDEURMQDLVHOMDYDQMDERãQMDþNRJ PXVOLPDQVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD QD WHULWRULMX 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD 2GOXNDPD %HUOLQVNRJNRQJUHVDJUDQLFD&UQH*RUHL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHMHELODXWYUÿHQDLQD LVWRMQLMHELORL]UDåHQLKSUREOHPDXVPLVOXVSRUQLKWDþDNDQDNRMHVXSUHWHQGRYDOH MHGQD LOL GUXJD GUåDYD 1R RQR ãWR MH SR VWDQRYQLãWYR SRJUDQLþQLK GLMHORYD RYH GYLMHGUåDYHSUHGVWDYOMDORSUREOHPMHVWHVODEDVDREUDüDMQDNRPXQLNDFLMDLPDOLEURM JUDQLþQLK SULMHOD]D ãWR MH RWHåDYDOR WUJRYLQX DOL L VYH GUXJH YUVWH NRPXQLNDFLMD PHÿXVWDQRYQLãWYRPSRJUDQLþQLKSRGUXþMDRYLKGUåDYD6WRJDVXYODVWLRWYDUDQMHP QRYLK JUDQLþQLK SULMHOD]D SRNXãDOH RODNãDWL NRPXQLNDFLMX L]PHÿX VWDQRYQLãWYD SRJUDQLþQLK PMHVWD 8 UMHãDYDQMX RYRJ SUREOHPD ELOH VX XNOMXþHQH GUåDYQH LQVWLWXFLMH RELMX GUåDYD NRMH VX GDOH SULMHGORJH L L]GDOH QHUHGEH RNR XUHÿHQMD VDREUDüDMDLGDYDQMDSRYODVWLFDVWDQRYQLãWYXQDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRFUQRJRUVNRM JUDQLFLWHXWYUÿLYDQMXJUDQLþQLKSULMHOD]DVMHGQHLVGUXJHVWUDQH2YDSUREOHPDWLND 2GOXNDPD%HUOLQVNRJNRQJUHVD&UQD*RUDMHGRELOD 1LNãLü6SXåäDEOMDNQD6NDGDUVNRPMH]HUX 3RGJRULFX.RODãLQ%DUSUYRELWQR3ODYL*XVLQMHDOLQDNRQSUXåDQMDRWSRUD3ODYOMDQMDL*XVLQMDQD XPMHVWR3ODYDL*XVLQMDGRELODMH8OFLQMVD=DERMDQRP0XVWDID0HPLü%RãQMDFL 0XVOLPDQL &UQH *RUH3RGRULFD 8UHÿHQMHJUDQLþQLKSULMHOD]QLKPMHVWDLVDREUDüDMDQDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRMLFUQRJRUVNRMJUDQLFL MHELODDNWXHOQDX JRGLQLQHSRVUHGQRSUHGEDONDQVNHUDWRYH6OLNXQDYHGHQRJ SUREOHPD GDMH QDP GRVWXSQD GRNXPHQWDFLMD L SUHSLVDND L]PHÿX ]DMHGQLþNRJ =HPDOMVNRJ PLQLVWDUVWYD ¿QDQVLMD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 0LQLVWDUVWYD XQXWUDãQMLK GMHOD&UQH*RUHL2EODVQHXSUDYH1LNãLü 8UHÿHQMHVDREUDüDMDLXWYUÿLYDQMHSULMHOD]QLKPMHVWDQDJUDQLFLL]PHÿX%RVQH i Hercegovine i Crne Gore $XVWURXJDUVNDYODVWX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLMHWHåLODXUHÿHQMXVYLKREODVWL åLYRWD SD WDNR L X XUHÿHQMX RGQRVD VD VXVMHGLPD 7R VH SRVHEQR RGQRVLOR QD XUHÿHQMH JUDQLFD VD 6UELMRP L &UQRP *RURP 3UHPD UDVSRORåLYLP SRGDFLPD VD 6UELMRPMHXUDÿHQRUD]JUDQLþHQMH JRGLQHGRNVXVD&UQRP*RURPJUDQLFH XUHÿHQH%HUOLQVNLPNRQJUHVRPLWHVXVHJUDQLFHSRãWRYDOHRGVWUDQHRELMXGUåDYD 0HÿXWLP QD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRFUQRJRUVNRM JUDQLFL SRVWRMDOL VX RGUHÿHQL SUREOHPLRNRXUHÿHQMDVDREUDüDMDLXWYUÿLYDQMDJUDQLþQLKSULMHOD]DVMHGQHLVGUXJH VWUDQHJUDQLFH*UDQLFDVHþHVWRRGVWUDQHVWDQRYQLãWYDSUHOD]LODLOHJDOQRWUJXMXüL WDNR L REDYOMDMXüL GUXJH SRVORYH PLPR ]QDQMD QDGOHåQLK GUåDYQLK RUJDQD 6WRJD VX =HPDOMVND YODGD %RVQH L +HUHFHJRYLQH L YODVWL &UQH *RUH ELOH ]DLQWHUHVLUDQH ]D UMHãDYDQMH RYRJ SUREOHPD D NDNR EL RODNãDOL åLYRW SRJUDQLþQRP VWDQRYQLãWYX RELMX GUåDYD 8 VNODGX V WLPH =HPDOMVND YODGD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH MH GRQLMHOD 1DUHGEX2,GDVHVWDQRYQLãWYXSRJUDQLþQLKFUQRJRUVNLKNDSHWDQLMD*ROLMDL3LYDGDMX SRYODVWLFH UDGL MHGQRVWDYQLMHJ VDREUDüDMD VD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP NRWDUHYLPD *DFNR %LOHüD L 7UHELQMH3 %RVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþND YODVW MH QD]QDþHQH SRYODVWLFH GDODSULYUHPHQRLXNROLNRVHLVWHQHELSRãWRYDOHPRJOHVXVHRSR]YDWL1DYHGHQH SRYODVWLFH ]D SRJUDQLþQH FUQRJRUVNH NDSHWDQLMH *ROLMX L 3LYX NRMH MH =HPDOMVND YODGDSUHGORåLODWUHEDODMHRGREULWLLFUQRJRUVNDYODVWSRGXVORYRPGDVHLVWDSUDYD RGREUH SRJUDQLþQRP VWDQRYQLãWYX QD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRM VWUDQL X NRWDUHYLPD *DFNR%LOHüDL7UHELQMH2GVWUDQH=DMHGQLþNRJPLQLVWDUVWYD¿QDQVLMD]D%RVQX L+HUFHJRYLQXSXWHPYHUEDOQHQRWHWUDåHQRMHGD9ODGD&UQH*RUHL]GDLVWRYMHWQR RGREUHQMH RGQRVQR 1DUHGEX NRMD EL SRGUD]XPLMHYDOD SRWSXQX X]DMDPQRVW X SUDYLPDVWDQRYQLãWYDVMHGQHLVGUXJHVWUDQHJUDQLFHRYLKGUåDYD5 &UQRJRUVND YODVW MH UMHãDYDQMH QDYHGHQRJ SLWDQMD VPDWUDOD YDåQLP ãWR SRWYUÿXMH XNOMXþLYDQMH L SUHSLVND L]PHÿX XSUDYLWHOMD 2EODVQH XSUDYH 1LNãLü YRMYRGH69XNRWLüDLPLQLVWUD8QXWUDãQMLKGMHOD&UQH*RUH-RYDQD63ODPHQFD 1DLPH X YH]L UMHãDYDQMD QDYHGHQRJ SLWDQMD 0LQLVWDUVWYR XQXWUDãQMLK GMHOD &UQH *RUHMHGRQLMHORDXJXVWD JRGLQH3ULMHGORJ1DUHGEHEUNRMXMHXSXWLOR 'UåDYQLDUKLY&UQH*RUH GDOMH '$&* IRQG 0LQLVWDUVWYRXQXWUDãQMLKGMHOD GDOMH 08' GRN EU1DUHGEDMHGRQHVHQDMXQD SRGEU '$&*08'GRNEU9HUEDOQDQRWDRGMXOD XSXüHQDRGVWUDQH=HPDOMVNH YODGH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH0LQLVWDUVWYXXQXWUDãQMLKGMHOD&UQH*RUH Isto 5 Isto 3URIGU,]HWâ$%27,û 2EODVQRM XSUDYL 1LNãLü 1DYHGHQD 1DUHGED MH VDGUåDYDOD RGUHGEH NRMLPD VX VH XUHÿLYDOLVDREUDüDMQLRGQRVLL]PHÿXSRJUDQLþQRJVWDQRYQLãWYD&UQH*RUHL%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQHXNRWDUHYLPD*DFNR%LOHüDL7UHELQMHVDFUQRJRUVNLPNDSHWDQLMDPD 3LYD L *ROLMD 3R RVQRYX WRJD XSUDYLWHOM 2EODVQH XSUDYH 1LNãLü QDNRQ ãWR MH GRELRQDYHGHQX1DUHGEXVDVWDYLRMH Izvještaj NRMLPMHL]UDåDYDRVYRMVWDYSUHPD QDYHGHQRP SLWDQMX Izvještaj MH SURVOLMHGLR PLQLVWUX XQXWUDãQMLK GMHOD -RYDQX 6 3ODPDQFXSULþHPXJDL]YMHãWDYDGDXSULMHGORJX1DUHGEHRGVWUDQHPLQLVWUDNDR QLXYHUEDOQRMQRWLRGVWUDQH=HPDOMVNHYODGHX6DUDMHYXQLMHREXKYDüHQRXUHÿHQMH RGQRVDVDNRWDURP)RþDQDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRMVWUDQL,]WLKUD]ORJDXSUDYLWHOM YRMYRGD 6 9XNRWLü MH LPDR SRWUHEX GD VNUHQH SDåQMX PLQLVWUX 3ODPHQFX QD WX RNROQRVWLSRWUHEXGDMXüLSULMHGORJGDVHL]DSRPHQXWLNRWDU)RþDXþLQHSRYODVWLFH NDRL]DRVWDOHQDYHGHQHNRWDUHGXåERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNHJUDQLFH2GNDNYHMH YDåQRVWLLSRWUHEHRWYDUDQMHVDREUDüDMDLVDNRWDURP)RþD2EODVQDXSUDYDMHLVWDNOD XVYRPGHWDOMQRPIzvještaju NRMLMHXSXWLODPLQLVWUX8QXWUDãQMLKGMHOD&UQH*RUH -RYDQX63ODPHQFX2SRMHGLQRVWLPDYH]DQLP]DXUHÿHQMHVDREUDüDMDVDNRWDURP )RþD2EODVQDXSUDYD1LNãLüMHSLVDODLXQDUHGQRPIzvještajuRGMXQDNRMHJMH WDNRÿHUSURVOLMHGLODPLQLVWUXXQXWUDãQMLKGMHOD&UQH*RUH8QDYHGHQLPL]YMHãWDMLPD MHGHWDOMQRL]QHVHQRãWDMHSRWUHEQRSRQDYHGHQRPSLWDQMXXUDGLWL,]PHÿXRVWDORJ SUHGORåHQRMHVOLMHGHüH ³NDRãWRMHSR]QDWRPLQLVWUX3ODPHQFX3LYVNDSODQLQDMH XGDOMHQDXUHRGYDURãL1LNãLüDDRG%H]XMDQDMEOLåHJVHODRGGRXUD8VOMHG þHJD VWDQRYQLãWYR LVWH NDSHWDQLMH LPD SUREOHPD L]ODåXüL VH YHOLNLP WURãNRYLPD L YUHPHQXãWRVYRMHGRPDüHSURL]YRGHPRUDQRVLWLSRXGDOMHQLPPMHVWLPDSD]DULPD NDR L QDEDYOMDWL L QDMQXåQLMH åLYHåQH QDPLUQLFH 2G JUDQLFH &UQH *RUH PMHVWR âüHSDQ 3ROMH MH XGDOMHQR RG )RþH VDPR XUH WH EL VH XUHÿHQMHP VDREUDüDMD QD RYRP SRGUXþMX ]QDWQR SRPRJOR L RODNãDOR VWDQRYQLãWYX SRJUDQLþQLK FUQRJRUVNLK NDSHWDQLMD´ .DNR MH 2EODVQD XSUDYD 1LNãLü ELOD QDMQHSRVUHGQLMH YH]DQD ]D SRJUDQLþQR SRGUXþMH VD %RVQRP L +HUFHJRYLQRP LVWD VH EDYLOD XUHÿHQMHP SRJUDQLþQRJVDREUDüDMDQDRYRPSRGUXþMXGXåERVDQNRKHUFHJRYDþNHLFUQRJRUVNH JUDQLFH 8 WRP SRJOHGX RG VWUDQH RYH 2EODVQH XSUDYH XSXüHQ MH 0LQLVWDUVWYX XQXWUDãQMLKGMHOD&UQH*RUHSULMHGORJUMHãHQMDRYRJSUREOHPD1DYHGHQLSULMHGORJ SRNRWDUHYLPDMHELRVOLMHGHüL =DNRWDU)RþDQVNL 'DVHVDFUQRJRUVNHVWUDQHRGUHGLSULMHOD]QRPMHVWR]DNRWDU)RþDDGDWR PMHVWREXGHâüHSDQ3ROMH3RVWDYX2EODVQHXSUDYH1LNãLüUDGLORVHRRSUDYGDQRP '$&*08'GRNEU2GJRYRUREODVQRJXSUDYLWHOMD2EODVQHXSUDYH1LNãLüYRMYRGH6 9XNRWLüD0LQLVWUXXQXWUDãQMLKGMHOD&UQH*RUHDXYH]L1DUHGEHRXUHÿHQMXVDREUDüDMDLSULMHOD]QLK PMHVWDQDJUDQLFL&UQH*RUHL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH '$&*08'GRNEU,]YMHãWDM2EODVQHXSUDYH1LNãLüEU WDþND RGMXQD JRGLQH '$&* 08'GRNEU,]YMHãWDM2EODVQHXSUDYH1LNãLüEURGMXQD JRGLQH '$&*08'GRNEU,]YMHãWDM2EODVQHXSUDYH1LNãLüEURGMXQD JRGLQH 8UHÿHQMHJUDQLþQLKSULMHOD]QLKPMHVWDLVDREUDüDMDQDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRMLFUQRJRUVNRMJUDQLFL LUHDOQRPUMHãHQMXDOLLRSRWUHELVWDQRYQLãWYDVMHGQHLVGUXJHVWUDQHJUDQLFH'DOMH MHLVWDNQXWRGDVHVGUXJHVWUDQHULMHNH7DUHJGMHSXWQLFLSUHOD]HJUDQLFXQDOD]L MHGQDVWUDåDUQLFDXNRMRMVHPRåHYUãLWLSUHJOHGSXWQLNDLQMLKRYHUREH0MHVWRVH ]RYH³+XP´LXQMHPXVXVYH³WXUVNHNXüH´101D³&UNYLþNRP3ROMX´PMHVWXNRMH MHELORXGDOMHQRRGâüHSDQ3ROMDGYLMHXUHSRVWRMLPDORPMHVWRFUQRJRUVNRJGMHVH UDQLMH REDYOMDOL FDULQVNL SRVORYL 6WRJD MH REODVQL XSUDYLWHOM YRMYRGD 69XNRWLü ELRSULMHGORJDGDVHVWRJDPMHVWDRGQRVQRFDULQDSUHPMHVWLQDâüHSDQ3ROMH1D WDMQDþLQSXWQLFLELGRELOLSURSXVQLFXNDNRELPRJOLQHVPHWDQRSUHOD]LWLJUDQLFXV MHGQHLVGUXJHVWUDQH.DNRELVHVWYDULXUHGLOHSRSURSLVLPDSUHGORåHQRMHGDVHQD RYRPPMHVWXSRVWDYLMHGDQVSRVREDQSROLFDMVNLVOXåEHQLNFDULQLN3RPHQXWLFDULQLN EL X] SULSRPRü åDQGDUD YRGLR VWURJL QDG]RU R VYLP SUHODVFLPDWH L]YMHãWDYDRSR RVQRYXWRJDQDGOHåQHNDSHWDQLMH3LYVNXL*ROLMVNXNDRL2EODVQXXSUDYX1LNãLü ,VWRWDNRSUHGORåHQRMHGDNDSHWDQLQDYHGHQLKNDSHWDQLMDNDRLPMHVQDSROLFLMVND YODVWWUHEDMXL]GDYDWLSURSXVQLFHVYLPSXWQLFLPDNRMLSUHOD]H]DNRWDU)RþDQVNL âWR VH WLþH ¿QDQVLMVNLK SRVORYD SUHGORåHQR MH GD ]DGXåHQL FDULQLN LVWH WUHED REDYOMDWL NDR L GRVDGD SUHNR FDULQDUQLFH QD äDEOMDNX 3R PLãOMHQMX XSUDYQLND YRMYRGH69XNRWLüDNDGDELVHRYDMSULMHGORJXVYRMLRGUåDYDQHELLPDODQLNDNYLK YHüLK WURãNRYD QHJR QDSURWLY LPDOL EL YLãH SULKRGD SRãWR EL VH PQRJR PDQMH NRQWUDEDQGHYUãLORLãWHWHNULYRWYRUHQMHPQDQRVLORGUåDYL11 =DNRWDU*DWDþNL =DRYDMNRWDUSULMHGORJMHLãDRGDVHVDFUQRJRUVNHVWUDQHRGUHGLSULMHOD]QR PMHVWR 5DYQR NRMH MH SUHPD -DVHQLNX QD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRMVWUDQL XGDOMHQR RG FUQRJRUVNH JUDQLFH PLQXWD SRþHP VX L ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH YODVWL RGUHGLOH -DVHQLN V QMLKRYH VWUDQH NDR SULMHOD]QR PMHVWR 5DYQR MH PRJOR VOXåLWL ]D VDY VMHYHUQL GLR 1LNãLüNH REODVWL NDR JODYQR PMHVWR ]D VDREUDüDM VD NRWDURP *DWDþNLP 1DURþLWR RYR SULMHOD]QR PMHVWR MH PRJOR NRULVWLWL VYRM NDSHWDQLML åXSH 3LYVNHWHWULVHODNDSHWDQLMH3ODQLQVNH %HOMXLQD%RUNRYLüLPDL'XEOMHYLüLPDDOL L RVWDOLP SXWQLFLPD L] GRWLþQLK NDSHWDQLMD 3ULMHOD]QR PMHVWR 5DYQR NRULVWLOH EL L SRMHGLQHRVREHNRMHYRGHWUJRYLQXLNLUGåLMHNRMHQDEDYOMDMXUREXL]*DFNDSLüHL GUXJHVWYDULUDGLSUHSURGDMH6NRURVYDWDUREDLRVWDOHVWYDULSUHQRVLOHVXVHSUHNR 5DYQRJLWREH]FDULQMHQMDVYHNRQWUDEDQGRPãWRMHQDãWHWXGUåDYHDGDRWRPH QLNRQLMHYRGLRUDþXQDMHUQHPDQLNRJDGDQDRYHVWYDULSD]LDQDãLVHULMHWNRNRML VMHWL NDG ãWR QDEDYL GD SULMDYH FUQRJRUVNLP YODVWLPD UDGL FDULQMHQMD .DR L NRG âüHSDQ3ROMDWDNRL]DSULMHOD]QRPMHVWR5DYQRGDWMHSULMHGORJGDVHRGUHGLMHGDQ FDULQLN L MHGDQ SROLFLMVNL åDQGDUP NRML EL YUãLOL SUHJOHG L YLGLUDQMH SURSXVQLFD 3RãWR MH 5DYQR X NDSHWDQLML *ROLMVNRM L XGDOMHQR RG NDQFHODULMH NDSHWDQVNRJ VXGDQD%RERWRYX*UREOMXXUDQH]JRGQRELELORSXWQLFLPDNRMLSUHOD]HSUHNR 5DYQRJDWUDåLWLSURSXVQLFH6WRJDMHXSUDYQLN2EODVQHXSUDYH1LNãLüPLãOMHQMDGD 10 5DGLORVHRNXüDPD GRPDüLQVWYLPD %RãQMDNDNRMLVXXFUQRJRUVNRM]YDQLþQRMWHUPLQRORJLMLWRJ YUHPHQDQD]LYDQLÄ7XUFLPD³ 11 '$&*08'GRN 3URIGU,]HWâ$%27,û SURSXVQLFH L]GDMH NDSHWDQ NDSHWDQLMH åXSH 3LYVNH SRþHP VYL SXWQFL WXGD PRUDMX SUROD]LWL 3RPHQXWL FDULQLN ¿QDQVLMVNH GXåQRVWL L]YUãDYDüH L SXWHP SULKRGD RG FDULQHSRNULYDWLVYHQHRSKRGQHWURãNRYH]DRGUåDYDQMHRYRJDSULMHOD]D =DNRWDU%LOHüNL .DGD MH ULMHþ R XUHÿHQMX JUDQLþQRJ VDREUDüDMD L SULMHOD]QLK PMHVWD QD SRGUXþMXNRWDUD%LOHüDRGVWUDQH=HPDOMVNHYODGHL]6DUDMHYDSUHGORåHQMHJUDQLþQL SULMHOD] SUHPD 'RQMRM 9UELFL X NRWDUX %LOHüD &UQRJRUVNH YODVWL VX SUHGORåLOH SULMHOD]QR PMHVWR NRG *RUQMH 9UELFH NRMH MH XGDOMHQR RG 'RQMH 9UELFH VYHJD SHWPLQXWD2YRQLMHELRMHGLQLSULMHOD]XRYRPNRWDUX0HÿXWLPLVWDNQXWRMHGD QDYHGHQLSULMHOD]RGJRYDUDLMHGQRMLGUXJRMVWUDQLWHGDVHLVWLPRåHMHGQRVWDYQR NRQWUROLVDWL'UXJLSULMHOD]XRYRPNRWDUXELELRX9XþNRYX3ROMX,VWDNQXWRMHGD VHSXWQLFLVDVWUDQH&UQH*RUHPRJXSULMDYOMLYDWLXSRVWDMLNDVDUQH%LOHüDNRMDMH XGDOMHQD RG9XþNRYD 3ROMD VYHJD MHGQX XUX 3UHGQRVW MH ELOD WD ãWR VH X *RUQMRM 9UELFLSUHJOHGLYLGDUHQMHSURSXVQLFDPRJXYUãLWLSRJUDQLþQLSROLFLMVNLåDQGDULD XLVWRYULMHPHVXPRJOLGDREDYOMDMXGXåQRVW¿QDQVLMVNRJåDQGDUPDX]REDYH]XGD RVYHPXREDYMHãWDYDMXNDSHWDQDNDSHWDQLMH2SXWQR5XGLQVNH3UHJOHGHLYLGDUHQMH SURSXVQLFD]DSXWQLNHSUHNR9XþNRYD3ROMDNDRL]DFDULQVNHSRVORYHWUHEDRMHGD YUãLSRPHQXWLNDSHWDQSRãWRMHWRLUDQLMHYUãLR.DNR]D9XþNRYR3ROMHWDNRL]D *RUQMX9UELFXRGREUHQMDELPRJODL]GDYDWLNDSHWDQLNDRLPMHVQDSRJUDQLþQDYODVW =DNRWDU7UHELQMVNL =D RYDM NRWDU ELOR MH SUHGYLÿHQR GD VH SUHPD SUHGORåHQLP PMHVWLPD RG VWUDQHERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLKYODVWLRGUHGLSULMHOD]X.OREXNXL$UDQÿHORYX6D FUQRJRUVNHVWUDQHELORMHSUHGYLÿHQRGDVHRGUHGLSULMHOD]QRPMHVWR3DUHåNRMHVH QDOD]LORQDMXJR]DSDGQRMVWUDQLRG.RVLMHUHYDDXGDOMHQRMHRG.OREXNDMHGQXXUX DRG$UDQÿHORYDòXUH2NUXåQLXSUDYQLNYRMYRGD69XNRWLüMHVPDWUDRGDMH 3DUHå QDMSRJRGQLMH PMHVWR ]D SUHOD]DN FQRJRUVNLK VWDQRYQLND X NRWDU 7UHELQMH SRãWRVHQDOD]LORQDVUHGLQLSRJUDQLþQHOLQLMH3UHJOHGLYLGDUHQMHSURSXVQLFDLPDR EL L]YUãDYDWL SROLFLMVNL åDQGDUP D X LVWR YULMHPH YUãLR EL L GXåQRVW ¿QDQVLMVNRJ åDQGDUPDWHELRVYHPXSRGQRVLRL]YMHãWDMNDSHWDQXFUQRJRUVNHNDSHWDQLMH3RUHG QDYHGHQLKSULMHOD]DFUQRJRUVNHYODVWLVX WUDåLOHGDVH]DWYRUHVYLGUXJLSULMHOD]L L SXWQLFL XSXüXMX LVNOMXþLYR QD QDYHGHQH SULMHOD]H 1D WDM QDþLQ LVNRQWUROLVDOL EL VHVYLSXWQFLWHL]YUãLODQMLKRYDREDYH]DSUHPDFDULQLãWRELLãORXSULORJGUåDYL ,QVLVWLUDORVHQD]DXVWDYOMDQMXVYLKQHOHJDOQLKSULMHOD]DWHGDVHSRþLQLRFLSULVWXSD VDQNFLRQLãX ,VWR WDNR SUHGODJDQR MH GD PLQLVWDU XQXWUDãQMLK GMHOD L]GD 1DUHGEX NRMRPELVHRGãWDPSDOHSURSXVQLFHNRMHELREDYH]QRSRND]LYDOHSULOLNRPSUHODVND QD QDYHGHQLP SURSXVQLP PMHVWLPD 3RUHG WRJD ELOR MH SUHGYLÿHQR RGUHÿLYDQMH WDNVH ]D VYH NRML VX SUHOD]LOL QD RYRP JUDQLþQRP SULMHOD]X 1D WDM QDþLQ EL VH SRNULYDOLVYLWURãNRYLNRMLVXELOLQHRSKRGQL]DRGUåDYDQMHFDULQVNLKSULMHOD]DþLPH Isto 8UHÿHQMHJUDQLþQLKSULMHOD]QLKPMHVWDLVDREUDüDMDQDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRMLFUQRJRUVNRMJUDQLFL VH GUåDYQD XSUDYD QH EL GRGDWQR RSWHUHüLYDOD 1DYHGHQL SULMHGORJ MH ELR XSXüHQ PLQLVWUX0LQLVWDUVWYDXQXWUDãQMLKGMHODJRVS-RYDQX63ODPHQFXQDXYLGMXQD JRGLQH2YDMGRNXPHQWMHELRSRWSLVDQRGVWUDQHREODVQRJXSUDYLWHOMDREODVWL 1LNãLüYRMYRGH69XNRWLüD13 =D XUHÿHQMH RGQRVD QD JUDQLFL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH L &UQH *RUH X NRWDUHYLPD *DFNR %LOHüD L 7UHELQMH ELR MH RG VWUDQH FUQRJRUVNH YODVWL VDþLQMHQ SRVHEDQ3ULMHGORJ 1DUHGEHNRMLPVXVHXUHÿLYDOHSRMHGLQRVWLXREODVWLVDREUDüDMD QD JUDQLFL &UQH *RUH L %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 1DYHGHQL 3ULMHGORJ MH LPDR YLãH þODQRYD NRMLPD VH EOLåH XUHÿLYDOD QDYHGHQD SUREOHPDWLND ,VWLPD VH REDYH]XMX NDSHWDQLMHVFUQRJRUVNHLNRWDUHYLVERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNHVWUDQHGDXUHGHRGQRVHL RPRJXüHSRJUDQLþQRPVWDQRYQLãWYXGDQDEDYOMDSRWUHEãWLQHLSURL]YRGHQDMHGQRML QDGUXJRMVWUDQLNRMHVXLPQHRSKRGQH]DåLYRW5DGLORVHRERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP NRWDUHYLPD7UHELQMH *DFNR %LOHüD L )RþD WH NDSHWDQLMDPD 3LYVNRM L 3ODQLQVNRM QD FUQRJRUVNRM VWUDQL 3RUHG XUHÿHQMD WUJRYLQVNLK RGQRVD RYLP 3ULMHGORJRPVX VHXUHÿLYDOLLXVORYLOLMHþHQMDVDSRGUXþMD3LYVNHL3ODQLQVNHNDSHWDQLMHXEROQLFL X *DFNX 7DNR MH XWYUÿHQR GD VH X JDWDþNX EROQLFX QHüH SULPDWL SDFLMHQWL VD FUQRJRUVNRJ SRGUXþMD QD OLMHþHQMH EH] SUHWKRGQH GR]YROH ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH YODGH =DWR OMHNDUL L] SRPHQXWLK NDSHWDQLMD L NRWDUVNL OMHNDUL GXåQL VX SRãWRYDWL QDYHGHQL 3ULMHGORJ 1DUHGEH 6DPR X R KLWQLP VOXþDMHYLPD PRJX VH SUHX]LPDWL SDFLMHQWLQDOLMHþHQMHEH]SUHWKRGQHVDJODVQRVWL,VWRWDNRELODMHXWYUÿHQDIRUPD VDPH SURSXVQLFH X VPLVOX NDNR L]JOHGD NDNYH SRGDWNH VDGUåL ]D NRMH YULMHPH SURSXVQL OLVW YDåL WH NROLNR GDQD QHNR PRåH SURYHVWL X QDYHGHQRM NDSHWDQLML LOL NRWDUXL]DNRMXNDSHWDQLMXLOLNRWDUYULMHGLQDYHGHQLSURSXVQLOLVW%RUDYDNXMHGQRM NDSHWDQLMLLOLNRWDUXQHPRåHELWLGXåLRGGHVHWGDQDL]X]PXOLVHQHNHQHSUHGYLÿHQH RNROQRVWL EROHVWYUHPHQVNHQHSRJRGHLVOLþQR 7DNRÿHUMH3ULMHGORJRP 1DUHGEH ELR XWYUÿHQ SUHJOHG L YLGLUDQMH SURSXVQLFD 6D ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH VWUDQH WH SRVORYH üH YUãLWL RUXåQLþNH SRVWDMH QD SULMHOD]QLP PMHVWLPD X .D]DQLPD -DVHQLNX'RQMRM9UELFL.OREXFLPDL+XPXDX$UDQÿHORYX¿QDQVLMVNRRGMHOMHQMH 'åDQEHJRYLQD NRMH üH X GDWR YULMHPH YRGLWL NQMLJX R SXWQLFLPD 6 FUQRJRUVNH VWUDQHYUãLüHWDMSRVDRGUXJL]YDQLþQLRUJDQLNDNRMHWRLXWDþNDPDRYHQDUHGEH LVWDNQXWR 15 8QDYHGHQRM1DUHGELXWYUÿHQRMHGDVXYODVWLLMHGQHLGUXJHGUåDYHGXåQL GD YRGH NRQWUROX R SUROD]QLFLPD L GD SD]H QD SRJUDQLþQL VDREUDüDM =D WX VYUKX SURSLVDüHVHQDURþLWHNQMLJHRSXWQLFLPDXNRMHüHVH]DYRGLWLSRGWHNXüLPEURMHP QRWLUDWL SURSXVQLFHNRMHVHRSHWSULSRODVNXLSRYUDWNXPRUDMXYLGLUDWL=DRQH SXWQLNHNRMLPDMHURNRGGHVHWGDQDLVWHNDRDQLVXVHSULSRYUDWNXSULMDYLOLYODVWL VX GXåQH XþLQLWL SULMDYX QDGOHåQRP SOHPHQVNRP NDSHWDQX RGQRVQR QDGOHåQRM NRWDUVNRM YODVWL NRMH üH WDNYLP SXWQLFLPD X EXGXüH ]DEUDQLWL SUHOD]DN RGQRVQR QHüHLPL]GDWLSXWQXSURSXVQLFX 13 '$&*08'GRN '$&* 08' GRN 3ULMHGORJ 1DUHGEH R XUHÿHQMX VDREUDüDMD L SULMHOD]QLK PMHVWD QD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRMLFUQRJRUVNRMJUDQLFL 15 Isto Isto 3URIGU,]HWâ$%27,û 2YLP3ULMHGORJRP 1DUHGEHMHXWYUÿHQRLSULMHOD]QRPMHVWRâüHSDQ3ROMHV FUQRJRUVNHDVERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH+XP9LGLUDQMHSURSXVQLFDQDâüHSDQ3ROMX YUãLOLELNDSHWDQL3LYVNHL3ODQLQVNHNDSHWDQLMHDVERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNHVWUDQHWR ELYUãLODYODVWX+XPX =DNDSHWDQLMVNXåXSX3LYVNXL*ROLMVNX]DSULMHOD]QRPMHVWRVFUQRJRUVNH VWUDQHRGUHÿXMHVH5DYQRDVDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNHRGUHÿXMHVH-DVHQLFH=DRYD SULMHOD]QD PMHVWD SURSXVQLFH L]GDMX NDSHWDQL 3LYVNH åXSH D YLGDUHQMH L SUHJOHG YUãLREH]EMHÿHQMHLYODVWQD5DYQRP=DSULMHOD]QRPMHVWRSUHPD.D]DQLPDNDR SULMHOD]QR PMHVWR V FUQRJRUVNH VWUDQH RGUHÿXMH VH %RERWRYR *UREOMH 3UHJOHG L YLGLUDQMHSURSXVQLFDQDRYRPPMHVWXYUãHNDSHWDQLLYODVWLNDSHWDQLMH*ROLMVNH 3ULMHOD]QR PMHVWR V FUQRJRUVNH VWUDQH MH ELOD *RUQMD 9UELFD D VD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH 'RQMD 9UELFD 'UXJR SULMHOD]QR PMHVWR MH 9XþNRYR 3ROMH EOL]X 3LODWRYDFD SUHPD %LOHüL =D QDYHGHQD SULMHOD]QD PMHVWD SURSXVQLFH MH SODQLUDQR GD L]GDMX NDSHWDQL L RUJDQL 2SXWQR 5XGLQVNH NDSHWDQLMH D V ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNHVWUDQHWRELYUãLODYODVWQDYHGHQLKERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLK PMHVWD,QDSULMHOD]QRPPMHVWX.OREXNXWYUÿHQRMHQDLVWLQDþLQSULMHOD]VDMHGQH RGQRVQR FUQRJRUVNH L ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH VWUDQH 9MHURYDOR VH GD EL QD RYDM QDþLQ]QDþDMQRELOLXUHÿHQLRGQRVLQDFUQRJRUVNRERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRMJUDQLFL ãWRELRODNãDRSULMHOD]VWDQRYQLãWYDVMHGQRJSRGUXþMDQDGUXJRDOLLGUåDYHELRYLP XUHÿHQMHPLPDOHPHÿXVREQREROMHXUHÿHQHRGQRVH 1D QDYHGHQL 3ULMHGORJ 1DUHGEH RG VWUDQH REODVQRJ XSUDYLWHOMD 8SUDYQH REODVWL 1LNãLü ELOR MH RGUHÿHQLK SULPMHGDED NRMH VX X SLVDQRM IRUPL QD]QDþHQH 0LQLVWUX XQXWUDãQMLK GMHOD -RYDQX 6 3ODPHQFX 7H SULPMHGEH VX VH RGQRVLOH QD VOLMHGHüH 'DVHXQDVORYX3ULMHGORJD 1DUHGEHL]DULMHþL³NRWDUH´VWDYL IRþDQVNRJ JDWDþNRJELOHüNRJLWUHELQMVNRJNRWDUD 'D VH X þO GRGD ³VWDQRYQLFLPD L] SRPHQXWLK NRWDUD REH]EMHÿXMH VHVORERGDQSUHOD]DNL]DYDURã1LNãLüLPDQDVWLU2VWURJNDRLQDãLPSXWQLFLPD NRMLELLPDOLUDGLJRUQMHVYUKHSRüLXQDYHGHQHNRWDUHSDLDNRQHSULSDGDMXJRUH UHþHQLPNDSHWDQLMDPD´ 'D VH þO X QHNROLNR L]PLMHQMHQ L GD JODVL ´ 3UHJOHG L YLGDUHQMH SURSXVQLFDVDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNHVWUDQHYUãLüHRUXåQLþNHSRVWDMHQDSULMHOD]QLP PMHVWLPD X +XPX -DVHQLNX .D]DQFLPD %UOMHYX *RUQMRM 9UELFL %LOHüL .OREXFLPDL$UDQÿHORYX´ 'DVHXþOL]DSRQRYOMQRJVORYDGRGD´NRMLSXWQLNSULMHÿHJUDQLFXL SRYUDWLVHQDGUXJLPPMHVWLPDRVLPRGUHÿHQLPGDVHND]QLXQRYFXGRSHUSHUD JOREHXNROLNRWRXEXGXüHGUXJLQHELUDGLOL´ 'D VH X þO WDþND ,,, SURPLMHQL L GD JODVL ´ 3ULMHOD]QR PMHVWR V QDãH VWUDQH MH *RUQMD 9UELFD D V ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH 'RQMD 9UELFD 3UHJOHG L YLGDUHQMHSURSXVQLFDYUãLüHRGUHÿHQHYODVWLX*RUQMRM9UELFLLNDSHWDQNDSHWDQLMH Isto Isto Isto 8UHÿHQMHJUDQLþQLKSULMHOD]QLKPMHVWDLVDREUDüDMDQDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRMLFUQRJRUVNRMJUDQLFL 3XWQR5XGDLQVNH L]GDYDüH SURSXVQLFH 'UXJR SUHOD]QR PMHVWR RGUHÿXMH VH V FUQRJRUVNH VWUDQH 9XNRYR 3ROMH QD JUDQLFL V 3LODWRYDFD SUHPD %LOHüL ,]GDYDQMH SURSXVQLFD SUHJOHG L YLGDUHQMH YUãLüH NDSHWDQ SRPHQXWH NDSHWDQLMH 6D VWUDQH ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNHWDMSRVDRYUãLüHRUXåQLþNDSRVWDMDX%LOHüL 'D VH X ,9 WDþNL þO X SRWYUGQRM ULMHþL L]EULãH ULMHþ ³LOL´ L VWDYL ³L´ 'DVHSURSXVQLOLVWRYLRSUHPHWDNRVDPDUNDPDXPMHVWRVDSHUSHUD3UHPD QDYHGHQRP NDSHWDQLMH VX GREUR UDVSRUHÿHQH MHGQD SUHQD GUXJRM V REMH VWUDQH JUDQLFH 2YRVXELOHSULPMHGEHXYH]L3ULMHGORJD 1DUHGEH0LQLVWDUVWYDXQXWUDãQMLK GMHOD&UQH*RUHRNRXUHÿHQMDJUDQLFHVD%RVQRPL+HUFHJRYLQRP2YHSULPMHGEH VX XSXüHQH RG VWUDQH REODVQRJ XSUDYLWHOMD YRMYRGH 6 9XNRWLüD L] 1LNãLüD DXJXVWD JRGLQH ,VDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþHVWUDQHGDWMH3ULMHGORJRUHJXOLVDQMXSRJUDQLþQRJ VDREUDüDMD L XWYUÿLYDQMD SULMHOD]QLK PMHVWD QD JUDQLFL VD &UQRP *RURP X SRJUDQLþQLPNRWDUHYLPD*DFNR%LOHüDL7UHELQMH3UHGORåHQRMHGDVHFUQRJRUVNLP SRJUDQLþQLPåLWHOMLPDGDSULMHOD]SUHNRJUDQLFHXQDYHGHQLPNRWDUHYLPDDYH]DQR ]D QHVPHWDQX WUJRYLQX NDR L WUDåHQMH OLMHþQLþNH SRPRüL NDR L GUXJLK SRWUHED VWDQRYQLãWYD 6 ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH VWUDQH XWYUÿHQR MH GD FUQRJRUVNL JUDÿDQL PRJXJUDQLFXSUHOD]LWLLVNOMXþLYRVDSURSLVDQLPSURSXVQLFDPDLWRQDVOLMHGHüLP SULMHOD]QLP PMHVWLPD NRWDU *DFNR NRG .D]DQDFD L -DVHQLND NRWDU %LOHüD NRG 'RQMH9UELFHLNRWDU7UHELQMHSULMHOD].OREXN QDRYRPSULMHOD]XEH]VDREUDüDMD VD URERP L NRG$UKDQÿHORYD 1DYHGHQLP SURSXVQLFDPD GDWR MH SUDYR QMLKRYLP YODVQLFLPD GD VDPR PRJX SUROD]LWL V SURSXVQLFDP NRG QD]QDþHQLK NRWDUHYD *DFNR%LOHüDL7UHELQMH 8QDYHGHQLPSURSXVQLFDPDWUHEDELWLQD]QDþHQR]DNRMH VHNRWDUHYHRGQRVHSURSXVLFHLNRMHMHWRYULMHPHSUHODVNDJUDQLFH ,VWR WDNR QD]QDþHQR MH GD VH SUHJOHG L YLGLUDQMH SURSXVQLFD PRåH YUãLWL X UHþHQLP SULMHOD]QLP VWDQLFDPD WM X .D]DQFLPD -DVHQLNX 'RQMRM 9UELFL L .OREXFLPDSRWDPRãQMLPRUXåQLþNLPSRVWDMDPDDX$UKDQÿHORYXSR)LQDQVLMVNRP RGMHOMHQMX 'åDQEHJRYLQD NRML üH WDNRÿHU PRUDWL YRGLWL NQMLJX R SXWQLFLPD 1DYHGHQLP RUXåQLþNLP RGQRVQR ¿QDQVLMVNLP SRVWDMDPD GXåQRVW MH GD YRGH NRQWUROXRVWUDQFLPDLGDSD]HQDSRJUDQLþQLVDREUDüDM2QLVXELOLGXåQLXSLVDWLVYH SXWQLNHXNQMLJXRSXWQLFLPD]DYHVWLVYHSURSXVQLFHNRMHVHSULGRODVNXLSRODVNX PRUDMX YLGLUDWL L VDRSãWLWL .RWDUVNRP XUHGX L =DSRYMHGQLãWYX YRMQLþNH SRVWDMH X $YWRYFXGRWLþQR]DSRYMHGQLãWYLPDWYUÿDYDX%LOHüLL7UHELQMXQDQDþLQGDVHXSLãH LPHSXWQLNDNRMLVHQDNRQãWRMHLVWHNDRURNRGSHWGDQDQLMHQDSRYUDWNXSRMDYLR 7DNYLüHSXWQLFLXEXGXüHL]JXELWLSULMHOD]QXSRYODVWLFX '$&*08'GRNEU3ULPMHGEHXSUDYLWHOMD2EODVQHXSUDYH1LNãLüYRMYRGH69XNRWLü QD 3ULMHGORJ 1DUHGEH R XUHÿHQMX VDREUDüDMD L SULMHOD]QLK PMHVWD QD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRM L FUQRJRUVNRMJUDQLFL Isto '$&*08'GRNEU1DUHGEDRUHJXOLVDQMXVDREUDüDMDLXWYUÿLYDQMXSULMHOD]QLKPMHVWD QDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRMLFUQRJRUVNRMJUDQLFLRGVWUDQH=HPDOMVNHYODGH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH Isto 3URIGU,]HWâ$%27,û 'R]YRODRG=HPDOMVNHYODGHUDGLSULPDQMDEROHVQLK&UQRJRUDFDX.RWDUVNRM EROQLFLX*DFNXQLMHSRWUHELWD2GSUHGXMPDþHWUQDHVWRGQHYQRJEROQLþNRJWURãND PRüLüHVHRGXVWDWLXVOXþDMHYLPDNDGDMHEROHVWWDNYHSULURGHGDMHSRWUHEQDKLWQD EROQLþNDQMHJD8WYUÿHQRMHGDQDYHGHQHVDREUDüDMQHSRYODVWLFHVWXSDMXRGPDKQD VQDJXLELüHYDOMDQHVYHGRHYHQWXDOQRJGMHOLPLþQRJLOLSRVYHPDãQMHJRSR]LYD 0LQLVWDUVWYR XQXWUDãQMLK GMHOD &UQH *RUH MH DXJXVWD JRGLQH XSXWLOR GRSLV 2EODVQRM XSUDYL 1LNãLü NDNR EL VH LVWD RGUHGLOD SUHPD SULMHGORJX 1DUHGEH R XUHÿHQMX SRJUDQLþQRJ VDREUDüDMD L]PHÿX FUQRJRUVNLK JUDQLþQLK NDSHWDQLMD L ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLK NRWDUH 2YLP GRSLVRP GDWD MH REDYH]D 2EODVQRM XSUDYL 1LNãLü GD QDYHGHQL SULMHGORJ 1DUHGEH SURVWXGLUD L GDGH VYRMH SULPMHGEH QDURþLWR XNROLNR EL VH WLFDOR JHRJUDIVNRJ SRORåDMD WM GD OL VX GREUR UDVSRUHÿHQHNDSHWDQLMHSUHPDNRWDUHYLPDLSULOD]QDPMHVWDMHGQDSUHPDGUXJLPD NDR L GUXJH SULPMHGEH 2EODVQD XSUDYD MH X]HOD X REDYH]L GD ãWR SULMH ]DYUãL QDYHGHQL SRVDR L SUHGORåLWL 0LQLVWDUVWYX XQXWUDãQMLK GMHOD VYRMH YLÿHQMH UMHãHQMD RYRJSUREHOPD2EODVQDMHXSUDYDREDYLMHVWLOD0LQLVWDUVWYRXQXWUDãQMLKGMHOD DXJXVWD GD MH VSUHPQD VSURYHVWL 1DUHGEX RYRJ 0LQLVWDUVWYD EU 8 SRWSLVX QDYHGHQRJ RGJRYRUD SRWSLVDQ MH X LPH 2EODVQH XSUDYH 1LNãLü REODVQL XSUDYQLNYRMYRGD69XNRWLü 8PMHVWR]DNOMXþND (YLGHQWQR MH L] QDYHGHQLK GRNXPHQDWD GD VX ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH YODVWLNDRLFUQRJRUVNHELOHYROMQHQDYHGHQRSLWDQMHNRMHVHRGQRVLORQDXUHÿHQMH PHÿXVREQRJ SRJUDQLþQRJ VDREUDüDMD L XWYUÿLYDQMD SULMHOD]QLK PMHVWD QD JUDQLFL ULMHãLWL QD ]DGRYROMVWYR VWDQRYQLND RYLK NUDMHYD DOL L QDYHGHQLK GUåDYD 1D RYDM QDþLQ ]QDWQR MH RODNãDQR NRPXFLUDQMH PHÿX VWDQRYQLãWYRP SRJUDQLþQLK PMHVWD 1DYHGHQD1DUHGEDNDRLGUXJLDNWLGRQHVHQLVXXSUHGYHþHUMHEDONDQVNLKUDWRYD SDQLMHMDVQRNROLNRMHQMLKRYDSULPMHQDL]QDYHGHQLKUD]ORJDXSRWSXQRVWL]DåLYMHOD 6D L]ELMDQMHP EDONDQVNLK UDWRYD JUDQLFH VX SRVWDOH YHRPD RVMHWOMLYD SRGUXþMD GUåDYHVXVHWUXGLOHGDLVNRQWUROLãXSULOLNHQDJUDQLFL1RRQRãWRMHHYLGHQWQRMHVWH GD MH X YULMHPH EDONDQVNLK UDWRYD ELOR LOHJDOQLK SUHOD]DND SD þDN L XNOMXþLYDQMD XYRMQHIRUPDFLMHSRVHEQRSUDYRVODYQRJVWDQRYQLãWYDVDRYRJSRGUXþMDQDVWUDQX 6UELMH L &UQH *RUH %RãQMDþNR PXVOLPDQVNR VWDQRYQLãWYR MH ELOR X]QHPLUHQR L XSODãHQR]ERJGRJDÿDMDYH]DQLK]DEDONDQVNHUDWRYHSRVHEQRMHWRELORL]UDåHQR NRG SRJUDQLþQLK PMHVWD MHU MH GRãOR GR SRPMHUDQMD ]QDWQRJ EURMD PXVOLPDQVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYDVDSRGUXþMDNRMHVXRVYRMLOHVDYH]QLþNHEDONDQVNHGUåDYHXEDONDQVNLP UDWRYLPD8WRPYUHPHQXELRMHHYLGHQWDQSURFHVSRYUDWNDERãQMDþNLKPXKDGåLUD NRMLVXXYULMHPHDXVWURXJDUVNHXSUDYHLVHOLOLL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQDSRGUXþMD Isto '$&* 08' GRN EU 0LQLVWDUVWYR XQXWUDãQMLK GMHOD &UQH *RUH MH XSXWLOR GRSLV EU RG JRGLQH2EODVQRMXSUDYL1LNãLüGDSURãWXGLUD1DUHGEX=HPDOMVNHYODGH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHLGDVYRMVXGRLVWRM 8UHÿHQMHJUDQLþQLKSULMHOD]QLKPMHVWDLVDREUDüDMDQDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRMLFUQRJRUVNRMJUDQLFL 2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYD6YHüHWRXRGUHÿHQRMPMHULRWHåDYDWLSULOLNHQDJUDQLFLSDL SULOLNHQDJUDQLFL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHL&UQH*RUH Summary ,W LV HYLGHQW IURP WKH DERYH GRFXPHQWV WKDW WKH %RVQLDQ DXWKRULWLHV DV ZHOODVWKH0RQWHQHJULQRQHVZHUHZLOOLQJWRUDLVHWKHLVVXHRIWKHUHJXODWLRQRI FURVVERUGHUWUD൶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rof. dr. 5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- ,]YRUQLQDXþQLUDG 'UåDYQL8QLYHU]LWHW1RYL3D]DU Ĉ8580/,-(,=6$1'ä$.$1$*$/,&,-, $SVWUDNW 1DRVQRYXQHREMDYOMHQLKL]YRUDL]VUELMDQVNLKWXUVNLKDXVWULMVNLK L GUXJLK DUKLYD UDVYMHWOMDYDPR IHQRPHQ PXVOLPDQVNLK GREURYROMDFD YRORQWHUD 8 RYRM VWXGLML QD RVQRYX DUKLYVNH JUDÿH L ND]LYDQMD VXYUHPHQLND JRYRULPR R ERãQMDþNLPUDWQLFLPDNRMLVXRGYHGHQLGDSLãXKLVWRULMXDGDYHüLQDQLMHQL]HPOMRSLV SR]QDYDOD1DLPH$XVWUR8JDUVNDYRMVNDMHSRVOLMHRNXSDFLMHUHJLMH6DQGåDN QRYHPEUD XLQWHUYDOXMHVHQ ±SUROMHüH X]SRPRüORNDOQLKDJDL EHJRYDVSURYHODåHVWRNXSURSDJDQGQXNDPSDQMXQDNRQNRMHMHXERUEXSURWLY5XVD QD*DOLFLMVNLIURQWX8NUDMLQLRGYHODYLãHRGKLOMDGDGREURYROMDFDVWDURVWLL]PHÿX LJRGLQD2NXSDFLMVNHDXVWURXJDUVNHYODVWLVXXOD]DN2VPDQOLMVNH,PSHULMH X3UYLVYMHWVNLUDWQDVWUDQL&HQWUDOQLKVLODLVNRULVWLOH]DSURSDJDQGXSURWLYVLOD $QWDQWH RSWXåXMXüL LK GD VX 3UYL VYMHWVNL UDW SRYHOH UDGL XQLãWHQMD PXVOLPDQD SURWXUDMXüLERãQMDþNRPVWDQRYQLãWYXLOX]LMXRREQRYLRVPDQOLMVNHYODVWLX6DQGåDNX 'UXJDID]DPRELOL]DFLMH RSRYUJDYDWYUGQMXRÄGREURYROMFLPD³MHUMHYHüLGLR LQWHUQLUDQQDVLOQR8QDURGXVXSRPHQXWLUDWQLFLRVWDOLSR]QDWLNDRÄÿXUXPOLMH³ 9HüLQDLKMHL]JLQXODLOLSUHEDþHQDQDEOLVNRLVWRþQHIURQWRYH8]DYLþDMVHYUDWLR VYDNLGHVHWL]DUREOMHQLLOLSUHåLYMHOLãWRREMDãQMDYDRJURPQXSRUDWQXGHSRSXODFLMX PXãNRJVWDQRYQLãWYD .OMXþQHULMHþL 'REURYROMFLĈXUXPOLMH6DQGåDN*DOLFLMD$XVWR8JDUVND 3UYLVYMHWVNLUDWEULWDQVNLORJRUL 92/817((56)5206$1-$.,1*$/,&,$ Abstract %DVHGRQXQSXEOLVKHGVRXUFHVIURP6HUELDQ7XUNLVK$XVWULDQ DQGRWKHUDUFKLYHVZHLOOXPLQDWHWKHSKHQRPHQRQRI0XVOLPYROXQWHHUV YROXQWHHUV ,QWKLVVWXG\RQWKHEDVLVRIDUFKLYDOPDWHULDODQGWKHWHOOLQJRIFRQWHPSRUDULHVZH DUHWDONLQJDERXW%RVQLDNZDUULRUVZKRZHUHWDNHQDZD\WRZULWHKLVWRU\EXWPRVW RIWKHPGLGQRWNQRZWKHJHRJUDSK\1DPHO\DIWHUWKHRFFXSDWLRQRIWKH6DQGåDN UHJLRQ 1RYHPEHU LQWKHDXWXPQRI WKHVSULQJRI WKH$XVWUR +XQJDULDQ$UP\ZLWKWKHKHOSRIORFDODJHVDQGEHJVFDUULHGRXWD¿HUFHSURSDJDQGD FDPSDLJQDIWHUZKLFKLQWKHVWUXJJOHDJDLQVWWKH5XVVLDQVIURQWLQ8NUDLQHWRRN PRUHWKDQWKRXVDQGYROXQWHHUVDJHGEHWZHHQDQG\HDUV7KHRFFXS\LQJ $XVWUR+XQJDULDQ DXWKRULWLHV XVHG WKH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH WR HQWHU WKH )LUVW :RUOG ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML :DURQWKHVLGHRIWKH&HQWUDO3RZHUVIRUSURSDJDQGDDJDLQVWWKHIRUFHVRI$QWDQWD DFFXVLQJWKHPRIWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DUIRUWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRI0XVOLPVRSSRVLQJWKH %RVQLDNSRSXODWLRQWKHLOOXVLRQRIWKHUHQHZDORIWKH2WWRPDQDXWKRULWLHVLQ6DQG]DN 7KHVHFRQGSKDVHRIPRELOL]DWLRQ GHQLHVWKHFODLPRI³YROXQWHHUV´EHFDXVH PRVWRIWKHPDUHYLROHQWO\LQWHUYHQHG,QWKHQDWLRQWKHVHZDUULRUVZHUHVWLOONQRZQ DV³GZDUIV´0RVWRIWKHPGLVDSSHDUHGRUWUDQVIHUUHGWRWKH0LGGOH(DVWIURQWV (YHU\WHQWKFDSWXUHGRUVXUYLYHGUHWXUQHGWRKRPHODQGZKLFKH[SODLQVWKHYDVWSRVW ZDUGHSRSXODWLRQRIWKHPDOHSRSXODWLRQ Key words 9ROXQWHHUV'MXUXPOLMD6DQG]DN*DOLFLD$XVWUR+XQJDULDQ )LUVW:RUOG:DU%ULWLVKFDPSV Uvod 2SDGDQMH PRü൴ 2VPDQO൴MVNH ,PSHU൴MH ൴ SRUD] X %DONDQVN൴P UDWRY൴PD ൴]D]YDO൴VX]QDWQHWHU൴WRU൴MDOQHJXE൴WNH൴QMHQRSRYODþHQMH൴]5XPHO൴MH %DONDQD 7R MH X]URNRYDOR RSüX å൴YRWQX QHV൴JXUQRVW RSDVQRVW RSVWDQND ]EXQMHQRVW൴GHSU൴P൴UDQRVWPXVO൴PDQVNHSRSXODF൴MH1൴MHGQDQRYRQDVWDODNUãüDQVND GUåDYDQD%DONDQXQ൴MHXYDåDYDODQHVSUHPQRVWDXWRKWRQHPXVO൴PDQVNH]DMHGQ൴FH GDSU൴KYDW൴RNXSDF൴MX3RUD]RP2VPDQO൴MDQDVWDORMHSUHNUDMDQMHQRY൴KJUDQ൴FDNRMH VXEDONDQVNHPXVO൴PDQHRGYHü൴QVNRJVXEMHNWDSUHWYRU൴OHXJXE൴WQ൴NHEH]SUDYDQD VDPRRSUHGMHOMHQMH8JRYRURPX/RQGRQXPDMD JRG൴QHHYURSVNHVXYHOHV൴OH ÄUXVN൴P YD]DO൴PD³ 6UE൴M൴ ൴ &UQRM *RU൴ X VXSURWQRVW൴ VD YROMRP YHü൴QH %HEOHU GRG൴MHO൴OHWXÿHWHU൴WRU൴MH 6DQGåDN.RVRYR൴0DNHGRQ൴MX 0XVO൴PDQ൴PD 7XUF൴$OEDQF൴%RãQMDF൴3RPDF൴5RP൴൴GU VXQDRGX]HWRM]HPOM൴RVWDY൴OHPDOR PRJXüQRVW൴]DRSVWDQDN8VSUNRVSURNODP൴UDQ൴PREHüDQM൴PDQM൴KRYå൴YRWXQRY൴P XYMHW൴PD Q൴MH GRQRV൴R HOHPHQWDUQD SUDYD XNOMXþXMXü൴ VORERGX YMHUR൴VSRY൴MHVW൴ REUD]RYDQMD ൴ NXOWXUQRJ UD]YRMD 6YH ൴QWHQ]൴YQ൴M൴ P൴O൴WDQWQ൴ QDF൴RQDO൴]DP QRY൴K EDONDQVN൴KGUåDY൴FDXJURåDYDRMHRSVWDQDNDXWRKWRQHPXOW൴HWQ൴þNHPXVO൴PDQVNH ]DMHGQ൴FH'XJRSURNODP൴UDQD൴GHMDVWYDUDQMDÄ9HO൴NH6UE൴MH³Rå൴YOMDYDODMHWHåQMX VUE൴MDQVN൴KQDF൴RQDO൴VWDRVWYDUDQMXGUåDYH-XåQ൴K6ODYHQDRG-DGUDQVNRJGR&UQRJ PRUD6XURYDRNXSDWRUVNDYODVW.UDOMHY൴QH6UE൴MHMHUHSUHV൴YQ൴PNRORQ൴]DWRUVN൴P PMHUDPD X 0DNHGRQ൴M൴ QD .RVRYX ൴ 6DQGåDNX VSURYRG൴OD QDV൴OQX SURPMHQX HWQRQDF൴RQDOQHVWUXNWXUH൴VYHNRO൴NHNXOWXUQHDV൴P൴ODF൴MHPXVO൴PDQD %DQGåRY৻ü 6DPR GY൴MH JRG൴QH NDVQ൴MH UDWQD RIDQ]൴YD $XVWUR8JDUVNH X]URNRYDOD MH ൴]E൴MDQMH 3UYRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD NRM൴ MH SRNUHQXR PQRJD QHU൴MHãHQD S൴WDQMDQDSURVWRUX]DSDGQRJ%DONDQD WXU5XPHO൴MD 5DWMHPXVO൴PDQ൴PDGRQ൴R VWUDKQH൴]YMHVQRVWDO൴൴SRGJU൴MDYDQMHQDGHRSRYUDWNXÄVWDURJWXUVNRJ³൴SRUD]X GY൴MX RPUDåHQ൴K NUDOMHY൴QD .UDOMHY൴QH 6UE൴MH ൴ .UDOMHY൴QH &UQH *RUH NRMH VX VH ]DYUãHWNRP %DONDQVN൴K UDWRYD WHU൴WRU൴MDOQR ]QDWQR SURã൴U൴OH 5D]O൴þ൴W൴ QDþ൴Q൴ WXPDþHQMDUDWD൴UDWQHSURSDJDQGHRYGDãQMHMHPXVO൴PDQVNRVWDQRYQ൴ãWYRRGUHG൴OR na sWUDQX$XVWR8JDUVNH൴1MHPDþNH±DNWXDOQ൴KVDYH]Q൴FD2VPDQO൴MVNH,PSHU൴MH 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- 9U൴MHPH DXVWURXJDUVNH RNXSDF൴MH MHGQD MH RG QDMWHå൴K HWDSD X K൴VWRU൴M൴ 6DQGåDND 9UKRYQD NRPDQGD 'YRMQH FDUVNRNUDOMHYVNH PRQDUK൴MH MH MDQXDUD JRG൴QH IRUP൴UDOD 9RMQ൴ JHQHUDOQ൴ JXYHUQPDQ 9** NRM൴ MH REXKYDWDR RNUXJH âDEDF %HRJUDG 9DOMHYR 6PHGHUHYR .UDJXMHYDF *RUQM൴ 0൴ODQRYDF G൴R RNUXJD ûXSU൴MH ൴ RNUXJH 8å൴FH ýDþDN .UXãHYDF .RVRYVND 0൴WURY൴FD1RY൴3D]DU൴3U൴MHSROMH -XQJHUWK ,VWRþQ൴MXåQ൴൴G൴RFHQWUDOQH 6UE൴MH G൴R .RVRYD ൴ 0HWRK൴MH ൴ 0DNHGRQ൴MH REXKYDWDO൴ VX EXJDUVNR RNXSDF൴RQR SRGUXþMH NRMH VX VDþ൴QMDYDOD GYD XSUDYQD SRGUXþMD 9RMQR൴QVSHNF൴MVND REODVW 0RUDYH 1൴ã ൴9RMQR൴QVSHNF൴MVNDREODVW0DNHGRQ൴MH 6NRSOMH Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢʄ 8VO൴MHGNDS൴WXODF൴MH.UDOMHY൴QH&UQH*RUH MDQXDUD MRãWHåHVWDQMHMH ]DE൴OMHåHQR X MXåQRP 6DQGåDNX JGMH VX SUHRVWDO൴ þODQRY൴9ODGHUD]RUXåDO൴ VYRMH MHG൴Q൴FH൴GRSXVW൴O൴GD$XVWUR8JDUVNDXVSRVWDY൴VYRMXDGP൴Q൴VWUDF൴MX .DWDVWURIDOQ൴E൴ODQVUDWDMHXVO൴MHGVWUDGDQMDF൴Y൴OQRJ൴YRMQRJVWDQRYQ൴ãWYD RVWDY൴R VWUDãQH SRVOMHG൴FH 7U൴ DXVWURXJDUVNH RNXSDF൴RQH JRG൴QH X QDURGX XSDPüHQH NDR ÄãYDSVNH³ GRQ൴MHOH VX QH]DSDPüHQH WHãNRüH X 6DQGåDNX 9HO൴ND VXãD JODG HS൴GHP൴MD WXEHUNXOR]H SMHJDYRJ W൴IXVD NROHUH ൴ SR]QDWRJ JU൴SD ÄãSDQMRONH³ âNU৻MHOM ĈXUXPO৻MH RGRQRV൴O൴ VX EURMQH åUWYH 8 RSXVWMHO൴P JUDGRY൴PD ൴ VHO൴PD E൴MHGD ൴ V൴URPDãWYR XVSRU൴O൴ VX SRYUDWDN å൴YRWD 2GOD]DN VWUDQ൴K PHG൴F൴QVN൴K HN൴SD GHFHPEUD JRG൴QH GRGDWQR MH XJUR]൴R ൴ SRJRUãDR SRVWRMHüH ]GUDYVWYHQH SU൴O൴NH 1H൴PDãW൴QD ൴ QHGRVWDWDN DGHNYDWQ൴K O൴MHNRYD]DãODMHXVYDN൴GRP൴RE൴WHOM6൴URPDãQRRSUHPOMHQHEROHVQ൴þNHVREHVH Q൴VXJU൴MDOH*ODGMHRVODE൴OD൴PXQRORãNXRWSRUQRVWVWDQRYQ൴ãWYDþHPXRNXSDWRUVNH YODVW൴Q൴VXSU൴GDYDOH]QDþDM]ERJþHJDMH൴]RVWDODSRPRü൴XSR]RUHQMHQDVX]E൴MDQMX HS൴GHP൴MH 6YHXNXSQR VWDQMH VX SRJRUãDYDOH XþHVWDOH DNF൴MH UHNY൴]൴F൴MH NUXSQH VWRNH1DSDüHQRVWDQRYQ൴ãWYRMH]DKYDW൴ODHS൴GHP൴MDJU൴SDNRM൴MHKDUDR(YURSRP SR]QDWD ÄãSDQVND JUR]Q൴FD´ ൴O൴ ÄâSDQMROND´ NRM൴ VX GRQ൴MHO൴ W]Y ÄâSDQMROF൴³ SU൴SDGQ൴F൴DXVWURXJDUVNHYRMVNHX6DQGåDNX5DWQDMHQHPDQRGQRVHü൴RJURPQH åUWYHRVWDYOMDODGXERNHWUDJRYHPHÿXQDSDüHQ൴PVWDQRYQ൴ãWYRP9U൴MHPHRNXSDF൴MH 6DQGåDND MH ]ERJ Y൴VRNH VPUWQRVW൴ GMHFH VWDU൴M൴K ൴ ൴]QHPRJO൴K O൴FD DO൴ ൴ UDWQ൴K VWUDGDQMD YRMQ൴ND PRE൴O൴]൴UDQ൴K QD IURQWRY൴PD ൴]D]YDOR VWUDKRY൴WX GHSRSXODF൴MXVWDQRYQ൴ãWYD1DåDORVWQM൴KRYEURMMHWHãNRXVWYUG൴W൴MHUPQRJHåUWYH ൴] YUHPHQD DXVWURXJDUVNH RNXSDF൴MH Q൴VX YDOMDQR HY൴GHQW൴UDQH 9UHPHQRP VH ൴] ]DYUãHWNRPUDWDYUDW൴ORGHVHWNRYDQRGREURYROMDþNRVWDQRYQ൴ãWYRSUHWHåQR൴QYDO൴G൴ UDQMHQ൴VDWHãN൴KWMHOHVQ൴P൴SV൴KRORãN൴PWUDXPDPDRGNRM൴KVHJRWRYRQ൴NDGDQ൴VX RSRUDY൴O൴ 2NXSDF൴MD൴UDWQHJRG൴QH 3URJODVRGIHEUXDUD JRGLQHLUDQLMHXSXüHQLVXOWDQRYSR]LYQD 'åLKDG QRYHPEDU QDLãDRMHQDMDNRG]LYPHÿXPXVOLPDQLPDL]YDQSUHRVWDOLK JUDQLFD2VPDQOLMVNRJGHYOHWD WXU2VPDQOLMVNDGUåDYD 6OLMHGRNROQRVWLMHSRND]DR åHOMX PXVOLPDQD ]DSDGQH 5XPHOLMH GD NDR GREURYROMFL XþHVWYXMX X UDWX =DWR ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML MH PQRJLPD NRML VX LQVLVWLUDOL QD XþHãüX QDURþLWR PXKDGåLULPD WXU SURJQDQLFL PLJUDQWL RPRJXüHQQHVPHWDQLRODNãDQDQJDåPDQXGREURYROMDþNLPMHGLQLFDPD 8ODVNRP DXVWURXJDUVNLK WUXSD X 6DQGåDN QRYHPEUD JRGLQH 0DOLNRYLü ]DSRþHOHVXWHãNHJRGLQHRNXSDFLMHLSRþHWDNSULSUHPD]D PRELOL]LUDQMHGREURYROMDFD1RYLRNXSDWRUMHIRUPLUDR9RMQRJHQHUDOQLJXYHUQHPDQ ]D6UELMX 9** DQDSRGUXþMXQHNDGDãQMHJ1RYRSD]DUVNRJVDQGåDND GLRNRMLMH SRVOLMH SULSDR6UELML GYDRNUXJD.UDMVNRPDQGH .X. X1RYRP3D]DUXL X3ULMHSROMX8VMHQLþNRPVUH]XNRMLMHXãDRXVDVWDYRNUXJD1RYL3D]DUXVSRVWDYOMHQD %HFLUNVNRPDQGDQWXUDVUH]D QMHP6UHVNDRNUXåQDNRPDQGD 9MHãWRSURSDJLUDQD SULþDGDMH6YMHWVNLUDWSRNUHQXWUDGLXQLãWHQMDPXVOLPDQDXOLODMHPXVOLPDQVNRP VWDQRYQLãWYX %DONDQD ODåQX QDGX R REQRYL L SRYUDWNX 2VPDQOLMVNH ,PSHULMH VDYH]QLFH&HQWUDOQLKVLODX3UYRPVYMHWVNRPUDWX8WDNYLPMHRNROQRVWLPDRVWYDUHQ YHOLNLRGD]LYPXVOLPDQVNLKUHJUXWDL]QHNDGDãQMLKRVPDQOLMVNLKREODVWL5XPXQMVNH %XJDUVNH$OEDQLMH.RVRYD6DQGåDNDL0DNHGRQLMH1MLKVXVDYH]QLþNHNRPDQGH NDVQLMHUDVSRUHGLOHGXåIURQWRYD*DOLFLMH*DOLSROMD$QDGROLMH5XPXQMVNH1,UDND 3DOHVWLQH6LULMHL.DYND]D 6DYH]QLãWYR VD &HQWUDOQLP VLODPD 1MHPDþND $XVWUR8JDUVND L 2VPDQOLMVND ,PSHULMD MH %XJDUVNRM GRQLMHOR SUHüXWQR SUL]QDQMH DQHNVLMH ELYãLK RVPDQOLMVNLK YLODMHWD X ]DSDGQRM 5XPHOLML 6ROXQVNL 0DQDVWLUVNL L .RVRYVNL %Õ\ÕNOÕR÷OX LSUDYRGDPRELOL]LUDUHJUXWHNRMHMHSRVWHSHQRRWSUHPDODQD RVPDQOLMVNHLIURQWRYHRVWDOLKVDYH]QLND AJ ) 6SRUD]XP L]PHÿX 2VPDQOLMVNH ,PSHULMH L %XJDUVNH VHSWHPEUD MH R]QDþLR ]DRNUHW X QMLKRYLP PHÿXVREQLP RGQRVLPD %XJDUVND RNXSDFLMD .RVRYD 0DNHGRQLMH GROLQHULMHNH6WUXPHL]DSDGQH7UDNLMHMHRYLPSUHJRYRULPDSUHGYLÿDODPRJXüQRVW PDVRYQRJ UHJUXWLUDQMD PXVOLPDQVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD NRMLP EL VH GRSXQLOL UHGRYL RVPDQOLMVNH YRMVNH 6D\JLOL 0RELOL]DFLMX GREURYROMDFD VX SRGX]HOL QRYRXVSRVWDYOMHQLRVPDQOLMVNLYRMQLXUHGLSRSXWRQRJX3UL]UHQXNDGDMHXSHULRGX DXJXVWRNWREDURVWYDUHQYHOLNLRG]LYUHJUXWD AJ 6DL]X]HüHPGYDYHOLNDQHXVSMHKDQD,VWRþQRPIURQWX JRGLQDMH]D $XVWUR8JDUVNX]QDþLODMHGQXRGQDMWHåLKJRGLQD %LULQFL'Q\D+DUEL 3RUHG5XVLMHQDVWUDQX$QWDQWHVXXãOH,WDOLMDL5XPXQMVNDþLPHMHQHL]EMHåQR XYHüDQD YRMQD RSDVQRVW ]D $XVWUR8JDUVNX 3RVOLMH R]ELOMQLK YLãHPMHVHþQLK SULSUHPDLXVSMHãQHNRQVROLGDFLMHYODVWLWLKVQDJDFDUVND5XVLMDMHVYHXNXSQHSULOLNH QDIURQWXXþLQLOD]QDWQRVORåHQLMLPLWHåLP'DOHND*DOLFLMDMH]DRWSUHPOMHQHDXVWUR PDÿDUVNRJHUPDQVNH VDYH]QLþNH WUXSH SRVWDOD ÄYHOLND RSDVQRVW³ *LOEHUW 7DNDY MH VOLMHG GRJDÿDMD X]URNRYDR GRSXQVNR UD]YODþHQMH DXVWURXJDUVNLK SR]LFLMDGXåIURQWRYDDOLLHYLGHQWQXSRWUHEX]DQRYLPOMXGVNLPSRMDþDQMLPD.DGD VXQMHPDþNHYRMQHWUXSHWHåLãWHUDWQLKGHMVWDYDXVPMHULOHSUHPD=DSDGQRPIURQWX 8NQML]L7XUVNLUDWX3UYRPVYMHWNRPUDWX %LULQFL'Q\D+DUEL¶QGH7UN+DUEL³ NRMDJRYRULRUXPXQMVNRPIURQWXSRWYUÿXMHVHPDVRYQRSULVXVWYRGREURYROMDFDXYRMQLPMHGLQLFDPD DOLVHQHQDYRGLQMLKRYRSRULMHNOR 9UORMHYDåQRSRGVMHWLWLQDQHGRVWDWDNGRNXPHQWRYDQLKLQIRUPDFLMDYH]DQLK]DXþHãüHLVXGELQX UXPHOLMVNLK EDONDQVNLK PXVOLPDQDX3UYRPVYMHWVNRPUDWXLERUEDPDQDJRWRYRVYLPRVPDQOLMVNLP IURQWRYLPD 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- $XVWUR8JDUVNDMH]DWUDåLODSRPRüRGVYRMLKRVPDQOLMVNLKVDYH]QLND,VWHMHJRGLQH XSXüHQ]DKWMHY]DSRMDþDQMHPRGWULYRMQDNRUSXVDNRMHELUDVSRUHGLOLQDQHNRP RG WUL IURQWD JDOLFLMVNRP UXPXQMVNRP L VROXQVNRP (QYHUSDãD 0LQLVWDU UDWQL L ]DSRYMHGQLN JODYQRJ ãWDED RVPDQOLMVNH YRMVNH SRPHQXWL MH ]DKWMHY QDþHOQLND QMHPDþNRJ JHQHUDOãWDED 9RQ +LQGHQEXUJD SULKYDWLR EH] SULJRYRUD 'DJODU =ERJRYRJSULOLþQRULVNDQWQRJSRVWXSNDQDLãDRMHQDRãWUXNULWLNX RGUHÿHQLK NUXJRYD RVPDQOLMVNH YRMVNH 0KOPDQQ -HGDQ RG (QYHU SDãLQLKQDMEOLåLKYRMQLKVDYMHWQLNDJHQHUDO%URQVDUWYRQ6FKHOOHQGRUIREMDYLRMH QDNUDMXUDWDWDMQLL]YMHãWDMXNRPHWXPDþLRYXRGOXNX3UHPDQMHJRYRPPLãOMHQMX JODYQR SRSULãWH 9HOLNRJ UDWD ELR MH =DSDGQL IURQW 3HULIHUQL JHRJUDIVNL SRORåDM 2VPDQOLMVNH ,PSHULMH UD]ORJ MH QMHQRJ XþHãüD QD GUXJRUD]UHGQLP IURQWRYLPD VD ]DGDWNRP GD QDPDPL YRMQH VQDJH$QWDQWH RVODEL QMLKRYX XGDUQX PRü L QD ELOR NRML QDþLQ SRPRJQH VYRMLP VDYH]QLFDPD ,DNR VH WLMHNRP GXJLK JRGLQD UDWD QD JUDQLFDPD2VPDQOLMVNHGUåDYHQDãORPLOLRQLSRQHSULMDWHOMVNLKYRMQLNDQDMPDQMHMH KLOMDGDRVPDQOLMVNLKYRMQLNDRWLãORQDÄJODYQHIURQWRYH³7RXGRYROMQRMPMHUL JRYRULRVWDYXGUåDYQRJLYRMQRJYUKD&HQWUDOQLK6LODNRMLVXXORJX2VPDQOLMVNRJ FDUVWYD X UDWX SRGUHGLOL UD]YODþHQMX VQDJD$QWDQWH ãWR REMDãQMDYD UD]PMHãWHQRVW RVPDQOLMVNHYRMVNHQDIURQWRYLPDXQXWDUVYRMLKJUDQLFD 0XãRYLü .RMH5L]DKEHJ0XUDWEHJRYLü" .DPSDQMDSULNXSOMDQMDGREURYROMDFDĈXUXPOLMD3MHGDQMHRGQDM]QDþDMQLMLK GRJDÿDMDXUDWQRMKLVWRULML6DQGåDND$NFLMXVXSRNUHQXOHRNXSDFLRQHYODVWL$XVWUR 8JDUVNHX]SRPRüORNDOQLKDJDLEHJRYD3UHGQMDþLOLVX 5L]DKEHJ 0XUDWEHJRYLü SUHGVMHGQLN QRYRSD]DUVNH RSüLQH L QMHJRYL JODYQL VXUDGQLFL 5L]R 0XUWH]Lü L] 1RYRJ 3D]DUD L 6RNR /HNLü L] VHOD *ORJRYLND QD 3HãWHUX 1D SULMHGORJ L SUHSRUXNX SD]DUVNH Ä.UDMVNRPDQGH³X%HRJUDGXMHRG9RMQRJJHQHUDOQRJ JXYHUQPDQDGRELRRGREUHQMHGDVDNXSOMDGREURYROMFH 1D SRODåDM SUHGVMHGQLND 2SüLQH 1RYL 3D]DU GRãDR MH X YULMHPH DXVWURXJDUVNH XSUDYH DOL SRG 3ULORJ5L]DKEHJ VXPQMLYLP L QHUD]MDãQMHQLP RNROQRVWLPD WDþQLMH 0XUDWEHJRYLüUDWQL UD]ULMHãHQD MH VWDUD RSãWLQVND XSUDYD L LPHQRYD QRYD JUDGRQDþHOQLN1RYRJ QD þLMHP MH þHOX SRVWDYOMHQ +DPLGDJD ûLOHUGåLü 3D]DUD SUHGVHGQLN D 5L]DKEHJ 0XUDWEHJRYLü 6DOLK EHJ 5DVRYDF L $KPHG DJD .RPDQ SRWSUHGVHGQLFL 5L]DKEHJ 0XUDWEHJRYLü VH WRNRP SLMDþQRJ GDQD X ÄþDUãLML³ RNXSOMHQRP QDURGX SUHGVWDYOMDR NDR ELYãL WXUVNL R¿FLU 8 WXUVNRM YRMQRM XQLIRUPL VD IHVRP XNUDãHQLP YH]HQLP WXUVNLP VLPEROLPD SROXPMHVHFDL]YLMH]GHLWXUVNLPEDMUDNRPXUXNDPD WXUED\UDN X]SMHVPXL]YXNHÄJRþDSLVND³ XVSLRMHGDVDPRX1RYRP3D]DUXDQJDåLUDYLãHRGGREURYROMDFDDSUHPDRSüLPSRGDFLPDL] RQGDãQMHJ'HåHYVNRJVUH]DQDMPDQMHRNROMXGL .RQLþDQLQ ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML .RQLþDQLQ 1DNRQ VPHQMLYDQMD L VXPQMLYRJ KDSãHQMD +DPLGDJH ûLOHUGåLüD5L]DKEHJMHXVSLRGDSRVWDQHQRYLSUHGVHGQLNRSüLQHVYHGRNUDMDUDWD XMHVHQ JRGLQH $XVWULMVNL YRMQL L]YRUL QDYRGH GD MH ÄJUDGRQDþHOQLN 5L]D 0XUDWEHJRYLü WLSLþDQ 7XUþLQ NRML MH UDQLMH ELR QRWDU X 7UHELQMX L VPDWUD VH XJOHGQLP VWDQRYQLNRP³ ,VWL L]YRUL QDYRGH GD MH 2NUXJX 1RYL 3D]DU FMHORNXSQD PRQRSROPDORSURGDMD ELOD X UXNDPD JUDGRQDþHOQLND 1RYRJ 3D]DUD 5L]DEHJ 0XUDWEHJRYLüD5,VWLPNDQDOLPDMHLãODLYHOHSURGDMDQDIWHLDONRKROQLKSLüDNRMX MH XSUDYOMDR 5XãLG HIHQGLMD %DMUDNWDUHYLü 0XUDWEHJRYLü MH NDR DNFLRQDU SUHPD SRPHQXWLPL]YRUX ÄRWNXSLRYDJRQDVROLRGPRQRSROVNHXSUDYHLSULORåLR NUXQD7ULYDJRQDVXVWLJODGR.UDOMHYDGYDYDJRQDVXGRYHGHQDX1RYL3D]DUVD NJPDQMND=DYUãHWNRPUDWDSREMHJDRMHVDDXVWURXJDUVNRPYRMVNRPLRGVHOLR X7XUVNX .RQLþDQLQ Dobrovoljci $NWLYQRPSURSDJDQGRPX6DQGåDNX 1RYL3D]DU6MHQLFD7XWLQ5RåDMH %LMHOR 3ROMH 3OMHYOMH %URGDUHYR 3ULMHSROMH 1RYD9DURã QD .RVRYX .RVRYVND 0LWURYLFD 8URãHYDF )HUL]DM 3UL]UHQ 3Hü L 0DNHGRQLML 6NRSOMH 7HWRYR SULNXSOMHQ MH ]QDþDMDQ EURM GREURYROMDFD UD]OLþLWH VWDURVQH GREL 2EHüDYDOL VX LP ODNH SR]DGLQVNH SRVORYH QRYþDQH QDJUDGH NRPRWDQ åLYRW L YLVRNH SRORåDMH SR ]DYUãHWND UDWD 6ORJDQL za GLQ L LPDQ i NR MH 7XUþLQ QHND VH MDYL X GREURYROMFH .RQLþDQLQ SULYXNOLVXYHOLNLEURMOMXGLVWDURVWLRGGRJRGLQDNRMH VXSRVOLMHNUDWNRWUDMQHREXNHX.0LWURYLFL6NRSOMX1LãXL%HRJUDGX .RQLþDQLQ YDJRQLPD WUDQVSRUWLUDOL L SULVDMHGLQLOL MHGLQLFDPD ;9 RVPDQOLMVNRJ NRUSXVDQD*DOLFLML8QDURGXVXRYLGREURYROMFLSR]QDWLNDRÿXUXPOLMHLOLÿXQXQOLMH ±RGVLQJXODUDWXUVNHULMHþLJ|QOO SOJ|QOOOHU NRMLMHMHGDQRGVLQRQLPD]D GREURYROMFD 8 WXUVNRM KLVWRULRJUD¿ML VH þHVWR QDJODãDYD QHSRVWRMDQMD VWDURVQH JUDQLFH ]DXSXüLYDQMHQDIURQW,]X]HYOLFDNRMDVXVHWLMHNRP]DKXNWDYDQMDUDWDSRVODWDX ,VWDQEXOQHNLL]YRULQDYRGHGDMHPHÿXPXVOLPDQLPDXSXüHQLPQD*DOLFLMVNLIURQW L]3OMHYDOMD 6DQGåDN L3HüL .RVRYR RNWREUD JRGLQHELORLGMHFHVWDURVWL L]PHÿXLDOLLOLFDVWDURVWLL]PHÿXLJRGLQD AkoDND\DOÕR÷OX 9RMQR ൴]DVODQVWYR $XVWUR8JDUVNH REODVQH NRPDQGH X %HRJUDGX MH QRYHPEUD JRG൴QH *ODYQRP ãWDEX RVPDQO൴MVNH YRMVNH SRGQ൴MHOR ൴]YMHãWDM GD VH PRE൴O൴]DF൴M൴ RGD]YDOR PXVO൴PDQVN൴K GREURYROMDFD VD WHU൴WRU൴MH SRG $UKLY6UELMH9RMQLJHQHUDOQLJXYHUQPDQ;9,,, 5 Isto $69**;9,,, 3R XJRYRUX MH 5L]DEHJ WUHEDR GD SULKYDWL PRQRSROVNH SURL]YRGH RNR 1RYRJ 3D]DUD DOL RNUXåQDYODVWLK]ERJSRWHãNRüDXWUDQVSRUWXQLMHPRJODGRVWDYLWLL].UDOMHYDãWRMHRQXþLQLRVYRMLP SULMHYR]RPSULþHPLVHRNUXåQDYODVWVHVORåLODGDPXQDGRNQDGLWURãNRYH $69**;9,,, 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- RNXSDF൴MRP DXVWURXJDUVNH YRMVNH ãWR MH XNOMXþXMXü൴ WHU൴WRU൴MX NRMX MH RNXS൴UDOD %XJDUVND൴PSR]DQWDQEURM8൴VWRPGRS൴VXMHMDYOMHQRGDüH൴PXVO൴PDQ൴GRVSMHO൴ X ]DUREOMHQ൴ãWYR DXVWURXJDUVNH YRMVNH E൴W൴ SUHNRPDQGRYDQ൴ X VO൴þQH MHG൴Q൴FH $7$6(%'+ $XVWUR8JDUVNRYRMQR൴]DVODQVWYRX,VWDQEXOX MHRVPDQO൴MVNRMNRPDQG൴MDY൴ORGDMHSU൴KYDWDQMHPSUHWKRGQRSRVWDYOMHQ൴KXVORYD VDYH]Q൴NDRWSRþHODVDUHJUXWDF൴MRP൴SUHNRPDQGRPPXVO൴PDQVN൴KGREURYROMDFDVD RNXS൴UDQ൴KSRGUXþMDSRGVYRMRPXSUDYRP 6D\J৻O৻ ,]YMHãWDMX 2EODVQH NRPDQGH 3U൴MHSROMD RG QRYHPEUD JRG൴QH SRWYUÿXMH YHO൴N SU൴O൴Y GREURYROMDFD ÄRG SU൴MDYOMHQ൴K QM൴K RGDEUDQR ൴ ]DGUåDQR³ 8SUNRVVD]QDQMXGD൴KãDOMXQD*DO൴F൴MVN൴IURQWYHü൴QRPVXGREURYROMF൴VYRM RGOD]DNSU൴KYDW൴O൴NDRGXJ2VPDQO൴MVNRM7XUVNRM3RWRQMHVD]QDQMHGDWRQ൴MHÄSUDY൴ UDW]D7XUVNX³൴]D]YDORMHUD]RþDUHQMHGREURYROMDFDNRM൴VXVHRVMHüDO൴SUHYDUHQ൴P ,SRUHGYHO൴NRJEURMD൴]J൴QXO൴K൴RQ൴KNRM൴VX]ERJVWDURVW൴൴O൴൴QYDO൴GQRVW൴YUDüHQ൴ NXüDPD Y൴GMHW൴VO Q൴VXMHQMDYDO൴DSHW൴W൴DXVWURXJDUVNH2EODVQHNRPDQGH . X..UH൴VXQG.RPPDQGR GDX]SRQRYQXSRPRüORNDOQRJDSOHPVWYDVSURYHGX QRYX DNF൴MX PRE൴O൴]൴UDQMD GREURYROMDFD 0RE൴O൴]DF൴MD MH VSURYHGQD X F൴MHORP 6DQGåDNXSU൴þHPXMHYHO൴N൴EURMPXVO൴PDQVNRJVWDQRYQ൴ãWYDRWSUHPOMHQQDUDW൴ãWH JGMHVXYHü൴QD൴]J൴QXO൴൴O൴UDQMHQ൴+URQ൴NHJRYRUHGDMHX1RYRPSD]DUX൴RNRO൴Q൴ SRVO൴MHUDWDE൴ODU൴MHWNRVWY൴GMHW൴PODGR]GUDYR൴UDGQRVSRVREQRVWDQRYQ൴ãWYR 3U൴MDYOM൴YDQMHEURMQ൴KGREURYROMDFDY൴G൴PRX൴]YMHãWDMX2EODVQHNRPDQGH 1RY൴3D]DURGQRYHPEUD JRG൴QHXNRPHVHNDåHGDPXVO൴PDQ൴]DGRYROMQ൴ YODãüX2NUXJDMHUE൴VHXSURW൴YQRP൴VHO൴O൴,VW൴൴]YRUSUHQRV൴GDVHX GRPDüHP RNUXJX XVSMHãQR SU৻MDYOMHQR RWSU৻O৻NH GREURYROMDFD10 =DQ൴POM൴Y MH SRGDWDN YHURGRVWRMQ৻KVWUDQDRSU൴MDYOMHQ൴PÄIUH൴Z൴OO൴JHU൴PD³ GREURYROMF൴PD X%RVDQVNR KHUFHJRYDþN൴ SXN NRM൴PD MH RI൴F൴U .UDMVNRPDQGH X 1RYRP 3D]DUX VXJHU൴VDR GD VH SU൴GUXåH RVPDQO൴MVNRM DUP൴M൴ =D৻VWD VH RQGD GREURYROMDFD SU৻GUXå৻OR DUP৻M৻2VPDQO৻MVNRJFDUVWYD'DMHRYHSURPMHQHSRNUHQXRQDãYODVW৻W৻.UDMVRI৻F৻U SRWYUG৻ORMHQHNRO৻NRORNDOQ৻KVWDQRYQ৻NDXNOMXþHQ৻KXSURPRF৻MXX'XJRM3ROMDQ৻ 2YRMH৻]D]YDORGDPXKDPHGDQF৻GRE৻MXMRVMDþ৻RVHüDMSU৻SDGQRVW৻7XUVNRM11 'UXJLWDODVGREURYROMDFDMHRWSRþHRXSUROMHüH JRGLQHXWRNXNRMHJD MH DXVWURXJDUVND SROLFLMD X 1RYRP 3D]DUX X VXUDGQML VD UXNRYRGVWYLPD RNROQLK RSüLQD 'HåHYVNRJ L GUXJLK VUH]RYD IRUPLUDOD ãLUL VSLVDN PODGLK OMXGL NRMH MH WUHEDOR PRELOL]LUDWL L LQWHUQLUDWL QD IURQW QD *DOLFLML , X RYRM DNFLML MH SRQRYQR $69**;9,,, 8åHVWRN൴PRNUãDM൴PDQD*DO൴F൴M൴6HID$ãüHU৻üD ൴]=DRVWUDNRG3U൴ERMDMH]DWUSDOD HNVSOR]൴MD JUDQDWH 2VWDYOMHQ QD SRORåDMX WHãN൴P PXNDPD XVS൴R MH GD VH RVORERG൴ SU൴ þHPX MH ]DGRE൴R SUHSRQVNX ODW ൴QJY൴QDOQX N൴OX ൴O൴ EUXK .DGD MH SURQDÿHQ SUHEDþHQ MH X %Hþ RSHU൴UDQ ൴ GHPRE൴O൴]൴UDQ1DNRQGHPRE൴O൴]DF൴MHSMHã൴FHVHGDQ൴PDSXWXMXü൴YUDW൴RVHX]DY൴þDM8PURMHNDR ൴]EMHJO൴FD JRG൴QHXVHOX7Rþ൴ORYR 7XW൴Q QD3HãWHUX3UHPDND]൴YDQMXQMHJRYHURGE൴QHNRMRMMH SUHSU൴þDYDRVYRMXJDO൴F൴MVNXRG൴VHMX൴]3U൴ERMVNRJNUDMDMHRW൴ãORRNR³ĈXUXPO൴MD´RGNRM൴KVXVH VDPRQM൴KSHWYUDW൴ORNXüDPD .D]൴YDQMH'U1XUDG൴QD$ãüHU൴üD MHGQRJRG6HMIRY൴KSRWRPDND 10 $69**;9,,, 11 Isto ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML SUHGQMDþLR 5L]DKEHJ 0XUDWEHJRYLü 1LMH ELOR QL SRPHQD R YRORQWHULPD YHü R RVREDPDNRMHVXDXVWURXJDUVNHYRMQHYODVWLPRELOL]LUDOHQDRVQRYXVDþLQMHQHOLVWH 8QDURGXVXQRYDMOLMHGXKRYLWR SUR]YDOL Ä]RURYROMFL³ WXU ]RU VLOD PRü ]ERJ SULVLOH NRMD MH NRULãüHQD SUL PRELOL]DFLML 7RP SULOLNRP MH SULNXSOMHQR EDUGYLMHKLOMDGHOMXGLL]1RYRJ 3D]DUD L RNROQLK RSüLQD 6ODE RG]LY MH QDWMHUDR ãHID WDMQH SROLFLMH X 1RYRP 3D]DUX REHUODMWQDQWD )LOX 0DÿDUD SRULMHNORP GD X]PH RSüLQVNH SRSLVQHNQMLJHLXVDOLPHGUHVH X] SULVXVWYR SUHGVMHGQLND 2SüLQHLQHNROLFLQHRGERUQLND VDVWDYL QRYL VSLVDN UHJUXWD .RQLþDQLQ NRML 3ULORJ1LãDQQDPH]DUX6HMID$ãüHULüDXVHOX VX QD ERMLãWH XSXüHQL SUHNR 7RþLORYR 7XWLQ ,VWDQEXOD .RQLþDQLQ ,VWH JRGLQH MH ]DYHGHQ L W]Y ÄÿXUXPOLMVNL SRUH]³ NRML VX SODüDOL LVNOMXþLYR PXVOLPDQL 56 ,$513 IEU ;,, 2VPDQOLMVNL YRMQL YUK MH PDMD SUHQLR VDJODVQRVW 2VPDQOLMVNH GUåDYHVDSRVWDYOMHQLPXYMHWLPDDXVWURXJDUVNLKVDYH]QLND,VWRJMHGDQDXVOLMHGLR RGJRYRU V SRWSLVRP (QYHUSDãH V FLOMHP GD VSRUD]XP EXGH VNORSOMHQ X VNODGX VD WUHQXWQLP PRJXüQRVWLPD L ELR SRVODW 8SUDYL ]D YDQMVNH SRVORYH 8 MHGQRP QHREMDYOMHQRPRVPDQOLMVNRPL]YRUX YLGMHWLVO RGPDMD JRGLQH,VPHW EHMYRMQL]DVWXSQLN2VPDQOLMVNH,PSHULMHX%HRJUDGXL]YMHãWDYDRVPDQOLMVNLYRMQL YUK %Dú.XPDQGDQOÕN9HNDOHWL GDVHVDSRGUXþMDL]PHÿX1RYRJ3D]DUDL3ULMHSROMD GREURYROMQRSULMDYLORRVDPVWRWLQDOLFD %2$+56<6 8 L]YMHãWDMX ,VPHWEHMD VWRML GD EL SRPHQXWL GREURYROMFL RUJDQL]LUDQL X þHWLULVNXSLQHSRRVREDQDVYRPGDOMHPSXWXND,VWDQEXOXWUHEDOLPDMD SUHNR%HRJUDGDELWLSUHEDþHQLX6R¿MX1DRVQRYXLQIRUPDFLMDSULNXSOMHQLK RGWDPRãQMLKYRMQLKYODVWL,VPHWEHMMH MXQD MDYLRGDELVHRVWDOLK GREURYROMDFD þLML MH SUHEDþDM RGJRÿHQ XEU]R X] DXVWULMVNX SUDWQMX SXWQRP GLRQLFRP0LWURYLFD1LãYHüWUHEDOLQDüLQDSXWX]D,VWDQEXO13 1D GXåQRVW൴ SUHGVMHGQ൴ND 2Sü൴QH 1RY൴ 3D]DU VH QDOD]൴R RG SRORY൴QH GR JRG൴QH 3RSRYODþHQMXDXVWURXJDUVNHNRPDQGH൴]1RYRJ3D]DUDRNWREUD 1DSXVW൴RMHJUDG൴RW൴ãDRX ,VWDQEXOJGMHMHSRVO൴MH൴]YMHVQRJYUHPHQDXPUR .RQ৻þDQ৻Q 13 8VWDURWXUVNRPRULJLQDOX Ä+DU৻F৻\H1D]ÕUÕ1HV৻P৻%H\(IHQG৻+D]UHWOHU৻QH%Dú.XPDQGDQOÕN 9HNИOHW৻ &HOРOHV৻QH %HOJUDG¶GD WHEDD YH PHQkI৻৻ 2VPDQ৻\\H¶\৻ K৻PИ\H\H PH¶PЬU $YXVWXU\D +NЬPHW৻ DVNHU৻\HV৻ 3ULORJ3RPHQXWLGRNXPHQDWL]RVPDQOLMVNRJGUåDYQRJDUKLYDRGREURYROMFLPDL] 6DQGåDND %2$+56<6 8 QDURGX VX RVWDOL VWLKRYL NRMH VX LVSMHYDOH QHXGDWH GMHYRMNH 7R VX XRELþDMHQH OLUVNH SMHVPH X NRMLPD MH PRWLY UDWD RNYLU ]D LVND]LYDQMH OLþQH GUDPDWLNHUDVWDQNDVDWUDJLþQLPVYUãHWNRP9LKRUUDWQHVXGELQHQRVLELOMHJVWUDãQH OMXGVNH SDWQMH NRMD MH RVWDYLOD QHL]EULVLY RåLOMDN QD GMHYRMDþNLP GXãDPD 6WLKRYL ÿXUXPOLMVNLKSMHVDPDQRVHREULVHOMXGVNHWUDJLNHSURWNDQHWHVNRERPåLYOMHQMDLVSRG EDODVWDSHUPDQHQWQRJLVþHNLYDQMDYROMHQHRVREH6YRMHQHUDVSRORåHQMHL]UDåDYDMX XSXüHQRPNOHWYRPRNXSDWRUXLRQLPDNRMLVXLPPRPNHRGYHOLXUDW .RQLþDQLQ PH¶PXUROPDN\HQ৻GHQDNGHPFHDOÕQDQ7DKU৻UDWD৻ú¶DUNÕOÕQPÕúROPDNOD৻úEXWDKU৻UDWD]H\OHQYИU৻G RODQ7HPPX] WDU৻KO৻WDKU৻UDWWDJ|QOOVÕQÕIÕQFHP৻¶HG৻OHQHIUDGGDQROXSVHYNOHU৻WHK৻UHGHQ \]RQGRNX]N৻ú৻Q৻Q'HUVDИGHWHVHYN৻KXVXVXQDKNPHW৻DVNHU৻\HFH৻GИPÕDIROXQGX÷XYHEXQODUÕQ NDU৻PHQ 0৻WURY৻oH¶GH E৻OИ ৻VW৻PD 0৻WURY৻oH 1৻ú WDUРN৻\OH YH $YXVWXU\D0DFDU৻VWDQ PHUDODUÕ UHIИNDW৻\OHVHYNHG৻OHFHNOHU৻E৻OG৻U৻OPHNWHG৻UROEИEGD´ SUHPD %2$+56<6 SU൴MHYRG൴ WUDQVNU൴SF൴MD5âNU൴MHOM ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML Ä%RJXELR5L]DKHIHQGLMX ãWRSRNXSLPODGXÿXUXPOLMX WHRVWDãHþRUHLVSURãHQH LVSURãHQHDQHRGYHGHQH“ ±LOL Ä%RJXELR5L]DKHIHQGLMX âWRSRNXSLPODGXÿXUXPOLMX 2VWDGRãHGMHYHLVSURãHQH 6WDUHPDMNHWXJRP]DYLMHQH 2QHGMHYHãWRVXGRYHGHQH 2VWDGRãHPODGHQHOMXEOMHQH 0LOD%RVQRPLWLRWLGRVPR 0LOHPDMNHQDPVHQHQDGDMWH 9HüG¶HþLFXQDãXX]JDMDMWH 9¶HUQHOMXEHYLVHSUHXGDMWH 0LüHPRVHWDPRRåHQLWL &UQRP]HPOMRPLWUDYRP]HOHQRP³ 'MHYRMNH WXJXMX SURNOLQMX L SMHYDMXüL SRWHVWXMX SUDWHüL QHSR]QDWX UDWQX DYDQWXUX L åLYRWQX VXGELQX VYRMLK VXÿHQLND 3MHVPH VH QH RGQRVH QD ]DUDüHQH VWUDQHMHUGMHYRMNHRVLPOLþQRJGRåLYOMDMDNRMLQHSRGVWLþHQDNRQÀLNWLPUåQMX VWUDQD X VXNREX QH ]DQLPD LVKRG UDWD /LULND RYDNYLK SMHVDPD VWYDUD SRGORJX ]DUD]RWNULYDQMHDPELMHQWDOLþQHSRWUHVQHGUDPHQHþHJDWLKRJLEROQRJXGXELQL åHQVNRJ VUFD NRMH VH X QDãHP SDWULMDUKDOQRP RNUXåHQMX SULKYDWD NDR ÄYROMD 6YHYLãQMHJ³3ULWRPVHQHPRåHMDVQRXVWYUGLWLMHOLPRWLYUDVWDQND]ERJRGODVNDX NUYDYLUDWQLVXNREVQDåQLMLRGSXVWRãLNRMXGRQRVLVWDQMHXVDPOMHQRVWLLGMHYRMDþNH þHåQMH -HGDQRGRGJRYRUQLK]DSULNXSOMDQMHQRYRSD]DUVNLKPODGLüDXÿXUXPOLMVNX YRMVNXELRMHL]YMHVQL5L]R0XUWH]LüRþHPXUMHþLWRND]XMHSMHVPD 'RãOD5DãNDRGEULMHJDGREULMHJD 1LW¶RGNLãHQLW¶RGEHODVQLMHJD 9HüRGVX]DSD]DUVNLMHþRUD %DMUDNYH]OHSD]DUVNHG¶HYRMNH %DMUDNYH]OH5L]DEHJDNOHOH %RJXELR5L]DKHIHQGLMX ãWRSRNXSLPODGXÿXUXPOLMX 7HRVWDãHþRUHLVSURãHQH ,VSURãHQHDO¶QHRGYHGHQH 'YDĈXUÿLQDGYDýDYLüDVLQD $O¶þDWNLMD+DONRNDKYHGåLMD $O¶ãHNDMLQ0XIWLü)DLN ýLQNDVDID0XIWLüX0XVWDID %LEHUOLMD,EURHIHQGLMD 5DãOMDQLQ 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- 2G OLFD NRMD VX XVOLMHG UD]OLþLWLK SULYLOHJLMD L]EMHJDYDOL PRELOL]DFLMX VDVWDYOMHQMHW]Y(LQKHLPLVFKHVEDWWDOLRQRGGREURRSUHPOMHQLKLQDRUXåDQLK PXVOLPDQVNLK GREURYROMDFD GYLMH þHWH VD FUYHQLP L ]HOHQLP IHVRP D GYLMH X FUYHQRP L ]HOHQLP üXODKX NDR VLPERO PXVOLPDQVNRDOEDQVNRJ L DXVWURXJDUVNRJ MHGLQVWYD DQJDåLUDQLK QD GXåQRVWL RGUåDYDQMH MDYQRJ UHGD L PLUD X UHJLML .RQLþDQLQ 3ULORJ,VMHþDNMHGLQHLSUYLSXWSULND]DQHRULJLQDOQHIRWRJUD¿MHVD6MHQLþNHNRQIHUHQFLMH RGUåDQHDXJXVWD JRGLQHX9DOLGH6XOWDQGåDPLML QDMYLãLUDVWRP5L]DEHJ 0XUDWEHJRYLü XVUHGLQL JUDGRQDþHOQLN1RYRJ3D]DUD0HKPHG,]HWSDãD%DMURYLü GR QMHJDGHVQR JUDGRQDþHOQLN3OMHYDOMD ,]YRU GLJLWDOQLDUKLY5â 0RELOL]DFLMXVXDXVWURXJDUVNHYRMQHYODVWLVSURYRGLOHX]SRPRüPXVOLPDQD DQJDåRYDQLKXQMLKRYLPRNXSDWRUVNLPVOXåEDPD'REURYROMFHMHXWXWLQVNRPNUDMX RNXSOMDR$KPHGDJD+DP]DJLü 0ɭɲɨɜɢʄ 3ODüDMXüLÄ]DPMHQX³ WXU EHGHO XYLGXGHEOMHQRYþDQHQDGRNDQGHL]EMHJDRMXMHERJDWLMLVORMVWDQRYQLãWYD $NFLMX SULNXSOMDQMD GREURYROMDFD VX WLMHNRP X] PX]LNX L GRERã GR JODYQRJ RGUHGLãWD X 1RYRP 3D]DUX SUHGYRGLOD MRã GYRMLFD 7XWLQDFD 6DLWDJD L EDMUDNWDU &UQRYUãDQLQ 6DGLNRYLü ,] âWDYLþNRJ VUH]D MH X GREURYROMFHXSXüHQRL]PHÿXOLFD 56,$51RYL3D]DU)RQG612L 6..367XWLQGRNEU ,; 3RRNRQþDQMDERUELQD*DOLFLML PQRJLVXSUHEDþHQLQDIURQWRNR%DJGDGDJGMHVX]DUREOMHQLRG(QJOH]D 1DJDOLFLMVNLSXWEH]SRYUDWNDVXL]V0LWURYH 7XWLQ RWLãOL5DPR$GHPRYLü $GHP$GHPRYLü(ãUHI$GHPRYLü1XãR $OMRYLü %DþHYDF+DMUR%DþHYDF'HOLMD L6XOMNR+DGåLü15%DMUR+HULü 5DPRYLü 9HüLQLVHSRRGODVNXL]JXELRWUDJMHUVH %DMUDNWDU WXUED\UDN]DVWDYD RQDMNRM൴SUHGYRG൴YRMVNX൴O൴VYDWRYHVDEDMUDNRPXUXNDPD 15 6XOMNR QDMVWDULML PHÿX QMLPD MH EU]R YUDüHQ NXüL QH RVMHWLYãL PLULV EDUXWD QD *DOLFLML 3UHPD QMHJRYRPND]LYDQMXSULVWLJOLGREURYROMFLVXQDRGUHGLãWXGRELOLFLEXNXQLNORYDQLPNXWLMLFDPDNRMH VXYH]DQHþYUVWRPãSDJRPQRVLOLRNRYUDWD&LEXNVXQDIURQWXMHOLNDGDQLMHELORXYMHWD]DGUXJX KUDQX6XOMNRMHSRSRYUDWNXSULþDR 7XUVNLR¿FLUMHSULPHWLRMHGDVDPVWDULMLþRYHN2EUDWLRPLVH UHþLPD +DGåLDOL]DJUL]LRYRSDUþHNHNVD3UREDRVDPDOLR¿FLUQLMHELR]DGRYROMDQVQDJRPNRMRP ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML VPDWUDORGDVXL]JLQXOL6DIURQWDVHL]JURWODåHVWRNLKRNUãDMDSRVOLMHYLãHPHMVHþQRJ OXWDQMDYUDWLR+DMUR%DþHYDF8PRUDQJODGDQLEROHVWDQJRYRULRMHRVWUDKRWDPD PXNRWUSQH OLþQH ÄERUEH ]D WXÿH LQWHUHVH³ 1LVDPQH]QDPNXGDVDPVYH OXWDR L LãDR GRN VDP VWLJDR X 0LWURYX 1LMH PL MDVQR NDNR VDP L]GUåDR VYH WH PXNH QD IURQWX L QD SXWX SRYUDWND ýRYHN MH WYUÿL L L]GUåOMLYLML L RG JYRåÿD %DþHYDF ,] RVWDOLK PMHVWD âWDYLþNRJ VUH]D GLR GDQDãQMH 2SüLQH 7XWLQ MH X GYD QDYUDWD RWLãOR L]PHÿX L OMXGL 3UHPD QHSRWSXQLP SRGDFLPD ORNDOQLK PDWLþQLK VOXåEL ãHVW LKMHL]VHOD*OXKDYLFD (PLQâHPVRYLü 6PDMR 1XURYLü 3DãR âHPVRYLü 5DPR .DKURYLü %DKWLMDU )HM]RYLü L )D]OLMD .XUWDQRYLü L] 5DGRKRYDFD L] .RYDþDL]'UDJHL]3DOMHYDL] 3ULORJ)D]OLMD-%DELüL]VHOD*OXKDYLFD 2UOMDL]5LEDULüDMHGDQL]-HOLüDL] MHVYRMLPSULþDPDRUDWRYDQMXQD*DOLFLML SULYODþLRRJURPQXSDåQMX8ĈXUXPOLMDPD 6WDUþHYLüDL]9HVHQLüDL]2UDãD MHQDXþLRWXUVNLMH]LNNRMLPXMHSRPRJDRSUL L]ýPDQMDNDL]=DSDGQRJ0RMVWLUD SRYUDWNXX]DYLþDM )RWRJUD¿MDMHSUHX]HWD L SR MHGQD L] ûXOLMH L %DWUDJH SR MHGDQ L]SRURGLþQRJDUKLYDVLQD/MXWYLMH6QLPDN +DELERYLü MHVDþLQMHQLVSUHGQMHJRYHSRURGLþQHNXüHX )D]OLMD %DELü iz 6HODNRYFX1RYL3D]DU *OXKDYLFH MH QD *DOLFLMX GREURYROMQR RGYHGHQ JRGLQH2GVDERUDFDMHSRPLQMDR-RQX]DL]%XNRYLFH%DKWLMDUDL] .RYDþDLL]YMHVQRJ3UHQþX'YDSXWDMHUDQMHQDOLVHåLYL]GUDYYUDWLRVYRMRMNXüL ,]VHODäLUþH 7XWLQ VXQDJDOLFLMVNLIURQWRWLãOL %HMWRYLü0DOMDQRY$OLMD QLMH VDPRWNLQXRNRPDGLüFLEXND5HNDRPLMHGDVHYUDWLPNXüL-DVDPWRLXþLQLRLDNRPLQLMHELORPLOR ãWRVHRGYDMDPRGVYRMLKURÿDNDLNRPãLMD3ODãLRVDPVH]DQMLK %DþHYDF 6D VYRMRP MH SRURGLFRP JRGLQH QDSXVWLR .UDOMHYLQX -XJRVODYLMX L RGVHOLR X 5HSXEOLNX 7XUVNX )D]OLMDMHURÿHQX]DVHRNX&UQRNUSHX%LãHYX5RåDMHRGRFD-RQX]DLPDMNH+DOLPH0XULüL] -DEODQLFH8%LãHYRVXGRãOLNDRPXKDGåLULL]1LNãLüD1MHJRYQDMPODÿLVLQ/MXWYLMD.XUWDQRYLü SUHQRVLGDVX)D]OLMXWH JRGLQH]ERJQHXKUDQMHQRVWLLX]UDVWDSUYRELWQRRGELOLLDNRVHXUHGQR SULMDYLRXGREURYROMFH3XWXMXüL]DĈXUXPOLMDPDL]SUDYFD1RYL3D]DU0LWURYLFDXVSLRVHSULGUXåLWL 2GYHGHQLVXQD*DOLFLMXJGMHMHXWHãNLPERUEHQLPRNUãDMLPDUDQMHQLGXJROLMHþHQXSROMVNRPJUDGX *HGLQJ8EROQLFLPXMHXNUDGHQDUDWQDXãWHÿHYLQDX]ODWQLFLPD8SR]QDRMHEROQLþDUNX.DWRãLQNX NRMDVH]DOMXELODXVWDVLWRJLOLMHSRJ)D]OLMXLKWMHODMHGRüLVDQMLP6WUDKXMXüL]DQMHQXEH]EMHGQRVW WRNRPSRYUDWNDX6DQGåDNUDVNLQXRMHYH]X'RODVNRPX]DYLþDMX]HRMHSUH]LPH.XUWDQRYLü5RÿHQL MHEUDWþXYHQRJJXVODUD$OEHUWD%/RUGD5DPRP%DELüHP 7XåQD MH SUHPD )D]OLMLQRP ND]LYDQMX VXGELQD SRPHQXWRJ -RQX]D NRML VH X ]DYLþDM YUDWLR VD EROQLþDUNRP3ROMVNH3ULMHYMHQþDQMDMHSRVMHWLRVYRJUDWQRJGUXJDX*OXKDYLFL'DELUHJXOLVDRSXWQD GRNXPHQWDPRUDRMHREDYLWLYMHQþDQMHXPMHVQRMNDQFHODULMXX%LãHYX7DPRãQMLPDWLþDU&UQRJRUDF VH SULOLNRP YMHQþDQMD ]DOMXELR X 3ROMDNLQMX 2WHR MH PODGX XELR -RQX]D L SUHEHJDR X 6UELMX 1D RVQRYXND]LYDQMD/MXWYLMH).XUWDQRYLüDL]1RYRJ3D]DUD QDMPODÿHJVLQD)D]OLMH%DELüD 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- VHYUDWLR 1XKRYLü'åHPR0HKRL1XKRYLü1XKR0XUWR SRJLQXOL PDOROMHWQLFL âDOMD'DXW1D]LILâDOMD'DXW=DKLW SRJLQXOL (PURYLü0XMDQ,EUR]YDQL.XUWDQ PODGSRJLQXR L]VHOD5XÿH 7XWLQ 5HGåHSRYLü+DMUR+XVHLQ SRJLQXR LâDOMD 'åDIHU âHULI SRJLQXR L] VHOD 3OHQLEDEH âDOMD /DWR 7DKLU L âDOMD /DWR (OPD] RERMLFDSRJLQXOL 0DKPXWRYLü 1D *DOLFLMVNL IURQW MH RGYHGHQ MH L 0XUDWDJD 'HUGHPH] NRMLMHXUHGRYLPDRVPDQOLMVNHYRMVNHQDXþLRWXUVNLMH]LN]ERJþHJDMHXQDSULMHÿHQ XSRGR¿FLUD WXUoDYXú 6DIURQWDMHSREMHJDRVDþXUXF৻PD WXU,QYDO൴G൴UDQMHQ൴ EROHVQ൴ QDMSU൴MHX6DUDMHYX]DW൴PX%൴MHOR3ROMH൴0RMVW൴USMHã൴FH 'HUGHPH] +LVWRULþDU 5DLI +DMGDUSDãLü SRPLQMH KLOMDGX L RVDP VWRWLQD ĈXUXPOLMD RG JRGLQD VWDURVWL +DMGDUSDãLü DOL VH L] QMHJRYRJ LVND]D QH PRåH]DNOMXþLWLL]NRMLKVXNUDMHYD6DQGåDND3ULWRPQDEUDMDQHNROLNRXþHVQLNDL] VDQGåDþNHUHJLMH%LKRUDWRVX 1DVXI5HGåRY%RãQMDN$JRLâHüR0XOLü.DVXP 5HEURQMD VYL L] *RGXãH -XVXI 5DPRY )LOXULMD %RãQMDN L] +D]DQD $JDQ +DMGDUSDãLü L] 9UãHYD +D¿] ,EUDKLP 0HNLü VD &UQLãD +DMGDUSDãLü 1D*DOLFLMXVXL]ELKRUVNRJVHOD'REURGROHRWLãOLûHULP'åHOMRL=HMWRâDERWLüL +DER.OLFD QLVXVHYUDWLOL 9UDWLRVH+DMUDGLQ =XNR /LþLQDNRMLVHNDVQLMHRGVHOLR X NRVRYVNL JUDGLü 3Hü âDERWLü ,] VHOD .UXãþLFH RWLãOR MH /LþLQD %DMUDP$ELW +XVHLQ 0HWD 6DLW -RQX] 0LUDOHP -DNXS 6NHQGHU$PLU 0DãR 'HOLMD0LIWR(OPD]9UDWLORVHVDPRQMLKSHWHUR %DMUDP+XVHLQ(OPD]'HOLMDL 6NHQGHU $PLUDVXNDVQLMHQDãOLX%DN¶UNRMX 7XUVND /LþLQD /LþLQD $XVWUR8JDUVNXRNXSDFLMX6DQGåDND MHSRVHEQRWHãNRSUHåLYMHOR QH]DãWLüHQRVWDQRYQLãWYR5RåDMVNRJNUDMD7DPRVXQDVWXSLOHVXW]YãYDSVNHJRGLQH NRMHVXXSDPüHQHNDRYULMHPHPDVRYQRJSRPRUDVHRVNRJVWDQRYQLãWYDLMHGDQRG QDMWHåLK SHULRGD X QMHJRYRM KLVWRULMVNRM SURãORVWL 7LMHNRP L JRGLQH DXVWURXJDUVNHVOXåEHVXL]URåDMVNRJNUDMDĈXUXPOLMDXSXWLOHXUDWQD.DUSDWH RGNRMLKVHX]DYLþDMYUDWLRPDOLEURM Ⱥɡɟɦɨɜɢʄ MHUVXL]JLQXOLDQHNL RVWDOLX2VPDQOLMVNRM7XUVNRM2GURåDMVNLKĈXUXPOLMDVXXSDPüHQL 0XãRL+DONR +DVRYLü6HOLP2VPDQRY+DOLORYLü=DLP7DUKDQLãL],EDUFD +XVR0RQLüL'HOLMD /XERGHUL]5RåDMD 0XUDW.XUSHMRYLüL]6UHÿDQD ûD]LP0HKRL.XMR2PHURYLü 'HOLMDL-XSR5HGåRYLü6HOLPýRORYLü6DGULMD6LQDQRYLü0XVWDID$YGLüL]%LãHYD PXOD)HWD0XULüL]%DüD 'LQD'DFLüL]*RUQMHJ%XNHOMDMHGDQ9XNHOML]3HãNRYLüD ,ELã,VRY.XMHYLüL]%DORWLüD &DQR0DKPXWD5DPRYLüL]5DPRYLüD =HND.RãXWD L+DVDQâDOMLüL]&UQþH %DKWLMDU.RãXWDVD9XþH %HMWRL=HMWR (PþRYL %UDOLü 0HKR%UDOLüL].ROMHQD $GHP5XãRY1XUNRYLüL]6HRãQLFH 0DWRYLü 3RU൴MHNORPVX൴]VHOD.൴þHYRXREODVW൴9UDQHã 3DY൴QR3ROMH X.RODã൴QVNRMNDSHWDQ൴M൴2GWH JRG൴QHå൴Y൴RX'XEUDY൴2Sü൴QD,VWRN 3Hü.RVRYR ]DW൴PXWXWÕQVNRP0RMVW൴UX QD൴PDQMX$O൴EHJ 'UDJH DRG JRG൴QHX5DGXã൴ 7XW൴Q 8SDPüHQMHNDRGREDUJXVODU .DVXP 5HEURQMD MHGDQ RG QDMYHüLK VDQGåDþNLK HSVNLK SMHYDþD L] VHOD *RGXãH X UHJLML%LKRU 'HOLMD L -XSR 5HGåRYLü VX VH ]ERJ VWUDKD RG RVYHWH QRYLK YODVWL L åLYRWQH QHVLJXUQRVWL JRGLQHSULGUXåLOLNRPLWDPD5HND%LãHYFD 6DEDMUDNRPRWLãDRXUDWRWXGDMHMHGDQRGQMHJRYLKSRWRPDNDLGDQDVEDMUDNWDUXVHOX ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML 5RåDMDF%HVLP$JLüXVYRMRMPRQRJUD¿MLSLãHGDVXSUHPD]DSLVLPD6HOLPD*DQLüD NDRĈXUXPOLMHRWLãOL VYUãHQLNJLPQD]LMHX6NRSOMX1XãR.XUWDJLüNRMLVHYUDWLR UDQMHQ SRJLQXRNDVQLMHNRGVHOD&UYVNRQD3HãWHUX VLQRYL$YGXODKDJH.XUWDJLüD *DOMDQL$PLU EUDüD$GHPL0XUDW$GHPDJLüNRMLVXL]5RåDMDRWLãOL SUHåLYMHOL *DOLFLMXLRVWDOLX7XUVNRM ,EUDKLP VLQûDPLODJH.DSHWDQRYLüDãHULMDWVNRJVXGLMH L]%DQMDOXNHL$ELGH=HMQHODJLüL]13D]DUD NRMLVHQLMHYUDWLR )HKLPVLQ$OLMDJH +XVLüD L] 5RåDMD QLMH VH YUDWLR 5LIR âHINR $OLMD L +XVQLMD VLQRYL %LODODJH 1RNLüD NRMLVXRWLãOL JRGLQHLJXELLPVHVYDNLWUDJ GYDGHVHWRJLGLãQML%HMWR %HJR %HãLURY*XVLQMDFL]5RåDMD 5XVWHP MHGDQRGSHWVLQRYD6HOLP DJH*DQLüDL]5RåDMDVYUãHQLNUXåGLMHX3HüLLVXGVNLSLVDUVD]QDQMHPWXUVNRJNRML MHRWLãDR JRGLQHELRUDQMHQLOLMHþHQX*HGLQJX 3ROMVND LYUDWLRVHPMHVHFL NDVQLMH +DPGRVLQ(OPD]D)HWDKRYLüD SRJLQXR JRGLQH (ãUHI VLQ-XVXID L $GHP VLQ%DKWLMDUD $GHPRYLüDL]0LWURYHNRG7XWLQD QLVXVHYUDWLOL 6HOPDQDJD VLQ6DOLKD.DUGRYLüDNRMLMHUDWSURYHRQHJGMHQD.DUSDWLPD $JLü 2WYRUHQLIURQWQD*DOLFLMLSRVWDRMHL]D]RYGREURYROMFLPDDSURSDJDWRULPD LSRGVWULMHNDþLPDQMLKRYHPRELOL]DFLMHL]JRYRUGDWUHEDMXSRPRüL7XUFLPDNRMLVH RGSRþHWND9HOLNRJUDWDERUHSURWLY 5XVD3R]LYXVXVHþHVWRRGD]LYDOL LVNXVQLUDWQLYHWHUDQLSRSXW8]HLUD ýXWXULüD L] 3ULMHSROMD NRML VH DXJXVWD JRGLQH3RJODYDUVWYX DXVWURXJDUVNH YRMQH NRPDQGH REUDWLRVD]DKWMHYRP 3UHVWDGHRYRPSRJODYDUVWYX 8]HLUýXWXULüL]3ULMHSROMDVWDU JRGLQH QHRåHQMHQ SD L]MDYL =D YUHPH 7XUVNH 9ODGDYLQH ELR VDP YRMQLNX7XUVNRMJRGLQD2GIDPLOLMH RYGHLPDPPDMNXVHVWUXLWULEUDWD -HGDQEUDWVWDULMLRGPHQHIDPLOLMD PRMD åLYL RYGH X 3ULMHSROMX .DR 7XUVNL YRMQLN XþHVWYRYDR VDP X UDWX%DONDQVNRPQD-HGUHQXäHOMD PLMHGDLRYRJDUDWDXþHVWYXMHPX UDWXLWRX7XUVNRMYRMVFLNDRWXUVNL 3ULORJ=DKWMHY8]HLUDýXWXULüDL]3ULMHSROMD YRMQLN 1L RG NRJD QLVDP QD RYDM DXVWURXJDUVNLPYODVWLPDRGDXJXVWD JRGLQH 2ULJLQDOQLGRNXPHQDW %2$+56<6 NRUDNQDJRYRUHQYHüVDPRYRåHOLP SRVYRMRMYROML0ROLP3RJODYDUVWYR ]D GHMVWYR NRG QDGOHåQLK GD EXGH ãWRSULMHXSXüHQX7XUVNXYRMVNXPDJGHRQDELOD8]HLU SRWSLVQDVWDURWXUVNRP MH]LNX 5â WM 8]HLU ýXWXULü 3ULVXWQL JUDÿDQL /DWLI $UQDXWRYLü 0HKPHG EHJ 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- +DãLPEHJRYLü SRWSLVL QD VWDURWXUVNRP MH]LNX 5â 2YMHUDYD JUDGRQDþHOQLN 0XUDWEHJ+DãLPEHJRYLü³ %2$+56<6 =DKWMHY 8]HLUD ýXWXULüD MH %HFLUNNRPDQGD X 3ULMHSROMX SURVOLMHGLODQDDGUHVX9HOHSRVODQVWYD $XVWUR8JDUVNH X &DULJUDGX VHSWHPEUD NRMHVH,]YMHãWDMHP REUDWLOR 0LQLVWDUVWYX YDQMVNLK SRVORYD 2VPDQOLMVNH ,PSHULMH X &DULJUDGX .RQVWDQWLQRSROMX EU DQHNV 9HOHSRVODQVWYR ,PSHULMH LPD þDVW GD 0LQLVWDUVWYR YDQMVNLK SRVORYD ,PSHULMH X SUDYQH VYUKH REDYLMHVWL R PROEL XSXüHQRM DXVWURXJDUVNRM YRMVFL X 3ULMHSROMX ]D LPHQRYDQRJ 8]HLUD ýXWXULüD NRMLWUDåLGRSXVWGDNDRGREURYROMDF XÿH X YRMVNX 2VPDQOLMVNH LPSHULMH 8 VOXþDMX GD VH QD PROEX JRUH LPHQRYDQRJ SR]LWLYQR RGJRYRUL 3ULORJ3URVOLMHÿHQLL]YMHãWDMYHOHSRVODQVWYD $XVWUR8JDUVNHX&DULJUDGX ,VWDQEXOX QD 9HOHSRVODQVWYR MH ]DKYDOQR XNROLNR IUDQFXVNRPMH]LNX RULJLQDOQLGRNXPHQDW %2$ LPSHULMDOQH YODVWL XNDåX SUHG NRMLP +56<6 FDUVNLPVHYODVWLPDVHýXWXULüWUHED pojaviti %2$+56<6 %URM ĈXUXPOLMD L] SOMHYDOMVNRJ L EMHORSROMVNRJ NUDMD MH RVWDR QHGRYROMQR UD]MDãQMHQ-HGQDDQNHWDVDSRGUXþD.DQMDXND]XMHGDLKMHELORXYHOLNRPEURMX 2NRGYLMHVWRWLQHPRELOL]LUDQLKRGNRMLKVHVD*DOLFLMHYUDWLORGHVHWDNL]%URGDUHYD MH SUHGYRGLR EDMUDNWDU ]DVWDYRQRãD 5DãLG .ULMHãWRUDF âNULMHOM 1D JDOLFLMVNRP ERMLãWX VH LVWDNDR âHULI .ULMHãWRUDF NRML MH ]D UD]OLNX RG QMHJRYLK SRJLQXOLKVDERUDFDÄSUHåLYLRSHWWDERUD³ &UQRYUãDQLQ 6DGLNRYLü ,] QDMPDQMH VWRWLQMDN VHOD QD YLVRUDYQL 3HãWHU RGD]YDR VH YHOLNL EURM ĈXUXPOLMD$JLWDWRULVXSLMDþQLGDQX'XJRM3ROMDQL SHWDN NRULVWLOL]DVSRYRÿHQMH GREURYROMDþNHNDPSDQMH8PMHVWRGMHFHERJDWLKDJDLEHJRYDRWLãODMHVLURPDãQD SHãWHUVNDRPODGLQDLVHOMDFL1MLKRYLPMHSRURGLFDPDNDRQDGRNQDGDGLMHOMHQQRYDF NUXSQDJUODJRYHGLNRQMDLOLRYDFD,]'XJH3ROMDQHLRNROLQHVXXĈXUXPOLMHRWLãOL /MDMLü5HGåRL%HüR =HüRYDEUDüDLRERMLFDSRJLQXOL /MDMLü+LOPR )DNRYEUDW ±SRJLQXR %HNWDãHYLü+DPLGL%DãRYLü+XVQLMDL]âDUDâHKRYLü+DOLGL1XãHYLü 5XãRL]/D]LQD2VPDGHVHWRJRGLãQML5DPL]/MDMLüMHXSDPWLRWDMGRJDÿDM %LR VDP WDGD GMHþDN L VMHüDP VH NDGD VX L] 'XJH 3ROMDQH RGOD]LOL X ÿXUXPOLMH1DURGVHRNXSLR/LYDGDPD PHVWRJGMHMHVDGD]DGUXåQLGRPLIDEULND 8SUHSRGQHYQLPVDWLPDRNXSOMDOLVXVHGREURYROMFLL]RNROQLKVHODLWXVHJUXSLVDOL 6HüDP VH VYLUDOD MH PX]LND ]XUOD JRþ L JDMGH ýLQLOR VH GD VX YHVHOL L RQL NRML 100 ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML RGOD]HQDIURQW1DGUXJRMVWUDQLSODNDOLVXPDMNHRþHYLGMHFDVHVWUHLEUDüD.DR GDVXSUHGRVMHüDOLGDVHPQRJLQHüHYUDWLWLURGQRMJUXGL.DGMHSRþHORRSUDãWDQMH LOMXEOMHQMHþXOLVXVHJODVQLMHFDML3RWRYDUHQLXNDPLRQHRWLVQXOLVXVHQL]GåDGX QHNLSRVOHGQMLSXWJOHGDMXüLGXJRSROMVNDEUGD 6HEHþHYDF *DOLFLMVNLYHWHUDQLYHOLNLWXUNR¿O+D]ER1XPDQRY%HãLü]HPOMRUDGQLNL] VHOD=DEUÿH 'XJD3ROMDQD MHVYRMXUDWQXDYDQWXUXYHRPDSRGUREQRREMDVQLR 8'XJRM3ROMDQLRUJDQLRSãWLQVNLKYODVWLUHNOLVXQDPGDLGHPRX,VWDQEXO .DRQHSLVPHQLLQHSURVYLMHüHQLPODGLüLPLQLVPR]QDOLQLJGMHLGHPRDOLMHQDã VDQELR6WDPERO=DPQRJHMHWRELRSXWEH]SRYUDWND7DNNDGVPRGRãOLQDVWDQLFX X1RYL6DGVD]QDOLVPRGDVPRSUHYDUHQLXPMHVWR6WDPERODGR]QDOLVPRGDQDV WUDQVSRUWXMXX3ROMVNXQDIURQW*DOLFLMH.DGVPRVWLJOLX3ROMVNXRGPDKVXQDV SULKYDWLOLWXUVNL R¿FLUL .RPDQGD L VYH RVWDOR ELOR MH QD WXUVNRP MH]LNX RG NRJD PLQLVPR]QDOLQLULMHþL2GUHÿHQRYULMHPHLPDOLVPRYRMQXREXNXDQDXþLOLVPRL QHNROLNRULMHþLWXUVNRJMH]LND.DVQLMHVPRGDYDOL]DMHGQLþNHVWUDåHJGMHVHSRND]DOR GDVX%RãQMDFLPQRJRþYUãüLLGLVFLSOLQRYDQLMLRG7XUDND'XJRYULMHPHQLVPRYLGMHOL KOHESDVPRVHQDMYLãHKUDQLOLNURPSLURPLQHNRPÄDOHPDQþRUERP³ QMHPDþND þRUED 1DERMLãWLPD*DOLFLMHGXJRSROMVNHÿXUXPOLMHVXSRND]DOLYHOLNXKUDEURVWDOL MHL]JLQXRYHOLNLEURMMHUVX5XVLELOLPQRJREROMHYRMQRREXþHQLLRSUHPOMHQL-DVDP MHGDQRGPDORJEURMDRQLKNRMLVXRVWDOLåLYL ELRVDPUDQMHQXSUHGMHOXUDPHQDL YUDWDRGUXVNHJUDQDWH LYUDWLOLVHX]DYLþDM 6HEHþHYDF ýXYHQL SHãWHUVNL JXVODU 6DOLK 8JOMDQLQ L] VHOD 8JOD MH X UD]JRYRUX VD VODYQLP KRPHURORJRP 0LOPDQ 3DUU\HP LVWDNDR GD MH QD *DOLFLML RVWYDULR VYRMHþHWYUWRXþHãüHXUDWX7DPRMHSURYHRPMHVHFDDWULX5XPXQMVNRMRGDNOHVX VHYUDWLOLNXüDPD 1D 5XVLML QLVX PL GDOML SXãNX PHQH QR ELOR MH VYH VWDULMD RYDNR MHGDQ EDWHOMXQVWDULMDRWRVPRRGDYOMHQ3DVXQLGDOMLWHVPRVYHþLVWLOMLRQHãDQüHYH ND]PX,ORSDWXSDPLþLVWLDRQLVHERUL%RJDPLXMHGDQYDNDWâYDEDRPDOML µOMHERGYRMLQDþHWYRULFXMHGDQOMHE$PDQQDSRVUHG]LPHELORWRUDW6QLMHJMHELR GRNROMHQD$OMXWLQD0UD]SXFD EXNYDSXFDNROMLNRMHPUD]-DQLMHVDPKHVDSLRGD üXYLGHWRYX]HPOMXYLãH9DODVDP]DERUDYLRLåHQXLVYH 6USVNRKUYDWVNHMXQDþNH SHVPH ,] SHãWHUVNLK VHOD %DüLFD L7RþLORYR 7XWLQ RWLãOR MH GYDQDHVW PODGLüD D YUDWLOL SHWRULFD 6DGLN 0DNLü +DþNR ĈHNLü +DMGDU+DMUDGLQ 6DOLKRYLü âHNR =HQXQRY6XOMLüL6RNR6RNRORYLü1DIURQWVXGRVSMHOLSUHNR%HRJUDGDL,VWDQEXOD 9UDWLOLVXVHãHVWJRGLQDGRFQLMHSXWXMXüLEH]KUDQHLRGMHüH3UHåLYMHOLVXKUDQHüLVH SRVROMHQLPNRULMHQRPPDVODþND-HGDQRGSRJLQXOLKMH0DOMXãNRĈHNLüL]7RþLORYD 1RüSULMHRGODVNDQMHJRYDPDMND/DWLID VHVWULþLQDþXYHQRJâHPVL3DãH%LãHYFD SOHODMHþDUDSHLVLQDVDYMHWRYDODÄGDRGHGDEUDQL6XOWDQDLGDSRJLQHDNR]DWUHED³ 5D]JRYRUDXWRUD L+D]ERYRJVLQD1D]LID+%HãLüD 3RVOLMH]DYUãHWNDUDWQLKRNUãDMDLGHPRELOL]DFLMHVXREDYLMHãWHQLGDMHRYGDãQMLQDURGVWUDGDRX UDWX'RODVNRPX1RYL3D]DUQDLãOLVX0XUDW8OMD)HWDKRYLüDPMHãWDQLQDNRMLLPMHVDRSãWLRGDVXåLYL L]GUDYL .D]LYDR 0XUDW%DMUDP+DOLORYLü %DüLFD7XWLQUD]JRYRUVDDXWRURPYRÿHQ 101 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- 8 ĈXUXPOLMH MH QD *DOLFLMX RWSUHPOMHQ $ULI 2VPDQD +DãLPRYLü iz 6MHQLFH8SUYLPRNUãDMLPDVDRGUHGLPDUXVNLK.R]DNDNUDMQRJXPXMHSRJLQXR GDMLGåD5DPR3UHåLYMHODVXQMLKWURMLFDDRGUHGMHL]þDVDXþDVGRSXQMDYDQQRYLP YRMQLFLPD5DKPDQ7DULü L].ODGQLFHGRþDVQLN WXUþDXã VD*DOLFLMHLVWLþH GDMHL]NODGQLþNHRSãWLQHXGREURYROMFH W]YÿXUXPOLMHÿXOLMDQH RWLãORRNR QDMVSRVREQLMLKPODGLüDGRNVHQDRVQRYXND]LYDQMDQDMVWDULMLKOMXGLL]QHNDGDãQMHJ 6MHQLþNRJ VUH]D SUHWSRVWDYOMD GD MH RWLãOR RNR OMXGL 1DMYHüLP GLMHORP VX SRJLQXOL X NUYDYLP RNUãDMLPD D QHNL VX SRVOLMH GHPRELOL]DFLMH åLYRW QDVWDYLOL QDSURVWRUXGDQDãQMH7XUVNH8.ODGQLFXVXVHYUDWLOL5DKPDQL$OLMD7DULü$GLO =RUQLü%XEDFLþDXãâHULI=RUQLü 6HOLPRYLü 3ULORJ+D]ER1XPDQ%HãLü SUHåLYMHOLYHWHUDQVD*DOLFLMH 2ULJLQDOQD RVREQDNDUWDXSRVMHGXDXWRUD 2 XþHVWDORP SUHPMHãWDQMX GREURYROMDFD VYMHGRþL JDOLFLMVNL YHWHUDQ HSVNL SMHYDþLJXVODU+DMGDUĈR]RL]%DUD 6MHQLFD 'RåLYLMRVDPELRVDPXUDWXWULJRGLQH'ROD]LMRVDPX5XPXQMVNX7XVDP VHREDYLMRWULPMHVHFD=QDRVDPPDOR5RPXQMVNLJRYRULW2QGDNVDPRGVHOLMRX ,WDOLMX8,WDOLMXVDPELMRGHYHWPMHVHFL7XVDPPDORUD]XPLMRJRYRULW2QGDVXPH GDOLX0DÿDUVNXX7RPSRYDU7XVDPUHNYHULURKUDQX$XVWULML9UORPLMHWXGLGREUR ELOR,]$XVWULMHL]8QJDULMHVDPRGVHOLMRRWLãRVDPX6UELMX%LRVDPX%LMRJUDGX MHQRYUHPHGXJRWULPMHVHFD,]GUDYRVDPELMRQMHVDPVHUDQLMRERULMRVHQRVLMRVH GRNMHUDWVHVYUãLMR6YXVDPVYRMXLPRYLQXL]JXELMR ĈR]R 31D 1LPDORVHQWLPHQWDOQHVSUDPQMLKRYLKLOX]LMDDJUHVLYQHDXVWURXJDUVNHYODVWL GREURYROMFHGHSRUWLUDMXQDQDMVWUDãQLMHLVWRþQRHXURSVNR©NUYDOLãWHª'HPRUDOLVDQL 2NRQþDQMHPERUEHQDIURQWXSUHEDþHQMHXSR]DGLQVNXVOXåEXJGMHMHXUDGLRQLFLYUãLRSRSUDYNX YRMQRWHKQLþNRJPDWHULMDOD3RGRODVNXVDIURQWDMHL]EH]EMHGQRVQLKUD]ORJDSURPLMHQLRSUH]LPHX 6DOLKDJLü2åHQLRVHVDJRGLQD6HOPDQRYNRPL]3ULMHSROMD 3UHPDND]LYDQMXQMHJRYHNüHUL0HMUH $6DOLKDJLü L]6MHQLFH ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML L NUKNRJ ]GUDYOMD ]QDWDQ EURM ÿXUXPOLMD YULMHPH MH SURYRGLR SR LPSURYL]LUDQLP SROMVNLP EROQLFDPD SUHYLMDMXüL UDQH VWHþHQH QD QHSR]QDWRP SURVWRUX JDOLFLMVNRJ UDWLãWD8WXÿLQLGDOHNRRG]DYLþDMDEH]SLVPHQRVWLEH]]QDQMDMH]LNDNRPDQGHL UDWQLKFLOMHYDPQRJLVXGRVSHOLQDQDMWHåLPOLQLMDPDIURQWDNRMLMHVPDWUDQMHGQRPRG QDMYHüLKNODRQLFDX3UYRPVYMHWVNRPUDWX9HüLQDMHVYRMHåLYRWHSRORåLODQDERMQRP SROMX D MHGDQ GLR ]DUREOMHQ 5DWQL YLKRU MH SURULMHGLYãL UHGRYH PODGLK XJUR]LR EURMQRVW PXãNH SRSXODFLMH X 6DQGåDNX 7HãNR VH X WRP YUHPHQX DXVWURXJDUVNH RNXSDFLMH QRYHPEDU GRMHVHQL PRJORQDüLGRPDüLQVWYRL]NRJDEDU QHNRQLMHGREURYROMQRRWLãDRLOLELRSULVLOQRPRELOLVDQQDIURQWRYH5D]ORJH]DRG]LY VDQGåDþNRJPXVOLPDQVNRJVWDQRYQLãWYD]DWHþHQRJXVLURPDãWYXLELMHGLNRMHQLMH ]QDORNXGDLKRGYRGHWUHEDWUDåLWLXVQDåQRMDJLWDFLMLLSUD]QLPREHüDQMLPDGDüH LP&DULJUDGELWLSRVOHGQMDGHVWLQDFLMD1LMHPDOLEURMĈXUXPOLMDNRMLVXRVPDQOLMVNX YRMVNXVPDWUDOL]DVYRMX7HNNDGVXVHREUHOLQDIURQWXVKYDWLOLVXVXãWLQXSUHYDUH NRMDLKYHüLPGLMHORPQLMHSRNROHEDODGDYLWHãNRPERUERPRSUDYGDMXRþHNLYDQMD VYRMLK NRPDQGL 2YGDãQML DQDOLWLþDUL L KLVWRULRJUD¿ VYMHGRþH NDNR QLMH ELOR NXüH NRMDQLMHLPDODYRMQLNDXDXVWURXJDUVNLPLOLVUELMDQVNLPIURQWRYVNLPMHGLQLFDPD %HRJUDGVNDLHYURSVNDãWDPSDMHL]YMHãWDYDODRSRJLQXOLPL]DUREOMHQLPYRMQLFLPD NRMLVXRVWDOL]DWRþHQLXUXVNLPDXVWURXJDUVNLPLEULWDQVNLPYRMQLPNDPSRYLPDL UDWQLPORJRULPD *DOLFLMDNDRUDWQRåDULãWH 'DOHND *DOLFLMD XNU *DOLþLQD SROM *DOLFMD QMHP *DOL]LHQ QD NRMX MH X WRNX åHVWRNRJ 3UYRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD XSXüHQD EURMQD DUPLMD GREURYROMDFD L] UD]OLþLWLKGLMHORYDHYURSVNRJMXJRLVWRNDKLVWRULMVNDMHSRNUDMLQDXLVWRþQRPGLMHOX VUHGQMH (YURSH .UDMHP GUXJH GHFHQLMH ;; VWROMHüX SRVWDOD MH SRSULãWH RNUãDMD DXVWURJHUPDQVNRWXUVNH NRDOLFLMH SURWLY FDUVNH 5XVLMH 3RPHQ JDOLFLMVNRJ IURQWD MH SRGVMHüDQMH QD 6DQGåDNOLMH NRMH VX ]DUDüHQH YRMVNH ]ERJ VYRMH QDLYQRVWL KUDEURVWLLRGOXþQRVWLRGDVODOLQDQDMWHåLPOLQLMDPDUDWLãWD âNULMHOM 2 WRPH GDQDV VYMHGRþH SUHSXQH SROLFH SRåXWMHOLK GRNXPHQDWD QMHPDþNLK SROMVNLK DXVWULMVNLK PDÿDUVNLK UXVNLK UXPXQMVNLK EXJDUVNLK MXJRVODYHQVNLK VUSVNLK WDOLMDQVNLKIUDQFXVNLKEULWDQVNLKLWXUVNLKYRMQLKLGUåDYQLKDUKLYD'DOHND*DOLFLMD VHPRåHVPDWUDWLSULPDUQRERãQMDþNRPUDWQRPHSRSHMRP2QDMHQDVWDODXYUWORJX DQWDJRQL]DPD3UYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDNDGDMHSRVUQXODFLYLOL]DFLMD]DSDGDSRNUHQXOD VYRMXYRMQXPDãLQHULMX=GUXåHQLRGUHGL6DQGåDNOLMDVXQDOLQLMDPDIURQWD*DOLFLMH VYHGRNUDMDUDWDYRGLOHEHVSRãWHGQHELWNH'DQDVVHXORJXL]QDþDMQMLKRYRJ RGODVND XJODYQRP SUHYLÿD 2SüD MH RFMHQD GD MH ULMHþ R VDQGåDþNLP UHJUXWLPD NRMHMHYLKRUUDWDXYXNDRXERUEX]D]DGRYROMDYDQMHWXÿLKLQWHUHVD0RELOL]LUDQMH MH VSURYHGHQR EU]RP L SRGPXNORP MDYQRP DJLWDFLMRP NRMRP VX XVOLMHG YHOLNRJ 7LMHNRP3UYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWD*DOLFLMD GDQDVL]PHÿXJUDQLFD3ROMVNH0DÿDUVNHL8NUDMLQH MH NDRSURYLQFLMD$XVWUR±8JDUVNRJ&DUVWYDELODSRSULãWHWHãNLKRNUãDMD]GUXåHQLKMHGLQLFD1MHPDþNH $XVWUR8JDUVNHL2VPDQOLMVNH,PSHULMHVD5XVLMRP JRGLQH 103 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- RG]LYDSRSXQMHQHGHVHWNRYDQHMHGLQLFHRQGDãQMHJRVPDQOLMVNRJVDYH]QLND$XVWUR 8JDUVNH 0RULVRQ 5REHUWV -HGDQ RG QDMEOLåLK YRMQLK VDYMHWQLND (QYHUSDãH JHQHUDO %URQVDUW IRQ 6FKHOOHQGRUIQDNUDMXUDWDMHREMDYLRWDMQLL]YMHãWDMXNRPHWXPDþLRYXRGOXNX*ODYQD SR]RUQLFD9HOLNRJUDWDMHSUHPDQMHJRYRMRFMHQLELRMH=DSDGQLIURQW2VPDQOLMVND GUåDYD MH ]ERJ SHULIHUQRJ JHRJUDIVNRJ SRORåDMD UDWRYDOD QD GUXJRUD]UHGQLP IURQWRYLPD2QDMHLPDOD]DGDWDNGDYRMVNH$QWDQWHQDPDPLQDSHULIHUQWHIURQWRYH RVODELQMLKRYXXGDUQXPRüLQDVYDNLQDþLQXVOXþDMXSRWUHEHSRPDåH&HQWUDOQHVLOH 7LMHNRPUDWDVHQDJUDQLFDPD2VPDQOLMVNHGUåDYHQDãORPLOLRQLSRQHSULMDWHOMVNLK YRMQLNDRGNRMLKMHWLQXKLOMDGDQMHQLKYRMQLNDRWLãORQDÄJODYQHIURQWRYH³7R GRYROMQRJRYRULRVWDYXGUåDYQRJLYRMQRJYUKD&HQWUDOQLK6LODNRMLVXUDWQXXORJX 2VPDQOLMVNRJ&DUVWYDSRGUHGLOLUD]YODþHQMXVQDJD$QWDQWH7LPHVHPRJXREMDVQLWL UD]OR]L UD]YXþHQRVWL 2VPDQOLMVNH YRMVNH QD IURQWRYLPD XQXWDU JUDQLFD FDUVWYD 'D÷ODU *ODYQL UD]ORJ VODQMD RVPDQOLMVNLK MHGLQLFD QD IURQW *DOLFLMH WUHEDWUDåLWLXSRJRUãDQRPSRORåDMXQMHPDþNLKLDXVWURXJDUVNLKNRDOLFLRQLKVQDJD ]ERJþHJDVH;9RVPDQOLMVNLNRUSXVSODQLUDRSULGUXåL-XåQRMDUPLMLSRGNRPDQGRP DUPLMVNRJ JHQHUDOD *UDID YDQ %RWKPHUD NRMD MH QD DXVWURXJDUVNLP ERUEHQLP OLQLMDPD þLQLOD JODYQX VQDJX EH] NRMH VH IURQW QH EL PRJDR RGUåDWL 2VPDQOLMVNL ;9NRUSXVMHSRWSDRSRG]DSRYHGQLãWYRPQMHPDþNRDXVWURXJDUVNLKVQDJDRGDNOH VH LVWLP NDQDOLPD VQDEGHYDR YR]LOLPD RUXåMHP PXQLFLMRP UDWQRP L GUXJRP RSUHPRP <ÕOPD] 9HüMXQD JRGLQH5XVLVXL]YUãLOLRIDQ]LYX QD%UXVVLORYNRMRPVXWHãNRSRUD]LOHDXVWURXJDUVNHVQDJDL]DURELOHYLãHRG KLOMDGDQMHQLKYRMQLND Çelik 1MHPDþNHLDXVWURXJDUVNHMHGLQLFHVXX] YHOLNHSRWHãNRüH]DXVWDYLOHRYXUXVNXRIDQ]LYX7LKMHGDQD2VPDQOLMVNDGUåDYDQD HYURSVNHIURQWRYHXSXWLODUDQLMHREXþHQHMHGLQLFH 3HWQDHVWLNRUSXVQD*DOLFLMVNRP âHVWL NRUSXV QD 5XPXQMVNRP L 6WRVHGDPGHVHW L VHGPL SMHãDGLMVNL SXN SRMDþDQ 'YDGHVHWLPNRUSXVRP QD0DNHGRQVNRPIURQWX dHO৻N 1HGRYROMQD YRMQLþND REXND ÿXUXPOLMD MHGDQ MH RG QDMJODYQLMLK X]URND QMLKRYRJ VWUDGDQMD QD IURQWRYLPD RG *DOLFLMH GR $UDEOMDQVNRJ SROXRVWUYD =D UD]OLNXRGMHGQRJGLMHODNRMLVXVYRMHNRVWLRVWDYLOLQDJDOLFLMVNRUXVNLPIURQWRYLPD GLRSUHåLYMHOLKMHRVWDRGDåLYLX7XUVNRMDSUHPDSRVWRMHüLPVWDWLVWLNDPDYUDWLRVH VYDNLGHVHWLÿXUXPOLMD7UHEDQDYHVWLGDVX]GUXåHQDQMHPDþNRDXWURXJDUVNRWXUVNH WUXSHQD*DOLFLMVNRPIURQWXXWRNX QDQLMHOHWHåDNSRUD]5XVLMLþLMHVX VQDJHELOHUD]ELMHQHLGHVHWNRYDQH $\GHPLU 2VPDQOLMVNLYRMQLYUKMH VODQMH VQDJD QD *DOLFLMX EUDQLR VWDYRP GD EL VH SREMHGRP ]DXVWDYLOD HYHQWXDOQD UXVND QDMH]GD QD %DONDQ SRVOLMH NRMH EL RVWYDUHQD SREMHGD QD ýDQDNNDOHX ELOD X]DOXGQD 8 VYRMLP ELOMHãNDPD RG QRYHPEUD JRGLQH QMHPDþNL JHQHUDO +DQV YRQ 6HHFNW VDYH]QLãWYR VD 2VPDQOLMVNRP GUåDYRP WXPDþL RERVWUDQR SRJXEQLPLVWLþXüLÄGDMHWXUVNRUXNRYRGVWYRVYRMXSRJXEQXRGOXNXGRQLMHORSRG SULWLVNRPMHUVHQMHPDþNDFDUHYLQDXGDOD]DPUWYDFD³ 'DJODU 6OLþQRJ MHVWDYDLQMHPDþNLYRMQLVDYMHWQLNJHQHUDO2WWR/LPDQYRQ6DQGHUVNRMLGRGDMH GDMHRVPDQOLMVNRYRMQRUXNRYRGVWYRVYRMXSURVODYOMHQXLSREMHGQLþNXGDUGDQHOVNX ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML YRMVNX JRGLQHSRVODODX(YURSXGDL]YUãDYDGUXJRUD]UHGQHORJLVWLþNH]DGDWNH XPMHVWRGDEXGHUDVSRUHÿHQDQDåDULãQLPWDþNDPDIURQWRYDX]VDPXRVPDQOLMVNX JUDQLFX GHWDOMQLMH 9RQ6DQGHUV 'DQDV VH ]DERUDYOMD RJURPQL GREURYROMDþNL XGLR 3RVOLMH GYD YHOLND QHXVSMHKDQD,VWRþQRPIURQWXJRGLQD MHGQDMHRGQDMWHåLKUDWQLKJRGLQD]D $XVWUR8JDUVNX8UDWXQDVWUDQL$QWDQWHRVLP5XVLMHXOD]H,WDOLMDL5XPXQMVND 5D]YODþHQMD DXVWURXJDUVNLK MHGLQLFD QD YLãH IURQWRYD XVORYLOR MH SRWUHEX ]D YRMQLþNLPSRMDþDQMLPD3RãWRVXQMHPDþNHYRMQHVQDJHXPHÿXYUHPHQXSUHEDFLOH WHåLãWHQD=DSDGQLIURQW$XVWUR8JDULPDMHSUHRVWDODPRJXüQRVWGDSRPRüSRWUDåH RG VYRMLK RVPDQOLMVNLK VDYH]QLND ,VWH MH JRGLQH MH XSXüHQ ]DKWMHY ]D VODQMH WUL NRUSXVD NRMH EL UDVSRUHGLOL QD MHGDQ RG WUL IURQWD JDOLFLMVNRP UXPXQVNRP L VROXQVNRP0LQLVWDUYRMQLLQDþHOQLNJHQHUDOãWDED2VPDQOLMVNHYRMVNH(QYHUSDãD MH SRPHQXWL ]DKWMHY QDþHOQLND JHQHUDOãWDED 1MHPDþNH YRMVNH )RQ +LQGHQEXUJD SULKYDWLREH]SULJRYRUD2YDNDYSDãLQULVNDQWDQSRWH]QDLãDRMHQDRãWUXNULWLNX SRMHGLQLKNUXJRYD2VPDQOLMVNHYRMVNH 'DJODU 3ULORJ *DOLFLMVNLIURQWPMHVWRERUEHQLKGHMVWDYD;9NRUSXVDRVPDQOLMVNHYRMVNH 3HWQDHVWL NRUSXV NRMLP MH NRPDQGRYDR -DNXS âHYNL %HM IRUPLUDQ MH RG VWUDQHYRMQLNDNRMLVXVHERULOLX*DOLSROMVNRMELWFL WXU*HOLEROX 1DSRþHWNXORãH RUJDQL]LUDQHQHGLVFLSOLQLUDQHVODERRGMHYHQHJODGQHLQHSURþLãüHQHRGUDQMHQLND L LQYDOLGD RYH MHGLQLFH VX GRYHGHQH X VWDQMH QHVWDãLFH YDNFLQD SURWLY ]DUD]QLK EROHVWL1HRUJDQL]UDQRVWMHSULPMHüHQDLPHÿXR¿FLULPD]ERJþHJDVHMDYLODSRWUHED ]D GREURYROMFLPD L]YDQ JUDQLFD FDUVWYD 3HWQDHVWL NRUSXV MH XVSUNRV UDVXOX SR 105 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- IURQWRYLPD2VPDQOLMVNRJ&DUVWYDXSRWRQMLPSULSUHPDPD]DGRELRSRVHEDQXJOHG XQXWDURVPDQOLMVNHYRMVNHMHUMHELRVDVWDYOMHQRGVSRVREQLKYRMQLNDLREUD]RYDQLK R¿FLUD -HGDQ RG FLOMHYD MH ELOR VWYDUDQMH SR]LWLYQRJ XWLVND R 7XUFLPD X RþLPD (YURSOMDQD7RMHNDRSULRULWHWSRVWDYLRL(QYHUSDãDNRMLMH1MHPDþNRM&DUHYLQL LVND]LYDR ]DKYDOQRVW QD VDYH]QLãWYX NRMH VX VD QHNRP RG HYURSVNLP ]HPOMDPD SULåHOMNLYDOL MRã RG ;9,,, VWROMHüD 'DJODU 3ULSUHPH NRUSXVD VX SUHPDSODQXLRGOXFL(QYHUSDãHVSURYHGHQHXWDMQRVWL1MLPDVXUXNRYRGLOL-DNXE âHYNL 3DãD L SXNRYQLN +DMUL 3UHPD 0DÿDUVNRM VX SRãOL MXOD L] LVWDQEXOVNH NDVDUQHQD8]XQN|SURGDNOHVXVWLJOLX6XERWLFX Çelik 3ULORJĈXUXPOLMVNDGRYD PROLWYD 0MHVWR'XJD3ROMDQD 6MHQLFD VMHVHQL JRGLQHSUHGRGOD]DNGREURYROMDFDQDIURQW8SUYRPSODQX XVUHGLQLVDNRåQRP NDEDQLFRPLDKPHGLMRP 6HOLPHI-XVXIRYLüSUHGVMHGQLNGXJRSROMVNH2SüLQH 56,$5 132ULJLQDOQD=ELUNDIRWRJUD¿MDL]3UYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWD 7XUVNLKLVWRULþDULVXVDJODVQLXRFMHQLGDVXVDYH]QLFLL]ULþLWRLQVLVWLUDOLGD RVPDQOLMVNH VQDJH 3HWQDHVWRJ NRUSXVD EXGX UDVSRUHÿHQH QD QDMWHåLP SRORåDMLPD $\GHPLU 2VPDQOLMVNHVQDJH3HWQDHVWRJNRUSXVDVXXVHSWHPEUX JRGLQHSULMHGRODVNDGREURYROMDFDVD%DONDQDRGELOHQDSDGUXVNLKVQDJDXREODVWL âXPMDQL8RYRPRNUãDMXVXLPDOHKLOMDGDSRJLQXOLKLUDQMHQLKMHUVXXVSUNRV GYRVWUXNREURMQLMLKUXVNLKVQDJDXVSMHOHGDVHRGEUDQHL]DGUåHVYRMHSR]LFLMHQD IURQWXQDþHPXVXLPQMHPDþNLVDYH]QLFLVHSWHPEUDL]UD]LOLSRVHEQX]DKYDOQRVW 3RMDYRPRVPDQOLMVNLKWUXSDQDOLQLMDPDXEOL]LQL%UåHåDQMDGRãORMHGRSRPMHUDQMD UXVNHYRMVNHWDþQLMHQMLKRYRJSUHWHåQRHWQLþNRJUXVNRJSXNDLGLYL]LMH QD þLMH VX PMHVWR UDVSRUHGLOL 7UHüX WXUNPHQVNX GLYL]LMX ãWR QLMH QHRELþQR X ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML RGQRVX QD þLQMHQLFX GD MH DXVWURXJDUVNR YRMQR ]DSRYMHGQLãWYR QD ,VWRþQL IURQW XPMHVWR %HþOLMD UDGLMH VODOD ýHKH 3ROMDNH LOL %RãQMDNH 1\NLHO 3RþHWNRP RNWREUD JRGLQH L GLYL]LMD VX SRGYUJQXWH UHRUJDQL]DFLML 3HWGDQDNDVQLMH5XVLVXSRWXNOLSXNLL]EDFLOLJDL]UDWQLKRSHUDFLMDGDELGDQ NDVQLMH3HWQDHVWLNRUSXVL]JXELRKLOMDGHYRMQLNDLR¿FLUDDþHWDRVWDODEH] NDSHWDQD'YDGHVHWDGLYL]LMDMHXSRWSXQRVWLL]JXELODRSHUDWLYQXVSRVREQRVW]ERJ þHJDMHGRELODQMHPDþNXORJLVWLþNXSRGUãNXNDGDMHQDQMHQRPMHVWRSUHEDþHQD 5H]HUYQDGLYL]LMD*OHGDMXüLGHWDOMQLMHUXVNLþHWLULSHWSXWDYHüLJXELFLXRGQRVXQD 2VPDQOLMHQLVXELOLSUHSUHNDGDX]GRYROMQRYRMQLþNRJOMXGVWYDQDVWDYHGHMVWDYDQD IURQWX1DMRãWULMHERUEHVXVHRGYLMDOHRGGRRNWREUDQDREDODPD1DUDMRYNH %LULQFL 'Q\D +DUEL 1D NUDMX PMHVHFD MH GRSLVQLN7HPSVDL] 6DQNW 3HWHUVEXUJDSUHQLRVOLMHGHüXYLMHVW Ä7XUVNHGLYL]LMHQD*DOLFLMLVDVWDYOMHQHVXRG MHGLQLFDNRMHELVHPRJOHXVSMHãQRRGROMHYDWLHYURSVNLPYRMVNDPD³ 1\NLHO 8PHÿXYUHPHQXQRYHPEUD MHGRãORGRSURPMHQDQDJDOLFLMVNRP IURQWX 1D PMHVWX SUYRJ NRPDQGDQWD 3HWQDHVWRJ NRUSXVD XPMHVWR -DNXE âHYNL SDãH LPHQRYDQ MH VODYQL JHQHUDO 'åHYDG ýREDQOL SRWSXNRYQLN +DMUL ]D ãHID VWRåHUD SRWSXNRYQLN 0HKPHG âH¿N SUHX]HR MH NRPDQGX GLYL]LMH D SRWSXNRYQLN -DVLQ +LOPL SUHX]HR MH MHGLQLFH GLYL]LMH 1\NLHO 0MHVHF QRYHPEDU MH VYRMRP VXURYRãüX XVSRULR ERUEHQD GHMVWYD WLPH ãWR VX VH MHGLQLFHREMHYRMVNHSRVOLMHGYRPMHVHþQLKERUELXJODYQRPSUHGDOHUHRUJDQL]DFLML NDRLEUL]LLOLMHþHQMXUDQMHQLNDWHQLMHGRQLRYHOLNHSURPMHQH8VYLPNRQMLþNLP EDWDOMRQLPDELORMHXSURVMHNX XQMHPDþNLPEDWDOMRQLPD YRMQLNDGRNMH EURMþHWD]QDWQRVPDQMHQ %LULQFL'Q\D+DUEL 7LMHNRPRNUãDMDVXL] UXVNLKURYRYDGLMHOMHQLOHWFLNRMLVXSR]LYDOLQDSULPLUMH-DQXDUD JRGLQHYRMQR ]DSRYMHGQLãWYR &DUVWYD MH L]GDOR QDUHGEX ]D XSRWUHEX PDOREURMQR SURL]YHGHQLK WHQNRYDãWRMH]DKWMHYDORSUHJUXSLUDQMHXGDUQHIURQWRYVNHVWUXNWXUH8GLYL]LMDPD VXSRKLWQRPSRVWXSNXIRUPLUDQHERPEDãNHMXULãQHþHWHNRMHVXSRGLJOHERUEHQL PRUDOYRMQLND1DM]DG5XVLVXL]GDQDXGDQJXELOLUDWQLþNLGXK±MHUMH)HEUXDUVND UHYROXFLMDSRþHODX]LPDWL]DPDK9RMQLFL]DUDüHQLKVWUDQDþLWDYDWULPMHVHFDQLVX SRPDOMDOLJODYHL]VYRMLKURYRYDGDELVUHGLQRPMDQXDUDJODYQDNRPDQGDGRQLMHOD RGOXNXGDVH3HWQDHVWLNRUSXVLVNRULVWLXSRWRQMLPRIDQ]LYDPD 1LNLHO 5D]ORJ QMHJRYH VPMHQH MH QDYRGQR NRYDQMH W]Y GXDOQRJ SDUWQHUVWYD VD 1MHPFLPD L $XVWUR 8JDULPD RERVWUDQRRGOLNRYDQPHGDOMRP NRPDQGQHRGJRYRUQRVWLLDURJDQFLMH 1\NLHO 3R]QDWLMLMHNDR'åHYDGSDãD NRMLVHSURVODYLRNDRNRPDQGDQWRGEUDQHXELWFLQD 'DUGDQHOLPD IHEUXDUD ± MDQXDUD 1MHJRYR SUDYR LPH MH 3ULORJ.3LVPR SRWYUGD SUHGVMHGQLND3RJODYDUVWYD2SüLQH'XJD3ROMDQD Ä'XJD3RO\DQ QDKL\H0GU³ 6HOLPHIHQGLMH-XVXIRYLüD .DQЬQXVDQLYHOMDþH XSXüHQR 7HX¿NHIHQGLML,PDPRYLüXPXIWLML6DQGåDþNRPL1RYRSD]DUVNRPRL]PLUHQRPSRUH]XQD SRVMHGX5RåDMDF0XVWDIH WXUþLÀLN L]GXJRSROMVNRJ]DVHRNX'XEXL]QRVXRGJURãD. 56,$513I='2-1RYL3D]DU ,DNRMHNRQDþDQSRYUDWDNMHGLQLFD;9NRUSXVDRVWYDUHQVHSWHPEUD JRGLQH*DOLFLMVNLIURQWQLMHELR]DWYRUHQ=DGQMHMHGLQLFHGLYL]LMH3HWQDHVWRJ NRUSXVDVXX,VWDQEXOSULVWLJOHGDQDNDVQLMHVHSWHPEUD30%RUEHQD*DOLFLMVNRP IURQWX VX JXELOH QD LQWHQ]LWHWX QDSUHGNRP SRNUHWD %ROMãHYLND 8 MXOX MH UXVNR ]DSRYMHGQLãWYRRWSRþHORVYRMHGH¿QLWLYQRSRYODþHQMHVDERUEHQLKOLQLMD.RPDQGD 3HWQDHVWRJNRUSXVDMHMXODSRþHODSRYODþHQMHGRNMHGLYL]LMDSRWSDODSRG 30 1D*DOLFLMVNRPIURQWXVXRVPDQOLMVNLYRMQLFLXþHVWYRYDOLXVYLPRNUãDMLPDLRVWYDULOL]DSDåHQH XVSMHKH 3RVWRMH YRMQLK JUREDOMD WXU ãHKLWOXND QD NRMLPD VX SRORåHQH QMLKRYH NRVWL $WDED\ ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML QMHPDþNX NRPDQGX 8þHVWYXMXüL X QDSDGX QMHPDþNLK DXVWULMVNLK L PDÿDUVNLK MHGLQLFDQD7UHüX.R]DþNX.DINDVNXGLYL]LMXL9UDQJHORYNRUSXVQDSUHGRYDOLVXGR ULMHNH=EUXå3UHVWDQNRPQDSDGDQDIURQWXGRQLMHWDMHRGOXNDRSRYUDWNXGLYL]LMHX 7XUVNXWDNRGDMHDXJXVWDDUWLOMHULMVNLKLNRQMLþNLKþHWDVDIURQWDNUHQXOR NDVYRMLP]HPOMDPD 1LNLHO 8]DYLþDMX]DERUDYOMHQHVDQGåDþNHĈXUXPOLMHVXVH]GUDYLUDQMHQLVDNDWL LGHVHWNRYDQLYUDüDOLL]JRGLQHXJRGLQX0QRJLVWLåXQDSUDJQRYRQDVWDOHGUåDYH .UDOMHYLQH 6+6 NRMD LK SURJDQMD ]ERJ VYRJ ÄWXUNROMXEOMD³ 3RYUDWDN X QRUPDOQL åLYRWMH]DPQRJHYHRPDWHåDN6DQGåDþNLJUDGRYLQDMSULMH1RYL3D]DUQRYHYODVWL .UDOMHYLQH6+6VDUDQJDãHKHUDVYRGHQDQDMQLåLQLYRVSUHþDYDMXüLQMHJRYXRELþDMHQL UD]YRM8NLGDMXVHPXVOLPDQVNHãNROHXVWDQRYHLNXOWXUQDXGUXåHQMDLUD]YLMDQHND VWUDQDLQHSR]QDWDVRFLRHNRQRPVNDDWPRVIHUDĈXUXPOLMVNRWXUNROMXEOMHMHQMLKRYD SULYDWQD UHYROXFLMD SURWLY VYMHWVNLK DQWLWXUVNLK UDVSRORåHQMD 2þHNXMXüL SRYUDWDN ³SXVWRJWXUVNRJ´MHGQRPVX]DXYMHNQDPMHUDYDOLULMHãLWLVYHVYRMHåHOMHLSUREOHPH Konferencija u Sjenici 1917. 3UYL VYMHWVNL UDW MH UHJLMX 6DQGåDN ]DWHNDR X YHRPD WHãNLP SULOLNDPD 6UELMDQVNL L]YRUL QDYRGH GD MH X ÄYULMHPH DXVWURXJDUVNH RNXSDFLMH QDVWDYOMHQDMRãEH]RE]LUQLMDDQWLVUSVNDSROLWLNDLSURSDJDQGDX3OMHYOMLPDL5DãNRM REODVWLSRGVWUHNLYDQRLIRUVLUDQRQH]DGRYROMVWYRLVWUDKPXVOLPDQDRG6UED]ERJ þHJDVH]QDWDQEURMELYãLKDJDLEHJRYDIDQDWL]RYDQHLSROXSLVPHQHXOHPHUD]QL ]XOXPüDULLRGPHWQLFL³VWDYOMDXVOXåEXDXVWURXJDUVNRJRNXSDWRUDLQMLKRYHSROLWLþNR SURSDJDQGQHPDãLQHULMH ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ 1HULMHãHQVWDWXV6DQGåDNDQDNRQ L]GYDMDQMDL]VDVWDYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSRVOLMHJRWRYRSRODYLMHNDELRMHJODYQR SLWDQMH6MHQLþNHNRQIHUHQFLMHNRMDMHL L DXJXVWD JRGLQHRGUåDQD X3HUWHYQLMDO9DOLGH6XOWDQGåDPLMLX6MHQLFLSRGSUHGVMHGDYDQMHP0HKPHG,]HW SDãH %DMURYLüD31 JUDGRQDþDOQLND 3OMHYDOMD WXU 7DãOLGåD QD NRMRM MH UDVSUDYOMDOR GYDQDHVWJUDGRQDþHOQLNDVDQGåDþNLKJUDGRYD7HNVWGRNXPHQWDVXSRWSLVDOL 0HKPHG,]HWSDãD%DMURYLüJUDGRQDþHOQLN3OMHYDOMD 5L]DEHJ0XUDWEHJRYLüJUDGRQDþHOQLN1RYRJ3D]DUD 0XUDWEHJ+DãLPEHJRYLüJUDGRQDþHOQLN3ULMHSROMD 6XOHMPDQHIâHüHUDJLüJUDGRQDþHOQLN1RYH9DURãL +LOPLEHJ.DMDEHJRYLüJUDGRQDþHOQLN%LMHORJ3ROMD 'XOʁNRDJD5DPKXVRYLüJUDGRQDþHOQLN%HUDQD ,OʁD]HIûDWRYLüJUDGRQDþHOQLN5RåDMD -XVXIDJD+DP]DJLüJUDGRQDþHOQLN7XWLQD +XVHLQHI+DVDQEHJRYLüJUDGRQDþHOQLN3ULERMD 5XãLGHI6SDKRYLüJUDGRQDþHOQLN6MHQLFH 31 0HKPHG,]HWSDãD%DMURYLüWDGDãQMLJUDGRQDþHOQLN3OMHYDOMDLGRDQHNVLMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH JRGLQHQHNDGDãQMLJODYQLOLIHUDQWXDXVWURXJDUVNLPYRMQLPJDUQL]RQLPDX]DSDGQRP6DQGåDNX 3OMHYOMD3ULERML3ULMHSROMH 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- 2VPDQDJD'L]GDUHYLüJUDGRQDþHOQLNâDKRYLüDL +XVHLQHIâDKPDQJUDGRQDþHOQLN%XGLPOMDNRG%HUDQD AS9**VY ±;9,,,± 3ULORJ)UDJPHQW]DSLVQLND6MHQLþNHNRQIHUHQFLMHVDþLQMHQDXJXVWD JRGLQH XVMHQLþNRM3HUWHYQLMDO9DOLGH6XOWDQGåDPLMLXSULVXVWYXJUDGRQDþHOQLNDVDQåDþNLKJUDGRYD $69**VY±;9,,,± 8] GYD R¿FLUD DXVWURXJDUVNH YRMVNH NRML VX SUHGVWDYOMOL RNUXåQX L VUHVNX NRPDQGX NRQIHUHQFLML MH SULVXVWXVWYRYDOR ORNDOQLK SUHGVWDYQLND 'RQRãHQMHPþXYHQH³6MHQLþNHUH]ROXFLMH´XþHWLULSRJODYOMDSRNUHQXWRMHNOMXþQR HJ]LVWHQFLMDOQRLVWDWXVQRSLWDQMH6DQGåDNDLLVWDNQXWDåHOMD]DQMHJRYRSULSDMDQMH %RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL-HGQDRGJODYQLKWDþDNDNRQIHUHQFLMHMHSRGQRãHQMH=DKWMHYD ]D DXWRQRPLMRP 6DQGåDND =DSUDYR RG $XVWUR8JDUVNH VH SUHNR *HQHUDOQLK JXYHUQPDQDX%HRJUDGXLQD&HWLQMXNDRL=HPDOMVNHYODGHX6DUDMHYX]DKWLMHYDOR GDNUDOMHYLQDPD6UELMLL&UQRM*RULRGX]PHELYãL1RYRSD]DUVNLVDQGåDNLSULSRML JD%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL6DQGåDNELQDWDMQDþLQFLRXãDRXVDVWDY$XVWUR8JDUVNH PRQDUKLMH5H]ROXFLMXMHSRWSLVDORJUDGRQDþHOQLND QMHPEUJHUPHLVWHU VUH]RYD QHNDGDãQMHJ1RYRSD]DUVNRJVDQGåDNDLL]DEUDQLKGHOHJDWDRGQRVQRSULVXWQLK 6DþLQMHQD DNWD NRQIHUHQFLMH VYMHGRþH SUHGYLÿHQL QDPMHUX$XVWUR8JDUVND R L]YMHVQRP VWXSQMX DXWRQRPLMH6DQGåDNDXQMHJRYLPUDQLMLPJUDQLFDPD 110 ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML PXVOLPDQVNLK SUYDND PHÿX NRMLPD VX RVLP SUHGVMHGDYDMXüHJ 0HKPHGSDãH %DMURYLüD GHOHJDFLMX 3OMHYDOMD þLQLOL WUJRYFL %LGR$EGLþHYLü 2VPDQDJD 'L]GDU L7HX¿NEHJ7DKLUEHJRYLü5H]ROXFLMXMHLVSUHG6MHQLþNRJVUH]DSRWSLVDRGRPDüLQ NRQIHUHFLMHLJUDGRQDþHOQLN5XãLG6SDKRYLü AS9**RGHO;9,,,VY9EU 8JRGLQDPDSRVOLMHVWYDUDQMD.UDOMHYLQH6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD RWSRþHOD MH PHGLMVND KDMND SURJRQ L SRVWHSHQD OLNYLGDFLMD XþHVQLNH 6MHQLþNH NRQIHUHQFLMH 6WUDGDOL VX PQRJL XþHVQLFL NRQIHUHQFLMH PHÿX NRMLPD L +LOPL EHJ .DMDEHJRYLü JUDGRQDþDOQLN %LMHORJ 3ROMD 9LMHN SRVOLMH RNXSDFLMH L SRGMHOH 6DQGåDND L]PHÿX .UDOMHYLQH 6UELMH L .UDOMHYLQH &UQH *RUH KLVWRULMVND DSRUHPD 6DQGåDNDQLMHL]JXELODQDDNWXHOQRVWLL]QDþDMX6WDWXV6DQGåDNDMHLGDQDVMHGQR RG YLWDOQLK SLWDQMD QMHJRYRJ EXGXüHJ NRQVWLWXLUDQMD NDR SUHNRJUDQLþQH HYURSVNH UHJLMH 6YUãHWDN 3UYRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD L VWYDUDQMH .UDOMHYLQH 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD MH ELR SULOLND GD RGUHÿHQL VUELMDQVNL QDFLRQDOLVWLþNL NUXJRYL 6MHQLþNX NRQIHUHQFLMXRFLMHQHÄDXVWUR¿OVNRP³NRMDMHLQLFLUDQDLSRGVWUHNLYDQDRGVWUDQH VOXåEHQLK RUJDQD RQGDãQMH $XVWUR8JDUVNH %H] DGHNYDWQLMHJ REUD]ORåHQMD VXGLRQLFL 6MHQLþNH NRQIHUHQFLMH VX RSWXåHQL ]D YHOHL]GDMX 5HåLP MH RGOXNRP 3UYRVWHSHQRJVXGDX1RYRP3D]DUXQDORåLRPMHUHSULWYRUDãWRMHYHüLQXVXGLRQLND .RQIHUHQFLMHQDNRQSRGL]DQMDRSWXåEHQDWMHUDORXLOHJDOXLOLEMHNVWYRGRNVXQHNLX QDUXþHQLP SDUDPLOLWDUQLP DNFLMDPD XKDSãHQL L XELMHQL33 8EU]R MH SRNUHQXWD LQLFLMDWLYD 3DUODPHQWDUQRJ NOXED QRYRIRUPLUDQH -XJRVORYHQVNH PXVOLPDQVNH RUJDQL]DFLMH -02 =DQMLKVHQDMYLãH]DORåLRWX]ODQVNLPXIWLMD,EUDKLPHIHQGLMD 0DJODMOLü NDVQLML UHLVXOXOHPD QDNRQ þHJD MH 8ND]RP NUDOMD IHEUXDUD SRVWXSDN SURWLY VXGLRQLND NRQIHUHQFLMH REXVWDYOMHQ D SUHåLYMHOL RSWXåHQL RVORERÿHQL 3XULYDWUD 6MHQLþND NRQIHUHQFLMD NRMD VH GRJRGLOD XVUHG UDWQLK L GREURYROMDþNLK SUHYLUDQMDLPDRVRELW]QDþDM]DSRGL]DQMHVORERGDUVNRJGXKDLVYLMHVWLDSRVHEQR NDR DGHNYDWQD SURWLYPMHUD ]D QDPHWQXWH DVLPLODWRUVNH SURFHVH L SODQVNH DNFLMH GHLGHQWL¿NDFLMH ERãQMDþNRJ QDURGD X 6DQGåDNX 1MRP MH QDMDYOMHQR UMHãDYDQMD RVQRYQLKSLWDQMD%RãQMDNDXSURFHVQMLKRYHRVMHWQHGHSRSXODFLMH 33 =DSLVQLþDU L UXNRYRGLODF SURWRNROD 6MHQLþNH NRQIHUHQFLMH 7HX¿NEHJ 7DKLUEHJRYLü VH QHSXQX JRGLQXNULRSRãXPDPD1DSXWXL]PHÿX6MHQLFHL%LMHORJ3ROMDXELMHQMH JRGLQHJUDGRQDþDOQLN %LMHORJ 3ROMD WXU $NRYD +LOPLEHJ .DMDEHJRYLü 9LGMHWL 0HPLü 6D MRã þHWYRULFRP GåHPDWOLMD VWUDGDR MH VDQGåDþNL DOLP L DOKDPLMDGR SMHVQLN ,EUDKLPD %LRþDN 1MHJD VX þHWQLFL .RVWH 0LORYDQRYLüD 3HüDQFD ]DMHGQR V QMHJRYLP SUYLP NRPãLMDPD X %URGDUHYX 5DPRP 0XMH]LQRYLüHPKDGåL$ED]RP%DOLüHYFHP6XOHMPDQRPL%HüLURP.ULMHãWRUFHPWDPDQXRþLGDQD NDG VH GUåDOR EODJRGDUHQMH NUDOMX$OHNVDQGUX ]D QMHJRY URÿHQGDQ GHFHPEUD RGYHOL SXW %LMHORJ 3ROMD QD -DVHQ L WDPR LK VYH SRELOL Ä,EUDKLP %LRþDN VWDUDF V EUHPHQRP RG VHGDPGHVHW JRGLQDELRVHRWUJDRLQDJQDREMHåDWLSDMHXELMHQXELMHJX³8NRSDQLVXQDRUDQLFLQDSXWXL]ûHOLãWD QD -DVHQ 0H]DUH LP R]QDþDYDMX NDPHQL QLãDQL 3UHPD $OLMD %HMWLü .DVLGD ,EUDKLPD %LRþDND 6SRPHQLNDOMDPLDGROLWHUDWXUHVDQGåDþNLK0XVOLPDQD$QDOL*D]L+XVUHYEHJRYHELEOLRWHNHNQM,9 6DUDMHYR 1DSULMHYRMXÄ6HOLPRYSRWRN³QDL]OD]XL]6MHQLFHXELMHQLVX1XUNR0HãLüL]V5DåGDJLQDLSUHGVMHGQLN 2SüLQH'XJD3ROMDQD6HOLPHIHQGLMD-XVXIRYLü 'HWDOMQLMH $VLP9UFLü8ELVWYRSUHGVMHGQLND6HOLP HIHQGLMH-XVXIRYLüDL1XUND0HãLüDX =ERUQLN6MHQLFHEU6MHQLFD 111 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- Sudbina zarobljenih galicijskih dobrovoljaca 3RPLMHãDQLGREURYROMFL %RãQMDFL7XUFL$OEDQFL5RPL*RUDQFL7RUEHãL L] VYLKNUDMHYD]DSDGQH5XPHOLMHVDQHGRYROMQRUDWQRJ]QDQMDLEH]R]ELOMQHYRMQLþNH SULSUHPHQHPLORVUGQRVXJXUQXWLXRãWUHþHOMXVWLNUYDYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDGRãDYãLX LVNXãHQMHGDVYRMHåLYRWHSRORåHQDVWUDWLãWXQHSR]QDWLK]HPDOMDLQDURGD1D*DOLFLML *DOLSROMX5XPXQLML,WDOLMLLOLXORJRULPDX(JLSWXXQHSR]QDWLPLWXÿLP]HPOMDPD GDOHNRRGSRURGLFHL]DYLþDMDQHGRYROMQRLOLSRWSXQRQHSLVPHQLEH]SR]QDYDQMD QMHPDþNRJ WXUVNRJ LOL GUXJLK MH]LND YRMQH NRPDQGH L FLOMHYD UDWRYDQMD SRVWDOL VX WRSRYVNR PHVR ]DUREOMHQLþND YRMVND LOL WDRFL X EULWDQVNLP YRMQLP ORJRULPD =DX]LPDOLVXQDMWHåHERUEHQHSRORåDMHQDJDOLFLMVNRPIURQWXNRMLVXUDWQLL]YMHãWDþL QD]LYDOLQDMYHüRPNODRQLFRP3UYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWD6YRMHNRVWLVXQDMYHüLPGLMHORP SRORåLOLQDUDWLãWXGRNMH]QDWDQGLRQMLKGRVSLRX]DWRþHQLãWYRRGDNOHVHPDORNR YUDWLR 0QRJL SRYUDWQLFL L] UDWD L UDWQRJ ]DUREOMHQLãWYD ]D VRERP VX GRåLYRWQR YXNOLSRVOMHGLFHWUDMQRJLQYDOLGLWHWDUDWQHRåLOMNHLWHãNHQDQRVHSVLKLþNHWUDXPH 3ULPRELOL]DFLMLQLMHYRÿHQDSUHFL]QDVWDWLVWLNDL]X]HYGMHOLPLþQHSROLFLMVNHNRMD MHSULNXSOMDQDSRVOLMH]DYUãHWNDUDWDQDRVQRYXVMHüDQMDQMLKRYLKþODQRYDSRURGLFD 5LMHþRSRãWHQLPOMXGLPDQDMþHãüHVLURWLQMLLQDMDPQLFLPDPHÿXNRMLPDVXPQRJL RþHNLYDOLQRYDFGDELSUHKUDQLOLVYRMXRELWHOM=DYUãHWDN3UYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDGRQLR MH QRYH QHYROMH XþHVQLFLPD L ]DUREOMHQLFLPD ĈXUXPOLMPD NRML VX GREURYROMQR XþHVWYRYDOL X UDWX 2WHåDQH NRPXQLNDFLMH L RSüD QHLQIRUPLUDQRVW X]URNRYDQD SRVOMHGLFDPDUDWQLKVXNREDRQHPRJXüLOHVXQMLKRYXYH]XVDSRURGLFDPDL]DYLþDMHP 0HÿXQDURGQLNRPLWHW&UYHQRJNUVWDXäHQHYLRVQRYDRMH0HÿXQDURGQXDJHQFLMX]D UDWQH]DUREOMHQLNHNRMRMVX]DUDüHQHGUåDYHGRVWDYOMDOHSRGDWNHR]DUREOMHQLFLPD NDNRYRMQLPWDNRLFLYLOQLP1DRVQRYXWHSUHSLVNHLGLUHNWQRJREUDüDQMDRWSXãWHQLK UDWQLNDLYHWHUDQDGLSORPDWVNDSUHGVWDYQLãWYD.UDOMHYLQH6+6X,VWDQEXOXL,]PLUX YODGL.UDOMHYLQH6+6GRVWDYOMDMXEURMQDGLSORPDWVNDDNWDåDOEHPROEHLSUHGVWDYNH RQMLKRYRMUHSDWULMDFLML 3UHPDUDVSRORåLYLPVWDWLVWLNDPDXWYUÿHQRMHGDMHQDIURQWRYLPDQD*DOLFLML X5XPXQMVNRMLQD0DNHGRQVNRPIURQWXXVDVWDYXRVPDQOLMVNLKWUXSDXþHVWYRYDOR RNRGREURYROMDFDL]5XPHOLMH 7UN6LODKOÕ.XYYHWOHUL7DULKL RGNRMLKMHRNRKLOMDGD]DUREOMHQRQD*DOLFLMLLRGYHGHQRXORJRUH2VPDQOLMVNH YRMQH VOXåEH VX QDVWRMDOH REDYLMHVWLWL QMLKRYH SRURGLFH DOL VH WDM SURFHV RGYLMDR YHRPDRWHåDQR1MLKRYRVHRVOREDÿDQMHSUHVWDQNRPXQXWDUQMLKVXNREDGHFHPEUD JRGLQHLSRYUHPHQHSROLWLþNHNUL]HVRYMHWVNH%ROMãHYLþNHUHYROXFLMHRGYLMDOR SRVWHSHQRVYHGRSRWSLVLYDQMD8JRYRUD VHSWHPEDU X0RVNYL .|VWNO 2VLPVWUDGDQMDNDGDVXLKNDRUDWQH]DUREOMHQLNHSUHEDFLYDOLVDIURQWRYD *DOLFLMH5XPXQLMH*DOLSROMDLLVWRþQH$QDGROLMHLUD]PMHãWDOLSREULWDQVNLPYRMQLP NDPSRYLPDWUHEDQDEURMDWLLSDWQMHĈXUXPOLMD1HNLRGQMLKVXGRVSMHYDOLXNDPSRYH X.D]DQXL6LELUXNDPRVXRGYH]HQLXSUHQDWUSDQLPYDJRQLPD GHWDOMQLMH ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML NRMLPDLPQRJRLQYDOLGD 7DúNÕUDQ 7RVX]DUREOMHQLRVPDQOLMVNLYHWHUDQL NRMLVXXEULWDQVNHORJRUHGRVSMHOLVD*DOLFLMHLIURQWRYDX3DOHVWLQL6LULML,UDNX +LGåDVXL0H]RSRWDPLML $VLU 8 (JLSWX NRML MH WLMHNRP 3UYRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD ELR SRG XSUDYRP 9HOLNH %ULWDQLMH SRVWRMDR MH YHOLNL EURM UDWQLK ]DUREOMHQLþNL NDPSRYD ,PDOL VX L EROQLFH ]D UDQMHQH ]DUREOMHQLNH X NRMLPD VX VWDFLRQLUDQL RVPDQOLMVNL YRMQLFL NRMH VX (QJOH]L ]DURELOL QD IURQWRYLPD ýDQNNDOHD 3DOHVWLQH ,UDND L -HPHQD X] YHOLNL EURM FLYLOD þDN L ]DUREOMHQLK VWDUDFD åHQH L GMHFD R¿FLUD ,]PHÿX GHFHPEUD L MDQXDUD JRGLQH 0HÿXQDURGQL FUYHQLNUVWMHX(JLSDWSRVODR WUL L]DVODQLND GU %ODQFKRG 7KRUPH\HU L 6FKRFK VD FLOMHP SURYMHUH VWDQMD ]DUREOMHQLND X ORJRULPD 3ULORJ1RYRSD]DUVNLKD¿]+LY]RâNULMHOM 6H\LG HO %Hã൴U .XYH\VQD YHWHUDQVD*DOLFLMH1DIURQWXMHWHãNRUDQMHQ NDPS 5DVHO7൴Q 7YUÿDYD 1HNRRGGHPRELOL]LUDQLKÿXUXPOLMDMHãHWDMXüL .D൴UR +HO൴RSRO൴V $EEDV൴\H %XGLPSHãWRPSRSRYUDWNXVD*DOLFLMVNRJIURQWDX L]ORJXIRWRJUDIVNHUDGQMHXJOHGDRIRWRJUD¿MXNRQMDQLND EROQ൴FD0DGG൴NDPS%൴OEH൴V VD]DVWDYRPXUXFL,VSRGQMHMHNUXSQLMLPVORYLPD NDPS%ROQ൴FD&UYHQRJNUVWD SLVDOR Ä'HUXQEHNDQQWH%RVQLVFKHIUHLZLOOLJHU .D൴UR൴7XUUD 7DúNÕUDQ YRQ*DOL]LHQ³ 1HSR]QDWLERãQMDþNLGREURYROMDFVD *DOLFLMH )RWRJUD¿MXVXGRQLMHOLX1RYL3D]DU.DVQLMH 3UHPD QHN൴P VHLVSRVWDYLORGDMHXREMHNWLYXDQRQLPQRJIRWRJUDID VD]QDQM൴PD ]DUREOMHQ൴ +LY]RHIHQGLMDEDMUDNWDUQRYRSD]DUVNLKĈXUXPOLMD RVPDQO൴MVN൴YRMQ൴F൴VXQDMSU൴MH 2VWDWDNåLYRWDMHSURYHRNDRLPDPQRYRSD]DUVNH/HMOHN E൴O൴VPHãWHQ൴XNDPSX0DGG൴ GåDPLMH. âNULMHOM MXåQR RG .D൴UD RGDNOH VX UDVSRUHÿ൴YDQ൴XGUXJHORJRUH 8Y൴GRPXHY൴GHQF൴MX&UYHQRJSROXPMHVHFDXVWYUÿHQ൴VXEURMQ൴SURSXVW൴൴QHSUHF൴]QD HY൴GHQF൴MD MHU MH QMRPH E൴R REXKYDüHQ PDO൴ EURM ]DUREOMHQ൴ND ൴] SRPHQXW൴K NDPSRYD1DMSUHF൴]Q൴M൴SRGDF൴SRVWRMHXDUK൴Y൴&UYHQRJNU൴åDQDRVQRYXNRM൴KVH PRåHXVWYUG൴W൴YHO൴N൴EURMREROHO൴K൴XPUO൴KRGG൴]HQWHU൴MHWXEHUNXOR]HEHU൴EHU൴MD 113 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- JUR]Q൴FHUDWQ൴KUDQMDYDQMDW൴IXVD൴RVWDO൴KREROMHQMD0QRJRMH]DUREOMHQ൴NDXVO൴MHG QHSU൴ODJRÿHQRVW൴൴SRYUHGDWUDMQRRVO൴MHS൴OR 7DúNÕUDQ Povratak i repartijacija dobrovoljaca 5D]YRMSRVOLMHUDWQLKRGQRVDQD%DONDQXXVSRUDYDRMHXVSRVWDYXGLSORPDWVNLK RGQRVDL]PHÿX.UDOMHYLQH6+6L2VPDQOLMVNH7XUVNH8JRGLQDPDRG GR XVOLMHGLODMHSRWUDJD]DQHVWDOLPOLFLPDLUDWQLP]DUREOMHQLFLPD6DþXYDQLDUKLYVNL PDWHULMDORSRWUD]L]DQHVWDOLPOLFLPD±MXJRVORYHQVNLPGUåDYOMDQLPDVYMHGRþLGDVX PQRJLELOLPRELOL]LUDQLLOL]DUREOMHQLRGDXVWURXJDUVNHEXJDUVNHLQMHPDþNHYRMVNH LLQWHUQLUDQLX2VPDQOLMVNX,PSHULMXRGDNOHVXGRVSMHOLXEULWDQVNHYRMQHORJRUHX (JLSWXLGUXJLPPMHVWLPD1DRVQRYXSRVWRMHüLKVSLVNRYDPRåHVHNRQVWDWLUDWLGD MHPHÿXQDMPDQMH GHSRUWLUDQLKPXVOLPDQVNLKUDWQLK]DUREOMHQLNDYHOLNLEURM LQYDOLGD,]6DQGåDNDMHQMLKQDMYLãHL]1RYRJ3D]DUD5RåDMD6MHQLFH1RYH9DURãL 3ULMHSROMD3OMHYDOMD3ULERMD%URGDUHYD%LMHORJ3ROMHL%HUDQD AJ D SRQHNR൴]MXåQH6UE൴MH AJ &UQH*RUH 3RGJRU൴FD AJ 8PQRJREURMQLPDUKLYVNLPPDWHULMDOLPDQDLOD]LPRQDQHSRWSXQHVSLVNRYH ÄMXJRVODYHQVNLK³ UDWQLK ]DUREOMHQLND NRML VX VD RVPDQOLMVNLK VDYH]QLþNLK LOL EDONDQVNLKIURQWRYDGRVSMHOLXEULWDQVNHORJRUH1DDGUHVXEULWDQVNRJQMHPDþNRJ L IUDQFXVNRJ YHOHSRVODQVWYD NDR L L]DVODQVWYD YODGH .UDOMHYLQH 6+6 X ,VWDQEXOX L 6PLUQL ,]PLU L DGUHVX &UYHQRJ NUVWD L &UYHQRJ SROXPMHVHFD SULVWL]DOL VX EURMQL ]DKWMHYL ]D PDWHULMDOQX SRPRü L UHSDWULMDFLMX X GRPRYLQX 6XGHüL SUHPD UDVSRORåLYRM DUKLYVNRM JUDÿL PHÿX YLãH RG þHWLUL WLVXüH UXPHOLMVNLK PXVOLPDQD ELOR MH QHNROLNR VWRWLQD %RãQMDND L] QRYRSD]DUVNRJ 6DQGåDND 6 RE]LURP GD VX UDWRYDOL QD SURWLYQLþNRM ]DUDüHQRM VWUDQL QLMH SRVWRMDOD QLNDNYD JDUDQFLMD ]D QMLKRYEH]EMHGDQSRYUDWDNQLWL]DQDVWDYDNPLUQRJLVSRNRMQRJåLYRWDX]DYLþDMX 0XNRYLü 2WSXãWHQL]DUREOMHQLFLVXGDQLPDDPQRJLPMHVHFLPDSUHG NDSLMDPDGLSORPDWVNLKSUHGVWDYQLãWDYDþHNDOLRGJRYRUQDPROEX]DUHSDWULMDFLMRP ,] VDGUåDMD GLSORPDWVNH SUHSLVNH VH QD]LUH VHOHNWLUDQL SULVWXS UMHãDYDQMX QMLKRYLK ]DKWMHYD 3RUHG VLOQH åHOMH ]D SRYUDWDN SRURGLFDPD NRG PQRJLK MH ELR SULVXWDQ VWUDKEH]EMHGQRJSRYUDWNXLRSDVQRVWLRGSULMHNLKUHåLPVNLKVDQNFLMD8SLVPXNRMH GHFHPEUD JRGLQH GLUHNWRU 3ROLWLþNRJ RGHOMHQMD 0LQLVWDUVWYD LQRVWUDQLK SRVORYD0*DYULORYLüL]%HRJUDGDSRVODR.UDOMHYVNRPSUHGVWDYQLãWYXX,VWDQEXOX VHLVWLþH 0XãNDUFHNRMLVXELOLXWXUVNRMYRMVFLYDOMDSXVWLWLGDVHYUDWHDRYDPR üH VH YLGMHWL KRüH OL VH SRGYUJQXWL RGJRYRUQRVWL ãWR VX NDR QDãL SRGDQLFL VOXåLOL =DYRMQRJDWDãHD RG;,, GR; JRGLQH .UDOMHYLQH6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD ]DGXåHQRJ ]D UHSDWULUDQMH ]DUREOMHQLK L LQWHUQLUDQLK OLFD LPHQRYDQ MH VUSVNL SXNRYQLN 'UDJRPLU 1LNRODMHYLü D ]D FLYLOQRJ GHOHJDWD 0LQLVWDUVWYD LQRVWUDQLK GMHOD 5DGRPLU âDSRQMLü 9LGMHWL Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɢʄ âDSRQMLüMHUMHãHQMHPRG9,, QD]QDþHQ]DRWSUDYQLNDSRVORYD GR MDQXDUD JRGLQH NDGDMHIRUPLUDQ*HQHUDOQLNRQ]XODW.UDOMHYLQH6+6NRMLPMHUXNRYRGLR'U -DQDüLMH'LPLWULMHYLü 3UHPD AJ,SRYEU L SRYEURG , 3RODJRGLQHUDQLMH9, JRGLQHRWYRUHQMH.RQ]XODW.UDOMHYLQH6+6X,]PLUX ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML QHSULMDWHOMVNX YRMVNX D WR QLVX PRUDOL AJ $EGXODK'XOMH 0XUDWRYLü L]VDQGåDþNRJVHOD5DãNRYLüDQD3HãWHUXMHSRGUREQRRSLVDRVYRMXGREURYROMDþNX RGLVHMX ³0LĈXUXPOLMHVPRVD*DOLFLMHSUHEDþHQLGR+DOHSDX6LULMXýLWDYXJRGLQX VPR WDPR SURYHOL 1LMH VH QL QDREODþLOR D NDPR OL SDOD NDS NLãH7HãNR VPR VH SULYLNDYDOLSRWDNYRPWHUHQX*ODGXPRULEROHVWLVXVYDNRJDGDQDRGQRVLOLåLYRWH .DGDMHGRãORYULMHPHGDVHYUDWLPRVHPYRMQLþNRJGUXJRJRGLMHODQLVPRLPDOL 6XRþHQLVDVWUDKRPQLVPR]QDOLSXWVLJXUQRJSRYUDWND=ERJYUXüLQDLRSDVQRVWL SXWRYDQMD SR YLÿHQMX ULMHãLOL VPR GD SXWXMHPR SR QRüL D SR GDQL VPR VH NULOL L VSDYDOLSRPXPXUX]LPD8QHNLYDNDWVPRVWLJOLXâWLSXQHNXEHJRYVNXNXüX%LOL VPRSULPOMHQLOLMHSRMHUVPRQRVLOLWXUVNRRGLMHOR´ âNULMHOM 6DQGåDþNL%RãQMDFL 6DGULMD6LQDQRYLüL0XUDW.XUSHMRYLüVXXSXüHQLVD*DOLFLMHQDWXUVNL IURQW SURWLY (QJOH]D L ELOL ]DUREOMHQL JRGLQH X EOL]LQL .DLUD 5D]PMHQRP ]DUREOMHQLND L]PHGX SURWLYQLþNLK VWUDQD RVORERÿHQL VX L] ]DUREOMHQLãWYD JRG 8 ]DYLþDM VX YUDWLOL JRGLQH SRVOLMH XVSRVWDYOMDQMD Ä3UYH -XJRVODYLMH³ âXWNRYLü 5DWQLN VD *DOLFLMH 5HãR 'XURYLü L] *RGXãH X %LKRUX MH VD JUXSRP GREURYROMDFDL]%LMHORJ3ROMDSUHNR6DUDMHYDRWLãDRX6RPERULWDPRREXNDRXQLIRUPX DXVWURXJDUVNHYRMVNHMHULPWXUVNDMRãQLMHELODVWLJODÄ1LMHLPDRSUHGVWDYXNXGDVH NUHWDODGDOMHYRMVNHNRMRMMHSULSDGDR=DUREOMHQMHQD$UDSRYRM]HPOMLRGÄ,QJLOL]D³ 6MHüDRVHNDNRVXPXVH(QJOH]LVPLMDOL1DLPHYRMVNDMHEDFDODSXãNH2QQHVDPR ãWRVYRMXQLMHEDFLRQHJRMHELRQDWRYDULRMRãSHWEDþHQLKSXãDND.DGDVX(QJOH]L YLGMHOLYUORYLVRNRJYRMQLNDVDEUHPHQRPSXãDNDSUVOLVXXVPLMHKGDOLPXGDMHGH LEODJRVQMLPSRVWXSDOL.DGDMHELRXYHGHQXÿHPLMX]D0LVLUMHGDQJDMHR¿FLU SRND]DRPRUVNRPR¿FLUX80LVLUXMHORJRURYDQXWRUXRGDVXUD3RVDRPXMHELR GDXMXWURQDWRYDULPUWYH%RãQMDNHQDDUDEXLGDLKEDFLXPRUH9LãHLKMHNDåHRQ EDFLRXPRUHQHJRãWRVHVQMLPYUDWLORÿHPLMRPX6WDPERO,]6WDPERODMHSXWRYDR YR]RPNDåHGR.RVRYDDSMHãNHGR%LKRUD.DGDMHVWLJDRX*RGXãXVD]QDRMH GDPXVHVHVWUDĈX]DXGDOD]D9ODKD8]HRMHSXãNXLSRãDRGDXELMHLVHVWUXL]HWD LDNRMHĈX]DELODRWHWDNDNRVXJDLQIRUPLVDOL.UR]SHQGåHUMHYLGLR]HWRYXJODYX QDMDVWXNXĈX]DPXMHPLORYDODNRVX6DPRMHUHNDRXNXüDQLPDGDODåXQLMHRWHWD YHüMHGREURYROMQRRWLãOD 5HEURQMD .RODNRYLü 35 8]DYLþDMQRPVDQGåDNXMHVYHYLãHWLQMDODQDGD]DQMLKRYSRYUDWDN8VOLMHG QHþLMHJ SRYUDWND ]DEULQXWL VWDUL L RQHPRüDOL URGLWHOML VX RELOD]LOL RG PMHVWD GR PMHVWDLVþHNXMXüLVDWXJRPLVOXWQMRPYLMHVWLRVYRMRMGMHFL,VWLQDRQMLKRYRMVXGELQL MHWHãNRGRSLUDODGR]DYLþDMDMHUMHEURMRQLKNRMLVHQLVXYUDWLOLRJURPDQ8WXJRP REDYLMHQLPVHOLPDNDRGDMH]DVWDRåLYRW3UHVWDOHVXVYDGEHLYHVHOMD6YHMHYLãH UDVWDRVWUDKRGRGPD]GHSUHPDSULVWLJOLPGREURYROMFLPDNRMLVXVLMDOLRVYMHWQLþNL þHWQLþNLRGUHGLX6DQGåDNX]GXãQRSRPRJQXWLRGVWUDQHUHåLPD.UDOMHYLQH0MHãWDQL VX LK NULYDOL RG YRMQLK L FLYLOQLK YODVWL ýLQLOR VH GD MH þLWDY NUDM XWRQXR X VWUDK UDWQRJSRQRUD5LMHWNDSLVPDNRMDVXL]WXÿLQHSULVWL]DOD]DEULQXWRMURGELQLPDORMH 35 8 6DQGåDNX L ãLUH MH XVDÿHQR PLãOMHQMH GD åHQVNR QH ]QD NRMH MH YMHUH GRN VH QH XGD 7R MH ]DELMHåLR L 0HKPHGEHJ .DSHWDQRYLü /MXEXãDN äHQVNR GRN VH QH XGD QH ]QD X NRMRM YMHUL åLYL /MXEXãDN 115 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- NR]QDRSURþLWDWLUD]XPMHWLLQDWUDJSURVOLMHGLWL7RMHX]URNRYDORSUHNLGSRWUHEQLK NRPXQLNDFLMD 8 RSXVWMHOD VHOD VX GROD]LOL VDPR ULMHWNL VUHüQLFL 1HNRP 6PDLOX 'UDåDQLQXL]WXWLQVNRJNUDMDMHSULVWLJORRGQHNXGSLVPR'DQLPDJDMHSULYLMDRX] JUXGLPLVOHüLGDPXMHRGVLQD9ULMHPHMHSURYRGLRWUDåHüLXþHQDþRYMHNDNRMLELPX WXÄNQMLJX³SURXþLR 3RSRYLü 3RYUDWDN SUHåLYHOLK VH RGYLMDR VSRUR L PXNRWUSQR L SRWUDMDR MH QHNROLNR SRVOLMHUDWQLKJRGLQD8SLWDQMXMHSRYUDWDNRQLKGREURYROMDFDNRMLPDVXSRURGLFH RVWDOHX6DQåDNX8SHULRGXLPHÿX L JRGLQHMHSRGSULWLVNRP]ORJODVQLK þHWQLþNLKIRUPDFLMDSRWSRPRJQXWLKUHåLPRPX%HRJUDGXNRMHVXNULåDULOH6DQGåDNRP UDVHOMHQRLOLRWLãORX7XUVNXRYGDãQMHEURMQRVWDQRYQLãWYR YLGMHWL $YGLü 0QRJHĈXUXPOLMHVXL]SRPHQXWLKVLJXUQRVQLKUD]ORJDSURPLMHQLOLSRURGLþQR SUH]LPH 6UHGLQRP JRGLQHQRYLQHVXSUHQRVLOHYLMHVWLVDIURQWRYDUDWQLKORJRUD UDGQLKNDPSRYDLIDEULNDGDVHXQMLPDQDOD]LVDQGåDþNLKYRMQLND 1RYD ]RUD EU %HRJUDG ± ; 8 LVWRP EURMX OLVWD MH RNWREUD REMDYOMHQDYLMHVWGDMH1HPDþNDNDSLWXOLUDODLSRWSLVDODQRYHXVORYHSULPLUMD 7DþNDMHVDGUåDODREDYH]XSRYUDWNDLQWHUQLUDFD]DUREOMHQLNDLYRMQLND]DUREOMHQLK XSRVOMHGQMLPGDQLPDUDWD 1RYD]RUDLVWR =QDORVHLRVWUDGDQMXGRERUYROMDFD 1DUDVWDMXüD DQWLUDWQD SURSDJDQGD MH EXGLOD QDGX GD üH VH PQRJL YUDWLWL9LMHVW R VWYDUDQMX.UDOMHYLQH6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD GHFHPEDU SRMDþDODMHåHOMX UDWQLNDL]DUREOMHQLND]DSRYUDWDNX]DYLþDM *RG൴QH SRYUDWND PXVO൴PDQVN൴K GREURYROMDFD ൴ RVWDO൴K YHWHUDQD UDWD ൴] ]DSDGQH5XPHO൴MHNRM൴VX]DMHGQRVDRVPDQO൴MVNRPYRMVNRPUDWRYDO൴QDIURQWRY൴PD RG *DO൴F൴MH SUHNR 5XPXQMVNH -HPHQD 3DOHVW൴QH ,UDND ,UDQD 6൴U൴MH ൴ (J൴SWD GR $UDEOMDQVNHSXVW൴QMH൴VSXQMHQHVXYHO൴NRPQH൴]YMHVQRüX/൴ãHQ൴PDWHU൴MDOQHSRPRü൴ EH]O൴þQ൴K൴VSUDYD൴SXWQ൴KWURãNRYDREUHO൴VXVHSUHGG൴SORPDWVN൴PSUHGVWDYQ൴ãWY൴PD .UDOMHY൴QH6UED+UYDWD൴6ORYHQDFD6DIURQWD൴SUY൴KERUEHQ൴KO൴Q൴MDJGMHMHYDOMDOR SRND]DW൴ KUDEURVW൴ ൴ Y൴VRN ERUEHQ൴ PRUDO GRVSHO൴ VX GR EU൴WDQVN൴K ]DUREOMHQ൴þN൴K ORJRUDX(J൴SWXRGDNOH൴KRGEDþHQH]DERUDYOMHQH൴QH]DãW൴üHQHGRSUHPDMXX,VWDQEXO ൴O൴ ,]P൴U RVWDYOMDMXü൴ ൴K GD QD UD]O൴þ൴WH QDþ൴QH GRND]XMX VYRMH GDYQR UDVN൴QXWH YH]HVDSRURG൴FRP൴]DY൴þDMHP6WDQMHSRWSXQHRWXÿHQRVW൴MHE൴ORPDQMHYDåQRRG SRWUHEHGDG൴SORPDWVN൴P൴]DVODQ൴F൴PDQRYRQDVWDOH.UDOMHY൴QH6+6GRNDåXORMDOQRVW SRGQRãHQMHP]DKWMHYDPROE൴൴UD]O൴þ൴W൴KS൴VPHQ൴KGRND]DNRMHMHWUHEDORRVP൴VO൴W൴ XPMHVWR RSUDYGDQMH ]D DQJDåPDQ X GREURYROMDþN൴P ൴O൴ PRE൴O൴]൴UDQ൴P RGUHG൴PD RVPDQO൴MVNH YRMVNH 0HÿX JRP൴ORP DUK൴YVN൴K VS൴VD QDMYHü൴ G൴R VDGUå൴ ൴VWRYHWQH UD]ORJHGRVS൴MHYDQMDXEU൴WDQVNHORJRUH9Hü൴QDNDRUD]ORJQDYRG൴QDV൴OQXUHJUXWDF൴MX ൴O൴]DUREOMDYDQMHRGVWUDQHDXVWURXJDUVNH൴EXJDUVNHYRMVNHRGDNOHVXSUHEDþHQ൴QD XGDOMHQ൴MHUDWQHIURQWRYHVDNRM൴KVX]DUREOMHQ൴F൴GRVSMHO൴XEU൴WDQVNHYRMQHORJRUHX (J൴SWX 0DQM൴G൴RSUHå൴YMHO൴KÄÿXUXPO൴MD³MHQDNRQ9HO൴NRJUDWDRVWDRXRVPDQO൴MVN൴P 5L]YRâDERWLü L]V%LRF6MHQLFDWYUGLGDMHQMHJRYDPLGåD=HMWR6DERWLüXĈXUXPOLMH RWLãDRVDVYRMLPEUDWRP5XãRP2VWDRMH7XUVNRMLQHNROLNRSXWDVODRSLVPDURGELQL6RE]LURPGD QLNRQMHJRYDSLVPDQLMHUD]XPLRSUHVWDRVHMDYOMDWL ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML YRMQ൴PMHG൴Q൴FDPD0QRJRMHRQ൴KNRM൴PDVHJXE൴VYDN൴WUDJ6YXGDVHX]DY൴þDMX RVMHüDRVWUDK]HEQMD൴QHSRYMHUHQMHQM൴KRY൴KSRURG൴FDXQRYHMXJRVORYHQVNHYODVW൴ %൴ORMH൴RQ൴KNRM൴VXQDSXWXSRYUDWNDVWUDGDO൴XSU൴SUHPOMHQ൴PVUSVN൴P]DVMHGDPD GXå REDOH U൴MHNH ,EDU =D QHN൴PD VX VH NDR GUåDYQ൴P QHSU൴MDWHOM൴PD SRWMHUQ൴FH GXJRSURYODþ൴OHSRDUK൴YDPDVUSVNH൴åDQGDUPHU൴MH.UDOMHY൴QH6+61HPRJXVH ]DQHPDU൴W൴YHWHUDQ൴ĈXUXPO൴MHNRM൴VHX]DY൴þDMYUDüDMXSRQ൴åHQ൴൴XSODãHQ൴YXNXü൴ GRVPUW൴RVHüDMSUHYDUH൴൴]JXEOMHQRVW൴]DQDVWDYDNQRUPDOQRJå൴YRWD2VWDYOMHQ൴൴ SUHSXãWHQ൴VHE൴EH]PDWHU൴MDOQ൴KVUHGVWDYDUDWQHQDGRNQDGHYRMQ൴K൴O൴൴QYDO൴GVN൴K SHQ]൴MD൴]EMHJDYDO൴VXUD]JRYRURVYRPGREURYROMDþNRPDQJDåPDQX൴UDWQRPXGHVX 2VMHüDMO൴þQRJSRUD]DRGEDþHQRVW൴൴QHþ൴MHPRUDOQHRGJRYRUQRVW൴QRV൴O൴VXGRJURED 1M൴KRYMHSRYUDWDNE൴RWHåDN൴QH൴]YMHVWDQ7Hå൴RGGXJH൴QH൴]YMHVQHDGP൴Q൴VWUDW൴YQH SURFHGXUHQDNRMXVXþHNDO൴PMHVHF൴PD8SRUQRVW൴åHOMDVXSUHYODGDO൴VYHEDU൴MHUH UDWQHRå൴OMNH൴VWUDK=Då൴YRWDVPRE൴O൴XSU൴O൴F൴GDQHNHRG*DO൴F൴MVN൴KYHWHUDQD O൴þQRXSR]QDPR8WXþHQ൴UDWQ൴PVWUDKRWDPD൴WUDXPDPDGRNUDMDå൴YRWDRVWDMXYDQ RNY൴UDGUXãWYD*RQ൴OD൴KMHVWDOQDVWUHSQMD൴VWUDKRGSURJRQD1൴MHPDO൴EURMRQ൴K NRM൴VXQDSXWXNDGRPRY൴Q൴VWUDGDO൴X]DVMHGDPD൴REUDþXQ൴PDVDQHPXVO൴PDQVN൴P EDQGDPDGRPDü൴KUD]ERMQ൴ND2RVWDORPS൴ãXNQM൴JH൴U൴MHWN൴]DS൴V൴RVXGE൴Q൴MHGQH ]DEROMDYOMHQH ൴ RGEDþHQH JHQHUDF൴MH NRMD MH UDWRYDOD ]ERJ OMXEDY൴ SUHPD VYRMRM QHNDGDãQMRMRVPDQO൴MVNRMGRPRY൴Q൴ =DNOMXþDN 1HXVSMHVL QD ,VWRþQRP IURQWX VX SRND]DOL GD MH JRGLQD ELOD MHGQD RGQDMWHåLKUDWQLKJRGLQD]D$XVWUR8JDUVNX-DþDQMHVDYH]D$QWDQWHXNRMLRVLP 5XVLMHXOD]H,WDOLMDL5XPXQMVNDGRYRGLGRGRGDWQRJUD]YODþHQMDDXVWURXJDUVNLK MHGLQLFDQDQHNROLNRIURQWRYDãWRMHUH]XOWLUDORSRWUHERP]DSRMDþDQMHPXOMXGVWYX 2E]LURP GD MH 1MHPDþNH VYRMH YRMQH VQDJH SUHEDFLOD QD =DSDGQL IURQW$XVWUR 8JDUVNDMHELODSULQXÿHQDGDYRMQXSRPRüSRWUDåLRGVYRMLKRVPDQOLMVNLKVDYH]QLND 8FLOMXSREROMãDQMDDXVWURXJDUVNLKERUEHQLKSRORåDMDVSURYHGHQDMHåHVWRNDYRMQD SURSDJDQGD X NRMRM MH RG MHVHQL GR SUROHüD JRGLQH X YRMQH RGUHGH ;9 RVPDQOLMVNRJ NRUSXVD QD *DOLFLMVNLRP IURQWX XSXüHQR MH YLãH RG KLOMDGD GREURYROMDFDLUHJUXWD2VPDQOLMVNLYRMQLYUKMHVODQMHVQDJDX*DOLFLMXEUDQLRVWDYRP GDüHVHSREMHGRPQDWRPIURQWX]DXVWDYLWLHYHQWXDOQDUXVNDQDMH]GDQD%DONDQ 8VOLMHGORãHRUJDQL]LUDQRVWLQHGLVFLSOLQHVODEHRGMHYHQRVWLJODGLYHOLNRJ EURMDUDQMHQLNDLLQYDOLGDQHVWDãLFHYDNFLQDSURWLY]DUD]QLKEROHVWLGRãORMHGRSDGD ERUEHQRJ PRUDOD GREURYROMDFD 8] YHOLNL EURM åUWDYD L ]DUREOMHQLK SREMHGQLþND RVPDQOLMVND GREURYROMDþND YRMVND MH VYRMLP HYURSVNLP VDYH]QLFLPD L]YUãDYDOD GUXJRUD]UHGQHERUEHQH]DGDWNHQDJDOLFLMVNRPUXPXQVNRPLVROXQVNRPIURQWX ,]RELOQHDUKLYVNHJUDÿHDXVWUÕMVNLKQMHPDþNLKMXJRVORYHQVNLKVUELMDQVNLK EULWDQVNLK RVPDQOLMVNLK L EDONDQVNLK DUKLYD PRåHPR XRþLWL GD MH X LQWHQ]LYQLP ERUEDPDQDIURQWRYLPDRG*DOLFLMH.DYND]D'DUGDQHODGR3DOHVWLQH0H]RSRWDPLMH 3URIGU5HGåHSâ.5,-(/- $UDELMHYHOLNLEURMUXPHOLMVNLKGREURYROMDFD]DYUãLRXEULWDQVNLPYRMQLPORJRULPD 3UHPDL]YMHãWDMLPDPLQLVWDUVWYDLQRVWUDQLKGHOD.UDOMHYLQH6+6MHGDQGLRVXDXVWUR XJDUVNHLEXJDUVNHRNXSDFLRQDYODVWL JRGLQHUHJUXWLUDOHLGHSRUWLUDOHQDSURVWRU 0H]RSRWDPLMHJGMHVXUDWXMXüLSURWLY(QJOH]D]DSDOLXURSVWYR 1DNRQ ]DYUãHWND UDWD EULWDQVNH YODVWL VX YLãH RG KLOMDGH PXVOLPDQVNLK GREURYROMFDL]5XPHOLMHGHSRUWLUDOLX,VWDQEXORGDNOHVHRQLREUDüDMXMXJRVORYHQVNLP YODVWLPD VD PROERP GD LP L]GDMX SXWQH LVSUDYH ]D SRYUDWDN7HãNL UDW MH ]D RYH ]DUREOMHQLNHELRSUHWYRUHQXWHãNXELWNX]DRSVWDQDNLSRYUDWDNVYRMLPSRURGLFDPD %URMQLYHWHUDQLUDWDVHX0DNHGRQLMXQD.RVRYRL6DQGåDNYUDüDMXUDQMHQLLEROHVQL EH]QRYþDQHSRPRüLKUDQHLYRGH1MLKRYSRYUDWDNMHXVOLMHGLRXQDUHGQLKQHNROLNR JRGLQD 9HOLNL MH EURM RQLK NRML VX ELOL ]ORVWDYOMDQL L XELMDQL RG VWUDQH VUSVNLK þHWQLþNLKIRUPDFLMD]ERJWXUVNHXQLIRUPHNRMXVXMHGLQRLPDOLQDVHEL2JURPDQ MHEURMGREURYROMDFDNRMLVXVHL]EULWDQVNLKUDWQLKORJRUDX(JLSWXYUDWLOLVDWHãNLP ¿]LþNLPLSVLKLþNLPWUDXPDPD Summary 7KHORZVXFFHVVRQWKH(DVWHUQ)URQWKDGVKRZQWKH\HDURI DVWKH PRVW GL൶FXOW IRU$XVWULD+XQJDU\ 7KH VWUHQJKWHQLQJ RI WKH$QWDQWD ZKLFK ZDV DGGLWLRQDOO\VXSSRUWHGE\,WDO\DQG5RPDQLDUHVXOWHGLQGLVSHUVLQJRIWKH$XVWULDQ +XQJDULDQ$UP\RQWKHIURQWVDQGZDVIRUFHGWR¿JKWRQPXOWLSOHWKHDWHUVRIZDU DQGQHHGHGPRUHPDQSRZHU6LQFH,PSHULDO*HUPDQ\WUDQVIHUHGDOORILWVWURRSV WRWKH:HVWHUQ)URQW$XVWULD+XQJDU\ZDVIRUFHGWRUHTXHVWWKHFRPSDQ\RIWKHLU 2WWRPDQ DOOLHV WR VXFFHVVIXOO\ DFFRPSOLVK WKHLU ZDU H൵RUWV7KH LPSURYHPHQW RI $XVWUR+XQJDULDQPLOLWDU\SRVLWLRQVUHTXHVWHGDUXWKOHVVZDUSURSDJDQGDGXULQJWKH SHULRGEHWZHHQWKHIDOORI DQGWKHVSULQJRI ZKHQWKH;92WWRPDQ&RUSVH FRQWDLQLQJWKRXVDQGYROXQWHHUVDQGUHFUXLWVKDVOHIWIRUWKH*DOLFLDQ)URQW7KH 2WWRPDQ0LOLWDU\H[SODLQHGWKHLUH[FXUVLRQWR*DOLFLDDVDGHIHQVLYHH൵RUWDJDLQVWD SRVVLEOH5XVVLDQLQYDVLRQRIWKH%DONDQ3HQLQVXOD &LUFXPVWDQFHV ZKLFK LQFOXGHG EDG RUJDQL]DWLRQ SRRU GLVFLSOLQH ODFN RI FORWKHVKXQJHUDJUHDWQXPEHURILQMXUHGDQGGLVDEOHGVROGLHUVODFNRIYDFFLQHV DJDLQVW LQIHFWLRXV GLVHDVHV D൵HFWHG WKH PRUDO RI WKH YROXQWHHUV 7KH WULXPSKDQW 2WWRPDQ9ROXQWHHU$UP\DVVLVVWHGLWV(XURSHDQDOOLHVE\DFFRPSOLVKLQJVHFRQGDU\ ZDUPDQHXYHUVDWWKH*DOLFLDQ5RPDQLDQDQG0DFHGRQLDQ)URQWZKLFKFRVWHGWKHP PDQ\PDUW\UVDQGSULVRQHUVRIZDU 7KHH[WHQVLYHGRFXPHQWDWLRQIURP$XVWULDQ*HUPDQ ĈXUXPOLMHL]6DQGåDNDQD*DOLFLML +XQJDULDQDQG%XOJDULDQRFFXSDWLRQDXWKRULWLHVZKLFKGHSRUWHGWKHPWRDUHDVRI 0HVRSRWDPLDZKHUHWKH\HYHQWXDOO\EHFDPH%ULWLVKSULVRQHUVRIZDU %\WKHHQGRIWKHZDUPRUHWKDQWKRXVDQG0XVOLPYROXQWHHUVIURP5XPHOLD ZHUHGHSRUWHGWR,VWDQEXOZKHUHWKH\DSSOLHGWR 'RFGU1DND.1,.â,û3UHJOHGQLUDG 8QLYHU]LWHWX%HRJUDGX 8þLWHOMVNLIDNXOWHW%HRJUDG 1DVWDYQRRGHOMHQMH1RYL3D]DU -868)0(+21-,û83-(9$1-86$1'ä$ý.,+%2â1-$.$ $SVWUDNW 7HåDN SRORåDM %RãQMDND 6DQGåDND QD SRþHWNX ;; YLMHND SURX]URNRYDRMHRGPHWDQMHSRMHGLQDFDRGYODVWLLQMLKRYRSULNOMXþHQMHNRPLWDPD 3UHPDKLVWRULMVNLPL]YRULPDQDMSR]QDWLMLVDQGåDþNLNRPLWDELRMH-XVXI0HKRQMLü URGRPL]âDKRYLüD VHOR*UDQþDUHYR NRMHJ=DLPRYLüXMHGQRPVYRPUDGXQD]LYD ERãQMDþNL:LOKHOP7HOO2QMHRSMHYDQXEURMQLPHSVNLPSMHVPDPDW]YNRPLWVNRJ RSXVD QD NRMH QDLOD]LPR X ]ELUNDPD XVPHQH NQMLåHYQRVWL %RãQMDND 6DQGåDND WH L] QMLK VD]QDMHPR R QMHJRYRP LQWHOHNWXDOQRP L ¿]LþNRP SRWHQFLMDOX NDR L NDUDNWHUX]DãWLWQLNDREHVSUDYOMHQLKLXJURåHQLK%RãQMDND0HÿXWLPNDGDMHULMHþR HWQRPX]LNRORãNLP]ELUNDPDXYLÿDPRGDVHXQMLPDQHQDOD]LQLMHGQDSMHVPDRRYRM KLVWRULMVNRM OLþQRVWL &LOM RYRJ UDGD MHVWH RþXYDQMH PX]LþNH WUDGLFLMH VDQGåDþNLK %RãQMDND SXWHP SURQDODåHQMD L HWQRPX]LNRORãNRJ ]DSLVLYDQMD OLUVNLK SMHVDPD R -XVXIX 0HKRQMLüX NDR L XND]LYDQMH QD PRJXüQRVW QMLKRYRJ QMHJRYDQMD NUR] VLVWHPREUD]RYDQMDXQDVWDYLQDERVDQNRPHMH]LNXX6UELML8UDGXVXWHRULMVNRP DQDOL]RPKLVWRULMVNLKLNQMLåHYQLKL]YRUDVDJOHGDQLåLYRWLGMHOR-XVXID0HKRQMLüD 8MHGQR)LQVNRPPHWRGRP]DELOMHåHQDMHMHGLQDOLUVNDSMHVPDRQMHPXQDNRMXVPR QDLãOLLVWUDåLYDQMHPåLYHPX]LþNHWUDGLFLMHVDQGåDþNLK%RãQMDND5LMHþMHRSMHVPL 0RMVRNROHGHSRJOHGDMQL]SROMH2YDMUDGWUHEDGDGRSULQHVHRþXYDQMXPX]LþNH WUDGLFLMHVDQGåDþNLK%RãQMDNDLXSR]QDYDQMX-XVXID0HKRQMLüD±]QDþDMQHOLþQRVWL XKLVWRULML6DQGåND .OMXþQHULMHþL -XVXI0HKRQMLü%RãQMDFL6DQGåDNOLUVNDSMHVPD -868)0(+21-,û,1621*62)6$1'ä$.%261,$.6 $EVWUDFW 7KH GL৽FXOW SRVLWLRQ RI %RVQLDNV 6DQGåDN DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ KDV FDXVHG WKH XSULVLQJ RI LQGLYLGXDOV IURP WKH DXWKRULWLHV DQG WKHLU DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK FRPLWHV UHEHOV $FFRUGLQJ WR KLVWRULFDO VRXUFHV WKHPRVWIDPRXV6DQG]DNUHEHOZDV-XVXI0HKRQMLüDQDWLYHRIâDKRYLü YLOODJH *UDQþDUHYR ZKLFK=DLPRYLüLQRQHRIKLVZRUNFDOOHGWKH%RVQLDN¶V:LOKHOP7HOO +HLVPHQWLRQHGLQQXPHURXVHSLFSRHPVFDOOHGWKHVRFDOOHGUHEHORSXVWKDWZH ¿QG LQ WKH FROOHFWLRQV RI RUDO OLWHUDWXUH RI %RVQLDNV 6DQGåDNDQG IURP WKHP WKH NQRZOHGJHRIKLVLQWHOOHFWXDODQGSK\VLFDOSRWHQWLDODVZHOODVWKHFKDUDFWHURIWKH -XVXI0HKRQMLüXSMHYDQMXVDQGåDþNLK%RãQMDND SURWHFWRURIWKHGLVDGYDQWDJHGDQGHQGDQJHUHG%RVQLDNV+RZHYHUZKHQLWFRPHV WR HWKQRPXVLFRORJLFDO FROOHFWLRQV ZH ¿QG WKDW WKHUH LV QRW D VLQJOH VRQJ DERXW WKLVKLVWRULFDOSHUVRQDOLW\LQWKHP7KHDLPRIWKLVZRUNLVWRSUHVHUYHWKHPXVLFDO WUDGLWLRQRI6DQG]DN%RVQLDNVE\¿QGLQJDQGHWKQRPXVLFRORJLFUHFRUGLQJRIO\ULFDO SRHPVDERXW-XVXI0HKRQMLFDVZHOODVSRLQWLQJWRWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIWKHLUQXUWXULQJ WKURXJKWKHHGXFDWLRQV\VWHPLQWHDFKLQJLQWKH%RVQLDQODQJXDJHLQ6HUELD7KH ZRUNDQGWKHZRUNRI-XVXI0HKRQMLüZHUHH[DPLQHGLQWKHSDSHUE\WKHRUHWLFDO DQDO\VLVRIKLVWRULFDODQGOLWHUDU\VRXUFHV$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKH)LQQLVKPHWKRG UHFRUGHG WKH RQO\ O\ULFDO VRQJ DERXW KLP ZKLFK ZH IRXQG E\ H[SORULQJ WKH OLYH PXVLFDOWUDGLWLRQRIWKH6DQG]DN%RVQLDNV7KLVLVWKHVRQJRI0RMVRNROHSRJOHGDM QL] SROMH 7KLV ZRUN VKRXOG FRQWULEXWH WR SUHVHUYLQJ WKH PXVLFDO WUDGLWLRQ RI WKH 6DQG]DN%RVQLDNVDQGJHWWLQJWRNQRZ-XVXI0HKRQMLFDVLJQL¿FDQW¿JXUHLQWKH KLVWRU\RI6DQG]DN .H\ZRUGV -XVXI0HKRQMLü%RVQLDNV6DQG]DNO\ULFDOSRHP Uvod 'UXãWYHQRSROLWLþNH L HNRQRPVNH SULOLNH SRVOLMH UDÿDQMD QDFLRQDOQR RVORERGLODþLK SRNUHWD X ;,; YLMHNX SRJRWRYX QDNRQ VSURYRÿHQMD RGOXND %HUOLQVNRJ NRQJUHVD XVORYLOH VX SRMDYX NRPLWVNLK SRNUHWD1 UD]OLþLWRJ VDVWDYD L NDUDNWHUDQD%DONDQX6DQGåDþNLNRPLWVNLSRNUHW]DUD]OLNXRGNRPLWVNLKSRNUHWD NRMLVXQDVWDOLJRWRYRNDGLRQQLMHELRSROLWLþNLGH¿QLVDQYHüMHXJODYQRPELR XVPMHUHQ SURWLY FUQRJRUVNRJ DXVWURXJDUVNRJ L UHåLPD .UDOMHYLQH 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD3%URMQMHJRYLKSULVWDOLFDQDURþLWRMHSRUDVWDR JRGLQH]ERJQDVLOMD L ]ORþLQD NRMH MH YODVW .UDOMHYLQH 6+6 VLVWHPDWVNL VSURYRGLOD QDG ERãQMDþNLP VWDQRYQLãWYRP X 6DQGåDNX WH VH XSUDYR X RYRP SHULRGX YHOLNL EURM XJODYQRP 'HWHUPLQLãXüL SRMDP NRPLWD âNULMHOM L $]HPRYLü QDYRGH YLãH QMHJRYLK ]QDþHQMD 1D RVQRYX ULMHþL FRPHV NRMD X ODWLQVNRP MH]LNX R]QDþDYD SUDWLRFDSUDWLOMX LOL GUXJDGUXJDULFX 6USVNRODWLQVNL L ODWLQVNRVUSVNL UHþQLN $OED $YLV =HPXQ RQL L]YRGH ]QDþHQMH QHUHJXODUQL ERUDF LOL SULSDGQLN³RUXåDQLKIRUPDFLMDNRMHQLVXVDVWDYQLGLMHORYLUHGRYLWHYRMVNH³5âNULMHOM=$]HPRYLü 8ORJD-XVXID0HKRQMLüDXUD]YRMXNRPLWVNRJSRNUHWDX6DQGåDNX 7XWLQVNL]ERUQLNEU 7XWLQ GDOMH 5âNULMHOM=$]HPRYLü8ORJD-XVXID0HKRQMLüD 'UXJR]QDþDQMHRYRJ SRMPDL]YRGHL]PDÿDUVNRJMH]LNDVKRGQRÄRVQRYLPDÿDUVNRJSRULMHNOD³LLVWLþXGDR]QDþDYDÄWDMQX RUXåDQXRUJDQL]DFLMXRVQRYDQXUDGLRVWYDULYDQMDRGUHÿHQRJSROLWLþNRJFLOMD³2QLLVWLþXLGDMHSUHPD WXUVNLPUMHþQLFLPDNRPLWDWHUPLQVORYHQVNRJSRULMHNODNRMLÄR]QDþDYDWDMQXSROLWLþNXRUJDQL]DFLMX NRMDVHUDGLSRVWL]DQMDVYRMLKFLOMHYDXJODYQRPNRULVWLRUXåMHP³5âNULMHOM=$]HPRYLü8ORJD -XVXID0HKRQMLüD 1D SULPMHU FUQRJRUVNL NRPLWVNL SRNUHW VH ERULR SURWLY EH]XVORYQRJ XMHGLQMHQMD &UQH *RUH L 6UELMHGRNMHDOEDQVNLLPDR]DFLOMXMHGLQMHQMHVYLK$OEDQDFDXMHGQXGUåDYX 6âDERWLü0XVOLPDQVNLNRPLWVNLSRNUHWLXþHãüHåHQDXQMHPX$OPDQDKEU3RGJRULFD GDOMH 6âDERWLü0XVOLPDQVNLNRPLWVNLSRNUHW 9LãHRKDMGXþNRMLNRPLWVNRMGMHODWQRVWLX6DQGåDNXYLGMHWLX (0XãRYLü+DMGXþLMHLNRPLWH X 6DQGåDNX 6LPSR]LMXP 6HRVNL GDQL 6UHWHQD 9XNRVDYOMHYLüD 9, =DMHGQLFD RVQRYQRJ REUD]RYDQMD 3ULMHSROMH $ $YGLü +DMGXþND L NRPLWVND GHODWQRVW X 6DQGåDNX 'RFGU1DND.1,.â,û PXãNDUDFDRGPHWQXRXãXPHLRUJDQL]RYDRYLãHNRPLWVNLKþHWDNRMHVXELOHDNWLYQH X%HUDQVNRP%LMHORSROMVNRP1RYRSD]DUVNRPL5RåDMVNRPVUH]X1DMþXYHQLMLRG QMLKNRMLMHVHEHQD]LYDRÄJODYRP³VDQGåDþNLKNRPLWDELRMH-XVXI0HKRQMLü5 -XVXI0HKRQMLü 2YD]DVDQGåDþNH%RãQMDNH]QDþDMQDDOLQHGRYROMQRLVWUDåHQDKLVWRULMVND OLþQRVW URÿHQD MH X VHOX *UQþDUHYX RSãWLQD âDKRYLüL X %LMHORSROMVNRP VUH]X 6 RE]LURPGDQHPDSRX]GDQLKSRGDWDNDRQMHPXQHPRåHVHVDVLJXUQRãüXRGUHGLWL JRGLQD QMHJRYRJ URÿHQMD DOL VH LVWLþH GD EL WR PRJOH ELWL JRGLQH LOL JRGLQD 3UHWSRVWDYOMD VH GD MH ELR EHJ NRMHP MH RGX]HWR ]HPOMLãWH10 GD VH YRMQLþNL IRUPLUDR X QHNRM RG RVPDQVNLK NDGHWVNLK XVWDQRYD GD MH DNWLYQR VXGMHORYDRXRVPDQVNLPRSHUDFLMDPDLSRKRGLPD11GDVHXWRNX%DONDQVNLKUDWRYD ÄERULR NDR R¿FLU X MHGLQLFDPD WXUVNLK DVNHUD³ WH GD MH REDYOMDR YDåQX YRMQR SROLWLþNXIXQNFLMXX$XVWUR8JDUVNRMXSUDYL13%LRMHSLVPHQLJRYRULRMHWXUVNLL DOEDQVNLMH]LN6DVLJXUQRãüXVHPRåHUHüLGDMH JRGLQHRWLãDRXNRPLWH15 WH GD VX JD $XVWURXJDUVNH YODVWL XKDSVLOH JRGLQH L ]DWYRULOH X ]DWYRU X âDKRYLüLPDL]NRJDMHRQXVSLRSREMHüL 1RYRSD]DUVNL ]ERUQLN EU 0X]HM 5DV 1RYL 3D]DU GDOMH $$YGLü +DMGXþND L NRPLWVNDGHODWQRVW 6âDERWLü0XVOLPDQVNLNRPLWVNLSRNUHW 5âNULMHOM=$]HPRYLü8ORJD-XVXID0HKRQMLüD 1D QLãDQLPD -XVXID 0HKRQMLüD VWRML GD MH URÿHQ JRGLQH KWWS VDQG]DNSUHVVQHW MXVXIPHKRQLFMXQDNNRMLQLMHSULKYDWLRRNXSDFLMXVDQG]DND + $YGLü *HQRFLG QDG 0XVOLPDQLPD X 'RQMHP .RODãLQX 6WRFNKROP + &UQRYUãDQLQ 6LQRYL6DQGåDND*UDIRU=HQLFD GDOMH +&UQRYUãDQLQ6LQRYL6DQGåDND -XVXIRYL SRWRPFL X MHGQRP LQWHUYMXX QDYRGH ³GD MH QMLKRY GMHG -XVXI X *UQþDUHYX SRVMHGRYDR NXüX L KHNWDUD ]HPOMH NDR L KHNWDUD SRG ãXPRP´ KWWS VDQG]DNSUHVVQHW MXVXIPHKRQLFMXQDNNRMLQLMHSULKYDWLRRNXSDFLMXVDQG]DND 10 5âNULMHOM=$]HPRYLü8ORJD-XVXID0HKRQMLüD 11 Isto +&UQRYUãDQLQ6LQRYL6DQGåDND 13 5âNULMHOM=$]HPRYLü8ORJD-XVXID0HKRQMLüD + ýHQJLü %RUED ]D RSVWDQDN %RãQMDND X 6DQGåDNX JRGLQD ,VWLQD R -XVXIX 0HKRQMLüXL+XVHLQX%RãNRYLüX6DUDMHYR GDOMH +ýHQJLü%RUED]DRSVWDQDN%RãQMDNDX 6DQGåDNX 15 2 JRGLQL QMHJRYRJ RGODVND X NRPLWH ]DNOMXþXMHPR QD RVQRYX SLVPD NRMH MH -XVXI 0HKRQMLü SRVODRQDþHOQLNX%MHORSROMVNRJRNUXJDPDUWD 8QMHPXVHNDåHÄ,WDNRVDERåMRPSRPRüX ]DJRGLQDERULPVHXVSUNRVQHSULMDWHOMDQDMSULMH&UQH*RUHSDSURWLYQHVUHWQRJãYDEH³ 3UHPD $ $YGLü+DMGXþNDLNRPLWVNDGHODWQRVW 3UHPD ND]LYDQMX VYMHGRND RYRJ GRJDÿDMD RQ MH SREMHJDR L] ]DWYRUD ÄQDRþLJOHG PQRãWYD DXVWULMVNLK åDQGDUPD REXþHQ X QMLKRYX XQLIRUPX³ + ýHQJLü %RUED ]D RSVWDQDN %RãQMDND X 6DQGåDNX ýHQJLü QDYRGL VWLKRYH QDURGQRJ SMHYDþD NRML MH X VYRMRM NUDMLãQLFL ÄRYMHNRYMHþLR³ RYDMELMHJ Ä8WDPQLFXQMHJD]DWYRULãH XWHãNRJDJYRåÿHRNRYDãH âWRMHIDMGDãWRMHâYDEDMDND -XVXI0HKRQMLüXSMHYDQMXVDQGåDþNLK%RãQMDND .RPLWRYDRMHVYHGRVPUWL JRGLQH8EUDNXVD1D]RP.DOLü JRGLQH GRELR MH VLQD /XWYX NRML MH åLYLR X VHOX +RPHOM NRG JUDGD )MHU )LHUL X $OEDQLML =D-XVXID0HKRQMLüDVHXQDURGXJRYRULORGDMHYMHUQLNÄNRMLMHUHGRYQR REDYOMDRQDPD]³ LMXQDNÄEH]VWUDKD³NRMLMHMXULãDRÄQHRVYUüXüLVH³QDEURMQRVW QDRUXåDQMH L SDOMEX QHSULMDWHOMD 2 RVMHüDQMLPD NRMD MH VWDQRYQLãWYR JDMLOR SUHPD QMHPX VD]QDMHPR L] WURPMHVHþQRJ L]YMHãWDMD RNUXåQRJ QDþHOVWYD 3OMHYOMD 0LQLVWDUVWYXXQXWUDãQMLKGLMHOD.UDOMHYLQH6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFDRRSüHPVWDQMX MDYQHEH]EMHGQRVWLHNRQRPVNLPSROLWLþNLPLSURVYMHWQLPSULOLNDPDRGRNWREUD JRGLQH 8 QMHPX VH LVWLþH Ä8WYUÿHQR MH GD VX PQRJL YLÿHQLML PXVOLPDQL L] 3ULMHSROMD L RNROLQH ELOL RUJDQL]RYDQL X SRPDJDQMX %RãNRYLüD L 0HKRQMLüD VPDWUDMXüL LK QDFLRQDOQLP ERUFLPD ]D LVODPVND SUDYD L VYRMLP ]DãWLWQLFLPD³ *RYRUHüL R FLNOXVX HSVNLK SMHVDPD R -XVXIX 0HKRQMLüX âNULMHOM L $]HPRYLü LVWLþXGDVHSXEOLFLWHWRQMHPXÄPXQMHYLWRãLULR]DRNXSOMDMXüLYHOLNLEURMQMHJRYLK SULVWDOLFDLþLWDYXãLUXMDYQRVWQDURþLWRQMHJRYHMDWDNHLVDERUFHNRMLQLVXVNULYDOL VYRMHVLPSDWLMHSULVWUDVQRVWLVOLMHSXSRNRUQRVWLQDPMHUXGDJD]DãWLWHQHVOXWHüLGD üHRQGDQDVELWLERãQMDþNL:LOKHOP7HOO³ .ROLNR MH -XVXI 0HKRQMLü ELR MHGLQVWYHQD L ]DQLPOMLYD OLþQRVW QDMEROMH JRYRUH ULMHþL 0XUND Ä9UKXQDF VYHJD ELR EL GD PH MH ]DURELR -XVXI 0HKRQMLü 7DNYDSXVWRORYLQDELODELYHRPDQHXJRGQD]DYODVWLDOLEL]DPHQHLQDXNXELOD ]DQLPOMLYDMHUMH-XVXI0HKRQMLüSULSDGDRKDUDPEDãDPDNRMLVDPLSMHVPRPVODYH VYRMD GMHOD 3LVDR MH GQHYQLN üLULOLFRP X GHVHWHUFLPD X NRMLPD MH SULND]DR VYRMH .DGMHQDQMHJ%RåMDSRPRüWDND 'RNMH]GUDYDQD-XVXIXJODYD 1HSRPDåHDXVWULMVNDEUDYD³ +ýHQJLü%RUED]DRSVWDQDN%RãQMDNDX6DQGåDNX 3RVWRMLYLãHYHU]LMDRXELVWYX-XVXID0HKRQMLüDâNULMHOML$]HPRYLüQDYRGHGLRL]GQHYQRJOLVWD 3ROLWLNDRG JRGLQH Ä 3UL]UHQPDUWD JRGLQH -HGQDDOEDQVNDåDQGDUPHULMVND SDWUROD MH XELOD SUHNMXþH EOL]X âLMDND -XVXID 0HKRQMLüD þXYHQRJ YRÿX VDQGåDþNLK RGPHWQLND³ 3UHPD 5 âNULMHOM = $]HPRYLü 8ORJD -XVXID 0HKRQMLüD 1XNR +RW WUJRYDF L] 6NDGUD SULMDWHOM L VDUDGQLN -XVXID 0HKRQMLüD NDåH GD VX XELVWYR X SUROMHüH JRGLQH ÄL]YHOL SODüHQLFL VUHGüXSULMHQDULMHFL%RMDQL %XHQD X6NDGUX 6KNRGUD ³ 5âNULMHOM=$]HPRYLü8ORJD-XVXID 0HKRQMLüD 0HPLü X VYRMRM GLVHUWDFLML LVWLþH Ä-Rã GRN VX ELOL X 6DQGåDNX 0LQLVWDUVWYR XQXWUDãQMLK SRVORYD .UDOMHYLQH 6+6 SRNUHQXOR MH LQLFLMDWLYX GDVH NRPLWDPD L] 6DQGåDND RPRJXüL HPLJUDFLMDX7XUVNXNDNRELVHQDWDMQDþLQULMHãLOLQMLKRYRJSULVXVWYDLGMHRYDQMDX6DQGåDNX1DNRQ ãWRMHSRQRYRXVSRVWDYOMHQDYODVW$KPHGEHJ=RJXDX$OEDQLMLNRQ]XODUQLRUJDQL.UDOMHYLQH6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD X $OEDQLML XVSMHOL VX GD XVSRVWDYH NRQWDNW VD QHNLP NRPLWVNLP YRÿDPD L GD SRQXGHSDVRãHLYL]H-XVXI0HKRQMLüMHSLVPHQRWUDåLRGDPXSUHWKRGQRRWNXSHLPRYLQXXRNROLQL âDKRYLüDLGDPXX,VWDQEXOSUHEDFHLSRURGLFX0HÿXWLPSROLFLMVNLRUJDQL.UDOMHYLQH6+6XSRUHGR VX RUJDQL]LUDOL OLNYLGDFLMX NRPLWVNLK YRÿD QD WHULWRULMX$OEDQLMH SXWHP XEDFLYDQMD VYRMLK SODüHQLK SROLWLþNLKDJHQDWD8ELVWYR0HKRQMLüDSRYH]XMHVHVDDNWLYQRãüX*DQLEHJD&UQRYUãDQLQDL]$NRYLFH NRMLMHELRDJHQWVUSVNHSROLFLMHLGDMH]DXELVWYR0HKRQMLüDGRELRYLVRNXQRYþDQXQDJUDGX³ +&UQRYUãDQLQ6LQRYL6DQGåDND 5âNULMHOM=$]HPRYLü8ORJD-XVXID0HKRQMLüD +ýHQJLü%RUED]DRSVWDQDN%RãQMDNDX6DQGåDNX â5DVWRGHU7ULGHVHWLVHGDPQHREMDYOMHQLKGRNXPHQDWDRPXVOLPDQVNLPRGPHWQLFLPDL]&UQH *RUHL6UELMH ,GLR $OPDQDKEU 3RGJRULFD 5âNULMHOM=$]HPRYLü8ORJD-XVXID0HKRQMLüD 'RFGU1DND.1,.â,û ERUEH SURWLY 6UELMH &UQH *RUH SURWLY$XVWULMH ]D YULMHPH RNXSDFLMH &UQH *RUH L QD NUDMX SURWLY -XJRVODYLMH³ 2EMDãQMHQMH ]D 0HKRQMLüHYH VWDYRYH SRLPDQMH 2VPDQVNRJ FDUVWYD NDR VYRJ YDWDQDGRPRYLQH LãþHNLYDQMH SRQRYQH XVSRVWDYH RVPDQOLMVNHYODVWLQDWHULWRULML6DQGåDNDNDRLERUED]DRþXYDQMHLVODPD LUD]ORJH þHWUQDHVWRJRGLãQMHJ NRPLWRYDQMD SUXåDMX QDP XSUDYR QMHJRYL VWLKRYL NRMH MH 0XUNR]DELOMHåLRLL]QLRXGMHOX7UDJRPVUSVNRKUYDWVNHQDURGQHHSLNH SXWRYDQMD XJRGLQDPD Ä(YRYDNWDRG5DWD%DONDQD .DNRþLQLPKL]PHW]DVXOWDQD 3RUHG9MHUHLVYRJD9DWDQD 5DG7XUVNRJDOMXWDVLELMDQD 5DG1DPX]D1DãHJDVXOWDQD VYHVDPSURWLY'LQVNRJDGXãPDQD XNRPLWXL]SDWLMRGXãX 1HRVWDMH%UGD1L'ROLQH 1L=HOHQH*RUH1L3ODQLQH ãWR1LMHVDP.UYOMXRERLMR LPRLMHP3ODþRP3UREXGLMR GUDJLFDUH7HEHþHNDMXüL 'DELQDQDVRNUHQXR*ODYX (YRYDNWD'HYHWJRGLQDGDQD .RPLWXMHPXSURWLYGXãPDQD $VYHþHNDP1D]DURGVXOWDQD 3DVDP%RJDMDPLQXþLQLMR 'RNVHãHüX3RVWDPEROX7XUFL L'UXJDUL3RSODQLQL9XFL 1HüX9ODãNRM3RVWXSLWL5XFL“ 0 0XUNR 7UDJRP VUSVNRKUYDWVNHQDURGQHHSLNH SXWRYDQMDXJRGLQDPD .QM -XJRVODYHQVNDDNDGHPLMD]QDQRVWLLXPMHWQRVWL=DJUHE 8OLWHUDWXULQDLOD]LPRQDMRãMHGQRREMDãQMHQMH0HKRQMLüHYRJRGPHWDQMDXNRPLWHýHQJLüLVWLþH GDMH³-XVXI0HKRQMLüNUHQXRXNRPLWHVQDPMHURPGDRVYHWLVHVWUXþXYHQXOMHSRWLFXNRMXVX6UEL RGYHOLXQHSR]QDWRPSUDYFX´WHGDMHSRVOLMHQHXVSMHOHSRQXGH]DRWNXS-XVXI³X]HRSXãNXLNUHQXRX ãXPX´ +ýHQJLü%RUED]DRSVWDQDN%RãQMDNDX6DQGåDNX 0 0XUNR 7UDJRP VUSVNRKUYDWVNHQDURGQHHSLNH SXWRYDQMDXJRGLQDPD .QM -XJRVODYHQVNDDNDGHPLMD]QDQRVWLLXPMHWQRVWL=DJUHE -XVXI0HKRQMLüXSMHYDQMXVDQGåDþNLK%RãQMDND /LUVNDSMHVPDR-XVXIX0HKRQMLüX 2 RYRM KLVWRULMVNRM OLþQRVWL RVWDOH VX VDþXYDQH EURMQH DQHJGRWH i SMHVPH 2Q MH RSMHYDQ X NUDMLãQLFDPD GDURYLWLK VDQGåDþNLK JXVODUD QDURþLWR 0XUDWD .XUWDJLü *D]LMH ]D NRMHJ VH NDåH GD MH ÄQMHJRY QDM]QDþDMQLML ELRJUDI³ 8 QMLPD VH SMHYD R UD]OLþLWLP GRJDÿDMLPD YH]DQLP ]D -XVXID 0HKRQMLüD WH RQH XMHGQR SUHGVWDYOMDMX L SRGORJX ]D SURXþDYDQMH ERãQMDþNH KLVWRULMH X ÄJQMLORP YUHPHQXSUYLKGHFHQLMD;;YLMHND³ .DGDMHULMHþROLUVNLPSMHVPDPDXOLWHUDWXUL QDLOD]LPR QD PLãOMHQMH GD MH SMHVPD Oj, Jusufe, lale moje30 ]DSUDYR SMHVPD R -XVXIX0HKRQMLüX1RNDNRRWRPHQHPDGRND]DDVDPWHNVWSMHVPHVHNDNRX HWQRPX]LNRORãNRP]DSLVXWDNRLXVYLPQDPDSR]QDWLPYDULMDQWDPD31QHSRGXGDUD VDGRVWXSQLPSRGDFLPDL]åLYRWD-XVXID0HKRQMLüDQHPRåHPRDSULRULSULKYDWLWL RYDM VWDY 0HÿXWLP QH WUHED LVNOMXþLWL QL PRJXüQRVW GD MH RYD SMHVPD X VYRP GXJRPSHULRGXSRVWRMDQMDXSURFHVXSUHQRãHQMDQDURGQHWUDGLFLMHXVPHQLPSXWHP SUHWUSMHODL]YMHVQHL]PMHQHXSRJOHGXWHNVWD 7UDJDMXüL ]D OLUVNLP SMHVPDPD R -XVXIX 0HKRQMLüX VQLPLOD VDP L HWQRPX]LNRORãNL ]DSLVDOD SMHVPX 0RM VRNROH GH SRJOHGDM QL] SROMH 3ULPMHU âNULMHOML$]HPRYLüQDYRGHYLãHND]LYDQMH9HKEDL/DWD.XUWDQRYLüD LPDPDXVHOLPD7X]LQMHL 8JDRRSãWLQD6MHQLFD L+DND+RWD L]VHOD6XKRGRODRSãWLQD7XWLQ QHNDGDSR]QDWRJSHãWHUVNRJ WUJRYFD VWRNRP þLML MH EUDW 1XNR åLYMHR L NDR WUJRYDF UDGLR X6NDGUX D RERMLFD VX ELOL SULMDWHOML L VDUDGQLFL-XVXID0HKRQMLüD 5âNULMHOM=$]HPRYLü8ORJD-XVXID0HKRQMLüD .UDMLãQLFDMHSRSXODUDQQD]LY]DHSVNHMXQDþNHSMHVPH'XJRMHELRXXSRWUHELLMRãXYLMHNåLYLX PQRJLPVUHGLQDPD6DQGåDNDQDURþLWRQD3HãWHUXL%LKRUX8RVQRYLRYHLPHQLFHMH.UDMLQD %RVQD DEURMQLVWLKRYLERãQMDþNHQDURGQHHSLNHXSUDYRVXRNUDMLãNLPMXQDFLPD0XMLL+DOLOX 5âNULMHOM= $]HPRYLü8ORJD-XVXID0HKRQMLüD 5âNULMHOM=$]HPRYLü8ORJD-XVXID0HKRQMLüD Isto 30 Oj, Jusufe, lale moje]DELOMHåHQDMHX]ELUFL1DURGQHPHORGLMHLJUHLQRãQMH3HãWHUVNRVMHQLþNH YLVRUDYQL 39XNRVDYOMHYLüLVDUDGQLFL1DURGQHPHORGLMHLJUHLQRãQMH3HãWHUVNRVMHQLþNHYLVRUDYQL 5DGLR %HRJUDG %HRJUDG NDR LJUD X] SMHYDQMH 8 QMRM MH SRUHG HWQRPX]LNRORãNRJ ]DSLVDSMHVPHGDWLHWQRNRUHRORãNLRSLVLJUH 31 'DQDVVHRYDSMHVPDSMHYDVDVOLMHGHüLPWHNVWRP 0ODGVH-XVXIRåHQLR GRSRQRüLVOMXERPELR RGSRQRüLKDEHUVWLåH ´0ODG-XVXIHFDUWH]RYH´ &DUVNDKD]QDSRNUDGHQD QD-XVXIDSRWYRUHQD 6WDGH-XVXINRQMDVHGODW¶ YLã¶QMHJ¶OMXEDVX]HOMHYDW¶ ´2M-XVXIHERODQELR MRãPHQLVLSROMXELR 2M-XVXIHODOHPRMH VNLPRVWDYOMDã]ODWRVYRMH"´ ´2VWDYOMDPWHVPDMNRPPRMRP VPDMNRPPRMRPWULJRGLQH $N¶QHGRÿHP]DþHWLUL WL VH XGDM ]D GUXJRJD´ KWWSV EDVFDUVLMDLQIREDVFDUVLMDNXOWXUDWHNVWRYLVHYGDOLQNL PODGVHMXVXIR]HQLR3ULVWXS RNWREDU 'RFGU1DND.1,.â,û þLMLSRHWVNLWHNVWMDVQRJRYRULGDMHULMHþRRYRMKLVWRULMVNRMOLþQRVWL3MHYDRPLMX MH$YGLMD$YGLü URÿHQ JRGLQH X VHOX 0RMVWLU PMHVWR %LVWULFD X RNROLQL RSãWLQH %LMHOR 3ROMH 3R REUD]RYDQMX MH PDJLVWDU KLVWRULMH D VDGD YHü D¿UPLVDQL ERãQMDþNL SMHVQLN L SLVDF NRML åLYL L UDGL X +RODQGLML33 1D VDPRP SRþHWNX QDãH VDUDGQMH GREUR SR]QDYDMXüL KLVWRULMX VNUHQXR PL MH SDåQMX QD ]QDþDM L OMHSRWX RYHSMHVPHNDRLGUXJLKSMHVDPDVDKLVWRULMVNRPSRGORJRPLL]UD]LRåHOMXGDRQH EXGX HWQRPX]LNRORãNL ]DSLVDQH NDNR EL VH ÄVDþXYDOH RG ]DERUDYD³ 6QLPDQMH MH REDYOMHQRXNXüLSRURGLFH1LNãLüX1RYRP3D]DUXSRþHWNRPDXJXVWDJRGLQH DDXGLRLYLGHRVQLPDNQDOD]LVHXPMRMRMSULYDWQRMDUKLYL 3ULPMHU0RMVRNROHGHSRJOHGDMQL]SROMH35 0RMVRNROHGHSRJOHGDMQL]SROMH 'RYHGLJDGDPHPODGXPLOXMH .RVHNUDGHGYRUXGDVHSULNUDGH 1HN¶XGHUWXPRMHRþLLVSLMH $NROLMHNDþDN-XVXI0HKRQMLü 'XQMDOXþHWLVLSXWEH]SRYUDWND 7LSROHWLSDPXVWDQLQDIHVLü 2M-XVXIHWLVLVRNR6DQGåDND =DQMLPHPLPRMHVUFHL]JRUH 3R]QDMXWHVYHVDQGåDþNHSODQLQH 0RMVRNROHGRYHGLJDXGYRUH *RUDVYDNDWYRMHLPHSRPLQMH %LVWULFDMHQD]LYPMHVQH]DMHGQLFHXRSãWLQL%LMHOR3ROMH &UQD*RUD NRMDREXKYDWDVHODXGROLQL LVWRLPHQHULMHNH$YGLüHYRURGQRVHOR0RMVWLUQDOD]LVHQDGHVQRMREDOLJRUQMHJWRND%LVWULFH 33 $YGLüMHRVQRYQXãNROX]DYUãLRXURGQRP0RMVWLUXDGYLMHJRGLQHJLPQD]LMHX%LMHORP3ROMX 1MHJRYDSRURGLFDVH JRGLQHVHOLX9LWRPLULFX NRG3HüL WHMHWUHüLLþHWYUWLUD]UHGJLPQD]LMH ]DYUãLRX3HüL*RGLQH RNRQþDRMHRVQRYQXD PDJLVWDUVNHVWXGLMHQDRGVMHNX]DKLVWRULMX )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW QD8QLYHU]LWHWXX3ULãWLQL8SHULRGXRG GR UDGLRMHX'UDJDãXL3HüL DRG GR JRGLQHX3ULMHGRUX %RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD =DYULMHPHUDWDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL L]EMHJDRMHVDSRURGLFRPX+RODQGLMXXNRMRMLGDQDVåLYL$XWRUMHþODQDND L]REODVWLKLVWRULMHL MHGQRJL]NQMLåHYQRVWL LGHVHWDN]ELUNLSMHVDPDLSULþD 11LNãLü1DURGQHSMHVPHXL]YRÿHQMXSMHYDþD$YGLMH$YGLüD1HREMDYOMHQLPDWHULMDO$XWRURYD SULYDWQDDUKLYD 35 (WQRPX]LNRORãNR ELOMHåHQMH SMHVPH REDYOMHQR MH SUHPD QDþHOLPD )LQVNH PHWRGH -HGDQ RG SULQFLSD RYH PHWRGH MHVWH GD PHORJUDI SUL QRWLUDQMX QDSMHYD RGPDK L]YUãL QMHJRYX WUDQVSR]LFLMX QD ]DYUãQL WRQ SUL þHPX VH VYL QDSMHYL L QMLKRYL WRQVNL QL]RYL VYRGH QD MHGDQ ]DMHGQLþNL WRQ ãWR RPRJXüDYDGDVHL]EMHJQHYHOLNLEURMSUHG]QDNDL]QDWQRRODNDãDQMLKRYRXSRUHGQRLVWUDåLYDQMH ' 'HYLü(WQRPX]LNRORJLMD,L,,8QLYHU]LWHWXPHWQRVWL%HRJUDG -XVXI0HKRQMLüXSMHYDQMXVDQGåDþNLK%RãQMDND 3MHVPD R -XVXIX 0HKRQMLüX NDR VDGUåDM X QDVWDYL PX]LþNH NXOWXUHQD bosanskom jeziku u Srbiji 1DFLRQDOQH PDQMLQH X 6UELML LPDMX SUDYR QD L]UDåDYDQMH þXYDQMH QMHJRYDQMHUD]YLMDQMHLSUHQRãHQMHHWQLþNHNXOWXUQHYMHUVNHLMH]LþNHSRVHEQRVWL LWUDGLFLMHNDRLSUDYRQDYDVSLWDQMHLREUD]RYDQMHQDVYRPMH]LNXXLQVWLWXFLMDPD SUHGãNROVNRJ RVQRYQRJ L VUHGQMHJ RGJRMD L REUD]RYDQMD %RãQMDFL VX RYR VYRMH SUDYRRVWYDULOLJRGLQHLGDQDVQDVWDYXQDERVDQVNRPMH]LNXSRKDÿD XþHQLND X WUL RSãWLQH 1RYL 3D]DU 6MHQLFD L 7XWLQ NRMH VX YHüLQVNL QDVHOMHQH ERãQMDþNLPVWDQRYQLãWYRP =DNRQRPMHSUHGYLÿHQRGDSURJUDPQDVWDYHQDMH]LNXRGUHÿHQHQDFLRQDOQH PDQMLQH QD VYLP QLYRLPD REUD]RYDQMD WUHED GD VDGUåL L WHPH NRMH VH RGQRVH QD KLVWRULMXXPMHWQRVWLNXOWXUXWHPDQMLQH.OMXþQLSUREOHPNDGDMHULMHþRSUHGPHWX 0X]LþNDNXOWXUD]ERJQHGRYROMQHLVWUDåHQRVWLPX]LþNHWUDGLFLMHLRVWDOLKHOHPHQDWD QHPDWHULMDOQH NXOWXUH %RãQMDND X 6UELML VD DVSHNWD PHWRGLþNH SULPMHQOMLYRVWL X QDVWDYL MHVWH LGHQWL¿FLUDQMH VDGUåDMD NRML VD MHGQH VWUDQH RGUDåDYDMX SRVHEQRVW ERãQMDþNHQDFLRQDOQHPDQMLQHLWUHEDMXELWLXIXQNFLMLQMHJRYDQMDNXOWXUHLRþXYDQMD LGHQWLWHWD D VD GUXJH SUHGVWDYOMDMX VDGUåDMH XVNODÿHQH VD ]DKWMHYLPD 1DVWDYQRJ SODQDLSURJUDPD 3URJUDPDQDVWDYHLXþHQMD $QDOL]LUDMXüL PX]LþNH NRPSRQHQWH L VWUXNWXUX SMHVPH Moj sokole, de SRJOHGDMQL]SROMHGDVH]DNOMXþLWLGDMHRGOLNXMHPRQRIRQDIDNWXUDPHOL]PDWLþQD PHORGLMD X RELPX RNWDYH VD VNRNRYLPD VHSWLPH L VHNVWH SURPMHQD PHWUD SDUQD GLRED MHGLQLFD EURMDQMD L ULWPLþNH ¿JXUH þHWYUWLQD VD WDþNRP L RVPLQD QRWH NDR L RVPLQD VD WDþNRP L ãHVQDHVWLQD QRWH 6KRGQR RYLP NDUDNWHULVWLNDPD RQD MH SULPMHQOMLYDNDRQDVWDYQLVDGUåDMXREODVWLVOXãDQMDPX]LNH=ERJVYRMHWHPDWLNH QDURþLWR MH SRJRGDQ VDGUåDM X 9,,, UD]UHGX RVQRYQH ãNROH NDGD VH X RNYLUX SUHGPHWD +LVWRULMD REUDÿXMH 1RYRSD]DUVNL 6DQGåDN VD SRþHWND ;; YLMHND ,QWHJUDWLYQLP XþHQMHP RGQRVQR RYODGDYDQMHP RYLP VDGUåDMHP LQWHJUDWLYQLP SULVWXSRPGRSULQLMHüHVHQMHJRYDQMXPX]LþNHWUDGLFLMH%RãQMDNDLMDþDQMXQMLKRYRJ LGHQWLWHWD =DNOMXþDN ,VWUDåLYDQMHP åLYRWD L GMHOD -XVXID 0HKRQMLüD ]DNOMXþXMHPR GD R QMHPX SRVWRML YHRPD PDOR SRX]GDQLK SRGDWDND WH GD DXWRUL R QMHPX SLãX XJODYQRP VD SUHWSRVWDYNDPD $QDOL]RP GRVWXSQH OLWHUDWXUH ]DNOMXþXMHPR GD MH RQ ELR =DNRQR]DãWLWLSUDYDLVORERGDQDFLRQDOQLKPDQMLQD³6OXåEHQLOLVW65-´EURG KWWS RVYLWUV=DNRQR]DVWLWLSUDYDQDFLRQDOQLKPDQMLQDSGI 3ULVWXS ³,QWHJUDWLYQR XþHQMH SRGUD]XPLMHYD VDJOHGDYDQMH UD]OLþLWLK GLPHQ]LMD MHGQRJ SUREOHPD 2YR RPRJXüDYDFMHORYLWNRQWHNVW]DXþHQMHNRMLYRGLNDYHüRMPRJXüQRVWLGDVHQDSUDYHL]DSDPWHYH]H LUMHãDYDMXSUREOHPL´=ĈXULü,QWHJUDWLYQLSULVWXSQDVWDYL2EUD]RYQDWHKQRORJLMDEU&HQWDU]D PHQDGåPHQWXREUD]RYDQMX%HRJUDG 'RFGU1DND.1,.â,û MHGLQVWYHQD L ]DQLPOMLYD OLþQRVW L GD VX JD VDQGåDþNL %RãQMDFL VPDWUDOL VYRMLP YMHUVNLPLQDFLRQDOQLPERUFHPL]DãWLWQLNRP7DNRÿHUVPRXYLGMHOLLGDMHQMHJRYR þHWUQDHVWRJRGLãQMHNRPLWRYDQMHRYMHNRYMHþHQRXQDURGQLPSUHGDQMLPDLSMHVPDPD =DUD]OLNXRGYHOLNRJEURMDHSVNLKEURMOLUVNLKSMHVDPDRQMHPXMHYHRPDPDOL 3URQDÿHQDMHVYHJDMHGQDSMHVPDNRMDQRVLQD]LY2MVRNROHGHSRJOHGDMQL]SROMe NRMXVDPVQLPLOD]DSLVDOD)LQVNRPPHWRGRPLNRMDüHãLURMMDYQRVWLSRSUYLSXWELWL SUHGVWDYOMHQDSXWHPRYRJUDGD 6DJOHGDYDQMHPPX]LþNLKVWUXNWXUDRYHSMHVPHXVWDQRYOMHQRMHGDRQDPRåH ELWLVDGUåDM]DVOXãDQMHXVWDULMLPUD]UHGLPDRVQRYQHãNROHQDERVDQVNRPMH]LNX SRJRWRYXX9,,,UD]UHGXNDGDMHXNRUHODFLMLVDKLVWRULMRPLQWHJUDWLYQLPSULVWXSRP UHDOL]DFLMH QDVWDYQLK VDGUåDMD PRJXüH UDGLWL QD SUHQRãHQMX PX]LþNH WUDGLFLMH VDQGåDþNLK%RãQMDNDLMDþDQMXQMLKRYRJNXOWXUQRJLQDFLRQDOQRJLGHQWLWHWD (WQRPX]LNRORãNLP]DSLVLYDQMHPRYDSMHVPDMHWUDMQRVDþXYDQDRG]DERUDYD LPRåHELWLSUHGPHWGDOMHJQDXþQRJL]XþDYDQMD7DNRÿHUQDGDPVHGDüHVHRQDX L]YRUQRPREOLNXþHVWRL]YRGLWLXEXGXüQRVWLNDRLGDüHELWLSUHGPHWXPMHWQLþNH REUDGH6PDWUDPGDMHSRWUHEQRVSURYHVWLRSãLUQLMHLVWUDåLYDQMHR-XVXIX0HKRQMLüX NRMH üH REXKYDWLWL DUKLYH VD RVPDQOLMVNLP L DXVWURXJDUVNLP GRNXPHQWLPD NDR L RQLP NRML VH QDOD]H X DUKLYLPD 6UELMH L &UQH *RUH 2YRP SULOLNRP YHRPD VH ]DKYDOMXMHPPU$YGLML$YGLüXãWRPLMHQHVHELþQRSRYMHULRPX]LþNREODJRNRMHMH EULåOMLYRQMHJRYDRLGXJRþXYDRXVHEL Summary %\H[DPLQLQJWKHOLIHDQGZRUNVRI-XVXI0HKRQMLFZHFRQFOXGHWKDWWKHUH LVYHU\IHZUHOLDEOHGDWDDERXWKLPDQGWKDWWKHDXWKRUVZULWHDERXWKLPPDLQO\ ZLWKDVVXPSWLRQV%\DQDO\]LQJWKHDYDLODEOHOLWHUDWXUHZHFRQFOXGHWKDWKHZDVD XQLTXHDQGLQWHUHVWLQJSHUVRQDOLW\DQGWKDWWKH6DQGåDN%RVQLDNVFRQVLGHUHGKLP DUHOLJLRXVDQGDQDWLRQDO¿JKWHUDQGSURWHFWRU:HDOVRUHDOL]HGWKDWKLVIRXUWHHQ \HDUROG FRPPXQLRQ ZDV SHUSHWXDWHG LQ IRON VRQJV DQG VRQJV 8QOLNH D ODUJH QXPEHU RI HSLFV WKH QXPEHU RI O\ULF SRHPV DERXW KLP LV YHU\ VPDOO 2QO\ RQH VRQJQDPHGOj sokole SRJOHGDMQL]SROMHZDVIRXQGDQGUHFRUGHGZLWKWKH)LQQLVK PHWKRGDQGZKLFKZLOOEHSUHVHQWHGWRWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLFIRUWKH¿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¿FVWXG\$OVR,KRSHWKDWVKHZLOO -XVXI0HKRQMLüXSMHYDQMXVDQGåDþNLK%RãQMDND LQ LWV RULJLQDO IRUP RIWHQ SHUIRUP LQ WKH IXWXUH DV ZHOO DV EH VXEMHFW WR DUWLVWLF SURFHVVLQJ,WKLQNLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRFDUU\RXWDPRUHH[WHQVLYHUHVHDUFKRQ-XVXI 0HKRQMLF ZKLFK ZLOO LQFOXGH DUFKLYHV ZLWK 2WWRPDQ DQG $XVWUR+XQJDULDQ GRFXPHQWVDVZHOODVWKRVHIRXQGLQWKHDUFKLYHVRI6HUELDDQG0RQWHQHJUR2Q WKLVRFFDVLRQ,YHU\PXFKWKDQN0U$YGLMD$YGLFZKRXQVHO¿VKO\HQWUXVWHGPH ZLWKWKHPXVLFWUHDVXUHKHFDUHIXOO\QXUWXUHGDQGNHSWIRUDORQJWLPH 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û,]YRUQLQDXþQLUDG )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL PRILIKE U ŠKOLSTVU BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE ZA 95,-(0(35,95(0(12*'5ä$912*85(Ĉ(1-$8 KRALJEVSTVU SRBA, HRVATA I SLOVENACA $SVWUDNW âNROVNL VLVWHP SUHGVWDYOMD ]D VYDNX GUåDYX L GUXãWYR MHGDQ RG QDMYDåQLMLK VHJPHQDWD =ERJ WRJD DOL L QL]D GUXJLK UD]ORJD YODVWL QDVWRMH GD ãNROHVWDYHSRGVYRMXNRQWUROX3UHNRãNROVWYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRVWYDULYDQLVX SROLWLþNLHNRQRPVNLNXOWXUQLQDFLRQDOQLLGUXJLFLOMHYLYODGDMXüLKSROLWLþNLKHOLWD 8QDVWDYQLPSODQRYLPDLSURJUDPLPDXNODQMDQLVXVDGUåDMLþLMLVXRGJRMQLFLOMHYL ELOLXVNODGXVDLQWHUHVLPDDXVWURXJDUVNRJUHåLPD9ODGDMXüDHOLWDãLULODMHLGHMXR µ¶MHGQRPWURLPHQRPQDURGX¶¶QDVWRMHüLGDVWYRULMHGLQVWYHQSROLWLþNLHNRQRPVNL REUD]RYQLLNXOWXUQLSURVWRU9DåQRPMHVWRXRVWYDULYDQMXFLOMHYDLPDOLVXQDVWDYQLFL NRMLVXPRUDOLGDRGJRYDUDMXµ¶GXKXYUHPHQD¶¶WHQDVWDYQLSODQRYLLSURJUDPLL udåEHQLFL8JUXSLQDFLRQDOQLKSUHGPHWD KLVWRULMDJHRJUD¿MDVUSVNLLOLKUYDWVNL MH]LN L]YUãHQH VX ]QDþDMQH SURPMHQH WDNR ãWR MH DNFHQDW VWDYOMHQ QD KLVWRULMX L JHRJUD¿MX 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD D ]D ãNROVNX OHNWLUX VX SURSLVDQD GMHOD L] VUSVNHKUYDWVNHLOLVORYHQDþNHNQMLåHYQRVWL1DMYHüLEURMXGåEHQLNDSLVDOLVXDXWRUL L]+UYDWVNHL6UELMHGRNMHVDPRPDOLEURMELRL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH .OMXþQHULMHþL 3ULOLNHãNROVWYR%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD.UDOMHYVWYR6UED +UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD=HPDOMVNDYODGD]D%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX3RNUDMLQVNDXSUDYD SULYUHPHQRGUåDYQRXUHÿHQMHQDVWDYQLSODQRYLLSURJUDPLQDVWDYQLFLXGå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³RQHWULEHQDWLRQ´VWULYLQJ WR FUHDWH D XQLTXH SROLWLFDO HFRQRPLF HGXFDWLRQDO DQG FXOWXUDO VSDFH 7HDFKHUV 130 Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD ZKRKDGWRUHVSRQGWRWKH³VSLULWRIWLPH´DQGFXUULFXODDQGFXUULFXOXPKDGDQ LPSRUWDQW SODFH LQ DFKLHYLQJ JRDOV 6LJQL¿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ৼSURJUDPV WHDFKHUVWH[WERRNV Uvod %RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDMHGHFHPEUD JRGLQHXãODXVDVWDY.UDOMHYVWYD 6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD%LODMHWRSUYD]DMHGQLþNDGUåDYDMXåQRVODYHQVNLKQDURGD 1RYDGUåDYDQDãODVHXVLWXDFLMLUD]OLþLWHSULYUHGQHUD]YLMHQRVWLSRMHGLQLKSRGUXþMD QHULMHãHQLKSROLWLþNLKLVRFLMDOQLKSLWDQMDDELODMHVXRþHQDLVDYHOLNRPNXOWXUQRP ]DRVWDORãüX VWDQRYQLãWYD 3LVPHQRVW L ãNROVWYR NDR RVQRYQL SUHGXYMHW L JHQHUDWRU UD]YRMD VYDNRJD GUXãWYD ELOL VX QD YUOR QLVNRP VWXSQMX %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD MH LPDOD QHUD]YLMHQX L QHUDYQRPMHUQX PUHåX RVQRYQLK ãNROD WH YLVRN SURFHQDW QHSLVPHQRJD VWDQRYQLãWYD1 8]URFL WDNYRJD VWDQMD VX PQRJREURMQL KLVWRULMVNL NXOWXUQLWUDGLFLMVNLYMHUVNL 8 QRYRP GUåDYQRP RNYLUX ± XQDWRþ DXWRKWRQRVWL QDFLQDOQLK VWUXNWXUD ± SRVWRMDODMHWHQGHQFLMDXQL¿NDFLMHLVWYDUDQMDMHGLQVWYHQRJMXJRVODYHQVNRJNXOWXUQRJ SURVWRUDSRQHVHQDLGHMRPMXJRVODYHQVNRJ]DMHGQLãWYD1DNRQXVSRVWDYH.UDOMHYLQH 6+6 SRþLQMX VH RþLWDYDWL UD]OLNH X QMLKRYRP VKYDWDQMX QH VDPR QDFLRQDOQRJ L GUåDYQRJ QHJR L NXOWXUQRJ MHGLQVWYD 1HUDYQRSUDYDQ SROLWLþNL SRORåDM QDURGD X ]DMHGQLþNRMGUåDYLPDQLIHVWLUDRVHLQDNXOWXUQRPSROMX 3RSRGDFLPDNRMHVXL]QRVLOLSUHGVWDYQLFL9ODGHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLMHQDGDQXMHGLQMHQMD GHFHPEUD JRGLQHELORRVQRYQLKãNROD1MLKMHSRKDÿDODMHGQDGHVHWLQD]DãNROXGRUDVOH GMHFH2GXNXSQRJDEURMDVWDQRYQLãWYDELORMHQHSLVPLKL]QDGVHGPHJRGLQHåLYRWD2VQRYQH ãNROHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL1DURGQRMHGLQVWYREU6DUDMHYRSRQHGMHOMDNGHFHPEUD 1; 1DURGQRMHGLQVWYREU6DUDMHYRXWRUDNGHFHPEUD 1DRVQRYXKLVWRULMVNLKL]YRUD SUYRJDUHGDXWYUGLOLVPRGDMHãNROVNH JRGLQHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLELORRVQRYQLKãNROD $UKLY -XJRVODYLMH X %HRJUDGX GDOMH $- IRQG 0LQLVWDUVWYD SURVYHWH .UDOMHYLQH 6+6 GDOMH IRQG IDVFLNOEURMMHGLQLFDRSLVDEURM6WDWLVWLþNLSRGDFLRQDVWDYLX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL]D ãNROVNXJRGLQX L 6DUDMHYRPDMD JRGLQH $UKLY%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 6DUDMHYR GDOMH $%L+ IRQG =HPDOMVNH YODGH 6DUDMHYR GDOMH IRQG =96 NXWLMD ãLIUD ,]YMHãWDM=HPDOMVNHYODGHRãNROVWYXX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL6DUDMHYR JRGLQH 9LãH R WRPH YLGL +UYRMH 0DWNRYLü 3RYLMHVW -XJRVODYLMH +UYDWVNL SRJOHG =DJUHE 9LGLUDGRYH 6HDG6HOLPRYLü2UJDQL]DFLMDLUDGXþLWHOMVNLKãNRODX%RVQLL +HUFHJRYLQL X SHULRGX JRGLQH $UKLYVND SUDNVD EU 7X]OD 6HDG 131 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û 1RYH YODVWL NRULVWLOH VX VYD VUHGVWYD ãLUHüL LGHMX R µ¶MHGQRP WURLPHQRP QDURGX¶¶ 9DåQR PMHVWR X RVWYDULYDQMX SRVWDYOMHQLK FLOMHYD LPDOR MH ãNROVWYR 8 QDVWDYQLPSODQRYLPDLSURJUDPLPDNDRLXGUXJLPREOLFLPDUDGDXNODQMDQLVXRQL GLMHORYL NRML VX QHSRVUHGQR RGUDåDYDOL RGJRMQH FLOMHYH UDQLMHJD DXVWURXJDUVNRJ UHåLPD,]YUãHQHVXNRUHNWXUHXJUXSLQDFLRQDOQLKSUHGPHWD KLVWRULMDJHRJUD¿MD VUSVNLLOLKUYDWVNLMH]LN WDNRãWRMHDNFHQDWVWDYOMHQQDKLVWRULMXLJHRJUD¿MX6UED +UYDWDL6ORYHQDFDD]DãNROVNXOHNWLUXVXSURSLVDQDGMHODL]VUSVNHKUYDWVNHLOL VORYHQDþNH NQMLåHYQRVWL 6YH RQR ãWR MH X QDVWDYQLP SODQRYLPD L SURJUDPLPD LVWLFDOR L YHOLþDOR +DE]EXUãNX GLQDVWLMX ]DPLMHQMHQR MH YHOLþDQMHP L RGDQRãüX GLQDVWLML .DUDÿRUÿHYLüD &LOMHYL L ]DGDFL SRMHGLQLK SUHGPHWD RGUHÿLYDQL VX X VNODGXVDLQWHUHVLPDSRVWRMHüHSROLWLþNHHOLWH3RVHEQXSDåQMXWUHEDORMHSRVYHWLWL µ¶UD]YLMDQMX L QMHJRYDQMX JUDÿDQVNH VYLMHVWL OMXEDYL L GXåQRVWL SUHPD GRPRYLQL L YODGDUHYRM NXüL¶¶9DåQRPMHVWR X ãLUHQMX LGHMH R µ¶MHGQRP WURLPHQRP QDURGX¶¶ LPDOLVXQDVWDYQLFLNRMLVXPRUDOLGDRGJRYDUDMXµ¶GXKXYUHPHQD¶¶DOLLXGåEHQLFL NRMLVXELOLVWURJRNRQWUROLUDQLRGYODGDMXüLKNUXJRYD.UDOMHYLQH6+6 &LOMRYRJDUDGDMHGDREMDVQLSULOLNHXãNROVWYX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPH SULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMDX.UDOMHYVWYX6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD RG GR JRGLQH âNROVWYRMHXQDGOHåQRVWL=HPDOMVNHYODGH]D%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX âNROVNLVLVWHPSUHGVWDYOMD]DVYDNXGUåDYXLGUXãWYRMHGDQRGQDMYDåQLMLK VHJPHQDWD=ERJWRJDDOLLQL]DGUXJLKUD]ORJDYODVWLQDVWRMHGDãNROHVWDYHSRG VYRMX NRQWUROX 7DNR MH ELOR L X .UDOMHYLQL 6+6 3RVHEQR VX ELOH YDåQH RVQRYQH ãNROHWHVXRUJDQLYODVWLQDVWRMDOLGDLKVWDYHSRGVYRMXWMHFDM7DNRMH=HPDOMVND YODGD]D%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXREMDYLODQDUHÿHQMH0LQLVWDUVWYDSURVYMHWH.UDOMHYLQH 6+6NRMHVHRGQRVLQDNRPSHWHQFLMHXREODVWLãNROVWYDXNRPHMHQDYHGHQR 'D VH ãWR EROMH REH]ELMHGL SUDYLOQR UHãDYDQMH ãNROVNLK SRVORYD WUHED GR GH¿QLWLYQRJ XUHÿHQMD GUåDYH D V QMRPH L ãNROVNH XSUDYH ãWR VH WLþH RSUHPDQMD ãNROVNLKSRVORYDSRVWXSLWLRYDNR 6YHSRVORYHNRMHMHGRVORPDDXVWURXJDUVNHGUåDYHUHãDYDODXVYRMRMQDGOHåQRVWL =HPDOMVNDYODGD]D%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXQHNDRQDUHãDYDLGDOMHVDPRVWDOQR$OL üHPLYODGDSRGQRVLWLPHVHþQHL]YHãWDMHRVYLPYDåQLMLPRGOXNDPDLSRVORYLPDNRML VXVYUãHQL]DWRYUHPH 6YL SRVORYL NRML VX LãOL X NRPSHWHQFLML ]DMHGQLþNRJ 0LQLVWDUVWYD ¿QDQVLMD RGMHOMHQMD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX QHND VH RG VDGD SRGQRVH V L]YHãWDMHP L SUHGORJRP QD UHãDYDQMH 0LQLVWDUVWYX SURVYMHWH .UDOMHYVWYD 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD3 6HOLPRYLü0MHVWRLXORJDãNROVWYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXãLUHQMXLGHMHLQWHJUDOQRJMXJRVODYHQVWYD L]PHÿXGYDVYMHWVNDUDWD=ERUQLNUDGRYDVD0HÿXQDURGQRJQDXþQRJVLPSR]LMD %RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD RGGRODVND2VPDQOLMDGRGDQDV7X]OD 3 âNROVNLJODVQLNãNROVNLVOXåEHQLOLVW=HPDOMVNHYODGH]D%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXEU6DUDMHYR Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD 7DNRMHãNROVWYRX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLELORXQDGOHåQRVWL=HPDOMVNHYODGH X6DUDMHYXXþLMHPMHVDVWDYXELORRGMHOMHQMH]DSURVYMHWX8NRWDUHYLPD VUH]RYLPD VX UDGLOL UHIHUHQWL ]D SURVYMHWX NRML VX SR QDUHÿHQMLPD SUHWSRVWDYOMHQLK RUJDQD SULNXSOMDOLLREUDÿLYDOLUD]QHSRGDWNHNRMLVXVHWLFDOLãNROVWYD 8MHGQDþDYDQMHãNROVNRSUDYQRJSRGUXþMDX.UDOMHYLQL6+6YUãHQRMHSXWHP XUHGELQDUHGELUDVSLVDSUDYLOQLNDLWG3URFHVXQL¿NDFLMHãNROVNRJ]DNRQRGDYVWYD WUDMDRMHGHVHWJRGLQD GR Vidovdanski ustav i pitanje školstva .ROLNLMH]QDþDM]DX]LPDORãNROVWYRQDMEROMHSRND]XMHþLQMHQLFDGDMHRQR LPDOR VYRMH PMHVWR L X SUYRPH XVWDYX .UDOMHYLQH 6+6 ýODQ 9LGRYGDQVNRJ XVWDYDRGUHGLRMHSLWDQMHãNROVWYDQDVOLMHGHüLQDþLQ 1DVWDYD MH GUåDYQD 8 FHORM ]HPOML QDVWDYD SRþLYD QD MHGQRM LVWRM RVQRYL SULODJRÿDYDMXüL VH VUHGLQL NRMRM VH QDPHQMXMH 6YH ãNROH PRUDMX GDYDWL PRUDOQRYDVSLWDQMHLUD]YLMDWLGUåDYOMDQVNXVYHVWXGXKXQDURGQRJMHGLQVWYDLYHUVNH WUSHOMLYRVWL2VQRYQDMHQDVWDYDGUåDYQDRSãWDLREDYH]QD9HUVNDQDVWDYDGDMHVH SRåHOMLURGLWHOMDRGQRVQRVWDUDODFDSRGYRMHQRSRYHURLVSRYHVWLPDDXVDJODVQRVWL VDQMLKRYLPYHUVNLPQDþHOLPD 'UåDYQDVHQDVWDYDGDMHEH]XSLVQLQHãNRODULQH LGUXJLKWDNVD 5 8 FLOMX FHQWUDOL]DFLMH GUåDYH XNLQXWD MH JRGLQH =HPDOMVND YODGD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX D IRUPLUDQD 3RNUDMLQVND XSUDYD 7DNR MH QDGOHåQRVW QDG RVQRYQLP ãNROVWYRP ELOR X UXNDPD RYH LQVWLWXFLMH NRMD MH X VYRPH RNYLUX LPDOD µ¶3URVYMHWQRRGMHOMHQMH0LQLVWDUVWYDSURVYMHWH]D%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX¶¶3URVYMHWQR RGMHOMHQMHLPDORMH]DGDWDNNRRUGLQLUDQMDSRVORYDVDREODVWLPDGRNMH0LQLVWDUVWYR SURVYMHWH]DGUåDORFHQWUDOQXVOXåEXREUD]RYDQMD]DFLMHOX]HPOMX GDOMH âNROVNLJODVQLN]D JRGLQX 6HDG6HOLPRYLüâNROVWYRX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLRG GR JRGLQH UXNRSLVGRNWRUVNHGLVHUWDFLMH7X]OD GDOMH 66HOLPRYLü Školstvo u %RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL /HMOD9DVLüâNROVWYRX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL UXNRSLVGRNWRUVNHGLVHUWDFLMH%DQMD/XND 5 8VWDY.UDOMHYLQH6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFDSULKYDüHQQD8VWDYRWYRUQRMVNXSãWLQLQD9LGRYGDQ GQHOLSQMD =DJUHE 66HOLPRYLüâNROVWYRX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL, 2G JRGLQHQDGOHåQRVWL0LQLVWDUVWYDSURVYMHWH±2GMHOMHQMH]D%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXVXVH SURãLULOHWDNRGDVHRQRRGWRJDYUHPHQDVWDUDORRNDGURYVNLPSLWDQMLPDRVQRYQLKãNRODQDVWDYQLP SODQRYLPDLSURJUDPLPDLWG0LWDU3DSLüâNROVWYRX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 6DUDMHYR GDOMH 03DSLüâNROVWYRX%L+ 133 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û Poljoprivredni radovi i „španska bolest³XJURåDYDMXUDGãNROD 1D SRþHWNX ãNROVNH JRGLQH ãNROH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL VXVUHWDOH VX VH VD PQRJREURMQLP WHãNRüDPD 8 PQRJLPD RG QMLK QLMH L]YRÿHQD QDVWDYD]ERJSROMRSULYUHGQLKUDGRYDLãSDQVNHEROHVWL7DNRX7X]ODQVNRPHRNUXJX ]ERJ UDGRYD X SROMX QLVX UDGLOH RVQRYQH ãNROH X SHULRGX ± JRGLQH X VOLMHGHüLP PMHVWLPD *RUQMD -DVHQLFD *RUQML 5DKLü =DEUÿH .RUHQLWD 8JOMHYLN0DJODM%DWNRYLü7REXN 2VRMQLFD 3ULERM7X]OD 3UYDL'UXJDGMHþDþND QDURGQDRVQRYQDãNROD3UYDGMHYRMDþNDQDURGQDRVQRYQDãNROD.UHND *UDGDþDF /MXEDþH 0RUDQþDQL 3XUDþLü/XNDYDFWXUVNL.RUDM%LMHOMLQD VYHãNROHXNRWDUX %XNYLN 9LGRYLFH %UH]RYR 3ROMH 5DåOMHYR ĈXUÿHYLN -DEODQLFD QD -DEODQLFL 2]UHQ$PDMOLMHýHOLü.ODGDQM=HOLQMD*RUQMD*RUQMD6ODWLQD9UDQMDN0RGULþD /MHSXQLFH *UDSVND -DQMD 'YRURYL 9HOLND 2EDUVND 7XULü %RVDQVNL âDPDF 3RåDUQLFD3RUHEULFH*UDþDQLFD7UDPRãQLFD*RUQML6NXJULü%UþNR 3UYDL'UXJD GMHþDþNDL'MHYRMDþNDQDURGQDRVQRYQDãNROD %ROMDQLü2VMHþDQL*RUQMLäDEDU 'RPDOMHYDF âHNRYLüL .DOHVLMD +DMGDUHYLüL 0LORãHYDF &UNYLQD %UDQMHYR 7DYQD 7UQRYD 6NRþLü %RüH L 9UDQMDN =ERJ ãSDQVNH EROHVWL X 7X]ODQVNRP RNUXJXVXXWRNXPMHVHFDRNWREUDLQRYHPEUD DãNRODX6NLSRYFXRGࡳ SUHNLQXOHVDUDGRPãNROHXVOLMHGHüLPPMHVWLPD 'RQMD0DKDOD%UþNR %LMHOMLQD*UDþDQLFD%RVDQVNLâDPDF'RPDOMHYDF7UEXN.ODGDQM2ORYR0DJODM 6UHEUHQLFD'ULQMDþD7X]ODĈXUÿHYLN0RUDQþDQL/XNDYDFWXUVNL'RQMH'XEUDYH =YRUQLN3ULERM.DOHVLMD.R]OXN7UQRYD%UDQMHYR*UDSVND.RåXKHL6NLSRYDF 6PMHãWDMQHNDGURYVNHPDWHULMDOQH QH SULOLNH 2VLPWRJDRVQRYQHãNROHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLVXVUHWDOHVXVHLVDGUXJLP QHSULOLNDPD VPMHãWDMQLPNDGURYVNLPPDWHULMDOQLPLWGâNROHVXXYHOLNRPHEURMX VOXþDMHYD ELOH VPMHãWDQH X SULYDWQH NXüH L GUXJH ]JUDGH QHXYMHWQH ]D L]YRÿHQMH QDVWDYH 8þLRQLFH VREH X NRMLPD VH L]YRGLOD QDVWDYD ELOH VX LVXYLãH PDOH GD EL X QMLK VWDOL VYL XþHQLFL 2ELþQR QLMH ELOR SURVWRULMH X NRMRM EL XþHQLFL RVWDYOMDOL JDUGHUREX MDNQHRJUWDþHLVO SDVXELOLSULPRUDQLGDMHQRVHVDVRERPXXþLRQLFX 1LMH ELR ULMHGDN VOXþDM GD ãNROD QLMH LPDOD ãNROVNR GYRULãWH L SRPRüQH ãNROVNH ]JUDGHãWRMHRWHåDYDORRUJDQL]DFLMXLUDGãNROD,QYHQWDUMHXãNRODPDELRXORãHP VWDQMX SRVHEQR NOXSH SHüL ]D ]DJULMDYDQMH SURVWRULMD L GU 3UR]RUL L YUDWD ELOL VX GRWUDMDOLDVWDNODQDQMLPDXJODYQRPUD]ELMHQD6OLþQRVWDQMHELORMHLXSRJOHGX QDVWDYQLKVUHGVWDYDLSRPDJDOD $%L+IRQG1DURGQRYLMHüH1DURGQDYODGD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH GDOMH IRQG1919%L+ NXWLMD ãLIUD,VND]$QDURGQLKRVQRYQLKãNRODXRNUXåMXWX]ODQVNRPNRMHVXUDGLUDGRYDXSROMX ELOH]DWYRUHQHX ãNROVNRMJRGLQL,VND]%QDURGQLKRVQRYQLKãNRODXRNUXåMXWX]ODQVNRPNRMH VXUDGLãSDQVNHEROHVWLELOH]DWYRUHQH ãNROVNHJRGLQH 6WDQMHXRVQRYQLPãNRODPDPRåHVHYLGMHWLQDSULPMHUX'UXJHQDURGQHRVQRYQHãNROH GMHYRMDþNL RGMHO X7UDYQLNX7XãNROXSRVMHWLRMHGHFHPEUD JRGLQHRNUXåQLãNROVNLQDG]RUQLN0LOLüHYLü NRMLMHRVWDQMXXãNROLVDVWDYLRL]YMHãWDMµ¶âNRODMHVPMHãWHQDXSULYDWQRMNXüLRYGDãQMHJWUJRYFD Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD 2VQRYQRãNROVWYRXVUH]RYLPD1HYHVLQMH*DFNR%LOHüD7UHELQMH/MXELQMH L6WRODFELORMHXVOLþQRMVLWXDFLMLNDRLXRVWDOLPNUDMHYLPD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH =ERJ UDWQLK GRJDÿDMD þHVWRJ ERUDYND YRMVNH åDQGDUPHULMH L GUXJLK RUXåDQLK IRUPDFLMD X ãNROVNLP ]JUDGDPD ]ERJ XSDGD FUQRJRUVNLK NRPLWD L SOMDþNDãDWH]ERJãSDQVNHEROHVWLãNROVWYXMHQDQHVHQDYHOLNDãWHWDWDNRGDMHELOR WHãNRYUDWLWLJDXVWDQMHNRMHMHELORSULMH3UYRJDVYMHWVNRJUDWD 81HYHVLQMVNRPHVUH]XUDGLOHVXRVQRYQHãNROHX1HYHVLQMX8ORJX)RMQLFL NRG *DFND L =RYLGROX 6YH ãNROH VXVUHWDOH VX VH VD VPMHãWDMQLP NDGURYVNLP PDWHULMDOQLPLGUXJLPSRWHãNRüDPD 8VUH]X*DFNRUDGLOHVXWULãNROH X*DFNX1DGLQLüLPDL$YWRYFXâNROH X )D]ODJLüD .XOL9UEL .RULWLPD 6DPRERUX 'XOLüLPD -DVHQLNX L ,]JRULPD QLVX UDGLOH10 0RMVLMH$OWDUFDX=HGQMDNXXOLFL8SUL]HPOMX]JUDGHSUD]QLVXPDJD]LQL3RGGUYHQLPEDVDPDFLPD LXWULMHPXGUåHVHGUYRXJDOMLVPHüH1D,NDWXVXGYLMHUD]UHGQHVREH8YHüRMVRELVPMHãWHQRMH SULMHSRGQHFLMHORRGMHOMHQMHDSRVOLMHSRGQH,L,,JRGLãWHGRNMH,,,L,9JRGLãWHVPMHãWHQRXPDQMRM VREL0DQMDMHVREDYHRPDQH]JRGQDMHUMHWLMHVQDUDVYLMHWOMHQDMHVDGYDSUR]RUDRGNRMLKMHMHGDQ XLVWRþQRPDGUXJLX]DSDGQRP]LGX8LVWRþQRP]LGXVPMHãWHQMHLYRGRYRGLVQMLPXYH]LNRULWR]D L]OLMHYDQMHYRGH,XMHGQRPLXGUXJRPUD]UHGXNOXSHVXVOMXEOMHQHSDWRVLOQRVPHWDSULXODåHQMXL L]ODåHQMX7ULMHP SUHG UD]UHGLPD WLMHVDQ MH SD GMHYRMþLFH YHüLQRP XQRVH RJUWDþH X UD]UHGH âNROD QHPDQLNDNYLKJRVSRGDUVNLK]JUDGDLQLQDMPDQMHJDNRPDGLüDGYRULãWD8þLODäHQVNLRGMHOQHPD VYRMHYODVWLWH]ELUNHXþLODQHJRGRQRVLXþLODL]PXãNRJRGMHOD8UD]UHGXVXGYD]HPOMRYLGD%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHWDNRRãWHüHQDGDQLMHVXYLãH]DXSRWUHEX3UHQDãDQMHXþLODL]PXãNHãNROHQHXJRGQRMH MHUMHMHGQDãNRODRGGUXJHXGDOMHQDRNRSRODNLORPHWUD6RE]LURPQDRYRPRUDVHUHüLGDMHVDGDãQMD SURVWRULMD]DãNROXQH]JRGQDSDGDMHSRWUHEQRSRVWDUDWLVH]DGUXJXSRGHVQLMX]JUDGX8RYRLPH QDMEROMHVHSUHSRUXþXMHNXüD0HKDJH.RULþDX3RWXUPDKDOLXNRMRMMHVDGDVPMHãWHQDWUJRYDþNDãNROD ýLP WUJRYDþND ãNROD LVHOL X VYRMX ]JUDGX WUHEDOR EL RYDPR SUHVHOLWL åHQVNR RGMHOMHQMH ,, QDURGQH RVQRYQH ãNROH 2YRP ]JRGRP QDSRPLQMH VH GD MH QD RYRM ãNROL XþLWHOMLFD %URÿDQDF 0DULMD 6XSUXJRYHXþLWHOMLFH6WMHSDQ%URÿDQDFNRMLMHGRGRODVNDãNROVNRJVWDULMHãLQH+HULüDXSUDYOMDR,, QDURGQRPRVQRYQRPãNRORPSRVWDRMH]DVDGDX7UDYQLNXSUHNREURMDQSDELWUHEDORQHãWRRGUHGLWLX SRJOHGXQMHJRYHGDOMQMHXSRWUHEH¶¶$%L+IRQG1919%L+NXWLMD,]YMHãWDMRNUXåQRJQDG]RUQLND RSUHJOHGX'UXJHQDURGQHRVQRYQHãNROH GMHYRMDþNLRGMHO X7UDYQLNX2NUXåQRMREODVWLX7UDYQLNX 7UDYQLN JRGLQH 8RVQRYQRMãNROLX1HYHVLQMXUDGLODVXGYDXþLWHOMDLGYLMHXþLWHOMLFH8þLWHOMLXMHGQRXSUDYLWHOM ãNROH L]YMHVQL )HKLPRYLü ELR MH EROHVWDQ L WHãNR MH SRGQRVLR WDPRãQMX RãWUX NOLPX 2VLP QMHJD XãNROLMHUDGLRLXþLWHOM,OLMD.RMR SULYUHPHQR LGYLMHXþLWHOMLFH'RGHURYHRGNRMLKVHMHGQDELOD ]DUXþLOD VD VUSVNLP NDSHWDQRP 3R PLãOMHQMX 2EODVQRJ ãNROVNRJ QDG]RUQLND X WRM ãNROL QHGRVWDMDR MHMRãMHGDQXþLWHOMVRE]LRPQDEURMXþHQLND8RVQRYQRMãNROLX5LOMLPDQDVWDYDQLMHL]YRÿHQDMHU MHELORXSUDåQMHQRPMHVWRXþLWHOMD0DUNRYLüDNRMLMHSUHPLQXR=ERJQHGRVWDWNDXþLWHOMDLDGHNYDWQH ãNROVNH]JUDGH þLMLMHSRSUDYDNELRXWRNX QLMHUDGLODQLãNRODX/XNDYFX2EODVQLãNROVNLQDG]RUQLN ]ERJWRJDMHRNULYLR.RWDUVNLXUHGNRJDMHQD]YDRµ¶LQGROHQWQLP¶¶8QDVHOMX*UDERYLFD]DSRþHWDMH JUDGQMDãNROVNH]JUDGHSULMHSRþHWND3UYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDDOLQMHQDJUDGQMDQLMHELOD]DYUãHQDWDNRGD QDVWDYDQLMHL]YRÿHQDâNROVNH]JUDGHELYãLKSUDYRVODYQLKãNRODWDNRÿHUQLVXELOHXIXQNFLMLQDVWDYH SDMH2NUXåQLQDG]RUQLNSUHGORåLRGDVHVWXSLXSUHJRYRUHVDNRPSHWHQWQLPYMHUVNLPLQVWLWXFLMDPD NDNRELWH]JUDGHELOHGRGLMHOMHQHQDURGQLPRVQRYQLPãNRODPD$%L+IRQG1919%L+NXWLMD ãLIUD 2NUXåQD REODVW 0RVWDU 9ODGL 1DURGQRJ YLMHüD 6+6 1DURGQR ãNROVWYR X NRWDUHYLPD 1HYHVLQMH*DFNR%LOHüD7UHELQMH/MXELQMHL6WRODF0RVWDU GHFHPEUD JRGLQH 10 2NUXåQLãNROVNLQDG]RUQLNLPDRMHYHRPDLQWHUHVDQWQD]DSDåDQMDRãNROVNLPSULOLNDPDX6UH]X *DFNR 7DNR MH L] UD]JRYRUD VD PMHãWDQLPD *DFND VD]QDR R µ¶QHSULPMHUHQRP YODGDQMX¶¶ XþLWHOMLFH 0LOHYH/XNLü2QDVHQDMDYQRPHPMHVWXµ¶OMXEDNDODVDGU.ULåDQRP¶¶SDMHQDG]RUQLNSUHGORåLRGD VHXþLWHOMLFDSUHPMHVWLL]*DFND1DG]RUQLNMHWDNRÿHUELRPLãOMHQMDGDMH]DVWDQMHãNROVWYDX6UH]X 135 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û 2VQRYQH ãNROH X %LOHüL 0HNRM *UXGL /MXERPLUX L )DWQLFL X %LOHüNRPH VUH]X UDGLOH VX SRþHWNRP GHFHPEUD JRGLQH âNROD X %LOHüL ELOD MH MHGQD RGULMHWNLKXNRMRMVXUDGLODWULXþLWHOMD0HÿXWLPQLWDMEURMQLMHELRGRYROMDQ6 RE]LURP QD EURM GMHFH QHGRVWDMDR MH MRã MHGDQ XþLWHOM 2VQRYQH ãNROH X 'RQMHP 9UEQX9UDQMVNRM3ODQRML%DOMFLPDQLVXUDGLOH]ERJQHGRVWDWNDXþLWHOMDLãNROVNLK ]JUDGD11 8 7UHELQMVNRPH VUH]X UDGLOH VX RVQRYQH ãNROH X 7UHELQMX &UQþX 'REURPDQLPD*DFNX6XWRULQLL5DSWLPDâNROHX-DVHQLFL/DVWYLL.UXãHYLFLQLVX ELOHSRþHOHVDUDGRP 5DGLãSDQVNHEROHVWLELOHVXGRGHFHPEUD JRGLQH]DWYRUHQHVYH ãNROHX/MXELQMVNRPVUH]X2GWDGDMHSRþHODUHGRYQDQDVWDYDXãNRODPD/MXELQMH .RWH]L5DYQR1HXP.XOD9ODKRYLüLL7UHELQMH6YLXþLWHOMLVWLJOLVXQDVYRMDUDGQD PMHVWDSDVHRYDMVUH]QLMHVXVUHRVDSUREOHPRPQHGRVWDWNDXþLWHOMD13 2VQRYQHãNROHX6WRFX(OH]RYLüLPD'RQMHP+UDVQX*UDFX1HXP.OHNX %UãWDQLFL $ODGLQLüLPD +XWRYX 'RPDQRYLüLPD ýDSOMLQL *DEHOL 7DVRYþLüLPD 7UHELåDWX .UXSL L 'RQMHP 3RSODWX X 6WRODþNPH VUH]X UDGLOH VX SRþHWNRP GHFHPEUD JRGLQHâNROHX%HUNRYLüLPD7ULMHEQMXL.OHSFLPDQLVXUDGLOH *DFNRRGJRYRUDQ.RWDUVNLSUHGVWRMQLN7XULQDNRMLVHQLMH]DODJDRGDSRSUDYLãNROVNH]JUDGHLXUHGL GUXJHRGQRVHâNROVNH]JUDGHELOHVXXRãWHüHQHLOLSRUXãHQHSDVH]ERJWRJDQDVWDYDQLMHL]YRGLOD 3RSUDYND]JUDGDWHNODMHVSRURSRVHEQRXPMHVWLPD6DPRERU'XOLüL-DVHQLNL,]JRUL]ERJQHGRVWDWND PDWHULMDODLMDNH]LPH$%L+IRQG1919%L+NXWLMDãLIUD2NUXåQDREODVW0RVWDU9ODGL 1DURGQRJYLMHüD6+61DURGQRãNROVWYRXNRWDUHYLPD1HYHVLQMH*DFNR%LOHüD7UHELQMH/MXELQMHL 6WRODF0RVWDU GHFHPEUD JRGLQH 11 8SUDåQMHQDXþLWHOMVNDPMHVWDELODVXX'RQMHP9UEQXL9UDQMVNRM3ULYDWQD]JUDGDXNRMRMMHELOD VPMHãWHQDQDURGQDRVQRYQDãNRODX3ODQRMELODMHSRUXãHQDLQLMHELORSULNODGQHNXüHXNRMXELVH PRJODVPMHVWLWLãNROD8%DOMFLPDMHJUDGQMDãNROVNH]JUDGH]DSRþHOD JRGLQHDOLRQDQLMHGR NUDMD ]DYUãHQD 5DGRYL QD QMHQRM JUDGQML WUHEDOL VX ELWL QDVWDYOMHQL X SUROMHüH JRGLQH$%L+ IRQG1919%L+NXWLMDãLIUD2NUXåQDREODVW0RVWDU9ODGL1DURGQRJYLMHüD6+61DURGQR ãNROVWYR X NRWDUHYLPD 1HYHVLQMH *DFNR %LOHüD 7UHELQMH /MXELQMH L 6WRODF 0RVWDU GHFHPEUD JRGLQH 8 RVQRYQX ãNROX X -DVHQLFL QLMH VH ELR YUDWLR XþLWHOM &YLMHWLü SD ]ERJ WRJD QDVWDYD QLMH L]YRÿHQD8þLWHOM.DUDPHKPHGRYLüNRMLMHELRLPHQRYDQX/DVWYXVWLJDRMHLWUHEDORMHGD]DSRþQH VDL]YRÿHQMHPQDVWDYH8ãNROVNRM]JUDGLX.UXãHYLFLELOLVXVPMHãWHQLåDQGDUPLSDãNRODQLMHUDGLOD $%L+IRQG1919%L+NXWLMDãLIUD2NUXåQDREODVW0RVWDU9ODGL1DURGQRJYLMHüD6+6 1DURGQR ãNROVWYR X NRWDUHYLPD 1HYHVLQMH *DFNR %LOHüD 7UHELQMH /MXELQMH L 6WRODF 0RVWDU GHFHPEUD JRGLQH 13 2NUXåQL ãNROVNL QDG]RUQLN LPDR MH LQWHUHVDQWQR ]DSDåDQMH R ãNROVNRP XSUDYQLNX X /MXELQMX $KPHWXâHULIRYLüXNRMLMHYODGLELRSR]QDWµ¶SRYMHþLWLPNRQÀLNWLPD¶¶2QMHSRPLãOMHQMXQDG]RUQLND ELR RPUDåHQ NRG SUDYRVODYDFD D QLMH JD YROMHOR QL RVWDOR VWDQRYQLãWYR =DWR MH ãNROVNL QDG]RUQLN SUHGORåLRGDVH$KPHWâHULIRYLüSUHPMHVWLL]/MXELQMDLOLHYHQWXDOQRµ¶EXGXüLGDMH]DãNROVNXXSUDYX QHVSRVREDQ VWDYL X WUDMQR VWDQMH PLUD¶¶$%L+ IRQG 1919 %L+ NXWLMD ãLIUD 2NUXåQD REODVW0RVWDU9ODGL1DURGQRJYLMHüD6+61DURGQRãNROVWYRXNRWDUHYLPD1HYHVLQMH*DFNR%LOHüD 7UHELQMH/MXELQMHL6WRODF0RVWDU GHFHPEUD JRGLQH âNRODX%HUNRYLüLPDQLMHUDGLOD]DWRãWRXþLWHOMVNLSDU%RåLüQLMHVWLJDRQDNRQLPHQRYDQMDXWR PMHVWR87ULMHEQMXãNRODQLMHUDGLODL]LVWLKUD]ORJDNDRLX%HUNRYLüLPDGRNXãNROXX.OHSFLPDQLMH QLELRLPHQRYDQXþLWHOM$%L+IRQG1919%L+NXWLMDãLIUD2NUXåQDREODVW0RVWDU9ODGL 1DURGQRJYLMHüD6+61DURGQRãNROVWYRXNRWDUHYLPD1HYHVLQMH*DFNR%LOHüD7UHELQMH/MXELQMHL 6WRODF0RVWDU GHFHPEUD JRGLQH Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD 9MHUVNDSULSDGQRVWXþLWHOMDQDPHüHVHNDRYDåQRSLWDQMH %LOR MH L SRMDYD GD VX SRMHGLQFL L] QHNLK RNUXJD WUDåLOL GD VH X QMLKRYX VUHGLQX LPHQXMH XþLWHOM SR QMLKRYRM åHOML 7DNR MH L] 2NUXJD PRVWDUVNRJ GHFHPEUD JRGLQHSUHGORåHQR9ODGL1DURGQRJYLMHüD6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD X6DUDMHYXGDVHQDXSUDåQMHQDXþLWHOMVNDPMHVWDXQDURGQLPRVQRYQLPãNRODPDX 0RVWDUX LPHQXMX XþLWHOMLSUDYRVODYQH YMHUH9ODGLPLU6DPDUGåLüL] 5HOMHYDL ,OLMD .RMR L] %LMHQMH 0HÿXWLP ]DKWMHYX QLMH XGRYROMHQR SD VX X 0RVWDU LPHQRYDQL XþLWHOMLNDWROLþNHYMHUH3HWDU/DVWDL0LMRâXQMLü15 ,] 0RVWDUVNRJ RNUXJD WUDåHQR MH RG 9ODGH 1DURGQRJ YLMHüD 6+6 GD VH SULOLNRP LPHQRYDQMD XþLWHOMD X 0RVWDU SRãWXMH YMHUVND ]DVWXSOMHQRVW 9MHUVND VWUXNWXUDXþLWHOMDWUHEDORMHGDEXGHVUD]PMHUQDYMHUVNRMVWUXNWXULXþHQLNDXãNRODPD 7DNRMHXPRVWDUVNLPRVQRYQLPãNRODPDãNROVNH JRGLQHELRQDMYHüLEURM XþHQLNDSUDYRVODYQHYMHUH LOL ]DWLPPXVOLPDQVNH LOL WH NDWROLþNH LOL 8þHQLNDNRMLVXVHL]MDãQMDYDOLNDRµ¶RVWDOL¶¶ELORMHLOL 9MHUVND VWUXNWXUD XþLWHOMD RVQRYQLK ãNROD X 0RVWDUX ãNROVNH JRGLQH SRND]XMX GD MH X PRVWDUVNLP RVQRYQLP ãNRODPD ELOR QDMYLãH XþLWHOMD NDWROLþNH YMHUH LOL D QDMPDQMH PXVOLPDQVNH YMHUH LOL 8þLWHOMDSUDYRVODYQHYMHUHELORMHLOL0HÿXWLPGDVHSRãWRYDRVUD]PMHU EURMDXþHQLNDLXþLWHOMDWDMRGQRVELL]JOHGDRVDVYLPGUXJDþLMH %LORMHLSULPMHUDGDURGLWHOMLQLVXãNRORYDOLVYRMXGMHFX]DWRãWRQDVWDYQR OLFHQLMHSULSDGDORQMLKRYRMYMHURLVSRYMHVWL9UORþHVWRVXLSROLWLþNHVWUDQNHWUDåLOH RG0LQLVWDUVWYDSURVYMHWHGDSRVWDYOMDXþLWHOMHLXSUDYLQNHãNRODL]UHGDµ¶YODVWLWRJ QDURGD¶¶ 7DNRMHRJUDQDN-XJRVORYHQVNHPXVOLPDQVNHRUJDQL]DFLMH -02 L].ODGQMD WUDåLRGDXWRPHPMHVWXXSUDYLWHOMãNROHEXGHPXVOLPDQ7RMHSUDYGDQRþLQMHQLFRP GDMH.ODGDQMPMHVWRXNRPHLPDMXVDPRþHWLULSUDYRVODYQHSRURGLFHLGDMHãNROVNR SRGUXþMHSUHWHåQRQDVWDQMHQRPXVOLPDQVNLPVWDQRYQLãWYRP8ãNROLMHELORXNXSQR XþHQLND RG WRJD XþHQLND LVODPVNH YMHURLVSRYMHVWL SUDYRVODYQH L XþHQLNDGUXJLKNRQIHVLMD 15 3UDYRVODYQRVWDQRYQLãWYRL]0RVWDUDMHSUHNRSUHGVMHGQLNDVUSVNRSUDYRVODYQHFUNYHQHRSãWLQH 0LüH%LOLüDWUDåLORGDVHX0RVWDUX3UYXGMHþDþNXQDURGQXRVQRYQXãNROXLPHQXMHXþLWHOM9ODGLPLU 6DPDUGåLüUDGLµ¶FUNYHQRJSRMDQMD¶¶7DNRÿHUMHWUDåHQRGDX0RVWDUEXGHLPHQRYDQ8URã7RãHYLü XþLWHOMQDURGQHRVQRYQHãNROHX5LEQLNXLQMHJRYDVXSUXJD2ERMHVXSULMH3UYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDUDGLOL XSUDYRVODYQLPNRQIHVLMVNLPãNRODPDX0RVWDUX$%L+IRQG1919%L+NXWLMD2NUXåQDREODVW 0RVWDU9ODGL1DURGQRJYLMHüD6+6X6DUDMHYX3ULMHGORJSRSXQMHQMDXSUDåQMHQLKXþLWHOMVNLKPMHVWD 0RVWDUGHFHPEUD JRGLQH $%L+IRQG1919%L+NXWLMD2NUXåQDREODVW0RVWDU9ODGL1DURGQRJYLMHüD6+6X6DUDMHYX 3ULMHGORJSRSXQMHQMDXSUDåQMHQLKXþLWHOMVNLKPMHVWD0RVWDUGHFHPEUD JRGLQH 8þLWHOMD PXVOLPDQVNH L SUDYRVODYQH YMHURLVSRYLMHVWL WUHEDOR MH GD EXGH SR D NDWROLþNH $%L+ IRQG 1919 %L+ NXWLMD 2NUXåQD REODVW 0RVWDU 9ODGL 1DURGQRJ YLMHüD 6+6 X 6DUDMHYX 3ULMHGORJ SRSXQMHQMD XSUDåQMHQLK XþLWHOMVNLK PMHVWD 0RVWDU GHFHPEUD JRGLQH $- IRQG , IDVFLNO EURM MHGLQLFD RSLVD 7HOHJUDP -XJRVORYHQVNH PXVOLPDQVNH RUJDQL]DFLMH.ODGDQM0LQLVWDUVWYX]DSURVYHWXLYHUH%HRJUDG%HRJUDG JRGLQH 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û 5D]OR]LQHUDYQRPMHUQRJDUDVSRUHGDXþLWHOMDXãNRODPD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH VX PQRJREURMQL 0HÿXWLP 3RNUDMLQVND XSUDYD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX MH WDNYR VWDQMHSUDYGDODþLQMHQLFRPGDXRYRMSRNUDMLQLLPDVWDQRYQLNDSUDYRVODYQH PXVOLPDQVNHLNDWROLþNHYMHURLVSRYMHVWLWHGDVRE]LURPQDWRLPD XþLWHOMD QDURGQLK RVQRYQLK ãNROD NRML SULSDGDMX VSRPHQXWLP NRQIHVLMDPD L GD EL WUHEDOR VUD]PMHUQR EURMX VWDQRYQLND GD EXGH XþLWHOMDSUDYRVODYQH PXVOLPDQVNH L NDWROLþNH YMHUH 8 SUDNVL MH ELOD VDVYLP GUXJDþLMD VLWXDFLMD WDNRGDMHELORXþLWHOMDSUDYRVODYQHPXVOLPDQVNHLXþLWHOMDNDWROLþNH YMHURLVSRYMHVWL 3RNUDMLQVND XSUDYD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX MH VPDWUDOD GD NRG WDNYRJDVWDQMDQLMHELORPRJXüHSRãWRYDWLNRQIHVLRQDOQLNOMXþSULOLNRPSRVWDYOMDQMD XþLWHOMD 7DNRÿHU 3RNUDMLQVND XSUDYD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX MH VPDWUDOD GD MH VWDQRYQLãWR%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSRJUDGRYLPDYHüLQRPPXVOLPDQVNHLNDWROLþNH YMHURLVSRYMHVWL GRN MH SUDYRVODYQR VWDQRYQLãWYR WHN QD WUHüHP PMHVWX MHU MH RQR YHüLQRPELORQDVHOMHQRSRVHOLPD7DNRELNRGSRVWDYOMDQMDXþLWHOMDXNROLNRELVH LVSRãWRYDRYMHUVNLNULWHULMSUDYRVODYQLXþLWHOMLSRPLãOMHQMX3RNUDMLQVNHXSUDYH]D %RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXELOLRVXÿHQLGDSURYRGHVDYVYRMUDGQLYLMHNXãNRODPDNRMH VXELOHQDVHOXGRNELRQLRVWDOLKNRQIHVLMDµ¶XåLYDOLVYHEODJRGDWLYHüLKPMHVWD¶¶ $OL LSDN 3RNUDMLQVND XSUDYD VH REDYH]DOD GD üH QDVWRMDWL XNROLNR WR RNROQRVWLEXGXGR]YROMDYDOHGDSRVWDYOMDXþLWHOMHLVWHNRQIHVLMHNRMHMHELODLYHüLQD QMLKRYLKXþHQLND %LORMHLSULPMHUDGDURGLWHOMLQLVXãNRORYDOLVYRMXGMHFX]DWRãWRQDVWDYQR OLFHQLMHSULSDGDORQMLKRYRMYMHURLVSRYMHVWL9UORþHVWRVXLSROLWLþNHVWUDQNHWUDåLOH RG0LQLVWDUVWYDSURVYMHWHGDSRVWDYOMDXþLWHOMHLXSUDYQLNHãNRODL]UHGDµ¶YODVWLWRJ QDURGD¶¶ 7DNRMHRJUDQDN-XJRVORYHQVNHPXVOLPDQVNHRUJDQL]DFLMH -02 L].ODGQMD WUDåLRGDXWRPHPMHVWXXSUDYLWHOMãNROHEXGHPXVOLPDQ7RMHSUDYGDQRþLQMHQLFRP GDMH.ODGDQMPMHVWRXNRPHLPDMXVDPRþHWLULSUDYRVODYQHSRURGLFHLGDMHãNROVNR SRGUXþMHSUHWHåQRQDVWDQMHQRPXVOLPDQVNLPVWDQRYQLãWYRP8ãNROLMHELORXNXSQR XþHQLND RG WRJD XþHQLND LVODPVNH YMHURLVSRYMHVWL SUDYRVODYQH L XþHQLNDGUXJLKNRQIHVLMD 5D]OR]LQHUDYQRPMHUQRJDUDVSRUHGDXþLWHOMDXãNRODPD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH VX PQRJREURMQL 0HÿXWLP 3RNUDMLQVND XSUDYD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX MH WDNYR VWDQMHSUDYGDODþLQMHQLFRPGDXRYRMSRNUDMLQLLPDVWDQRYQLNDSUDYRVODYQH PXVOLPDQVNHLNDWROLþNHYMHURLVSRYMHVWLWHGDVRE]LURPQDWRLPD XþLWHOMD QDURGQLK RVQRYQLK ãNROD NRML SULSDGDMX VSRPHQXWLP NRQIHVLMDPD L GD EL WUHEDOR VUD]PMHUQR EURMX VWDQRYQLND GD EXGH XþLWHOMDSUDYRVODYQH PXVOLPDQVNH L NDWROLþNH YMHUH 8 SUDNVL MH ELOD VDVYLP GUXJDþLMD VLWXDFLMD WDNRGDMHELORXþLWHOMDSUDYRVODYQHPXVOLPDQVNHLXþLWHOMDNDWROLþNH $-IRQG, IDVFLNOEURMMHGLQLFDRSLVD3RVWDYOMDQMHXþLWHOMDFDQDURGQLKRVQRYQLK ãNRODX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLVRE]LURPQDNRQIHVLMXQMLKRYXLXþHQLþNX%HRJUDG MXOL JRGLQH $- IRQG , IDVFLNO EURM MHGLQLFD RSLVD 7HOHJUDP -XJRVORYHQVNH PXVOLPDQVNH RUJDQL]DFLMH.ODGDQM0LQLVWDUVWYX]DSURVYHWXLYHUH%HRJUDG%HRJUDG JRGLQH Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD YMHURLVSRYMHVWL 3RNUDMLQVND XSUDYD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX MH VPDWUDOD GD NRG WDNYRJDVWDQMDQLMHELORPRJXüHSRãWRYDWLNRQIHVLRQDOQLNOMXþSULOLNRPSRVWDYOMDQMD XþLWHOMD 7DNRÿHU 3RNUDMLQVND XSUDYD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX MH VPDWUDOD GD MH VWDQRYQLãWR%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSRJUDGRYLPDYHüLQRPPXVOLPDQVNHLNDWROLþNH YMHURLVSRYMHVWL GRN MH SUDYRVODYQR VWDQRYQLãWYR WHN QD WUHüHP PMHVWX MHU MH RQR YHüLQRPELORQDVHOMHQRSRVHOLPD7DNRELNRGSRVWDYOMDQMDXþLWHOMDXNROLNRELVH LVSRãWRYDRYMHUVNLNULWHULMSUDYRVODYQLXþLWHOMLSRPLãOMHQMX3RNUDMLQVNHXSUDYH]D %RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXELOLRVXÿHQLGDSURYRGHVDYVYRMUDGQLYLMHNXãNRODPDNRMH VXELOHQDVHOXGRNELRQLRVWDOLKNRQIHVLMDµ¶XåLYDOLVYHEODJRGDWLYHüLKPMHVWD¶ $OL LSDN 3RNUDMLQVND XSUDYD VH REDYH]DOD GD üH QDVWRMDWL XNROLNR WR RNROQRVWLEXGXGR]YROMDYDOHGDSRVWDYOMDXþLWHOMHLVWHNRQIHVLMHNRMHMHELODLYHüLQD QMLKRYLKXþHQLND 9LãHXþLWHOMLFDQHJRXþLWHOMDPDQMHXþHQLFDQHJRXþHQLND 8ãNROVNRM JRGLQLRGQRVQRXSUYRMJRGLQLSRVWRMDQMD.UDOMHYVWYD 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL MH ELOR QDURGQLK RVQRYQLK ãNROD -HGQD ãNROD GROD]LOD MH QD NP ãWR QLMH ELOR GRYROMQR V RE]LURP QD SRYUãLQX EURM VWDQRYQLND L EURM ]D ãNROX GRUDVOH GMHFH 1DURGQH RVQRYQH ãNROH SRKDÿDOR MH XþHQLND WDNR GD MH XþHQLND GROD]LOR QD MHGQX ãNROX 3RGDFLSRND]XMXGDMHELORXþLWHOMDLXþLWHOMLFDGDMHMHGDQXþLWHOMGROD]LRQD XþHQLNDWHGDVXPXãNDGMHFDX]QDWQRYHüHPEURMXSRKDÿDODRVQRYQXãNROX LOL QHJR åHQVND LOL %URM XþLWHOMLFD LOL ELRMHYHüLRGEURMDXþLWHOMD LOL 8]URFLWDNYRJDVWDQMDXREODVWLRVQRYQRJãNROVWYDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL VX YLãHVWUXNL 8 SUYRPH UHGX WUHED LVWDüL þLQMHQLFX GD MH X SUHWKRGQRPH DXVWUR XJDUVNRP SHULRGX%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD]DRVWDMDODSREURMXãNRODXþLWHOMDLXþHQLND ]DRVWDOLPGLMHORYLPD0RQDUKLMH,VWRWDNRMHGDQRGYDåQLKIDNWRUDWDNYRJVWDQMD MHSULYUHGQDLNXOWXUQDQHUD]YLMHQRVW%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH%RVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNR GUXãWYRQLMHLPDORGRYROMQRSROLWLþNLK¿QDQVLMVNLKNDGURYVNLKLGUXJLKSRWHQFLMDOD GDVWDQMHXRVQRYQRPãNROVWYXL]GLJQHQDYLãLQLYR2YRPHVYDNDNRWUHEDGRGDWL L QDVOLMHÿHQX VYLMHVW MHGQRJD GLMHOD VWDQRYQLND %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH R WRPH GD ãNRORYDQMHQLMHQHRSKRGQRSRVHEQR]DåHQVNXGMHFX 1HGRVWDWDNXþLWHOMDLQMLKRYRQHRGJRYRUQRSRQDãDQMHSRQHNDGMHELRX]URN GDãNROHXQHNLPERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLPPMHVWLPDEXGXSUHG]DWYDUDQMHP7DNDY $-IRQG, IDVFLNOEURMMHGLQLFDRSLVD3RVWDYOMDQMHXþLWHOMDFDQDURGQLKRVQRYQLK ãNRODX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLVRE]LURPQDNRQIHVLMXQMLKRYXLXþHQLþNX%HRJUDG MXOL JRGLQH $-IRQGIDVFLNOEURMMHGLQLFDRSLVDEURM6WDWLVWLþNLSRGDFLRQDVWDYLX%RVQLL +HUFHJRYLQL]DãNROVNXJRGLQX L 6DUDMHYRPDMD $%L+IRQG=96 NXWLMDãLIUD ,]YMHãWDM=HPDOMVNHYODGHRãNROVWYXX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL6DUDMHYR JRGLQH 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û VOXþDM ELR MH VD ãNRODPD X 6UHEUHQLFL .UDYLFDPD 'ULQMDþL L )DNRYLüLPD X VUH]X 6UHEUHQLþNRP JRGLQH8WLPPMHVWLPDQDVWDYDQLMHSRþHODQLGRGHFHPEUD JRGLQHMHUQLMHELORXþLWHOMD2G=HPDOMVNHYODGHLPHQRYDQLXþLWHOMLQLVXVH SRMDYLOLQDVYRMLPUDGQLPPMHVWLPDãWRMHSUDYGDQREROHãüXGRSXVWRPLGUXJLP UD]OR]LPD 2YDNYRVWDQMHLSDNMHSUHYD]LÿHQRWDNRãWRMH=HPDOMVNDYODGDLPHQRYDOD XþLWHOMHXSRPHQXWDPMHVWD8'ULQMDþXMHMDQXDUD JRGLQHLPHQRYDQXþLWHOM $YGR%HUEHURYLüX.UDYLFH-RYDQ3HWURYLüDX)DNRYLüH'XãDQ3HMLQRYLü 6X]ELMDQMHQHSLVPHQRVWL±RUJDQL]LUDQMHWHþDMHYD]DRSLVPHQMDYDQMH 3UHPD SURFMHQDPD =HPDOMVNH YODGH %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD MH XãOD X .UDOMHYVWYR 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD VD L]UD]LWR YLVRNLP SURFHQWRP RG QHSLVPHQRJDVWDQRYQLãWYD 'D EL VH VPDQMLR EURM QHSLVPHQLK 2GMHO ]D VRFLMDOQX SROLWLNX =HPDOMVNH YODGH ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX SRYHR MH SUYRJD VHSWHPEUD JRGLQH DNFLMX SURWLY QHSLVPHQRVWL X ]HPOML 3ULMH NRQDþQRJ RGUHÿLYDQMD QDþLQD VX]ELMDQMD DQDOIDEHWL]PD SRYMHUHQLãWYR ]D VRFLMDOQX SROLWLNX VD]YDOR MH SRVHEQX DQNHWX ]D RNWREDU JRGLQH X VDWL X VYHþDQRM GYRUDQL =HPDOMVNH YODGH =D DQNHWX MH ELOR SUHGYLÿHQR GD VH UDVSUDYOMD SRVHEQR R QHNLP SLWDQMLPD NDR GD OL ELWUHEDOR]DNRQRPXUHGLWLREDYH]QRVX]ELMDQMHQHSLVPHQRVWLLNRMLELQDþLQ]DWR ELRQDMSRGHVQLML" GDOLELELORGREURGDVHXYHGHLQVWLWXFLMDW]YSXWXMXüLKXþLWHOMD NYDOL¿FLUDQLK ]D RGUåDYDQMH DQDOIDEHWVNLK WHþDMHYD X RQLP PMHVWLPD X NRMLPD QHPDRVSRVREOMHQLKRVRED]DWHSRVORYH" NRELPRJDRQDMXVSMHãQLMHGDRUJDQL]LUD RWYDUDQMH DQDOIDEHWVNLK WHþDMHYD" NRMD EL QDVWDYQD SRPDJDOD ]D VX]ELMDQMH QHSLVPHQRVWLELODQDMSRGHVQLMD" 8þLWHOMLFD0DULMD-RYDQGLüQLMHVHSRMDYLODMHUMHX5DåOMHYXþHNDODXþLWHOMD1LNROX6HQLüDNRMLMH WUHEDRGDGRÿHQDVOXåEXXWRPMHVWR8þLWHOM0LKDMOR7RGLüãNROVNLVWDULMHãLQDX6UHEUHQLFLSUDYGDR MH VYRM QHGROD]DN GRSXVWRP GR GHFHPEUD JRGLQH L þLQMHQLFRP GD MH SR RGREUHQMX YODGH QDPMHUDYDRQDSXVWLWLVOXåEXX6UHEUHQLFLVUHGLQRPMDQXDUD JRGLQHWHGDüHSULORåLWLOLMHþQLþNX SRWYUGXNDRGRND]VYRJD]GUDYVWYHQRJVWDQMD.RWDUVNRPHXUHGXX6UHEUHQLFLQLMHELORSR]QDWRJGMH VHQDOD]LXþLWHOMLFD.DWDULQD0DV]WHGDOLüHLNDGDXþLWHOMLFD*UXELãLü'DULQNDL]QDVHOMD3LVNDYLFD GRüLX.UDYLFHQDVOXåEX8þLWHOM%HUEHURYLü$YGRNRMLMHLPHQRYDQXãNROXX'ULQMDþLREROLRMHRG µ¶ãSDQVNHEROHVWL¶¶DOLQLMHSULORåLROLMHþQLþNRXYMHUHQMHDþHNDRMHLVYRJDQDVOMHGQLND0LKDMOD7RGLüD 'UXJRLPHQRYDQD RVRED ]D VOXåEX X ãNROL X 'ULQMDþL 6WDQD %RJGDQLü QLMH VH SRMDYLOD QD VYRPH UDGQRPPMHVWXD.RWDUVNLXUHGQLMHLPDRLQIRUPDFLMHJGMHVHRQDQDOD]L8þLWHOMLFDX)DNRYLüLPD -HOHQD-H]GLPLURYLüSUHPDLQIRUPDFLMDPDNRMHMHLPDR.RWDUVNLXUHGX6UHEUHQLFLELODMHEROHVQD $%L+ IRQG =96 NXWLMD ãLIUD 2NUXåQD REODVW 7X]OD 1DURGQRM YODGL X 6DUDMHYX 7X]ODGHFHPEUD JRGLQH $%L+IRQG=96NXWLMDãLIUD6DUDMHYRPDUWD JRGLQH 2VQRYQH ãNROH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 1DURGQR MHGLQVWYR EU 6DUDMHYR SRQHGMHOMDN GHFHPEUD $%L+ IRQG =96 NXWLMD ãLIUD 6X]ELMDQMH QHSLVPHQRVWL X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 6D]LYDQNHWH6DUDMHYR JRGLQH Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD 1DNRQ SURYHGHQH UDVSUDYH R VX]ELMDQMX QHSLVPHQRVWL =HPDOMVND YODGD MH GRãOD GR RGJRYRUD QD SRVWDYOMHQD SLWDQMD -DYQR PQLMHQMH MH ELOR PLãOMHQMD GD MH SLWDQMHVX]ELMDQMDQHSLVPHQRVWLNRGGMHFHRGGRJRGLQHULMHãHQR=DNRQRPR REDYH]QRM QDVWDYL NRML MH GRQHVHQ X YULMHPH DXVWURXJDUVNH XSUDYH 0HÿXWLP YHüLQD DQNHWLUDQLK MH VPDWUDOD GD X VSURYRÿHQMX ]DNRQD QH WUHED µ¶ELWL WYUG¶¶ MHU GUåDYD QHPD GRYROMQR VUHGVWDYD GD ]D NUDWNR YULMHPH RWYRUL YHüL EURM ãNRODGDVXPQRJDVHODµ¶UDãWUNDQD¶¶LXGDOMHQDRGãNRODWHGD]ERJWRJDQHWUHEDQL SULVLOMDYDWLGMHFXGDGROD]HXãNROX 6D RSLVPHQMDYDQMHP RVRED RG GR JRGLQD WUHEDOR MH SR PLãOMHQMX MDYQRJPQLMHQMDLüLSRVWHSHQR3UYRMHRSLVPHQMDYDQMHWUHEDORYUãLWLXVHOLPDNRMD VX ]ELMHQRJ WLSD QDVHOMHQLMD L X NRMLPD VX OMXGL YLãH QD RNXSX 8 WLP PMHVWLPD LPD L XþLWHOMD SD EL VH WLPH L]EMHJOR RUJDQL]LUDQMH SXWXMXüLK XþLWHOMD (IHNWL WHþDMHYD ELOL EL YHüL NDGD EL XþLWHOML ELOL RVREH SR]QDWH VWDQRYQLFLPD VHOD QHJR NDGD EL RSLVPHQMDYDQMH YUãLOL SXWXMXüL XþLWHOML 7DNRÿHU X WDNYLP VHOLPD ELOH VX REH]ELMHÿHQHLSURVWRULMH]DL]YRÿHQMHWHþDMHYD ãNRODåXSVNLLOLSDURKLMVNLVWDQL VO 2YDNYLP QDþLQRP RUJDQL]LUDQMD WHþDMD ULMHãLOD EL VH SR PLãOMHQMX MDYQRJ PQLMHQMDYDåQDRUJDQL]DFLRQDSLWDQMD0HÿXWLPRVWDODELLGDOMHSLWDQMDNDRãWRVX þLãüHQMHSURVWRULMDUDVYMHWDNQMLJHKRQRUDUL]DRVREHNRMHELYUãLOHRSLVPHQMDYDQMH 2YDSLWDQMDWUHEDORELGDULMHãLGUåDYDNRMDMHPRJODGDL]GYRMLSRWUHEQDVUHGVWYD]D UD]OLNXRGRSüLQDNRMHVXELOHVLURPDãQHLQLVXLPDOHGRYROMQRVUHGVWDYD7HþDMHYH ELWUHEDORGDRUJDQL]LUD2GMHOMHQMH]DSURVYMHWXLYMHUVNHSRVORYHDQDMSR]YDQLMLGD L]YRGHWHþDMHYHELOLVXXþLWHOMLLVYHüHQLFL $NWLYQRVWL=HPDOMVNHYODGHQDRUJDQL]DFLMLWHþDMHYD]DRSLVPHQMDYDQMHGDOH VXNRQNUHWQHUH]XOWDWH7DNRVXRGNUDMD GRSRORYLQH JRGLQHRGUåDQD WHþDMDQDNRMLPDMHRSLVPHQMHQRRVRED30 %URMRVQRYQLKãNRODVHSRYHüDYD %H] RE]LUD QD EURMQH QHGRVWDWNH X UDGX EURM RVQRYQLK ãNROD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQLNRQWLQXLUDQRMHSRYHüDYDQ6WDQMHXSRJOHGXEURMDQDURGQLKRVQRYQLK ãNRODEURMDXþLWHOMDLXþLWHOMLFDWHEURMDXþHQLNDXãNROVNRM JRGLQLPRåH VHYLGMHWLL]WDEHOH 31 $%L+ IRQG =96 NXWLMD ãLIUD 6X]ELMDQMH QHSLVPHQRVWL X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 6D]LYDQNHWH6DUDMHYR JRGLQH $%L+ IRQG =96 NXWLMD ãLIUD 6X]ELMDQMH QHSLVPHQRVWL X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 6D]LYDQNHWH6DUDMHYR JRGLQH $%L+IRQG=96NXWLMDãLIUD 0QLMHQMHSUYRJRGMHOMHQMDRVX]ELMDQMXQHSLVPHQRVWL X%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL6DUDMHYR JRGLQH 30 $%L+IRQG=96NXWLMD ãLIUD,VND]RVWDQMXQDURGQRJãNROVWYDVYUãHWNRPãNROVNH JRGLQH 6DUDMHYRMXOD JRGLQH 31 $-IRQGIDVFLNOEURMMHGLQLFDRSLVDEURM6WDWLVWLþNLSRGDFLRQDVWDYLX%RVQLL +HUFHJRYLQL]DãNROVNXJRGLQX L 6DUDMHYRPDMD JRGLQH 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û %URMQDURGQLK %URMXþLWHOMDLXþLWHOMLFD %URMXþHQLND RVQRYQLKãNROD 8þLWHOMD 8þLWHOMLFD 6YHJD 'MHþDND 'MHYRMþLFD 6YHJD 469 548 547 1.095 42.030 13.054 55.084 7DEHOD1DURGQHRVQRYQHãNROHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLãNROVNH JRGLQH 3RGDFL SUH]HQWLUDQL X WDEHOL SRND]XMX GD VH X ãNROVNRM JRGLQL VWDQMHXSRJOHGXEURMDRVQRYQLKãNRODEURMDXþLWHOMDLXþHQLNDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL SURPLMHQLR%URMRVQRYQLKãNRODSRYHüDQMHXRGQRVXQDãNROVNX JRGLQX ]DLOLGRNMHEURMXþLWHOMDLXþLWHOMLFDSRYHüDQ]D XþLWHOMDL XþLWHOMLFD LOL3RYHüDQMHMH]DELOMHåHQRLNRGEURMDXþHQLNDNRMLVXSRKDÿDOL RVQRYQXãNROX1MLKRYEURMVHSRYHüDRVD QD'DNOHEURMXþHQLNDMH SRYHüDQ]D GMHþDNDLGMHYRMþLFD LOL %H] RE]LUD QD NRQWLQXLUDQR SRYHüDYDQMH EURMD ãNROD EURMD XþLWHOMD L XþLWHOMLFD VWDQMH X REODVWL RVQRYQRJD ãNROVWYD L GDOMH QLMH ELOR ]DGRYROMDYDMXüH 9HOLNLEURMGMHFHSRVHEQRåHQVNHLGDOMHQLMHSRKDÿDRãNROXL]YLãHVWUXNLKUD]ORJD -HGDQ RG QDM]QDþDMQLMLK MH VLJXUQR QHGRVWDWDN ãNROVNRJD SURVWRUD =ERJ WRJD MH 0LQLVWDUVWYR SURVYHWH .UDOMHYLQH 6+6 WUDåLOR RG =HPDOMVNH YODGH ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQXGDRWYDUDQDURGQHRVQRYQHãNROHLGDLPHQXMHXþLWHOMHWDPRJGMHLK QHPD7RMHSUDYGDQRþLQMHQLFRPGDPQRJLQDURGQLSRVODQLFLLGUXJLYLÿHQLMLOMXGLL] %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHWUDåHRG0LQLVWDUVWYDSURVYMHWHGDVHXXþLWHOMVNXVOXåEX]ERJ QHGRVWDWNDXþLWHOMDLPHQXMXLXþLWHOMLFHXGDWH]DRVREHNRMHQHREDYOMDMXXþLWHOMVNX VOXåEXWHGDLPVHNRGLPHQRYDQMDLOLSUHPMHãWDQMDRVLJXUDSUHYR]VWYDULGRPMHVWD XNRMHWUHEDGDRWSXWXMX0LQLVWUDVWYRSURVYMHWH±2GMHOMHQMH]DRVQRYQXQDVWDYX XSXWLORMH=HPDOMVNRMYODGLX6DUDMHYRDNWXNRPHVHL]QRVHLVNXVWYDL]6UELMHR WRPHNDNRMHULMHãHQRSLWDQMHQHGRVWDWNDXþLWHOMDLRUJDQL]LUDQMDQDVWDYH7RELVH SRPLãOMHQMX0LQLVWDUVWYDPRJORSULPLMHQLWLLX%RVQLL+HUHFJRYLQL8QDUHGQRPH GLMHOXWHNVWDGRQRVLPRVDGUåDMGLMHODWRJDDNWD 2YDNYD SLWDQMD ]DGDMX EULJH SURVYHWQLP XSUDYOMDþLPD X VYLPD SRNUDMLQDPDQDãHJ.UDOMHYVWYD6WRJDQDOD]LPGDQHüHELWLL]OLãQRGDL]QHVHPNRMH VXPHUHSRGX]HWHX6UELMLWHGDVHRVNXGLFDXXþLWHOMLPDãWR PDQMHRVHWL8QDþHOX MHUHãHQRGDMHEROMHGDVYDNRPHVWRLPDPDLMHGQRJQDVWDYQLNDQHJRGDQHND PHVWD LPDMX SR L YLãH QDVWDYQLND D QHND GD QHPDMX QL MHGQRJ 7RJD UDGLPQRJDVXRGHOMHQMDSULL]YHVQLPãNRODPD]DWYRUHQDDXPQRJLPPHVWLPDJGH QLMHELORãNRODRWYRUHQHVXQRYH1LMHGQRQRYRRGHOHQMHQHPRåHVHRWYRULWLGRN VYHãNROHQHGRELMXEDUSRMHGQRJXþLWHOMD3UHYHQWLYQRVHSRVWDYOMDMXQDVWDYQLFLX PHVWDJGHQHPDQLMHGQRJQDVWDYQLNDSDRQGDJGHLPDSRLWG=DYHGHQDMHL SROXGQHYQDQDVWDYD MHGQDJUXSDÿDNDLGHSUHDGUXJDSRVOHSRGQHLOL ]DEUGVNH NUDMHYH MHGQDJUXSDGROD]LMHGQRJGDQDSUHLSRVOHSRGQHDGUXJRJGDQDGROD]L GUXJD JUXSD 1D RYDM QDþLQ X YHüLQL ãNROD MHGDQ QDVWDYQLN REXþDYD ± ÿDND]DãWDLPDQDURþLWLPHVHþQLGRGDWDNRGGLQDUD1DRYDMQDþLQXVSHORVHGD Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD VHLVDPDOLPEURMHPQDVWDYQLþNLKVQDJDSRNULMHYHüLEURMÿDNDLGDVHRWYRUHãNROH XPQRJLPPHVWLPDXNRMLPDGRWOHQLVXSRVWRMDOH6HPRYRJDRWYRUHQHVXLQRYH XþLWHOMVNHãNROHDXSURMHNWXMHGDVHRWYRULMRãQHNROLNR 7DNRLVWRLXþLWHOMLFH XGDWH]DRQHNRMLQLVXXþLWHOMLSUL]QDMXVHL]DGUåDYDMXXXþLWHOMVNRMVOXåEL 0HÿXWLP =HPDOMVND YODGD QLMH VPDWUDOD GD WUHED SULPLMHQLWL X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQLLVWHPHWRGHLQDþLQUDGDNDRX6UELML9ODGDMHELODVYMHVQDYDåQRVWL UD]YRMDãNROVWYDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLDOLMHSULWRPHQDVWRMDODGDLVSRãWXMHYDåHüH ]DNRQVNH SURSLVH 3RGL]DQMH QRYLK QDURGQLK RVQRYQLK ãNROD L REH]EMHÿLYDQMH QDVWDYQRJNDGUDELOLVXYDåQL]DGDFLYODGHLQDWRPHMHRQDåHOMHODGDLVWUDMH.DNR ELVHREH]ELMHGLORYLãHãNROVNRJSURVWRUDQDVWRMDQRMHJGMHJRGMHWRELORPRJXüH GDVHSRSUDYHLRSUHPHSRWUHEQLPQDVWDYQLPLGUXJLPVUHGVWYLPDãNROVNH]JUDGH NRMHVXRãWHüHQHXWRNX3UYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWD,VWRWDNRSUHX]HWHVXLãNROVNH]JUDGH X NRMLPD VX GR SRþHWND 3UYRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD ELOH VPMHãWHQH SUDYRVODYQH ãNROH 3RãWRMHJUDGQMDQRYLKãNROD]DKWLMHYDODL]GYDMDQMHYHOLNLKQRYþDQLKVUHGVWDYDãWR MHSRGUD]XPLMHYDORLSRGL]DQMHQRYLKNUHGLWDWRVXYUORþHVWRL]QDMPOMLYDQHSULYDWQH ]JUDGHNRMHVXVHDGDSWLUDQMHPSULODJRÿDYDOHSRWUHEDPDãNROH 3R SRGDFLPD VD NRMLPD MH UDVSRODJDOD =HPDOMVND YODGD PDMD JRGLQH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL MH ELOR ãNROD RG NRMLK X NRMLPD MH QHSUHNLGQRL]YRÿHQDQDVWDYDGRNVHXãNRODQDVWDYDQLMHL]YRGLOD1DVWDYDX WLPãNRODPDQLMHL]YRÿHQD]DWRãWRRQHQLVXELOHSRSUDYOMHQH UDGRYLVXELOLXWRNX LOLXQMLPDQLMHELORNOXSDLGUXJRJQDMQXåQLMHJãNROVNRJQDPMHãWDMD1DMYHüLEURM QHSRSUDYOMHQLKãNRODELRMHXNUDMHYLPDNRMLVXWRNRPUDWDQDMYLãHRSXVWRãHQL 9HOLNL SUREOHP SUHGVWDYOMDOR MH VLURPDãWYR ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD SRVHEQR X UDWRP RSXVWRãHQLP NUDMHYLPD 7DNR RVLURPDãHQR VWDQRYQLãWYR QLMH PRJOR YODVWLWLP VUHGVWYLPD GD SRGLåH ãNROH VWDQRYH XþLWHOMLPD LGUXJR6UHGVWDYDQLMHLPDODQL=HPDOMVNDYODGDSDXXGDOMHQLMLPPMHVWLPDQLMH PRJODGDVWDELOL]LUDãNROVNHSULOLNH9ODGDMHLVWLFDODGDQHPDGRYROMQRVUHGVWDYD QL GD L] YODVWLWRJ EXGåHWD QDEDYL ]D XþLWHOMVNH VWDQRYH QDMQXåQLML QDPMHãWDM 8 VYDNRPVOXþDMX=HPDOMVNDYODGDQLMHåHOMHODGDELORNRMLQHGRVWDWDNLOLSURSXVWX RUJDQL]LUDQMXãNROVWYDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLSULKYDWLNDRVYRMXQHVSRVREQRVWLOL JUHãNXYHüMHWRXYLMHNSUDYGDODµ¶REMHNWLYQLP¶¶RNROQRVWLPD .DGD MH X SLWDQMX VWDQMH XþLWHOMVNRJ NDGUD L QDþLQ L]YRÿHQMD QDVWDYH =HPDOMVNDYODGDMH0LQLVWDUVWYXSURVYMHWHL]PHÿXRVWDORJQDSLVDODVOLMHGHüH ,VNOMXþHQD MH PRJXüQRVW GD EL PL RVNXGMHYDOL X XþLWHOMVWYX %LOR MHLVWLQDYULMHPHNDGVPRRVMHüDOLLWXRVNXGLFX7DGDMHELODXQHNLPJUDGVNLP ãNRODPDRGUHÿHQDSROXGQHYQDDXQHNLPVHRVNLPãNRODPDSUHNRGQHYQDQDVWDYD WMQHNLVXXþHQLFLGROD]LOLXãNROXSULMHDQHNLSRVOLMHSRGQHRGQRVQRQHNLMHGDQ GDQDQHNLGUXJLGDQ7DMMHQDþLQSRKDÿDQMDãNROH]DGUåDQVDPRMRãRQGMHJGMHVX ãNROVNHSURVWRULMHWDNRPDOHQHGDVHXQMLKQHPRJXRGMHGQRPVPMHVWLWLVYLãNROVNL $%L+ IRQG =96 NXWLMD ãLIUD 0LQLVWDUVWYR SURVYMHWH X %HRJUDGX =HPDOMVNRM YODGLX6DUDMHYR2WYDUDQMHQHRWYRUHQLKQDURGQLKRVQRYQLKãNROD%HRJUDG JRGLQH 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û SROD]QLFL'DEL=HPDOMVNDYODGDLPDODGRYROMDQEURMQDVWDYQLNDRVQRYQLKãNROD QHVDPRGDVX]DGUåDQLXVOXåELVYLRQLNRMLVXVH]DYULMHPHRVORERÿHQMD]DWHNOL NDRDNWLYQLXþLWHOMLFHQHJRMHRYDYODGDMRãLUHDNWLYLUDODVYHRGELYãH]HPDOMVNH XSUDYH XPLURYOMHQH L RG VOXåEH RWSXãWHQH ELYãH VUSVNRSUDYRVODYQH XþLWHOMH DLVWRWDNRLRQHXþLWHOMHGUåDYQLKãNRODNRMLVXELOLVOXåEHOLãHQLL]SROLWLþNLKLOL ]GUDYVWYHQLKUD]ORJDDNRVHMHQMLKRYR]GUDYVWYHQRVWDQMHELORSRWSXQRSRSUDYLOR 2VLP UHGRYQLK VYUãHQLK SULSUDYQLND LPDOL VPR L RQLK NRML VX SRORåLOL LVSLW ]UHORVWLµ¶SULMHYUHPHQD¶¶DWRVXRQLNRMLVX]ERJUDWQLKGRJDÿDMD]DYUãLOLVYRMH SUHSDUDQGLMVNHãWXGLMHXMHGQRPSROXJRGLãQMHPNXUVX7DNYLKVPRNDQGLGDWDLPDOL 6YLVXRQLELOLQDPMHãWHQLX]VWDULMH±LVNXVQLMHXþLWHOMH'XåQRVWLPMHELODX] QHSRVUHGQR SLVDQMH SLVPHQLK SULSUDYD ]D ãNROVNL UDG KRVSLWLUDMX SUL UDGX VYRJ VWDULMHJNROHJH2GYUHPHQDGRYUHPHQDQDVWDYOMDOLVXLRQLXSULVXVWYXãNROVNLK XSUDYLWHOMD L UD]UHGQRJ XþLWHOMD 1DNRQ ± PMHVHFL KRVSLWLUDQMD GR]YROMHQ LPMHELRVDPRVWDODQUDG7LPHVPRGRELOLOLMHSEURMQDVWDYQLNDNRMLQHVDPRGD XGRYROMDYDMXSRWUHELQHJRRQLRGJRYDUDMXLGXKXYUHPHQDXNRPHåLYH 33 ,]RYRJDL]YMHãWDMDVHPRåHYLGMHWLGDMHYODGDVWDQMHRVQRYQRJãNROVWYD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL SULND]LYDOD NDR GREUR ãWR QLMH PRJOR GD RGJRYDUD LVWLQL ýLQMHQLFD GD MHGDQ EURM ãNROD QLMH UDGLR QL GYLMH JRGLQH SRVOLMH ]DYUãHWND 3UYRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD GD X QHNLP ãNRODPD QLMH ELOR XþLWHOMD EH] RE]LUD ãWR MH YODGD SULND]LYDODVWDQMHVDVYLPGUXJDþLMH ãWRVXXþLWHOMLåLYMHOLEH]RVQRYQLKXVORYD]D åLYRWLGUJRYRULGDYODGDQLMHXODJDODGRYROMQRQDSRUDGDSRSUDYLVWDQMHXãNROVWYX %URM XþLWHOMD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL SRYHüDYDR VH SHUPDQHQWQLP ãNRORYDQMHP WRJD NDGUD 7DNR MH ãNROVNH JRGLQH ]DYUãLOR RNR SULSUDYQLND ãWR MH =HPDOMVND YODGD RFLMHQLOD NDR GREDU XVSMHK MHU %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQLQHüHQHGRVWDMDWLWRJDNDGUD,]WLKUD]ORJDSRPLãOMHQMXYODGHQLMHELOR SRWUHEQRGDVHXXþLWHOMVNRMVOXåEL]DGUåHXþLWHOMLFHNRMHVXXGDWH]DQHXþLWHOMHLOL GDVHUHDNWLYLUDMXRQHNRMHVXELOHUD]ULMHãHQHXþLWHOMVNHVOXåEH]ERJWDNYHXGDMH =HPDOMVNDMHYODGDXVYRPHDNWX0LQLVWDUVWYXSURVYMHWHX%HRJUDGXGDOMHLVWDNOD =DGUåDYDQMHP L UHDNWLYLUDQMHP WDNYLK XþLWHOMLFD QH VDPR GD EL VH SRJD]LOD XVWDQRYD ]DNRQD RG ,,, NRMRP MH GR]YROMHQD XGDMD XþLWHOMLFD VDPR ]D XþLWHOMH QHJR EL VH L YODGD L XþLWHOMVWYR GRYHOR X MHGDQ QH]JRGDQ L YUOR QHXJRGDQSRORåDM=DQHXþLWHOMHELVHXGDYDOHVDPRRQHXþLWHOMLFHNRMHVOXåHSR EROMLPLYHüLPPMHVWLPDDWLPHELRQHVHELRVLJXUDOH]DVYRYULMHPHVOXåERYDQMD EROMX SR]LFLMX GRN EL RQH SR VHOLPD ELOH VNRUR X VYLP VOXþDMHYLPD RVXÿHQH GD QHSUHVWDQRVOXåHX]DELWQLPPMHVWLPD3ULGRVDGDãQMHPQDPMHãWDQMXLSUHPMHãWDQMX XþLWHOMDFDLPDODMH=HPDOMVNDYODGDXYLGXQDMSULMHSRWUHEXVOXåEHWHQDVWRMDOD GDVYDNLXþLWHOMGRÿHXSUDYRRQGMHJGMHüHVDVYRMLPRVRELQDPDQDMEROMHSRVOXåLWL QDSUHWNXãNROHLQDURGDDQDGUXJRPPMHVWXQDVWRMDODMH=HPDOMVNDYODGDGDVH 33 $%L+ IRQG =96 NXWLMD ãLIUD =HPDOMVND YODGD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX 0LQLVWDUVWYX SURVYMHWH .UDOMHYVWYD 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD X %HRJUDGX 6DUDMHYR JRGLQH Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD štR YLãH VWYRUL PRJXüQRVW GD XþLWHOML NRML LPDMX GMHFH ]D RGJDMDQMH X VUHGQMLP ãNRODPD GRÿX X RQD PMHVWD JGMH WDNYLK ãNROD LPD 7HN VX VH QD WUHüHP PMHVWX X]LPDOHGRVDGXRE]LUIDPLOLMDUQHRNROQRVWLDNDGELVHGR]YROLODXGDMDXþLWHOMLFD ]DQHXþLWHOMHELRELWRPRPHQDWNRMLELSULVYDNRPQDPMHãWDQMXPRUDRGRüLXRE]LU QD SUYR PMHVWR þLPH EL SRWLVQXR X SR]DGLQX GYD PQRJR RSUDYGDQLMD PRPHQWD =HPDOMVNDYODGDELODMHQDVWDQRYLãWXGDWUHEDSRãWRYDWLSRVWRMHüL]DNRQ SRNRPHVHXþLWHOMLFHPRJXXGDYDWLVDPR]DXþLWHOMH6YDNRGUXJRUMHãHQMH]DRYX YODGXELORMHQHSULKYDWOMLYR 3URSXVWLXRUJDQL]DFLMLãNROVWYDXRþDYDOLVXVHXVYLPNUDMHYLPD%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQH7DNR MH 2NUXåQR QDþHOVWYR X %LKDüX L]YLMHVWLOR =HPDOMVNX YODGX X 6DUDMHYX R µ¶QHSRYROMQLP SURVYMHWQLP SULOLNDPD X %LKDüNRP RNUXJX¶¶ ýHVWD SRMDYD X RVQRYQLP ãNRODPD %LKDüNRJ RNUXJD ELOD MH SUHPMHãWDQMH XþLWHOMD7DNR VH GHãDYDOR GD SRMHGLQL XþLWHOML UDQLMH SULPH LQIRUPDFLMX R SUHPMHãWDMX QHJR ãWR VH WR ]YDQLþQR RE]QDQL 7R MH GRYRGLOR GR RGODVND XþLWHOMD X QRYD PMHVWD D GD QD QMLKRYR UDGQR PMHVWR QLMH GRãDR QRYL XþLWHOM L GD R WRPH RNUXåQH YODVWL QLVX ELOH REDYLMHãWHQH7DNRÿHU VH GHãDYDOR GD XþLWHOML RGX QD IHULMH D GD SUL RGODVNX QLNRPHQHSUHGDMXãNROXLãNROVNXLPRYLQX7DNRQDSXãWHQHãNROHELOHVXL]ORåHQH SURSDGDQMX L SOMDþNDQMX âNROH X QDVHOMLPD .UQMHXãD %MHODM 7UXEDU 2VUHGDN L 9HOLNL&YMHWQLü ELOH VX QD PHWL SOMDþNDãD ,]PHÿX RVWDORJ SRYDÿHQD VX VWDNOD L] SUR]RUDL]YDÿHQHEUDYHL]YUDWDSRYDÿHQLSRGRYLVNLQXWFULMHSVDNURYDLWG,VWUDJD YRÿHQD SURWLY SOMDþNDãD XYLMHN MH ]DYUãDYDOD QHXVSMHãQR WDNR GD VX RQL RVWDOL QHNDåQMHQL35 *UDÿDQLVXYUORþHVWRSULJRYDUDOLQDQHVUHÿHQRVWDQMHXREODVWLRVQRYQRJ ãNROVWYD X %LKDüNRP RNUXJX 8JODYQRP VH SULJRYDUDOR GD VH ãNROH SRVOLMH XMHGLQMHQMD X .UDOMHYVWYR 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD ]DWYDUDMX XPMHVWR GD VH RWYDUDMX5RGLWHOMLVXLPDOLSULPMHGEHQDQDþLQRUJDQL]LUDQMDQDVWDYHSURVWRUEURM XþLWHOMDLWG $%L+ IRQG =96 NXWLMD ãLIUD =HPDOMVND YODGD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX 0LQLVWDUVWYX SURVYMHWH .UDOMHYVWYD 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD X %HRJUDGX 6DUDMHYR JRGLQH 35 $%L+IRQG=96NXWLMD ãLIUD1HSRYROMQHSURVYMHWQHSULOLNHXELKDüNRPRNUXJX %LKDüRNWREUD JRGLQH âNROH X 2VUHWNX 6LWQLFL 9HOLNRP &YMHWQLüX QLVX UDGLOH GYLMH JRGLQH 2VLP WRJD L ãNROD X %XNRYDþLELODMH]DWYRUHQDµ¶YHüGXåHYULMHPH¶¶8MHGQRPEURMXãNROD]ERJQHGRVWDWNDSURVWRULMDELOD MHXYHGHQDW]YUD]GLMHOMHQDQDVWDYD7DNRMHELORX1DURGQRMRVQRYQRMãNROLX%MHODMX7DãNRODLPDOD MH VDPR GYLMH SURVWRULMH X NRMLPD MH ELOR SR XþHQLND X VYDNRM7DNRÿHU MH LPDOD L VDPR MHGQRJ XþLWHOMDãWRMHMRãYLãHRWHåDYDORVLWXDFLMXXWRMãNROL0HÿXWLPURGLWHOMLXSLVDQHGMHFHVXVHSURWLYLOL WRPQDþLQXUDGD7UDåLOLVXGDQMLKRYDGMHFDLGXXãNROXVYDNLGDQDQHVYDNLGUXJLGDQ5RGLWHOML VXWDNRÿHUWUDåLOLGDVHXãNROXLPHQXMHMRãMHGDQXþLWHOM1DSHWVHODLXSLVDQHGMHFHWUHEDMXGD EXGXGYDXþLWHOMDVPDWUDOLVXURGLWHOMLâNROVND]JUDGDX%RVDQVNRP3HWURYFXLPDODMHSHWSURVWRULMD 8 ãNROX VX ãNROVNH JRGLQH ELOD XSLVDQD XþHQLND 1DVWDYX VX L]YRGLOD þHWLUL XþLWHOMD 3RSRYLü'DQLOR9XNDQRYLü0DUD0LODQRYLü-RYRL.DQD]DUHYLü1DWDOLMD$%L+IRQG=96,NXWLMD ãLIUD 1HSRYROMQH SURVYMHWQH SULOLNH X ELKDüNRP RNUXJX %LKDü RNWREUD JRGLQH 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û 'HãDYDORVHGDXãNROVNLP]JUDGDPDEXGXVPMHãWHQLåDQGDUPLNDRãWRMH ELRVOXþDMVDãNRORPX7UXEDUXWDNRGDQDVWDYDQLMHL]YRÿHQDGRSRþHWNDãNROVNH JRGLQH$OLLSRVOLMHLVHOMHQMDåDQGDUPDWHDGDSWDFLMHãNROHQDVWDYDQLMH UHGRYQRL]YRÿHQD5D]ORJ]DWRELRMHQHGRVWDWDNãNROVNRJQDPMHãWDMDQDVWDYQLK SRPDJDODQDVWDYQLKVUHGVWDYDXþLWHOMVNRJNDGUDLWG 6 FLOMHP GD VH QHSRYROMQH ãNROVNH SULOLNH RWNORQH 2NUXåQR QDþHOVWYR X %LKDüXXSXWLORMH=HPDOMVNRMYODGLX6DUDMHYRVOLMHGHüHSULMHGORJH 6YDSUHPMHãWDQMDLQDPMHãWDQMDXþLWHOMVNLKOLFDWUHEDVPDWUDWLNDRXUHGRYQX WDMQXLQLSRGNRMLPXYMHWLPDQHELVPMHOLSRMHGLQFL]DWRSULMHGDGR]QDMXGRNVH WR]YDQLþQRQHREMDYL'HNUHWLRSUHPMHãWDQMXLOLQDPMHãWDQMXWUHEDGDVHSRVOLMH ]YDQLþQRREMDYHLãWRKLWQLMHL]GDMXLGRVWDYH 8 MHGQRUD]UHGQLP ãNRODPD QH VPLMH SUHPMHãHQL XþLWHOMLFD RVWDYLWL VYRMH PMHVWRGRNQHSUHGDWDþQRSRLQYHQWDUXãNROXLãNROVNXLPRYLQXVYRPHQDãOMHGQLNX 8 YUOR KLWQLP L QHRGJRGLYLP VOXþDMHYLPD PRåH VH ãNROD SURSLVQR SUHGDWL SUHGVMHGQLNXãNROVNRJRGERUDLMHGQRPYMHURXþLWHOMX âNROVND ]JUDGD L ãNROVND LPRYLQD QH VPLMH VH QL X NRMHP VOXþDMX RVWDYLWL EH] QDG]RUD 6YDNL ãNROVNL VWDUMHãLQD XþLWHOMLFD MHGQRUD]UHGQLK ãNROD PRUD ]DSLVQLþNLWDþQRSRLQYHQWDUXSURSLVQRLSRWSXQRSUHGDWLãNROXVYRPHQDãOMHGQLNX XMHGQRUD]UHGQLPãNRODPDSUHGVMHGQLNXãNROVNRJRGERUDLMHGQRPYMHURXþLWHOMX DNRRGOD]LQDRGVXVWYRGXOMHRGGDQD 1LMHGQRP XþLWHOMVNRP OLFX QH EL WUHEDOR GR]YROLWL GD V IHULMD RWSXWXMH X VYRMHQRYRPMHVWRSULMHQHJROLMHSRGQLRVYHLVND]HREUDþXQHLVOLGRNQLMHãNROX SURSLVQRLSRWSXQRSUHGDR 6YD SUHPMHãWDQMD XþLWHOMVNLK OLFD X MHGQRUD]UHGQLP ãNRODPD NRMD VX SR SRWUHELVOXåEHYUORKLWQDWUHEDORELEU]RMDYQRRGUHGLWL 3R VHOLPD QH EL VPMHOD QLMHGQD ãNROD RVWDWL GXOMH YUHPHQD ]DWYRUHQD $NR VH QH PRåH ]D RYDNYX ãNROX QDüL SRGHVQR OLFH QHND VH RGUHGL ]DPMHQD L] REOLåQMLKYLãHUD]UHGQLKãNROD=DPMHQXELWUHEDORRGUHÿLYDWLSRSULMHGORJXãNROVNRJ QDG]RUQLND 6YUãHQLXþLWHOMVNLSULSUDYQLFLFHQHNDVHEDUHPSUYHJRGLQHQHSRVWDYOMDMX QDMHGQRUD]UHGQHãNROHGRNQHSRORåHXþLWHOMVNLLVSLW 3RWUHEQDSUHPMHãWDQMDLQDPMHãWDQMDXMHGQRUD]UHGQLPãNRODPDWUHEDOREL SURYHVWLVYUãHWNRPIHULMDGDVH]DOMHWQLKGDQDPRJXL]YUãLWLVYLSRSUDYFLLXUHG VWDYLWLVYLãNROVNLSRVORYLRGPDKXSRþHWNXãNROVNHJRGLQH 8þLWHOMVNDOLFDNRMDLPDMXXEOL]LQLYODVWLWRJSRVMHGDQHWUHEDQDPMHãWDWL X WDNYD PMHVWD MHU VH RQGD RELþQR VDVYLP SUHGDMX VYRPH JRVSRGDUVWYX D VYRMX ]YDQLþQXGXåQRVWVPDWUDMXNDRGXåQRVWGUXJRJUHGD 1DUHGERP =HPDOMVNH YODGH RG JRGLQH EURM X ãNROX X7UXEDUX SUHPMHãWHQ MH XþLWHOM %LRJUDGOLMD L] %RVDQVNH .RVWDMQLFH =ERJ ORãLK XVORYD ]D UDG XþLWHOM %LRJUGOLMD WUDåLR MH SUHPMHãWDML]WHãNROHDQMHJRYRP]DKWMHYXMHXGRYROMHQRWHMHRQSUHPMHãWHQX*RUQMX.RSULYQX 1DQMHJRYRPMHVWRQLMHELRSRVODQGUXJLXþLWHOMSDMHãNROVND]JUDGDRVWDODEH]QDG]RUD7DNYRVWDQMH LVNRULVWLOLVXSOMDþNDãLNRMLVXRSOMDþDNDOLãNROVNX]JUDGXLRãWHWLOLMHXWROLNRMPMHULGDQDVWDYDQLMH PRJODELWLL]YRÿHQD$%L+IRQG=96NXWLMD ãLIUD1HSRYROMQHSURVYMHWQHSULOLNHX ELKDüNRPRNUXJX%LKDüRNWREUD JRGLQH Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD 0ROLVHGDVHVYDXSUDåQMHQDXþLWHOMVNDPMHVWDXRYRPHRNUXJXãWRSULMH SRSXQH =HPDOMVNDYODGDX6DUDMHYXVPDWUDODMHGDVXQDYRGLXL]YMHãWDMXRVWDQMX QDURGQRJ ãNROVWYD X %LKDüNRP RNUXJX X YHüHP GLMHOX QHLVWLQLWL D GD X]URN QDYHGHQLP QHGRVWDFLPD OHåL X RSüRM QHVUHÿHQRVWL L QDUXãHQRP DXWRULWHWX YODVWL 9ODGD MH PHÿXWLP SUL]QDOD L QHNH VYRMH VODERVWL 3ULMH VYHJD LVWDNOD MH VSRURVW 5DþXQDUVNRJ RGVMHND =HPDOMVNH YODGH ]ERJ QHGRVWDWND VWUXþQH UDGQH VQDJH WH ]ERJ QMHQH QHGRYROMQH HGXFLUDQRVWL 7R MH ]D SRVOMHGLFX LPDOR GD VX QDUHGEH YODGHREMDYOMLYDQHVSRURDãWRMHLãORQDãWHWXRVQRYQLKãNROD9ODGDVHWDNRÿHU REDYH]DODGDüHSULMHGORJH2NUXåQRJQDþHOVWYDX%LKDüXSURYHVWLXGMHOR 8 RVQRYQLP ãNRODPD VX YUOR þHVWR UDGLOL XþLWHOML L XþLWHOMLFH NRML QLVX UHDOL]LUDOLQDVWDYQHVDGUåDMHSRSUHGYLÿHQRPSODQXLSURJUDPXQLVXSLVDOLSULSUHPH ]DþDVLGUSDVXWDNRQDQRVLOLãWHWXVYRMLPXþHQLFLPD ,VWLFDQMHGUåDYQH]DVWDYH 8SUYRMJRGLQLSRVWRMDQMD.UDOMHYLQH6+6ELORMHSRMDYDGDGUåDYQHYODVWL QHMHGQDNR SRVWXSDMX SUL LVWLFDQMX ]DVWDYD SULOLNRP GUåDYQLK SUD]QLND L RSüLK QDURGQLKVYHþDQRVWL'HãDYDORVHGDQHNHLQVWLWXFLMHLVWLþXVDPRµ¶GUåDYQXLOLVDPR SOHPHQVNXGRWLþQRSRNUDMLQVNX¶¶DQHNHLMHGQXLGUXJX=DWRMH0LQLVWDUVNL6DYMHW GRQLRRGOXNXGDVHSULOLNRPGUåDYQLKSUD]QLNDLRSüLKQDURGQLKVYHþDQRVWLLVWLþX VDPRGUåDYQH]DVWDYH2VLPWRJDYODGDMHGRQLMHODLRGOXNXGDVHSUYLGHFHPEDU GDQ NDGD MH SURNODPRYDQR XMHGLQMHQMH X .UDOMHYLQX 6+6 RELOMHåDYD NDR GUåDYQL SUD]QLN1DUHÿHQRMHGDVHXVYLPãNRODPDRGUåLSUHGDYDQMHR]QDþDMXWRJDGDQD 2YDNYLPSRWH]LPDYODGDMHSRND]LYDODGDMRMQLMHELORVWDORGRUMHãDYDQMDVXãWLQVNLK SLWDQMDXREODVWLãNROVWYDYHüRQLKSLWDQMDNRMDMDþDMXSRORåDMYODGDMXüHGLQDVWLMH .DUDÿRUÿHYLüD $%L+IRQG=96NXWLMD ãLIUD1HSRYROMQHSURVYMHWQHSULOLNHXELKDüNRPRNUXJX %LKDüRNWREUD JRGLQH $%L+IRQG=96NXWLMD ãLIUD=HPDOMVNDYODGDX6DUDMHYX2NUXåQRPQDþHOVWYXX %LKDüX1HSRYROMQHSURVYMHWQHSULOLNHXELKDüNRPRNUXJX6DUDMHYR JRGLQH 7DNRMHGDQDDSULOD JRGLQHRNUXåQLãNROVNLQDG]RUQLN,YDQ.XUWRYLüL]7X]OHL]YUãLR LQVSHNFLMVNLSUHJOHG1DURGQHRVQRYQHGMHþDþNHãNROHX*UDþDQLFLLWRPSULOLNRPXWYUGLRGDXþLWHOMLFD $QND0DUWLQþHYLüNRMDQHPDSRORåHQVWUXþQLLVSLWQHL]YUãDYDVYRMHREDYH]HXVNODGXVD]DNRQVNLP SURSLVLPD2QDQLMHLPDODXUHGDQQDVWDYQLSURJUDPQLMHSLVDODSULSUHPHLQLMHVYRMXGRNXPHQWDFLMX GRVWDYOMDOD ãNROVNRPH XSUDYLWHOMX 2VLP WRJD ãNROVNL QDG]RUQLN MH LPDR SULPMHGEH L QD GLVFLSOLQX XþHQLND X ãNROVNRM ]JUDGL SULMH SRþHWND QDVWDYH ]D YULMHPH RGPRUD L SRVOLMH ]DYUãHWND QDVWDYH 2 VYRMLP ]DSDåDQMLPD L SULPMHGEDPD QD UDG ãNROVNL QDG]RUQLN MH REDYLMHVWLR QDþHOQLND 7X]ODQVNRJ RNUXJD'LPLWULMD*UXGLüD1DþHOQLNMHVYRMLPGRSLVRPXSR]RULRXSUDYXQDYHGHQHãNROHGDMHGXåQD GR PDMD JRGLQH RWNORQLWL VYH QHGRVWDWNH $%L+ IRQG =96 NXWLMD ãLIUD 1DþHOVWYR7X]ODQVNRJRNUXJDXSUDYL1DURGQHRVQRYQHGMHþDþNHãNROHX*UDþDQLFL7X]ODDSULOD JRGLQH âNROVNLJODVQLN]D JRGLQX Isto, 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û Pismenost stanovništva Bosne i Hercegovine %H]RE]LUDQDþLQMHQLFXãWRVHEURMRVQRYQLKãNRODX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL SRYHüDYDRLãWRLKMH JRGLQHELORLGDOMHMHPUHåDãNRODELODQHXMHGQDþHQD 1RYH ãNROH VX VH RWYDUDOH X RQLP NUDMHYLPD X NRMLPD LK MH L ELOR QDMYLãH7R MH XWMHFDORQDþLQMHQLFXGDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLLGDOMHEXGHYHOLNLEURMQHSLVPHQLK 6WDQMH SLVPHQRVWL VWDQRYQLãWYD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SR SRSLVX JRGLQHPRåHVHYLGMHWLL]WDEHOH 3LVPHQRVWSUHPDVSROX 3LVPHQRVW 0XãNL äHQVNL SUHPD 9MHURLVSRYMHVW XNXSQRPH EURMX þLWD VDPR QHSL þLWD VDPR QHSL VWDQRYQLãWYD LSLãH þLWD VPHQR LSLãH þLWD VPHQR SUHNR JRGLQDX 3UDYRVODYQD .DWROLþND 0XVOLPDQVND -HYUHMVND 50 Ukupno BiH 220.215 3.790 590.658 71.786 2.164 703.419 32,62 7DEHOD3LVPHQRVWVWDQRYQLãWYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSRSRSLVX JRGLQH 3UHPDSRGDFLPDL]WDEHOHVHYLGLGDMHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLSUHPDSRSLVX VWDQRYQLãWYD L] JRGLQH ELR YHOLNL EURM QHSLVPHQRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD 3URFHQWXDOQRMHQDMYHüLEURMQHSLVPHQLKELRPHÿXPXVOLPDQVNLPVWDQRYQLãWYRP ]DWLPSUDYRVODYQLPDRQGDVOLMHGHNDWROLFLGRNMHQDMPDQMLSURFHQDWQHSLVPHQLK ELR NRG MHYUHMD 0HÿX QHSLVPHQLPD NRG SULSDGQLND VYLK YMHUD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQLSUHRYODGDYDORMHåHQVNRVWDQRYQLãWYR 8]URFL RYDNR YHOLNRPH EURMX QHSLVPHQRJD VWDQRYQLãWYD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQLVXYLãHVWUXNL'UåDYDQLMHYRGLODGRYROMQRUDþXQDRPODGRMSRSXODFLMLL QLMHXODJDODVUHGVWYDXJUDGQMXQRYLKãNROD3RVWRMHüHãNROHVXELOHSUHWLMHVQHGDEL SULKYDWLOHVYX]DãNROXGRUDVOXGMHFX2VLPWRJDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLQLMHELORX GRYROMQRPEURMXVWUXþQRJQDVWDYQRJNDGUDSRJRWRYRL]UHGDGRPDüHJVWDQRYQLãWYD 1HWUHED]DQHPDULWLQLþLQMHQLFXGDMHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLQDVOLMHÿHQR VKYDWDQMH GD QLMH SRWUHEQR ãNRORYDWL GMHFX SRVHEQR åHQVNX7DNRÿHU MH X %RVQL L+HUFHJRYLQLXSUHWKRGQRPSHULRGX YULMHPHDXVWURXJDUVNHXSUDYH ELRL]UDåHQ EURMQHSLVPHQLKXRGQRVXQDSLVPHQH 1DURGQR MHGLQVWYR ]YDQLþQL NDOHQGDU VYLK ãHVW REODVWL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ]D SURVWX JRGLQXJRGLQDSUYD6DUDMHYR GDOMH 1DURGQRMHGLQVWYR]D JRGLQX 2GXNXSQRJEURMDVWDQRYQLNDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLSRSRSLVXL] JRGLQH XGREL L]QDGVHGDPJRGLQDVWDURVWLELORMHSLVPHQLK RGGRJRGLQD RGGRJRGLQD L]QDGJRGLQD ãWRMHL]QRVLORVYHJD %URMQHSLVPHQLKVWDQRYQLND%RVQHL Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD Zaostajanje Bosne i Hercegovine za ostalim dijelovima Kraljevine SHS 0UHåDRVQRYQLKãNRODX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLXSUYLPJRGLQDPDSRVWRMDQMD .UDOMHYVWYD 6+6 ]QDWQR MH ]DRVWDMDOD ]D ãNROVNRP PUHåRP X GUXJLP GLMHORYLPD GUåDYHSRVHEQR]D6ORYHQLMRP+UYDWVNRPL6UELMRPãWRVHPRåHYLGMHWLL]WDEHOH R. âNROD 8þLWHOMD 8þHQLND br Pokrajina %RVQDL +HUFHJRYLQD 9RMYRGLQD 'DOPDFLMD 6ORYHQLMD 6UELMD SUHGUDWQD 0DNHGRQLMD 6UEMXå +UYDWVNDL 6ODYRQLMD &UQD*RUD 350 Kraljevina SHS 5.003 7.291 10.177 17.719 617.946 988.880 967.522 7DEHODâNROHXþLWHOMLLXþHQLFLX.UDOMHYLQL6+6ãNROVNH L JRGLQH ,]SRGDWDNDSUH]HQWLUDQLKXWDEHOLPRåHVHYLGMHWLGDMH%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD VSDGDODXUHGSRNUDMLQDVDQDMPDQMHãNRODX.UDOMHYLQL6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD8 XNXSQRPHEURMXãNROD ãNROVNHJRGLQH%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDMHXOD]LODVD D ãNROVNHJRGLQHVD-HGLQDSRNUDMLQDNRMDMHLPDODPDQML EURMãNRODRG%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHELOD&UQD*RUD ãNROVNHJRGLQH D ãNROVNH JRGLQH XNXSQRJ EURMD ãNROD X .UDOMHYLQL 6UED +UYDWD +HUFHJRYLQHSUHPDNRQIHVLRQDOQRMSULSDGQRVWLELRMHVOLMHGHüL VUSVNRSUDYRVODYQLK PXVOLPDQD ULPRNDWROLND RVWDOLK 2GXNXSQRJ EURMDVWDQRYQLND%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHELORMHNUDMHP JRGLQH QHSLVPHQLK SLVPHQLKL]QDGVHGDPJRGLQDVWDURVWLL RQLKNRMLVX]QDOLVDPRþLWDWL 8RGQRVXQDSURVWRU%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHVWDQMHSLVPHQRVWLPXãNDUDFDXWX]ODQVNRPRNUXJXELORMH VOLMHGHüH ]QDORMHþLWDWLLSLVDWL ]QDORMHVDPRþLWDWL ELORMHSRWSXQLKDQDOIDEHWD 3LVPHQRVWNRGåHQD ]QDORMHþLWDWLLSLVDWL]QDORMHVDPRþLWDWLELORMHSRWSXQLK DQDOIDEHWD 5H]XOWDWLSRSLVDåLWHOMVWYDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 6DUDMHYR VWU/;,9 9RMLVODY%RJLüHYLü3LVPHQRVWX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL6DUDMHYR $-IRQGIDVFLNOEURM MHGLQLFDRSLVD%URMQRVWDQMHRVQRYQLKãNRODX.UDOMHYLQL 6+6SRSRNUDMLQDPDãNROVNH L JRGLQH%HRJUDG JRGLQH 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û L 6ORYHQDFD %URM RVQRYQLK ãNROD VH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL SRYHüDR X SHULRGX JRGLQH ]D LOL 0HÿXWLP L GDOMH MH WR ELOR QHGRYROMQR V RE]LURPQDSRYUãLQXEURMVWDQRYQLNDLEURM]DãNROXGRUDVOHGMHFH%URMXþLWHOMDVH X%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLNRQWLQXLUDQRSRYHüDYDRDOLMHQMLKRYXGLRLGDOMHELRPDOLX XNXSQRPHEURMXXþLWHOMD.UDOMHYLQH6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD MH ãNROVNH JRGLQH LPDOD D ãNROVNH JRGLQH XNXSQRJEURMDXþLWHOMDX.UDOMHYLQL6+6%URMXþLWHOMDVHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLX SHULRGX JRGLQHSRYHüDR]DLOL0HÿXWLPEH]RE]LUDQDWR %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD MH ]DRVWDMDOD ]D RVWDOLP GLMHORYLPD .UDOMHYLQH 6+6 -HGLQH SRNUDMLQHVDPDQMLPEURMHPXþLWHOMDRG%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHELOHVX&UQD*RUDL 'DOPDFLMD %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD MH SR EURMX XþHQLND ãNROVNH JRGLQH ELODQDSUHG]DGQMHPPMHVWXX.UDOMHYLQL6+60HÿXWLPWDMEURMVHNRQWLQXLUDQR SRYHüDYDR VD ãNROVNH QDXþHQLNDãNROVNH JRGLQH 8 WRPH SHULRGX SRYHüDQMH MH L]QRVLOR XþHQLND LOL %URM XþHQLND RVQRYQLKãNRODVHXSHULRGX JRGLQHSRYHüDR]DLOL$OL EH]RE]LUDQDWRSRYHüDQMH%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDMHLGDOMHLPDODPDOLEURMXþHQLND NRML VX UHGRYQR SRKDÿDOL RVQRYQX ãNROX -HGLQD SRNUDMLQD VD PDQMLP EURMHP XþHQLNDELODMH&UQD*RUD 8]URFL ]DRVWDMDQMD ãNROVWYD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL ]D RVWDOLP MXåQRVODYHQVNLP ]HPOMDPD VX YLãHVWUXNL -HGDQ X QL]X MH VLJXUQR þLQMHQLFD GD GUåDYD QLMH GRYROMQR XODJDOD X RYX GMHODWQRVW WDNR GD VX VH QHULMHãHQD SLWDQMD VWDOQR QDJRPLODYDOD 1HGRVWDWDN PDWHULMDOQLK VUHGVWDYD XVSRUDYDR MH SRSUDYNX SRUXãHQLKLGRWUDMDOLKWHJUDGQMXQRYLKãNROVNLK]JUDGD3RVWRMHüHãNROVNH]JUDGH ELOHVXXYHüHPEURMXVOXþDMHYDSUHWLMHVQHQHRSUHPOMHQHQDVWDYQLPVUHGVWYLPDL SRPDJDOLPDVDGRWUDMDOLPLQYHQWDURPSDVHQDVWDYDXQMLPDRGUåDYDODXRWHåDQLP JRWRYR QHPRJXüLP XVORYLPD 1HGRVWDWDN ãNROVNLK ]JUDGD X]URNRYDR MH SRMDYX GD GUåDYD QLMH SULVLOMDYDOD ãNROVNH REYH]QLNH GD REDYH]QR SRKDÿDMX ãNROX 7DNR VHGHãDYDORGDYHOLNLEURMGMHFHSRVHEQRåHQVNHQHSRKDÿDãNROXSUDYGDMXüLWR SRVORYLPDXGRPDüLQVWYXQDSROMXLWG 9MHUVNDVWUXNWXUDXþHQLNDJLPQD]LMD 8SHULRGX X%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLVHSRYHüDRLEURMJLPQD]LMD VDQD'UåDYQHJLPQD]LMHSRKDÿDOLVXXþHQLFLVYLKNRQIHVLMDNRMHVXSRVWRMDOH X%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL9MHUVNDVWUXNWXUDXþHQLNDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLKGUåDYQLK JLPQD]LMDãNROVNH JRGLQHPRåHVHYLGMHWLL]WDEHOH $-IRQG,IDVFLNOEURMMHGLQLFDRSLVD 8þHQLFLGUåDYQLKLSULYDWQLKVUHGQMLKãNROVNLK ]DYRGDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLQDNUDMXãNROVNH JRGLQH6DUDMHYRDSULOD JRGLQH 6 6HOLPRYLü*LPQD]LMDX7X]OL 66HOLPRYLüâNROVWYRX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL, 6HDG6HOLPRYLü 2UJDQL]DFLMD L UDG GUåDYQLK JLPQD]LMD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL RG GR JRGLQH $UKLYVND SUDNVDEURMNQMLJD7X]OD 150 Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD 9MHURLVSRYLMHVW 5HG 1D]LYãNROH 3UDYR 5LPR *UNR 3URWH 0XVOL -HYUH 6YH EURM 0MHVWR VODYFL .DWROLFL NDWROLFL stanti PDQL ML JD 3UYDJLPQD]LMD 6DUDMHYR 3 'UXJDJLPQD]LMD 6DUDMHYR 303 11 *LPQD]LMD 0RVWDU *LPQD]LMD %DQMD/XND 153 3 *LPQD]LMD 7X]OD 3 *LPQD]LMD %LKDü 1 10 1LåDJLPQD]LMD %LMHOMLQD 1LåDJLPQD]LMD %UþNR 5 1LåDJLPQD]LMD 'HUYHQWD 53 1 31 155 1LåDJLPQD]LMD 3ULMHGRU 11 5 1LåDJLPQD]LMD /LYQR 1LåDJLPQD]LMD )RþD 110 1LåDJLPQD]LMD *DFNR 3 1LåDJLPQD]LMD 7UHELQMH 10 1 131 1LåDJLPQD]LMD %*UDGLãND 55 Svega 2.385 1.395 5 34 857 376 5.052 7DEHOD8þHQLFLGUåDYQLKJLPQD]LMDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLSRYMHURLVSRYMHVWLãNROVNH JRGLQH ,]SRGDWDNDXWDEHOLPRåHVHYLGMHWLGDMHQDMYHüLEURMXþHQLNDJLPQD]LMDX %RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLELRSUDYRVODYQH XNXSQRJDEURMDXþHQLNDJLPQD]LMD L NDWROLþNH YMHURLVSRYLMHVWL 8þHQLND PXVOLPDQVNH YMHURLVSRYLMHVWL ELOR MH MHYUHMVNH SURWHVWDQWVNH D JUNRNDWROLþNH XNXSQRJD EURMD XþHQLND ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLK GUåDYQLK JLPQD]LMD 1DMYLãH XþHQLNDSUDYRVODYQHYMHURLVSRYLMHVWLELORMHX3UYRMJLPQD]LMLX6DUDMHYX LOL XNXSQRJDEURMDXþHQLNDWHãNROH *LPQD]LMLX0RVWDUX LOL L'UXJRMJLPQD]LMLX6DUDMHYX LOL GRNMHQDMYLãHXþHQLNDNDWROLþNH YMHURLVSRYLMHVWLELORX'UXJRM LOL L3UYRM LOL JLPQD]LML X6DUDMHYX3URFHQWXDOQRMHQDMYLãHSUDYRVODYDFDELORXJLPQD]LMDPDX3ULMHGRUX XNXSQRJDEURMDXþHQLNDWHãNROH *DFNX %RVDQVNRM*UDGLãFL LWG 5D]OR]L RYDNYH YMHUVNH VWUXNWXUH XþHQLND X ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP GUåDYQLP JLPQD]LMDPD VX PQRJREURMQL 3ULMH VYHJD WUHED LVWDüL þLQMHQLFX GD VX SUDYRVODYFL YLãH SRKDÿDOL GUåDYQH ãNROH RG GUXJLK MHU QLVX LPDOL GRYROMDQ EURM NRQIHVLRQDOQLK ãNROD NDR QDSULPMHU NDWROLFL L PXVOLPDQL DOL L WR GD VX VH RQL YLãH ãNRORYDOL RG GUXJLK SRVHEQR PXVOLPDQD NRML VX ELOL QHSRYMHUOMLYL SUHPD GUåDYQLPãNRODPD0XVOLPDQLVXVHUDGLMHRGOXþLYDOL]DYMHUVNHãNROHNRMHVXLP 151 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û SR QMLKRYRPH PLãOMHQMX GDYDOH YLãH PRJXüQRVWL ]D VWLFDQMH ]QDQMD SULMH VYHJD YMHUVNRJDWH]D]DSRVOHQMH9HOLNLEURMPXVOLPDQDQLMHQDVWDYOMDRãNRORYDQMHSRVOLMH ]DYUãHQHRVQRYQHãNROHSDMHLWRMHGDQRGUD]ORJDQMLKRYHVODEH]DVWXSOMHQRVWLX GUåDYQLPJLPQD]LMDPD 'åDIHU.XOHQRYLüSURWHVWXMHSURWLY]DWYDUDQMDãNROD 1DURGQLSRVODQLFLL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXVNXSãWLQL.UDOMHYLQH6+6YUOR þHVWRVXWUDåLOLGDVHVWDQMHXREODVWLRVQRYQRJDãNROVWYDSRSUDYL7DNRMHQDURGQL SRVODQLN'åDIHU.XOHQRYLüPDMD JRGLQHXSXWLRGRSLVPLQLVWUXSURVYMHWH .UDOMHYLQH6+6VOLMHGHüHVDGUåLQH 8VOLMHG SRPDQMNDQMD QDVWDYQLND ]DWYRUHQR MH X RNUXJX ELKDüNRP YLãH SXþNLKãNRODWDNRQSUXNRWDUXSHWURYDþNRPþHWLULDXQHNLPPMHVWLPDNDRQSUX .XOHQ±9DNXIXSUHGDMHVDPRMHGDQXþLWHOMNRMLUDGLSUHRSWHUHüHQRVWLSRVORPQLMH XVWDQMXVYDþHWLULUD]UHGDVYDNLGDQSRXþDYDWLQHJRMHGQRJDGDQDSRKDÿDMXãNROX SUYDGYDUD]UHGDDGUXJRJDGDQDGUXJDGYDUD]UHGDLWDNRGMHFDPMHVWRGDLGXX ãNROXJRGLãQMHSRPMHVHFLSRKDÿDMXLVWXVDPRSRPMHVHFL 1DSURWLYXVDPRPHJUDGX%LKDüXQDOD]LVH±XNROLNRPLMHSR]QDWR± SXþNLKXþLWHOMDNRMLYUORODNRVYRMXVOXåEXREDYOMDMXSUHGDYDMXüLQHNLRGQMLKWHN SR±VDWD2VLPWRJDNRGRNUXåQHREODVWLX%LKDüX]DSRVOHQDVXXãNROVNRP RGHOHQMXXþLWHOMDDXNROLNRVDPREDYMHãWHQGRVDGDMHWDMSRVDRREDYOMDODVDPR MHGQDVLOD 3LWDPVWRJD*RVSRGLQD0LQLVWUD .DNRRSUDYGDYDGDVHQHNHãNROHXVOLMHGSRPDQMNDQMDQDVWDYQLND]DWYDUDMXX QHNLPRSHWGDVHQDOD]LVDPRSRMHGDQQDVWDYQLNGRNXQHNLPDLPDLKLSUHYLãH" 0LVOLOL*RVSRGLQ0LQLVWDUVKRGQRRGUHGLWLGDVHWDNRYLP]ORSRUDEDPDVWDQH YHü MHGQRP QD SXW XYDåXMXüL SUL WRPH GD VX LQWHUHVL RSüL MDþL RG LQWHUHVD L XGREQRVWLSRMHGLQDFD" 0LQLVWDU SURVYMHWH MH QDNRQ ãWR MH RG =HPDOMVNH YODGH X 6DUDMHYX GRELR UHOHYDQWQHSRGDWNHRãNROVWYXX%LKDüNRPHRNUXJXRGJRYRULRQDSLWDQMHQDURGQRJD SRVODQLND'åDIHUD.XOHQRYLüDMXQD JRGLQH8RGJRYRUXSLãH *RVSRGLQH3RVODQLþH 1D YDãH SLWDQMH R ]DWYRUHQLP ãNRODPD X RNUXJX ELKDüNRP RG PDMD WJNRMHPLMHGRVWDYOMHQRSUHNR3UHGVHGQLãWYD8VWDYRWYRUQH6NXSãWLQHþDVWPLMH GRVWDYLWL9DPQDUHGQLRGJRYRU 3UH VYHJD GD 9DP QDSRPHQHP GD QD WR SLWDQMH RG PDMD WHN VDGD RGJRYDUDP]DWRãWRRVQRYQHãNROHX%RVQLMRãQHVWRMHSRGQHSRVUHGQLPQDG]RURP $-IRQGIDVFLNOEURMMHGLQLFDRSLVD,QWHUSHODFLMDQDURGQRJSRVODQLND'åDIHUD .XOHQRYLüDR]DWYRUHQLPãNRODPDXRNUXJXELKDüNRP6DUDMHYRMXQD JRGLQH Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD SRYHUHQRJ PL 0LQLVWDUVWYD YHü SRG QDG]RURP =HPDOMVNH 9ODGH ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQXRGNRMHVDPPRUDRWUDåLWLSRWUHEQHSRGDWNHGDELRGJRYRUELRWDþDQ 3UHPD GRELYHQRP RGJRYRUX RG =HPDOMVNH 9ODGH QH VWRML GD MH X RNUXJX ELKDüNRP]DWYRUHQRYLãHRVQRYQLKãNRODQDSURWLYXFHORPELKDüNRPRNUXJXELOH VX]DWYRUHQHVDPRþHWLULãNROHXSHWURYDþNRPVUH]X 8SURãORMãNROVNRMJRGLQLUDGLODVXXRVQRYQRMãNROLX.XOHQ9DNXIXGYD QDVWDYQLND D NDNR VH SUHG NUDM ãNROVNH JRGLQH EURM XþHQLND VPDQMLR =HPDOMVND 9ODGDMHSUHPHVWLODMHGQRJDQDVWDYQLNDL].XOHQ9DNXID3RþHWNRPRYHãNROVNH JRGLQHXSLVDORVHSDNXSRPHQXWXãNROXXþHQLNDRGNRMLKUHGRYQRSULVXVWYXMX QDVWDYL XþHQLN L SRãWR VH VD RYROLNLP EURMHP ÿDND QH EL PRJOD VD XVSHKRP L]YRGLWLQDVWDYDNDGELVYDRYDGHFDELODXMHGQRMXþLRQLFLDL]D]GUDYOMHXþHQLþNR WRQHELELORGREURVWRJDMH]DYHGHQDSUHNRGQHYQDQDVWDYD3UHNRGQHYQDQDVWDYD QHXWLþHãWHWQRQLQDQDVWDYXQLQD]GUDYOMHXþHQLþNRYHüLPDVYRMLKGREULKVWUDQD ]ERJNRMLKRQDLPDVYHYLãHSULVWDOLFDXSHGDJRãNRPVYHWXDXPQRJLPãNRODPDLX 6UELML]DYHGHQDMH 8ELKDüNLPãNRODPDQHPDVHGDPQDHVWQDVWDYQLNDYHüVYHJDGYDQDHVWRG NRMLKVXGYDELODVXYLãQDL9ODGDLKMHKWHODSUHPHVWLWL 1X NDNR MH MHGQRM XþLWHOMLFL RGREUHQR GXåH ERORYDQMH D MHGDQ MH XþLWHOM SRVODWX9UWRþHQD]DPHQMLYDQMHEROHVQRJXþLWHOMDWRVDGDQHPDX%LKDüXQLMHGQRJ QDVWDYQLNDVXYLãQRJ 6YL QDVWDYQLFL RVQRYQLK ãNROD X %LKDüX UDGH RQROLNR NROLNR RGUHÿXMH GRWLþQL]DNRQLQDUHGEH8RNUXåQRMREODVWLX%LKDüX]ERJRELOQRJSRVODGRGHOMHQD VXGYDQDVWDYQLNDDLUDQLMHMHELRGRGHOMLYDQQDMPDQMHSRMHGDQQDVWDYQLN =D WLP SUHXGHãHQ MH L]YHVDQ EURM SULYDWQLK ]JUDGD ]D ãNROH WH VH WDNR SRYHüDREURMRVQRYQLKãNROD DãWRMRãQLVX]DQMLKRGUHÿHQLQDVWDYQLFLWRMHXVOHG WRJDãWRVHQHPDGRYROMDQEURMXþLWHOMVNLKVQDJD 6YUãHWNRPRYHãNROVNHJRGLQHVYUãLüHXþLWHOMVNXãNROXSRYHüLEURMXþLWHOMVNLK NDQGLGDWDLQDGDPVHGDüHVHXLGXüRMãNROVNRMJRGLQLPRüLSRSXQLWLVNRURVYD SUD]QDXþLWHOMVNDPHVWDX%RVQL ,] VYHJD RYRJD YLGHüHWH *RVSRGLQH 3RVODQLþH GD VX XþLWHOMVNH VQDJH X %RVQLLSDNSUDYLOQRUDVSRUHÿHQHLGDVHRRSãWLPLQWHUHVLPDYRGLUDþXQQDSUYRP mestu. 1DGDMXüLVHGDüHWHRYLPRGJRYRURPELWL]DGRYROMQLPROLPYDV*RVSRGLQH 3RVODQLþHGDSULPLWHXYHUHQMHPRJDRVRELWRJSRãWRYDQMD ,]RYRJDSLVPDPLQLVWUDSURVYMHWHPRåHVHYLGMHWLGDMHRVQRYQRãNROVWYRX %RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLELORXQDGOHåQRVWL=HPDOMVNHYODGH7DNRÿHUMHHYLGHQWQRGDVX VHRVQRYQHãNROHVXVUHWDOHVDPQRJREURMQLPSUREOHPLPDSULMHVYHJDVPMHãWDMQLP PDWHULMDOQLPLNDGURYVNLP $-IRQGIDVFLNOEURMMHGLQLFDRSLVD,QWHUSHODFLMDQDURGQRJSRVODQLND'åDIHUD .XOHQRYLüDR]DWYRUHQLPãNRODPDXRNUXJXELKDüNRP6DUDMHYRMXQD JRGLQH 153 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û Nastavnici dolaze iz Srbije 0QRJLXþLWHOMLVXQDSXãWDOL%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXLRGOD]LOLXGUXJHGLMHORYH .UDOMHYLQH6+6JGMHVXLPDOLEROMHXYMHWH]DUDGGRNMHMHGDQGLRRGOD]LRXSHQ]LMX DMHGDQQDSXãWDRVWUXNX,SDNQDMYHüLUD]ORJVPDQMHQMDEURMDXþLWHOMDELRMHXGDMD XþLWHOMLFD]DQHXþLWHOMH =ERJ QDYHGHQLK UD]ORJD 3RNUDMLQVND XSUDYD MH ]DWUDåLOD RG 0LQLVWDUVWDYD SURVYMHWHGDSRãDOMHL]6UELMHXþLWHOMDX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX,VWDNQXWRMHGD WUHEDSRVODWLPXãNDUFHMHUELRGQMLKELODGYRVWUXNDNRULVW SUYR ãWR VH RQL PRJX SULODJRGLWL L QDMWHåLP NOLPDWVNLP L WHUHQVNLP SULOLNDPD D GUXJR ãWR VX RQL RSUREDQLML UDGQLFL QD QDFLRQDOQRNXOWXUQRP SROMX 2VLPWRJDRYDSRNUDMLQDLPD]QDWQRYHüLEURMXþLWHOMLFDRGXþLWHOMD 50 1DVWDYQLFLL]6UELMHELOLVXSRWUHEQL]ERJUDGDQDµ¶QDFLRQDOQRNXOWXUQRP SROMX¶¶RGQRVQRQDUHDOL]LUDQMXFLOMHYDYODGDMXüHSROLWLþNHHOLWHQDSRGUXþMX%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQH 3LWDQMHXGåEHQLNDLMH]LND 9DåQRSLWDQMH NRMH VH WLFDOR UDGD X RVQRYQLP L VUHGQMLP ãNRODPD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ELOR MH SLWDQMH XGåEHQLND 9ODVWL VX NUR] XGåEHQLNH QDVWRMDOH GD SURYRGHãNROVNXSROLWLNXNRMDMHELODXVNODGXVD]YDQLþQRPGUåDYQRPSROLWLNRP 3RVHEQX SDåQMX YODVWL VX SRVYHüLYDOH MH]LNX L SLVPX WH VX V WRJD RGPDK QDNRQSRYODþHQMDDXVWURXJDUVNHXSUDYHL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHGRQLMHOH=DNRQR ]YDQLþQRPMH]LNXLSLVPX51D QRYHPEUD JRGLQHLQDUHGEXNRMRPVHL]GDMH SRSLV ãWLYD X þLWDQNDPD ]D KUYDWVNL LOL VUSVNL MH]LN L X XGåEHQLFLPD ]D QMHPDþNL MH]LNNRMHWUHEDNRGL]YRÿHQMDQDVWDYHPLPRLüL =HPDOMVNDYODGDMH QRYHPEUD JRGLQHGRQLMHODQDUHGEXRXYRÿHQMX üLULOLFHXVYHRVQRYQHãNROHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 3R=DNRQXRSUDYQLPRGQRãDMLPDXþLWHOMVWYDQDURGQLKRVQRYQLKãNRODX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLRG PDUWD JRGLQH þODQ XþLWHOMLFDNRMDVHXGD]DQHXþLWHOMDVPDWUDVHGDMHGDODRVWDYNXQD XþLWHOMVNXVOXåEX8WRNXJRGLQHGHãDYDORVHGDSRXþLWHOMLFDQDWDMQDþLQRVWDQHEH]VOXåEH$- IRQGIDVFLNOEURMMHGLQLFDRSLVD3RSXQMHQMHXþLWHOMVNLKPMHVWDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 6DUDMHYRRNWREUD JRGLQH âNROVNLJODVQLN]D JRGLQX,6DUDMHYR 50 $- IRQG IDVFLNO EURM MHGLQLFD RSLVD 3RSXQMHQMH XþLWHOMVNLK PMHVWD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL6DUDMHYRRNWREUD JRGLQH 51 9ODGD 1DURGQRJD YLMHüD 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX MH QRYHPEUD GRQLMHOD=DNRQ R ]YDQLþQRP MH]LNX L SLVPX X QDVWDYL D QRYHPEUD JRGLQH QDUHGEX RSURYRÿHQMXWRJD]DNRQD3UHPDþODQXQDYHGHQRJD]DNRQD]YDQLþQLMH]LNX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL MHVUSVNLLOLKUYDWVNL7LPHMHSURPLMHQMHQUDQLMLQD]LMH]LNDµ¶VUSVNRKUYDWVNL¶¶9ODGDMHLVWDNODGDMH WLPHåHOMHODGDXþHQLNXRPRJXüLGDQDVWDYQLMH]LNQD]LYDVUSVNLLOLKUYDWVNLWHGDVHMHGQLPLOLGUXJLP LPHQRPMH]LNDVOXåLLXãNROLâNROVNLJODVQLN]D JRGLQX âNROVNLJODVQLN]D JRGLQX Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD %XGXüL GD ]DVDG QHPD SRWUHEQLK NQMLJD ãWDPSDQLK üLULOLFRP X RYRM ãNROVNRM JRGLQL QDVWDYLüH VH YHü ]DSRþHWR XþHQMH üLULOLFH 'MHFD NRMD X RYRM ãNROVNRMJRGLQLSRKDÿDMX,,,,,L,9JRGLãWHWUHEDGDXþHüLULOLFXRGPDKþLPãNROD GRELMHRYXQDUHGEX53 6YLPQDURGQLPSULYDWQLPLNRQIHVLMVNLPãNRODPDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL QRYHPEUD JRGLQHELORMHQDUHÿHQRGDL]þLWDQNLXNORQLVOLNXFDUDLNUDOMD .DUOD=DWDMSRVDRELOLVX]DGXåHQLXþLWHOMLNRMLVXL]YDQãNROVNRJDYUHPHQDWUHEDOL VSDOLWLQDYHGHQHVOLNH2VLPWRJDL]þLWDQNLMHEULVDQRVYHRQRãWRMHSRGVMHüDORQD DXVWURXJDUVNXXSUDYXX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 1RYX QDUHGEX R þLWDQNDPD ]D RVQRYQH ãNROH X ãNROVNRM JRGLQL =HPDOMVND YODGD MH L]GDOD DXJXVWD JRGLQH 8 QDUHGEL VH WUDåLOR GD X VYLP RVQRYQLP ãNRODPD VD VUSVNLP LOL KUYDWVNLP QDVWDYQLP MH]LNRP GMHFD X SUYRPH UD]UHGX XþH VDPR üLULOLFX LOL ODWLQLFX 8 ãNRODPD NRMH SRKDÿDMX VDPR GMHFDSUDYRVODYQHYMHUHWUHEDORMHGDVHXSUYRPHUD]UHGXXþLüLULOLFDDXãNRODPD NRMH SROD]H VDPR GMHFD NDWROLþNH YMHURLVSRYLMHVWL ODWLQLFD =HPDOMVND YODGD MH SUHGYLGMHOD GD VH X ãNRODPD NRMH SRKDÿDMX GMHFD UD]QLK YMHUD ]DWUDåL L]MDYD RG URGLWHOMDLOLVWDUDWHOMDRWRPHNRMHSLVPRSUYRWUHEDGDXþHQMLKRYDGMHFDXSUYRPH UD]UHGX1DNRQSURYHGHQHDQNHWHPHÿXURGLWHOMLPDLOLVWDUDWHOMLPDXSUDYLWHOMãNROH MHRGOXþLYDRNRMHüHSLVPRXþHQLFLSUYRXþLWL55 3ODWHXþLWHOMD 8 %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL VX SRVWRMDOH GYLMH NDWHJRULMH QDURGQLK XþLWHOMD XþLWHOMLRVQRYQLKLXþLWHOMLYLãLKQDURGQLKãNROD2YDNYDSRGMHODXþLWHOMDL]YUãHQDMH XYULMHPHDXVWURXJDUVNHXSUDYH 2VQRYQD JRGLãQMD SODüD XþLWHOMD RVQRYQLK QDURGQLK ãNROD ELOD MH NUXQDDYLãLKQDURGQLKãNRODNUXQD3ODüDQDURGQLKXþLWHOMDRVQRYQLKãNROD QDNUDMXQMLKRYHNDULMHUH VDLYLãHJRGLQDUDGQRJDVWDåD L]QRVLODMHNUXQD DXþLWHOMDYLãLKQDURGQLKãNRODNUXQD%LORMHSULPMHUDGDVXXGDWHXþLWHOMLFH GRELMDOHVDPRDNWLYLWHWQRJGRSODWND 53 9ODGD1DURGQRJYLMHüD6+6MHQRYHPEUD JRGLQHL]GDODQDUHGEXRXYRÿHQMXüLULOLFHX RVQRYQHãNROHâNROVNLJODVQLN]D JRGLQX $-IRQG, IDVFLNOEURMMHGLQLFDRSLVDýLWDQNH]DRVQRYQHãNROH 8SRWUHEDSUHPD QRYLPSULOLNDPD, 6DUDMHYRQRYHPEUD JRGLQH 55 $- IRQG IDVFLNO EURM MHGLQLFD RSLVD ýLWDQNH ]D RVQRYQH ãNROH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQLüLULOLFDLODWLQLFD, 6DUDMHYRDXJXVWD JRGLQH 3RORåDM XþLWHOMD ELR MH UHJXOLUDQ =DNRQRP R SUDYQLP RGQRãDMLPD QDURGQLK XþLWHOMD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQLRG PDUWD JRGLQH$-IRQG IDVFLNOEURMMHGLQLFDRSLVD=HPDOMVND YODGD]D%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX0LQLVWDUVWYXSURVYMHWH.UDOMHYVWYD6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD8UHÿHQMH EHULYDQDVWDYQLFLPDQDURGQLKãNROD6DUDMHYRQRYHPEUD JRGLQH $- IRQG , IDVFLNO EURM MHGLQLFD RSLVD =HPDOMVND YODGD ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX 0LQLVWDUVWYXSURVYMHWH.UDOMHYVWYD6UED+UYDWDL6ORYHQDFD8UHÿHQMHEHULYDQDVWDYQLFLPDQDURGQLK škola, 6DUDMHYRQRYHPEUD JRGLQH 3RþHWQDSODüD DGMXWXP QDPMHVQLKQDVWDYQLNDRVQRYQLKãNRODEH]SRORåHQRJVWUXþQRJLVSLWDX 155 3URIGU6HDG6(/,029,û 1RYLP ]DNRQRP RG MXOD JRGLQH SRYLãHQH VX SODüH XþLWHOMD RVQRYQLKãNRODWDNRGDVXVHRQHNUHWDOHRG SUYDNDWHJRULMD GRGLQDUD MHGDQDHVWD NDWHJRULMD 8 LVWR YULMHPH FLMHQH VX X RGQRVX QD SODüH ELOH GRVWD YLVRNH =DNOMXþDN 8ODVNRP %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X .UDOMHYVWYR 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD GHVLOHVXVHPQRJREURMQHSURPMHQHXRUJDQL]DFLMLLUDGXRVQRYQLKLVUHGQMLKãNROD 7HSURPMHQHVXVHRGYLMDOHSRVWHSHQRL]JRGLQHXJRGLQX9ODGDMXüHSROLWLþNHHOLWH VX SUHNR ãNROD RVWYDULYDOH VYRMH SROLWLþNH QDFLRQDOQH HNRQRPVNH REUD]RYQH L NXOWXUQH FLOMHYH 2VQRYQH L VUHGQMH ãNROH VXVUHWDOH VX VH VD PQRJREURMQLP SUREOHPLPD SULMH VYHJD VPMHãWDMQLP PDWHULMDOQLP L NDGURYVNLP %URM ãNROD XþHQLND L QDVWDYQLND VH YUHPHQRP SRYHüDYDR 8 SHULRGX RG GR JRGLQH EURM RVQRYQLK ãNROD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL SRYHüDQ MH VD QD D JLPQD]LMDVDQD%URMXþHQLNDRVQRYQLKãNRODVHSRYHüDRVD QD DEURMQDVWDYQLNDVDQD2VQRYQHLVUHGQMHãNROHVXSRKDÿDOLXþHQLFL VYLK NRQIHVLMD NRMH VX åLYMHOH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 8 QDVWDYQLP SODQRYLPD L SURJUDPLPDXNODQMDQLVXVDGUåDMLþLMLVXRGJRMQLFLOMHYLELOLXVNODGXVDLQWHUHVLPD DXVWURXJDUVNRJ UHåLPD D LVWLFDQD MH RGDQRVW VUSVNRM YODGDMXüRM GLQDVWLML .DUDÿRUÿHYLüD 9ODGDMXüD HOLWD ãLULOD MH LGHMX R µ¶MHGQRP WURLPHQRP QDURGX¶¶ QDVWRMHüLGDVWYRULMHGLQVWYHQSROLWLþNLHNRQRPVNLREUD]RYQLLNXOWXUQLSURVWRU8 JUXSLQDFLRQDOQLKSUHGPHWD KLVWRULMDJHRJUD¿MDVUSVNLLOLKUYDWVNLMH]LN L]YUãHQH VX ]QDþDMQH SURPMHQH WDNR ãWR MH DNFHQDW VWDYOMHQ QD KLVWRULMX L JHRJUD¿MX 6UED +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD D ]D ãNROVNX OHNWLUX VX SURSLVDQD GMHOD L] VUSVNH KUYDWVNH LOL VORYHQDþNH NQMLåHYQRVWL 1DMYHüL EURM XåEHQLND SLVDOL VX DXWRUL L] +UYDWVNH L 6UELMHGRNMHVDPRPDOLEURMELRL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH3RVHEQXSDåQMXYODVWL VXSRVYHüLYDOHMH]LNXLSLVPXWHVXVWRJDRGPDKQDNRQSRYODþHQMDDXVWURXJDUVNH SHULRGXDXVWURXJDUVNHXSUDYHL]QRVLODMHNUXQDD]DQDVWDYQLNHVDSRORåHQLPVWUXþQLPLVSLWRP NUXQD3RþHWNRP3UYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDQDVWDYQLFLPDMHXYHüDQL]QRVSODüH]DNUXQDJRGLãQMH ]ERJVNXSRüHDQDNRQ]DYUãHWNDUDWDWDML]QRVMH]DGUåDQLGDOMH7DNDYGRSODWDN W]YUDWQLGRSODWDN LPDOL VX L RVWDOL GUåDYQL ³]YDQLþQLFL´ SD QDVWDYQLFL X WRPH SRJOHGX QLVX SUHGVWDYOMDOL L]X]HWDN 3RþHWQDSODüD³SUDYLK´XþLWHOMDLXþLWHOMLFDXRVQRYQLPãNRODPDL]QRVLODMHNUXQDDDNWLYLWHWQL GRSODWDN NRMLVHGMHORPLþQRUDþXQDRXPLURYLQX L]QRVLRMHNUXQDRGNRMHJDVHRGELMDORDNR MHQDVWDYQLNNRULVWLRSRWSXQREHVSODWQRVWDQ1HNDGDMHDNWLYLWHWQLGRSODWDNPRJDRGDL]QRVL± NUXQDJRGLãQMHãWRMH]DYLVLORRGJRGLQDUDGQRJVWDåD$%L+IRQG=96NXWLMDãLIUD ,]YMHãWDM=HPDOMVNHYODGHRãNROVWYXX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL6DUDMHYR 'D EL VH ODNãH L EROMH PRJOD GD UD]XPLMH YLVLQD SODüH QDVWDYQLND GRQRVLPR FLMHQH QHNLK RVQRYQLKåLYRWQLKSRWUHEãWLQDQDGDQMXOD JRGLQH *UDKNUXQD GLQDU NUXQH JUDãDN NUXQDSDWOLGåDQFUYHQLNUXQDFUYHQLOXNNUXQHWUHãQMHNUXQHYLãQMHNUXQDLWG1DURGQR -HGLQVWYR EU SRQHGMHOMDN MXOD 6DUDMHYR 2VLP QDYHGHQLK FLMHQD SURL]YRGD UDGL ODNãHJUD]XPLMHYDQMDYLVLQHSODüDQDVWDYQLNDGRQRVLPRLFLMHQHQHNLKRGMHYQLKDUWLNDODQDGDQMXOD JRGLQH .RPSOHWQRRGLMHORNUXQD]LPVNLNDSXWNUXQDKODþHNUXQH1DURGQR -HGLQVWYREUSHWDNMXOL6DUDMHYR Prilike u školstvu Bosne i HHUFHJRYLQH]DYULMHPHSULYUHPHQRJGUåDYQRJXUHÿHQMD XSUDYHL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHGRQLMHOH=DNRQR]YDQLþQRPMH]LNXLSLVPX=YDQLþQL MH]LNELRMHVUSVNLLOLKUYDWVNLXPMHVWRUDQLMHJQD]LYDVUSVNRKUYDWVNL2VLPWRJD QDUHGERP =HPDOMVNH YODGH XYHGHQD MH üLULOLFD X VYH RVQRYQH ãNROH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL3ODüHXþLWHOMDRVQRYQLKãNRODNUHWDOHVXVHRG SUYDNDWHJRULMD GRGLQDUD MHGDQDHVWDNDWHJRULMD *RGLãQMDSODüDSURIHVRUDL]QRVLODMH GLQDUDDGLUHNWRUDãNROHGLQDUD Summary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ÿRUÿHYLü ZDV HPSKDVL]HG7KH UXOLQJ HOLWH VSUHDG WKH LGHD RI D ³RQHWULEH QDWLRQ´ VWULYLQJ WR FUHDWH D XQLTXH SROLWLFDO HFRQRPLF HGXFDWLRQDODQGFXOWXUDOVSDFH6LJQL¿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൶FLDO ODQJXDJH DQG VFULSW ZDV SDVVHG 7KH R൶FLDO ODQJXDJH ZDV 6HUELDQ RU &URDWLDQ LQVWHDGRIWKHIRUPHU6HUELDQ&URDWLDQQDPH,QDGGLWLRQE\WKHRUGHURIWKH6WDWH *RYHUQPHQWD&\ULOOLFVFULSWZDVLQWURGXFHGLQWRDOOHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVLQ%RVQLD DQG+HU]HJRYLQD6DODULHVRIHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROWHDFKHUVUDQJHGIURP ¿UVW FDWHJRU\ WRGLQDUV HOHYHQWKFDWHJRULHV 7KHDQQXDOVDODULHVRISURIHVVRUV DPRXQWHGWRGLQDUVZKLOHWKHVFKRROSULQFLSDOZDVGLQDUV 'U=HüLU5$0ý,/29,û ,]YRUQLQDXþQLUDG ,QVWLWXW]DQDFLRQDOQXLVWRULMX±6NRSOMH $/,-$$9'29,û±%25$&=$6/2%2'8, RAVNOPRAVNOST $SVWUDNW 1D SURVWRUX GDQDãQMH 5HSXEOLNH 0DNHGRQLMH YLMHNRYLPD åLYH OMXGLUD]OLþLWLKQDURGDUHOLJLMDLNXOWXUD5D]OLþLWHGUåDYHLXSUDYHDOLLQDURGLNRML VX XYLMHN VWUHPLOL ND SURVSHULWHWQRM GUåDYL X NRMRM EL VYL LPDOL SRWSXQX VORERGX MHGQRVWDYQR MHGQDNH PRJXüQRVWL SUDYD L REDYH]H 6D WRP LGHRORJLMRP UDÿDOH VX VHLXPLUDOHJHQHUDFLMHPDNHGRQVNLKJUDÿDQD8SHULRGXL]PHÿXGYDVYMHWVNDUDWD åLYMHWL X 9DUGDUVNRP GLMHOX 0DNHGRQLMH X .UDOMHYLQL -XJRVODYLMH QLMH ELOR QLPDOR ODKNR8XVORYLPDNDGDYODVWLQHSUL]QDMXSRVWRMDQMH0DNHGRQDFDDOLL%RãQMDND NRML RVLP QD SURVWRULPD KLVWRULMVNH %RVQH åLYH QD VYLP SURVWRULPD .UDOMHYLQH -XJRVODYLMHMRãYLãHVHLQWHQ]LYLUDERUED]DVORERGXLMHGQDNYRVWVYLKQDURGDNRML åLYHXQMRM2YDERUED]DRþXYDQMHLL]JUDGQMXQDFLRQDOQRJLGHQWLWHWDLPDODMHL UHYROXFLRQDUDQVRFLRHNRQRPVNLNDUDNWHUMHUMHWHåLODXNLGDQMXNODVQHGRPLQDFLMH QDGQDMYHüLPGLMHORPVWDQRYQLãWYD1RVLRFRYHERUEHELODMH.RPXQLVWLþNDSDUWLMD -XJRVODYLMH .3- 0DNHGRQFL L %RãQMDFL VX X RYRP SRNUHWX YLGMHOL ãDQVX ]D RVWYDUHQMHVYRMLKWHåQML]DL]JUDGQMXGUåDYHXNRMRMELELOLUDYQRSUDYQLVDRVWDOLP QDURGLPD WDGDãQMH -XJRVODYLMH 8 9DUGDUVNRP GLMHOX 0DNHGRQLMH QRVLRFL RYH LGHRORJLMHLUHYROXFLRQDUQRJSRNUHWDSRUHG0DNHGRQDFDELOLVXL%RãQMDFL-HGDQ RGSUYLKLQDM]QDþDMQLMLKPDNHGRQVNLKUHYROXFLRQDUDELRMH%RãQMDN$OLMD$YGRYLü 6YRMXDNWLYQRVW]DSRþLQMHRGQDMUDQLMLKGDQDRUJDQL]LUDQRJNRPXQLVWLþNRJSRNUHWD X9DUGDUVNRPGLMHOX0DNHGRQLMH%ROMHUHüLMHGDQMHRGRVQLYDþDSRNUHWDNDGDX SUROMHüX JRGLQH VH IRUPLUD 3RNUDMLQVNL .RPLWHW 3. .3- ]D 0DNHGRQLMX 9MHUXMXüL GD MH -XJRVODYLMD PRJXüD VDPR NDR ]DMHGQLFD UDYQRSUDYQLK QDURGD DOLLNDR]DMHGQLFDXNRMRMQHPDNODVQHGRPLQDFLMH$OLMD$YGRYLüDNWLYQRUDGLQD SRGL]DQMXVYLMHVWLLVWYDUDQMXUHYROXFLRQDUQLKüHOLMDNRMHüHRPRJXüLWLUHDOL]DFLMX RYHLGHMH=ERJþHJDMHJRQMHQRVXÿLYDQL]DWYDUDQDOLQLãWDJDQLMHSRNROHEDOR X RYRM ERUEL 8 QDOHWX IDãL]PD NDGD MH RNXSLUDQD .UDOMHYLQD -XJRVODYLMD D SRNUHWSUHUDVWDRXMHGLQVWYHQLRUXåDQLRWSRU]DVORERGXEXGXüH]DMHGQLþNHGUåDYH UDYQRSUDYQLKQDURGDQMHJRYUDGMHGRELRQDLQWHQ]LWHWX1RYHIDãLVWLþNHYODVWLVX QDVWRMDOH GD VYH ]QDþDMQLMH UHYROXFLRQDUH XKDSVH L OLNYLGLUDMX 8 DXJXVWX JRGLQHXKDSãHQMHD]DWLPLVWULMHOMDQþLPHMHSUHNLQXWMHGDQPODGåLYRWDOLþLML UDGLLGHMHVXSURGXåLOHGDåLYHLGMHORPLþQRVHUHDOL]XMXXDQWLIDãLVWLþNRMERUELL VWYDUDQMXQRYHMXJRVORYHQVNDGUåDYH .OMXþQHULMHþL $OLMD$YGRYLü0DNHGRQLMD%RãQMDFL.3-UHYROXFLRQLUDG +DVDQEHJRYRIDãLVWLþNHYODVWL Alija AYGRYLü±ERUDF]DVORERGXLUDYQRSUDYQRVW $/,-$$9'29,&±$),*+7(5)25)5(('20$1'(48$/,7 $EVWUDFW 2Q WKH WHUULWRU\ RI WRGD\¶V 5HSXEOLF RI 0DFHGRQLD SHRSOH RIGLৼHUHQWQDWLRQVUHOLJLRQVDQGFXOWXUHVOLYHIRUFHQWXULHV'LৼHUHQWVWDWHVDQG DGPLQLVWUDWLRQVEXWDOVRSHRSOHVZKRKDYHDOZD\VVWULYHGIRUDSURVSHURXVVWDWH LQ ZKLFK HYHU\RQH ZRXOG KDYH FRPSOHWH IUHHGRP VLPSO\ HTXDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV ULJKWV DQG REOLJDWLRQV :LWK WKLV LGHRORJ\ WKH JHQHUDWLRQV RI 0DFHGRQLDQ FLWL]HQVZHUHERUQDQGGLHG,QWKHSHULRGEHWZHHQWKHWZRZRUOGZDUVOLYLQJLQ WKH9DUGDUSDUWRI0DFHGRQLDLQWKH.LQJGRPRI .H\ ZRUGV $OLMD $YGRYLF 0DFHGRQLD %RVQLDNV &3< UHYROXWLRQDU\ ZRUN+DVDQEHJRYRIDVFLVWDXWKRULWLHV 'U=HüLU5$0ý,/29,û 3RULMHNORLGRVHOMDYDQMHX0DNHGRQLMX 2GOXNDPD%HUOLQVNRJNRQJUHVDJRGLQH%RVQDMHSURWLYYROMHQMHQRJ VWDQRYQLãWYDGRGLMHOMHQD$XVWUR8JDUVNRMDOHJDOL]RYDQHVXLJUDQLFHQRYLKGUåDYD NRMHVXL]YUãLOHJHQRFLGLSURWMHULYDQMHPXVOLPDQDUD]OLþQRJHWQLþNRJSRULMHNOD, SRUHGRUXåDQHRGEUDQHLERUEH%RVQDMHRNXSLUDQD1DNRQRNXSDFLMHXVWUDKXRG QRYLKYODVWLYHOLNLEURMVWDQRYQLãWYDSUYHQVWYHQR%RãQMDNDLVODPVNHYMHUHPLJULUD SUHPD2VPDQVNRMGUåDYL1 80DNHGRQLMLVDYHüRPVNXSLQRPKHUFHJRYDþNLKPXKDGåLUDVHGRVHOMDYDMX L SUHFL YHOLNRJ ERãQMDþNRJ L PDNHGRQVNRJ UHYROXFLRQDUD $OLMH $YGRYLüD 2QL VH QDMSULMH QDVHOMDYDMX X 6NRSOMX QD GHVQRP EULMHJX ULMHNH 9DUGDU X WDNR]YDQRM 0XKDGåLUPDKDOL7XVXåLYMHOLRNRGYLMHJRGLQHGRNQDQMLKRY]DKWMHYQLVXGRELOL ]HPOMX QDGRPDN 6NRSOMD WDþQLMH X +DVDQEHJRYX PMHVWX XGDOMHQRP QHNROLNR NLORPHWDUDVMHYHURLVWRþQRRGJUDGD8JRGLQLXDXJXVWXPMHVHFXGRGLMHOMHQH VXSUYHSDUFHOH*UDÿHYLQVNHSDUFHOHELOHVXSODQVNLUDVSRUHÿHQHSRGXåLQLJODYQRJ SXWD L] 6NRSOMD SUHPD 6WDMNRYFLPD VD REMH QMHJRYH VWUDQH =D NUDWDN SHULRG X +DVDQEHJRYRVHGRVHOLOR GRPDüLQVWDYDSUHWHåQRL]ãLUHRNROLQH1LNãLüD*DFNRJ L %LOHüH 2GOXNX R QDSXãWDQMX URGQRJ RJQMLãWD SXW L FLMHOL SURFHV GRVHOMDYDQMD L QDVHOMDYDQMDSUHGYRGLRMHLPDPL]VHOD1XGR3$EGXODK%LMHGLüGMHG$OLMH$YGRYLüD 2VWDYOMHQDMHLSDUFHOD]DL]JUDGQMXGåDPLMHGRJODYQRJSXWDXFHQWUXVHOD]DþLMX L]JUDGQMX MH RQ WDNRÿHU QDM]DVOXåQLML .DR L X VHOX 1XGX$EGXODK MH ELR LPDP QRYRL]JUDÿHQHGåDPLMHGRVYRMHVPUWLQDNRQþHJDMHLXNRSDQXGYRULãWXGåDPLMH ,VSUHGWHGåDPLMHMHLGDQDVMHGLQR$EGXODKRYPH]DUNRMDQDåDORVWQHQRVLQMHJRYR LPH QLWL YMHUQLFL YHüLQRP $OEDQFL ]QDMX ]D RYX KLVWRULMVNX þLQMHQLFX L SRUHG QDWSLVDQDQLãDQX1DSUHGQMHPQLãDQXMHQDWSLVQDRVPDQVNRPMH]LNXLSLVPXDQD ]DGQMHPQLãDQXMHWUDQVNULSFLMDQDWXUVNRPMH]LNXLSLVPX5.DRL$EGXODKQMHJRY VLQ0XPLQMHSUHX]HRGXåQRVWLPDPDVHRVNHGåDPLMH 6DPRX0DNHGRQLMXWRNRPGRãORMHRNRSRURGLFDDXVOMHGHüRM X6NRSVNRP %LWROMVNRPL6ROXQVNRPYLODMHWXMHELORRNRPXKDGåLUDDVDPRXJUDGX6NRSOMXELOR MHYLãHRGPXKDGåLUDRGNRMLKYLãHRGVXELOL%RãQMDFL2SãLUQLMHX ɁɟʅɢɪɊɚɦɱɢɥɨɜɢʅ ȻɨɲʃɚɰɢɬɟɜɨɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚɜɨɬɟɤɨɬɧɚ;;ɜɟɤɫɨɩɨɫɟɛɟɧɚɤɰɟɧɬɧɚɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚɢɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɚɬɚ ȻɄɁɋɤɨɩʁɟ GDOMH ɁɊɚɦɱɢɥɨɜɢʅȻɨɲʃɚɰɢɬɟɜɨɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚɜɨɬɟɤɨɬɧɚ;; ɜɟɤ 'åHPDLO 0HKPHGRYLü L GU 0XKDGåHU X +DVDQEHJRYX Ȼɨɲɧɚɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɬ ɡɛ. ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɢ ɨɞ Ɇɟɼɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɨɬ ɧɚɭɱɟɧ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɋɤɨɩʁɟ GDOMH 'å0HKPHGRYLüLGU0XKDGåHUX+DVDQEHJRYX 'DQDV 1XGR MH QDVHOMH X RSãWLQL 1LNãLü X &UQRM *RUL QHSRVUHGQR GR JUDQLFH VD %RVQRP L +HUFHJRYLQRP L QD VDPR GYDGHVHWDN NLORPHWDUD RG 'XEURYQLND$EGXODK %LMHGLü MH ELR SRVOMHGQML LPDPGåDPLMHX1XGXDQDNRQRGODVND%LMHGLüDVHOR1XGRLRNROLQXQDSXãWDMXVYLRVWDOL%RãQMDFL PXVOLPDQL $OLMD$YGRYLü&UWLFHL]SULYDWQRJåLYRWDSRND]LYDQMXâXNULMH$YGRYLüD =DSLVDR (URO$YGRYLü 3RVODWRDXWRUXRYRJUDGD 8SULMHYRGX Ä2Q $OODK MHYMHþQL3RNRMDQLRVNXGDQ]DPLORVWWYRMXPXKDGåLUL]+HUFHJRYLQH LPDPGåDPLMHX+DVDQEHJRYX*D]L$EGXODKVLQ$EGXO0XPLQDSRKLGåUL=DQMHJRYXGXãX (O)DWLKD´ Alija AYGRYLü±ERUDF]DVORERGXLUDYQRSUDYQRVW $EGXODK MH ELR MDNR FLMHQMHQ L XJOHGDQ þRYMHN D QMHJRYH VLQRYH PMHãWDQLLGåHPWOLMHVXQD]LYDOL$EGRYLLOL$YGRYL SRRFX 7DNRVX$YGRYLüLL] +DVDQEHJRYDGRELOLSUH]LPHSRVYRPRFXGMHGX$EGXODKX $YGL %LMHGLüXL]1XGD X +HUFHJRYLQL %LMHGLüL VX DXWRKWRQL VWDQRYQLFL +HUFHJRYLQH 8 +HUFHJRYLQL MH YHOLNL SURFHQDW SUH]LPHQD DXWRKWRQRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD RVWDR QHSURPLMHQMHQ L QDNRQ SULKYDWDQMDLVODPD7DNDYMHVOXþDMLVDSUH]LPHQRP%LMHGLü3ULMHQDVHOMDYDQMDX VHOR1XGR%LMHGLüLVXåLYMHOLX5LVQXX%RNLGRN5LVDQQLMHJRGLQHSDRX POHWDþNHUXNH3UHVHOLOLVXVHXVHOR1XGRNRMLMHWDGDþLQLRGLR.RUMHQLüD2VLP %LMHGLüDJODYQLGLRERãQMDþNLKURGRYD SUH]LPHQD NRMLVXåLYMHOLQDSRGUXþMX%RNH .RWRUVNH L RNROLQH GR SRþHWND VWROMHüD MH UDVHOMHQ ,QWHUHVDQWDQ MH L SRGDWDN GD MH L] LVWRJ EUDWVWYD L] 1XGD SRULMHNORP L 'åHPDO %LMHGLü EOLVNL 7LWRYVDUDGQLNQHNDGDãQML3UHGVMHGQLN%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHL3UHPLMHU6)5-þLMLMH þXNXQGMHG0HãD%LMHGLüELRMHGDQRGQDMERJDWLMLKX1XGX $EGXODKMHLPDRWULVLQD ,EUDKLPD0XPLQDL+DãLPD1MHJRYVLQ0XPLQ MH RWDF $OLMH $YGRYLüD NRML VH URGLR X 1XGX L NDR GYRPMHVHþQD EHED SUHåLYLR GLR WHãNRJ SXWD PXKDGåLUD GR 0DNHGRQLMH 0XPLQRYD PDMND MH SRULMHNORP RG %LODORYLüD10 0XPLQ MH L] GYD EUDND LPDR GMHFX $YGLMX$OLMX =HMQX L] SUYRJ EUDND 6DGLMXâXNULMX)DWLPX$MãXL0XVWDIX L]GUXJRJEUDND 11$OLMLQDPDMNDVH ]YDOD1HGåLEDGMHYRMDþNRSUH]LPHMRMMH)D]OLMHYLü +HUFHJRYDþNL PXKDGåLUL VX X RYRP VHOX SRþHOL REUDÿLYDWL ]HPOMX QD VYRMQDþLQDOLVXYHüGUXJHJRGLQHPRUDOLGDRGWRJDRGXVWDQXLGDVHSULYLNQX QD QDþLQ UDGD VNRSVNLK VHOMDND 0XKDGåLUL VX L NXüH SUDYLOL SR KHUFHJRYDþNRP WLSXDOLXQHGRVWDWNXNDPHQDRGþHUSLüDLVDNURYRPRGüHUDPLGH1DSXVWLOLVX L VWDUX KHUFHJRYDþNX QRãQMX L SULKYDWLOL ³WXUVNX´13 3ULODJRÿDYDQMH PXKDGåLUD X QRYRQDVWDOLPXVORYLPDMHLãORYHRPDVSRURLWHãNR.OLPDWVNHSULOLNHHNVWUHPQH WHPSHUDWXUQH UD]OLNH D SULMH VYHJD YLVRNH WHPSHUDWXUH L YHOLND YODåQRVW YD]GXKD XWRNXOMHWDNDRLRNROQHPRþYDUHLSULPLWLYQLLULJDFLRQLVLVWHPVDPRVXRWHåDYDOL QMLKRYX VLWXDFLMX 1RYL QDþLQ åLYRWD L UDGD QRYH SROMRSULYUHGQH NXOWXUH LVKUDQD ORãHVQDEGLMHYDQMHYRGRP]DSLüHYHOLNDNROLþLQDSUDãLQHXVHOXEH]DGHNYDWQLK 3UDYR LPH MH $EGXODK DOL YHRPD þHVWR ]ERJ L]JRYRUD VH XSRWUHEOMDYD L $YGXODK RGQRVQR QDGLPDN$EGRWM$YGRQDSURVWRULPDQHNDGDãQHMXJRVORYHQVNHGUåDYH 6HQDGLQ /DYLü 3XVWL NUDMROLFL ERãQMDþND SUH]LPHQD URGRYL X SRYLMHVQRP L SURVWRUQRP NRQWHNVWXLVWRþQH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH*RGLãQMDN%=.3UHSRURGEU9,,,6DUDMHYR ,PHLELüHRERãQMDþNLPSUH]LPHQLPD±6RFLRDQWURSRQLPLMVNLSULVWXS%RãQMDþNDSLVPRKUDQDEU VYH]DN =DJUHE +LY]LMD+DVDQGHGLü0XVOLPDQVNDEDãWLQD%RãQMDNDXMXåQRM VUHGQMRM +HUFHJRYLQL,VODPVNLFHQWDU0RVWDU 5LVWR0LOLüHYLü+HUFHJRYDþNDSUH]LPHQD6YHWNQMLJH%HRJUDG $OLMD$YGRYLü&UWLFHL]SULYDWQRJåLYRWDSRND]LYDQMXâXNULMH$YGRYLüD 10 Isto 11 Isto ȾɈɂɇɂɈɩɬɭɠɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚȾɌ ɛɪ ɨɞ,9 ȻɟɨɝɪɚɞɎɨɧɞɇɟʇɚɬȳɚɲɚɪ Ɏɇȳ Ʉ,,, 13 6DIHW %DQGåRYLü %RVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNL PXKDGåLUL X 0DNHGRQLML +HUFHJRYLQD þDVRSLV ]D NXOWXUQR L KLVWRULMVNR QDVOLMHÿH EU $UKLY +HUFHJRYLQH 0RVWDU 0RVWDU 'U=HüLU5$0ý,/29,û KLJLMHQVNLK XVORYD ELOL VX UD]ORJ ]D SRMDYX YHOLNRJ EURMD REROMHQMD D QDMYLãH PDODULMH 9HOLNDVPUWQRVW SRURGLFD ELOD MH YHOLND SULMHWQMD ]D HJ]LVWHQFLMX 1HNL QDYRGHGDMHX+DVDQEHJRYXQDNRQGRODVNDRNRSRODVWDQRYQLãWYDXPUORRGKDYH LPDODULMH15%RãQMDFLL]+DVDQEHJRYDVXþDNLSLVDOLPROEXGR0XWHVDULID6NRSOMD 7UDåLOLVXGDEXGXLVHOMHQLL]+DVDQEHJRYDX1RYL3D]DUMHUVHQHPRJXDGDSWLUDWL NOLPDWVNLPXVORYLPD1MLKRYDPROEDMHSURVOLMHÿHQD0XKDGåLUVNRMNRPLVLMLNRMDMH RGELOD]DKWMHYVDQDSRPHQRPGDVHVWQRYQLãWYX+DVDQEHJRYDREH]ELMHGLOMHNDUNRML üHOLMHþLWLLRELOLD]LWLEROHVQLNH8MHGQRP,]YMHãWDMXVNRSVNHRSãWLQHGR2NROLMVNH XSUDYHRG JRGLQHVHXND]XMHQDSRMDYXPDODULMHX+DVDQEHJRYXJGMHMH ERORYDORRNROLFD1LNDVQLMLSHULRGQLMHGRQLRQLãWDGREUR%DONDQVNLUDWRYLVX RVWDYLOLSXVWRãDSHULRGLVHOMDYDQMDSURGXåLR8WDNYLPXVORYLPDUDVWDRMH0XPLQL VWYDUDRSRURGLFLXVORYH]DåLYRW 'MHWLQMVWYRREUD]RYDQMHLåLYRWX+DVDQEHJRYX $OLMD$YGRYLüMHURÿHQ JRGLQHX+DVDQEHJRYX8YULMHPHNDGD VX VH XYHOLNR SULSUHPDOL UDWRYL EDONDQVNLK VDYH]QLND SURWLY 2VPDQVNH GUåDYH ]D RVYDMDQMHLSRGMHOX0DNHGRQLMH1DNRQUDWRYDLIRUPLUDQMD.UDOMHYLQH-XJRVODYLMH RQLNRMLVXRVWDOLX+DVDQEHJRYXVXQDVWDYLOLVDQDSXãWDQMHP]HPOMHNXüDLLPHWND þDNLEH]SURGDMH1DSXãWHQX]HPOMXVXQDVHOMDYDOL6UELL&UQRJRUFLDRYLGRVHOMHQLFL X+DVDQEHJRYXþHVWRVXYUãLOLSROLWLþNLSULWLVDNQD%RãQMDNHNDNRELLKSULGRELOL NDRÄ]HPOMDNH³VDFLOMHPGDLPSRVOXåHNDRJODVDþNDPDãLQDXYULMHPHORNDOQLKLOL SDUODPHQWDUQLKL]ERUD0LQLPDOQD]DUDGDRGSROMRSULYUHGHMHGQRVWDYQRMHSULPRUDOD GDGMHFDEXGXXNOMXþHQDXVHRVNXSURL]YRGQMX5RGLWHOMLL]+DVDQEHJRYDQLVXPRJOL L]GYRMLWL VUHGVWYD ]D GDOMH ãNRORYDQMH VYRMH GMHFH X VUHGQMLP LOL YLãLP ãNRODPD X JUDGXXSHULRGXL]PHÿXGYDVYMHWVNDUDWD .DRLRVWDOHSRURGLFHSRUHGWRJDãWR MH0XPLQELRLPDPVHRVNHGåDPLMHQMHJRYDSRURGLFDEDYLODVHSROMRSULYUHGRP $OLMD $YGRYLü MH RG QDMUDQLMLK JRGLQD UDGLR QD QMLYDPD VNRSVNH NRWOLQH .DR PODGLüXSUDYRXWRNXOMHWQLKUDGRYDQDSROMXPXMHWDGDYMHURYDWQRSUYDLQHWDNR VR¿VWLFLUDQDPDãLQD]DSROMVNHUDGRYHXQHVUHWQRPVOXþDMXRGVMHNODQRJX7RJD MH QDUDYQR ¿]LþNL LQKLELUDOR GR NUDMD åLYRWD DOL VH RQ SUHPD ND]LYDQMX þODQRYD QMHJRYH RELWHOML VWRLþNL GUåDR L QLNDGD PX QLMH IDOLOR åLYRWQRJ HQWX]LMD]PD LDNR ɁɊɚɦɱɢɥɨɜɢʅȻɨɲʃɚɰɢɬɟɜɨɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚɜɨɬɟɤɨɬɧɚ;;ɜɟɤ 15 Ɇɢɥɟɧɤɨ ɋ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɜɢʄ Ȼɨɲʃɚɰɢ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ ɋɤɨɩʂɚ ɉɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɤʃ9,, Ƚɨɞ9ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ ȾȺɊɆɊɟɲɟɧɢɟɨɞ ɝɨɞɨɞɆɭɯɚʇɢɪɫɤɚɬɚɄɨɦɢɫɢʁɚɎɄ Isto 'åHPDLO0HKPHGRYLüYHRPDVOLNRYLWRRSLVXMHPRJXüQRVWL]DãNRORYDQMHLYLVRNXãNRODULQXNRMD MHXWRPSHULRGXL]QRVLODRNRGLQDUDPMHVHþQRVDNRMLPSDUDPDVXPRJODGDVHNXSHGYDGREUD YRODD]DMHGQXJRGLQXLGRGLQDUD,OLWUHEDORMHSURGDWLNJGXKDQD]DãNRORYDQMHMHGQRJ XþHQLND 'å0HKPHGRYLüLGU0XKDGåHUX+DVDQEHJRYX 'å0HKPHGRYLüLGU0XKDGåHUX+DVDQEHJRYX $OLMD$YGRYLü&UWLFHL]SULYDWQRJåLYRWDSRND]LYDQMXâXNULMH$YGRYLüD Alija AYGRYLü±ERUDF]DVORERGXLUDYQRSUDYQRVW VHVWDOQRPRUDRVOXåLWLãWDNDPDVWDOQRMHELRXSRNUHWX7HåDNSRORåDM%RãQMDND MHVWDYLRX]DGQMLSODQãNRORYDQMHQMLKRYHGMHFH,PDP0XPLQMHãNRORYDRVYRJD VLQD$OLMX 1DNRQ RVQRYQH ãNROH$OLMD SURGXåDYD ãNRORYDQMH X 9HOLNRM 0HGUHVL X6NRSOMX,]+DVDQEHJRYDRVLP$OLMHXSUYRMJHQHUDFLML0HGUHVHXþLRMHL2PHU $YGRYLüWDþQLMHXãNROVNRM $OLMDMHELRYHRPDLQWHOLJHQWDQLGREDUXþHQLN2VRELWRYHOLNLWDOHQW$OLMDMH SRND]LYDR]DMH]LNH RVLPERVDQVNRJLPDNHGRQVNRJJRYRULRMHLWXUVNLLDOEDQVNL DYUORGREURMHYODGDRDUDSVNLPQMHPDþNLPUXVNLPWHMHXþLRLIUDQFXVNLMH]LN .DRLGUXJLLQWHOHNWXDOFLQMHJRYRJYUHPHQDSR]QDYDRMHGREURDQWLþNX¿OR]R¿MX HYURSVNX NQMLåHYQRVW UD]YLMDMXüL HQFLNORSHGLMVNL GXK 3LVDR MH SULþH L SRH]LMX D QMHJRYH SMHVPH VX REMDYOMLYDQH X ãNROVNLP þDVRSLVLPD NDR ãWR MH Ä$OPDQDK³ ± þDVRSLV VUHGQMRãNROVNH GUXåLQH 6DQGåDND .RVRYD L 0DNHGRQLMH L Ä9HVQLN³ ± NQMLåHYQLOLVWSLWRPDFD9HOLNH0HGUHVH.UDOMD$OHNVDQGUD, 3R]QDWR MH ELOR$OLMLQR WUDGLFLRQDOQR SR]QDYDQMH LVODPD MHU MH SRWLFDR L] WDNYH LPDPVNH SRURGLFH-RãWDGDJDMLRMHLGHMHRWYRUHQRJDQHQD]DGQRJLVODPD ýHVWR MH FLWLUDR DMHWH L] .XU¶DQD XYLMHN SRWHQFLUDMXüL GD MH PXVOLPDQVND 6YHWD NQMLJDNDRL,VODP±SRVODWFLMHORPVYLMHWX þRYMHþDQVWYX DQHVDPRYMHUQLFLPD LOL SRMHGLQLPQDFLMDPD WDNRMHþHVWRJRYRULRLQMHJRYEUDWâXNULMD$YGRYLüNRMLMH ]DSUDYRFLWLUDRVYRJEUDWD$OLMX 9HOLND 0HGUHVD ELOD MH ]DPLãOMHQD NDR NODVLþQD JLPQD]LMD L ]ERJ WRJD þHVWRELODQDXGDUXLVODPVNHXOHPHýLQMHQLFDMHGDVXYODVWLXRYRMãNROLSODQLUDOH SULSUHPX NDGURYD WDþQLMH LPDPD NRML üH GMHORYDWL QD ÄEXÿHQMH QDFLRQDOQH VYLMHVWL X SRWNUHSL YODGDMXüH YHOLNRVUSVNH SROLWLNH³ $OL VYH DNWLYQRVWL X ãNROL XPMHVWRGDUD]YLMDMXQRYXPXVOLPDQVNXHOLWXNRMDELELODORMDOQDGUåDYLVDQRYLP ]QDQMHPMHUD]YLODVYLMHVW%RãQMDND]DUDYQRSUDYQRVWLVORERGXDVDWLPHVHUDÿDR L UHYROXFLRQDUQL SRNUHW L LGHMD ]D SURPMHQX VLVWHPD ]DVQRYDQLP QD MHGQDNRVWL L VORERGL VYLK MXJRVRYHQVNLK QDURGD 6PDWUDP GD RVLP ]QDQMD NRMH RWYDUD L QRYH YLGLNH XSUDYR DNWLYQRVW$OLMH$YGRYLüDMH SUHGRGUHGLOD L LGHRORãNL VPMHU PODGLK OMXGLPHGUHVHSUYHQVWYHQR%RãQMDNDL]6DQGåDND]DGDOMHQMLKRYRGMHORYDQMHãLURP -XJRVODYLMH Revoluciono djelovanje $OLMD$YGRYLüYHRPDUDQRMHXYLGLRQHSUDYGHVLVWHPDLGUåDYHXNRMRMMH åLYLR .DR ãWR JD MH åLYRWQR LVNXVWYR QDXþLOR DOL L OLWHUDWXUD RVRELWR ¿OR]RIVND GMHODNRMDMHþLWDRRPRJXüLODVXPXGDVYRMHNULWLþNHVWDYRYHMDYQRL]QRVLVYRMLP YUãQMDFLPDDOLLVWXGHQWLPD%LRMHMHGDQRGRVQRYRSRORåQLNDPDUNVLVWLþNRJXþHQMD Isto Isto ,QWHUYMX (URO$YGRYLü Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʅ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɢ ɜɨ ȼɚɪɞɚɪɫɤɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɢɡɛɨɪɋɤɨɩʁɟ 'U=HüLU5$0ý,/29,û XãNROLLJUDGX6XUDÿLYDRMHVDNQMLåHYQLFLPDLNRPXQLVWLPDĈRUÿHP-RYDQRYLüHP L 5DGRYDQRP =RJRYLüHP NRML VX WDGD ELOL VWXGHQWL QD )LOR]RIVNRP IDNXOWHWX 2VRELWR VD -RYDQRYLüHP NRMHP VX URGLWHOML åLYMHOL X +DVDQEHJRYX $YGRYLü VH VD QMLPH VSULMDWHOMLR L VD QMLP UD]PLMHQMLYDR PDUNVLVWLþNX L GUXJX VRFLMDOLVWLþNX OLWHUDWXUX L GRQRVLR MH GUXJRYLPD X 9HOLNRM 0HGUHVL 8SUDYD 0HGUHVH L SROLFLMD GR]QDOL VX R RYRM OHNWLUL PHGUHVDQDWD 8 LQWHUQDWX L XþLRQLFDPD L]YUãHQ MH RSãWL SUHWUHV NDGD MH SURQDÿHQR YLãH NQMLJD .RPXQLVWLþNL PDQLIHVW L EURãXUH R UDGX L UDGQLþNRMNODVL$OLMD$YGRYLüMHYLãHSXWDGRELMDRXNRUHRGVWUDQHXSUDYHãNROH DOL RYRJ SXWD ]DMHGQR VD 5LIDWRP %XUGåRYLüHP L +LY]LMRP 6XOHMPDQLMHP ELYD LVNOMXþHQ L] ãNROH ,SDN QD LQLFLMDWLYX GLUHNWRUD ãNROH $KPHGD 0HKPHGEDãLüD QDNRQPMHVHFGDQDRGXNRP0LQLVWDUVWYDSURVYMHWHXþHQLFLVXELOLYUDüHQLXãNROX 9HOLND 0HGUHVD MH SRVWDOD åDULãWH UHYROXFLRQDUQRJ SRNUHWD X 6NRSOMX L UHJLRQX D X GDOMHP SHULRGX YHOLNL GLR QHNDGDãQMLK XþHQLND MH XþHVWYRYDR X UHYROXFLRQDUQLP DNWLYQRVWLPD NDR L X RUXåDQRM ERUEL ]D RVORERÿHQMH L L]JUDGQMX QRYH -XJRVODYLMH X NRMRM EL %RãQMDFL LPDOL VYRMX GUåDYX RGQRVQR UHSXEOLNX 3UHPDQHNDGDãQMHPPHGUHVDQWX0XVWD¿0HPLüXX1DURGQRRVORERGLODþNRPUDWX 12% XþHVWYRYDOR MH YLãH RG XþHQLND9HOLNH0HGUHVH ýXGQR ]YXþL DOL X QDURGX MH ELOD SR]QDWDUHþHQLFD ³.R KRüH GD EXGH9HOLNLNRPXQLVWD QHND XþL X 9HOLNRMPHGUHVL´ 5HYROXFLRQDUQL UDG $OLMH $YGRYLüD L SRUHG VODEH RUJDQL]DFLMH NRPXQLVWLþNRJ SRNUHWD X 0DNHGRQLML VH MRã YLãH LQWHQ]LYLUDR 0DWXULUD X JRGLQHLXSLVXMH)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWX6NRSOMX,VWHJRGLQHSRVWDMHþODQ.RPXQLVWLþNH SDUWLMH -XJRVODYLMH .3- 2YD JRGLQD MH YHRPD YDåQD ]D 0DNHGRQLMX 7DGD MH IRUPLUDQ 3RNUDMLQVNL NRPLWHW 3. .3- ]D 0DNHGRLMX ãWR SUHGVWDYOMD SUYL RUJDQL]DFLRQL REOLN SDUWLMH NRMD MH ]DMHGQR VD RVWDOLP QDURGLPD SUL]QDOD L PDNHGRQVNL QDURG QD UDYQRSUDYQLP RVQRYDPD VD GUXJLP QDURGLPD X RNYLUX EXGXüH]DMHGQLþNHGUåDYHýODQRYRJSUYRJ3..3-]D0DNHGRQLMXELRMHL$OLMD ɁɊɚɦɱɢɥɨɜɢʅȻɨɲʃɚɰɢɬɟɜɨɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚɜɨɬɟɤɨɬɧɚ;;ɜɟɤ 1DM]QDþDMQLMD LPHQD UHYROXFLRQDUQH RPODGLQH9HOLNH0HGUHVH SRJLQXOLK X 12%X SRUHG$OLMH $YGRYLüD ± VX ,EUDKLP+DOLPLü 6NRSOMH ± 5LIDW%XUGåXYLü7UãR %LMHOR3ROMH ± %HüR %DãLü %HU]RMHYLFH3ODY ± ,]HW ýDYLü 6MHQLFD ± 5DãLG 'HGRYLü .RVRYVND0LWURYLFD ± 6DONR$NRYLü 3OMHYOMH ± +DVR%DMUDNWDUHYLü %RJDMLüH3ODY ± =HQXQ+DVNRYLü 1RYL3D]DU ± 0DKPXW+DGURYLü %HUDQH ± %DMUDP.XUWDJLü 5RåDMH"± -DNXE.XEXU 3OMHYOMH ± +DVDQ0XMDJLü 6MHQLFD ± $GHP 0XODRVPDQRYLü 3ULERʁ ± âHPVR 0XMþLQRYLü 6MHQLFD ± 'åDIHU1LNRþHYLü *XVLQMH ± 0XVWDID3HüDQLQ 5RåDMH ± (PLQ 5HGåHSDJLü 3ODY ± ,EUDKLP 5HGåHSDJLü 3ODY ± -XVXI 5HGåHSDJLü 3ODY ± +DMURâDKPDQRYLü 3ODY ± ȾȺɊɆɉɈɋɤɨɩʁɟɎȽɪɚɞɫɤɨɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɝ± 2G QMLK SRJLQXOR MH RG NRMLK VX ELOL þODQRYL .3- D þODQRYL 6DYH]D .RPXQLVWLþNH RPODGLQH-XJRVDOYLMH 6.2- ]DRVWDOHQH]QDVHWDþQR7URMLFDVXSURJODãHQL]DQDURGQHKHURMHDRG SUHåLYHOLKPHGUHVDQDWDMHGRELOR3DUWL]DQVNXVSRPHQLFX0XVWDID0HPLü9HOLND0HGUHVDLQMHQL XþHQLFLXUHYROXFLRQDUQRPSRNUHWX,3=52)RQRJUD¿ND6NRSMH GDOMH 00HPLüVelika 0HGUHVDLQMHQLXþHQLFLXUHYROXFLRQDUQRPSRNUHWX Alija AYGRYLü±ERUDF]DVORERGXLUDYQRSUDYQRVW $YGRYLü2QMHELRYHRPDDNWLYDQNRGPODGLK=DMHGQRVD+LY]LMRPûDWRYLüHP L %RULVODYRP 7RGRURYLüHP X DSULOX JRGLQH RVQRYDOL VX Ä6UHGQMRãNROVNL NRPXQLVWLþNL NRPLWHW´ X 6NRSOMX 2NXSOMDOL PODGH GUåDOL SUHGDYDQMD ãWDPSDOL OHWNH NRMH VX UDVWXUDOL X VUHGQMLP ãNRODPD L X QMLPD UD]YLOLWRNRP JRGLQH YUOR LQWHQ]LYQX L ãLURNX DNWLYQRVW 1DNRQ UD]QLK SURYDOD L DNFLMD RG VWUDQH YODVWL GROD]L GR SUHNLGD YH]D VD .3-X =ERJ WRJD X 6NRSOMH GROD]L$QWRQ .ROHQGLü L] =DJUHEDVD]DGDWNRPGDREQRYLYH]HLSDUWLMVNRUXNRYRGVWYRX0DNHGRQLML3RUHG $OLMH MRã MHGDQ %RãQMDN WDþQLMH +LY]LMD ûDWRYLü SRVWDMH GLR SULYUHPHQRJ 3. .3-X]D0DNHGRQLMX3RQRYRVHXVSRVWDYOMDMXYH]HVD.3-LRWSRþLQMXSULSUHPH ]D RGUåDYDQMH SRNUDMLQVNH SDUWLMVNH NRQIHUHQFLMH 1DMXåL NUXJ SULYUHPHQRJ SDUWLMVNRJUXNRYRGVWYDþLQLOLVX $.ROHQGLü6*LJRY'3RSRYLü%7RGRURYLü $$YGRYLüL0%RJGDQRY303UHåLYMHOLDNWLYLVWLLERUFLL]0DNHGRQLMHVPDWUDMXGD VX$OLMD$YGRYLüL+LY]LMDûDWRYLüMHGQLRGQDM]DVOXåQLMLK]DUD]YRMUHYROXFLRQDUQLK DNWLYQRVWL PHÿX RPODGLQRP X 6NRSOMX31 , SRUHG VYLK þLQMHQLFD QMLKRYH ]DVOXJH QLNDGDQLVXDGHNYDWQRSUL]QDWHRGVWUDQHQRYRIRUPLUDQHGUåDYHSUHGYRÿHQHRG.3- ]DþLMHLGHDOHVXVHERULOLLGDOLVYRMHåLYRWH 8SUYRMSRORYLQLGHFHPEUD JRGLQHYODVWLVXSUHX]HOHLQWHQ]LYQHPMHUH ]D XQLãWHQMH NRPXQLVWLþNRJ SRNUHWD X 0DNHGRQLML 8KDSãHQL D ]DWLP JRGLQHRGGUåDYQRJWXåLRFDRSWXåHQLVX .ROHQGLü$QWRQûDWRYLü+LY]LMD$YGRYLü $OLMD7RGRURYLü%RULVODY%RJGDQRYLü0LQR$QÿHONRYLü1LNROD3RSRYLü'XãDQ *LJRYLü 6WUDKLQMD$QGRQRYLü -RYDQ L 3DUDPDNRYLü 9ODGR 6YLK GHVHW RSWXåHQLK OLFDVXELOLSURJODãHQLNULYLPLRVXÿHQLND]QRP]DWYRUD 8 2SWXåQLFL $OLMD $YGRYLü VH WHUHWL ]D RVQLYDQMH L þODQVWYR X Ä6UHGQMRãNROVNRP NRPXQLVWLþNRP NRPLWHWX³ L YUERYDQMH VUHGQMRãNRODFD ]D þODQRYHRYRJXGUXUåHQMDNRMHLPD]DVYUKXSURSDJDQGXNRPXQL]PD=DWLPX]GXåH REUD]ORåHQMHL]NRMLKVHYLGLGDMH$OLMDXVYRMRMNXüLRGUåDYDRLVDVWDQNHQDJODãDYD VHGDMHRGREUDYDRVDGUåLQHSURSDJDQGQLKOHWDNDLELOWHQDWHQMLKRYRXPQRåDYDQMHL UDVWXUDQMH.DNRVHQDYRGLÄ]QDMXüLGDVHVDGUåLQRPR]QDþHQLKOHWDNDLELOWHQDYUãL NRPXQLVWLþNDSURSDJDQGDLXEHÿXMXGUXJLGDWUHEDSURPHQLWLSROLWLþNLLVRFLMDOQL SRUHGDN X QDãRM GUåDYL QDVLOMHP L WHURURP³33 3UHPD LVND]LPD RNULYOMHQLK EH] RE]LUD QD UD]OLNH X QHNLP LVND]LPD MDVQR MH GD VX SR WDGDãQMHP ]DNRQX SRþLQLOL RGUHÿHQDGHMVWYDVXSURWQDWDGDãQMHPGUåDYQRPSRUHWNX,QWHUHVDQWQDMHþLQMHQLFD GDMH$OLMD$YGRYLü JRGLQHRWLãDR]D%HRJUDGLGDVHL]LVND]D%RUH 7RGRURYLüDYLGLLQDPMHUDSXWRYDQMD7DþQLMHQDNRQSRYUDWNDPRåHVH]DNOMXþLWLGD ɋɬɪɚɯɢɥȽɢɝɨɜɋɟʅɚɜɚʃɚɇɚɲɚɄɧɢɝɚɋɤɨɩʁɟ GDOMH ɋȽɢɝɨɜɋɟʅɚɜɚʃɚ ȾɈɂɇɂ Ɉɩɬɭɠɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ Ɏ ɇȳ Ʉ ,,, 30 ȾɈɂɇɂɁɚɞɚɱɢɧɚɈɛɥɚɫɧɢɨɬɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɧɚɄɉȳɡɚɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚɩɨɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ Ɏɨɧɞɇɟʇɚɬȳɚɲɚɪ Ɏɇȳ Ʉ,,, 31 0XVWDID0HPLü+LY]LMDûDWRYLü±åLYRWQLSXWLGMHOR 5RåDMVNL=ERUQLNJRG9,EU &HQWDU]DNXOWXUX5RåDMH ȾɈɂɇɂ Ɉɩɬɭɠɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ Ɏ ɇȳ Ʉ ,,, 33 IstoɎɇȳɄ,,, 'U=HüLU5$0ý,/29,û MH$OLMD$YGRYLüGRQLRSUHVXVDNRMRPVXGDOMHXPQRåDYDOLSURSDJDQGQLPDWHULMDO 1DNRQVXÿHQMD]DWYRUVNXND]QXVXL]GUåDYDOLX6UHPVNRM0LWURYLFL 3RVOLMH RYLK QHPLOLK GRJDÿDMD NRPXQLVWLþNH DNWLYQRVWL VX ]D NUDWNR ELOH VWRSLUDQH 6YDNDNR EURM DNWLYLVWD NRPXQLVWLþNRJ SRNUHWD VH VWDOQR SRYHüDYDR 0HÿX QMLPD ]QDþDMQX XORJX VX RGLJUDOL L VDUDGQLFL $OLMH $YGRYLüD SULMH VYHJD 0HOHKDWD +RGåLü 5HãDG 'HGRYLü ûDPLO 6LMDULü L 0HKPHG $EGDJLü 1DNRQ L]ODVND L] ]DWYRUD SRQRYQR SULVXVWYR$OLMH$YGRYLüD L RVWDOLK ELOR MH RG YHOLNRJ ]QDþDMD]DVDPRSRX]GDQMHSRNUHWDLNRQWLQXLWHWDUHYROXFLRQDUQLKDNWLYQRVWL$OLMD $YGRYLüNUDWDNSHULRG]ERJQDUXãHQRJ]GUDYOMDERUDYLXEROQLFLLXVDQDWRULMXPX GDELRGPDKQDNRQWRJDQDVWDYLRVYRMHNRPXQLVWLþNRGMHORYDQMHXURGQRPPMHVWXL RNROLQL%LRMHþODQDOLLVDYMHWQLNUHRUJDQL]LUDQRJ3..3-X]D0DNHGRQLMX JRGLQH VD NRMLP MH UXNRYRGLR %ODåR 2UODQGLü35 8JUDÿLYDQMH PHÿXQDFLRQDOQH UDYQRSUDYQRVWL X GRNXPHQWLPD 3. .3- 0DNHGRQLMH QLMH QLNDGD SUHGVWDYOMDR SUREOHP]DPDNHGRQVNLQDFLRQDOQLSRNUHWL]MHGQRVWDYQRJUD]ORJDãWRVYRMHLGHMQH NRULMHQH LPD X LOLQGHQVNRM WUDGLFLML DOL L X NRPXQLVWLþNRM LGHRORJLML VD VYRMLP LQWHUQDFLRQDOL]PRP2EMHNRPSRQHQWHVXXVYRMLPRSUHGMHOMHQMLPDNDRVDVWDYQLGLR LPDOHPHÿXQDFLRQDOQXUDYQRSUDYQRVW6YDNDNRGDMHL$OLMLQRSULVXVWYRXQDMYHüLP RUJDQLPD SDUWLMH GRSULQMHOR GD RYL SRVWXODWL X NRQWLQXLWHWX EXGX SULVXWQL QD GRNXPHQWLPD3..3-LQLåLPRUJDQLPDSDUWLMVNHRUJDQL]DFLMH2YDNYDLGHRORJLMD MHSULGRELODSRYMHUHQMHXLVSUDYQRVWERUEHLUHYROXFLRQDUQRJRSUHGMHOMHQMD%RãQMDND LGUXJLKQDURGDSURWLYRNXSDWRUDLUHJUHVLYQLKHOHPHQDWDWDGDãQMH-XJRVODYLMH 3RUHGREDYH]DX3..3-0DNHGRQLMHXVYRP+DVDQEHJRYXIRUPLUDJUXSX DNWLYLVWD JRGLQHNRMXDQJDåXMHX6HRVNRMVDPRSRPRüLLX1DURGQRMSRPRüL ]D SREROMãDQMH SUDYD UDGQLND L XþHãüH X UDGQLþNLP ãWUDMNRYLPD X 6NRSOMX8 QMHJRYRMNXüLXYLMHNVXVHVDELUDOLPODGLL]VHODLVOXãDOLYLMHVWL$OLMDLPMHGUåDR SUHGDYDQMDRPDUNVL]PXLSROLWLþNRMVLWXDFLMLXVYLMHWX2VQLYDLVNRMHYVNXLSDUWLMVNX üHOLMXXNRMRMVXELOL 6HUD¿P-RYDQRYLü0LKDMOR0LORãHYLü0LUþHL]VHOD%XODþDQL L 2OLYHUD SR]QDWLMD NDR 9HUD -RFLü VD VHVWURP 9LGRP UHGRYQR VX GROD]LOH QD VDVWDQNHNRG$OLMH3UHNR9HUHVXIRUPLUDQHVNRMHYVNHJUXSHXVHOXLX7UJRYDþNRM DNDGHPLML JGMH MH XþLOD 1DNRQ RNXSDFLMH XNOMXþLR VH X RUJDQL]LUDQMX RUXåDQH ERUEH 5DGLR MH QD SULEDYOMDQMX L GLVWULEXFLML RUXåMD ]D SDUWL]DQH 8 QMHJRYRP GYRULãWXELORMHVNODGLãWH]DRUXåMHLPXQLFLMXþDNLMHGDQWRS%LRMHYH]DL]PHÿX SDUWL]DQVNLKþHWDX6NRSOMX&UQRM*RULLJUDGXDUDGLRMHLQDDQJDåLUDQMXLSULMHPX QRYLKERUDFD8FLMHORPSHULRGXLPDRMHSRGUãNXLUD]XPMHYDQMHRGVYRMHSRURGLFH 2VRELWRYHOLNRSRYMHUHQMHLPDRMHXVYRJDPODÿHJEUDWDâXNULMX$YGRYLüD ± NRMLMHRGPDOLKQRJXSRþHRELWLQMHJRYNXULU6DVDPRGYDGHVHWJRGLQD IstoɎɇȳɄ,,, 35 ɋ Ƚɢɝɨɜ ɋɟʅɚɜɚʃɚ Ɇɢɬɪɟ ɂɧɚɞɟɫɤɢ ɏɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɋɤɨɩʁɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɱɤɨɬɨ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨɞɜɢɠɟʃɟ Ⱥɪɯɢɜɧɚɋɤɨɩʁɟɋɤɨɩʁɟ =HüLU5DPþLORYLü1HGåDG0HKPHGRYLü3R]QDWL%RãQMDFL0DNHGRQLMHâDGUYDQ6NRSOMH GDOMH =5DPþLORYLü10HKPHGRYLü3R]QDWL%RãQMDFL0DNHGRQLMH ȹɟɦɚɥȺɆɟɯɦɟɞɨɜɢʅȻɟɡɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɯɟɪɨʁɧɚɜɢɫɬɢɧɚɬɚɒɚɞɪɜɚɧɋɤɨɩʁɟ 00HPLü9HOLND0HGUHVDLQMHQLXþHQLFLXUHYROXFLRQDUQRPSRNUHWX Alija AYGRYLü±ERUDF]DVORERGXLUDYQRSUDYQRVW X JRGLQLSRVWDRMHþODQ.3-VOLMHGHüLYLVRNH$OLMLQHUHYROXFLRQDUQHFLOMHYHL SULQFLSHVRFLMDOQHSUDYGHLRGUHÿHQMD]DGUXãWYRMHGQDNLKãDQVLLPRJXüQRVWL $OLMD$YGRYLüVHRåHQLRVD1D]PLMRPGMHYRMNRPL]LVWRJVHODNRMDMHELOD YHRPD ERJDWD WH MH WR V RE]LURP QD$OLMLQX VNORQRVW ND REUD]RYDQMX L GXERNX UHYROXFLRQDUQXDQJDåLUDQRVWYDOMDUHüLXPQRJRPHSRPRJORQMHJRYDQWLIDãLVWLþNL UDG VYH GR QMHJRYRJ KDSãHQMD L RGYRÿHQMD X ORJRU QD %DQMLFL NRG %HRJUDGD -HGLQD$OLMLQD üHUND MH 0DEHUD$OLMLQD XGRYLFD SRULMHNORP L] 6MHQLFH 1D]PLMD QLMHVHQLNDGDSRQRYRXGDYDODLVDüHUNRPVHLVHOLODX5HSXEOLNX7XUVNXVUHGLQRP SHGHVHWLKJRGLQDXYHOLNRPLVHOMHQLþNRPYDOXVDQGåDþNLKLPDNHGRQVNLK%RãQMDND LGUXJLKPXVOLPDQDL]0DNHGRQLMHûHUNDMHGLQLFD0DEHUDGDQDVåLYLX,VWDQEXOX LPDWULNüHULLSULOLþQRYHOLNRSRWRPVWYR 1DNRQ RNXSDFLMH ]HPOMH EHRJUDGVNL *HVWDSR ELR MH LQIRUPLUDQ R NRPXQLVWLþNRP L DQWLIDãLVWLþNRP SRNUHWX X -XJRVODYLML 7H MH QD VDPRP SRþHWNX QDVWRMDRGDXKDSVLQRVLRFHRYRJSRNUHWDPHÿXQMLPDL$OLMX$YGRYLüD1DåDORVW NDGDMH$OLMDXSLWDQMXXVSMHOLVXXQMLKRYLPQDPMHUDPD*UXSDSROLFLMVNLKDJHQDWD VWLJOD MH X 6NRSOMH L X VDUDGQML VD EXJDUVNRP RNXSDWRUVNRP SROLFLMRP XKDSVLOD $OLMX QRüX L]PHÿX L DXJXVWD JRGLQH 7DGD MH XKDSãHQ L QMHJRY GUXJ %RUD7RGRURYLü8 %HRJUDG MH VWLJDR SRG VQDåQRP SUDWQMRP X] QDSRPHQX GD MH NRPXQLVWDNRMLMHYHüURELMDRXQDMSR]QDWLMLP]DWYRULPD.UDOMHYLQH-XJRVODYLMHVD UHYROXFLRQDULPDSRSXW7LWXEOLVNRJ0RãH3LMDGHX6UHPVNRM0LWURYLFL5DþXQDOR VHGDMH$OLMDYHRPD]QDþDMDQ]D.3-LGDMHVSUHPDQ]DQDMYLãHIXQNFLMHXSDUWLMLL GUåDYLNRMXVXMXJRVORYHQVNLNRPXQLVWLYHüWDGDXYHOLNR]DJRYDUDOL6SURYHGHQ MH X ORJRU QD SRGUXþMX 6UELMH %DQMLFD NRG %HRJUDGD 'YDGHVHW L WUL GDQD NDVQLMH JRGLQH GYD YHOLNDQD UHYROXFLRQDUQRJ SRNUHWD 0DNHGRQLMH $OLMD$YGRYLü L %RUD 7RGRURYLü VX VWULMHOMDQL 3ULMH VWUHOMDQMD VSDVLR MH QHNROLNR ]DWYRUHQLNDNRMLVXELOLYUDüHQLVDVWUHOLãWD9UDüHQLVXMHUMHQDXSLWJHVWDSRYDFDR GUXJLP]DWYRUHQLFLPDUHNDR Ä2YGMHQHPDGUXJLKNRPXQLVWDVHP%RUH7RGRURYLüD LPHQH³6WUHOMDQMHQDYRMQRPVWUHOLãWXX-DMQLFLPDXNRMHPVXVHRG GR JRGLQH XELMDOL ORJRUDãL D QDNRQ WRJD L QD GUXJLP ORNDFLMDPD8 VSLVNRYLPDLDUKLYLPDRORJRUX%DQMLFDQHNHLXGLJLWDOQLPL]GDQMLPDSURQDüLüHWH LLPHQDãHJYHOLNRJUHYROXFLRQDUD $YGRYLü 0XPLQ $OLMDURÿHQ XELMHQRG 1LMHPDFD XORJRUX%HRJUDG%DQMLFD 0HÿXUDWQL SHULRG X .UDOMHYLQL -XJRVODYLMH MH SUHGVWDYOMDR GLR NRQWLQXLUDQRJ SURFHVD L ERUEH QHSUL]QDWLK MXJRVORYHQVNLK QDURGD ]D QDFLRQDOQX ,QWHUYMX (URO$YGRYLü $OLMD$YGRYLü&UWLFHL]SULYDWQRJåLYRWDSRND]LYDQMXâXNULMH$YGRYLüD ,QWHUYMX (URO$YGRYLü $OLMD$YGRYLü&UWLFHL]SULYDWQRJåLYRWDSRND]LYDQMXâXNULMH$YGRYLüD 3UYL]DUWYRUHQLFLGRYHGHQLVXXORJRU JRGLQHDORJRUMHUDVIRUPLUDQ JRGLQH ȺɂɊɉɋɆɄȻ =5DPþLORYLü10HKPHGRYLü3R]QDWL%RãQMDFL0DNHGRQLMH ȼɟɧɰɟɫɥɚɜ ȽɥɢɲɢʄɌɟɪɨɪ ɢ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɢ ɧɚɰɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟȻɟɨɝɪɚɞ äUWYHUDWD ± ]DQDVHOMH6NRSOMH0X]HMåUWDYDJHQRFLGD%HRJUDG6SLVDNQLMHSRWSXQ 'U=HüLU5$0ý,/29,û VORERGX L UDYQRSUDYQRVW VD 6ORYHQFLPD +UYDWLPD L 6UELPD 8 WRP NRQWHNVWX %RãQMDFL 0DNHGRQLMH SRSXW$OLMH$YGRYLüDVX ELOL GLR X]OD]QRJSURFHVD X ERUEL PDNHGRQVNRJ QDURGD ]D VORERGX L VWYDUDQMH VYRMH GUåDYH 8 ãLUHP NRQWHNVWX DNWLYQRVWL $OLMH $YGRYLüD VX RG ]QDþDMD L ]D ERUEX %RãQMDND ]D UDYQRSUDYQRVW LVWYDUDQMHVYRMHGUåDYHDOLL]DUDYQRSUDYQRVWXGUXJLPUHSXEOLNDPD]DMHGQLþNH MXJRVORYHQVNHIHGHUDFLMH1MHJRYUDGLGMHORLPDOLVXXWLFDMDLGRELMDMXQD]QDþHQMX GD ]D UD]OLNX RG RVWDOLK QDURGD 0DNHGRQLMH QLMHGDQ %RãQMDN QLNDGD VH QLMH SULNOMXþLR IDãLVWLþNLP YODVWLPD LOL PQRJLP SURIDãLVWLþNLP RUJDQL]DFLMDPD YHü MH SRPDJDRUDYROXFLRQDUQLLQDURGQRRVORERGLODþNLSRNUHWPDWHULMDOQRORJLVWLþNLLVD OLþQLPXþHãüHPXSDUWL]DQVNLPMHGLQLFDPD 8PMHVWR]DNOMXþND $OLMD $YGRYLü MH MHGDQ RG SUYLK NRPXQLVWD ± UHYROXFLRQDUD 0DNHGRQLMH NRML MH X SUHGUDWQRP SHULRGX ELR QMHJRY QRVLODF L RUJDQL]DWRU ]ERJ þHJD MH JRQMHQ VXÿHQ KDSãHQ L ]DWYDUDQ 1D VDPRP SRþHWNX UDWD X SRWUD]L ]D YRÿDPD DQWLIDãLVWLþNRJ SRNUHWD L RUXåDQRJ RWSRUD ELYD XKDSãHQ D ]DWLP L VWUHOMDQ 7R VX þLQMHQLFH NRMH VH PDOR VSRPLQMX ýLQMHQLFD MH GD VX RQ L QMHJRY GUXJ %RULVODY 7RGRURYLü SUYL ³PDNHGRQVNL NRPXQLVWL´ NRML VX XELMHQL ]ERJ UHYROXFLRQDUQRJ L DQWLIDãLVWLþNRJ SRNUHWD X QDFLVWLþNRP ORJRUX RGQRVQR GD MH MHGDQ RG QMLK ELR XSUDYR%RãQMDNL]0DNHGRQLMH 3XWNRMLMHRGDEUDRELRMHYLãHQHJRWHåDNDOLLVSUDYDQ,GHDOL]DNRMHVH ERULR GMHOLPLþQR VX RVWYDUHQL X QRYRM MXJRVORYHQVNRM IHGHUDFLML D QMHJRYR GMHOR QHGRYROMQR SR]QDWR L SUL]QDWR DOL LSDN YMHþQR 1H ]ERJ$OLMH ]ERJ QDV VDPLK SULMHVYHJDNDRJUDÿDQL0DNHGRQLMHVPRGXåQLJRYRULWLLVWLQXLRGDWLVYDNXSRþDVWL SUL]QDQMHRYRPERUFX]DVORERGXLUDYQRSUDYQRVW1DQMHJRYRMURGQRMNXüLMXOD JRGLQHRGJUDÿDQD2SãWLQH6DKDW.XODSRVWDYOMHQDMHSORþDQDNRMRMSLãH Ä8 RYRMNXüLMHåLYLRLUDGLRSR]QDWLUHYROXFLRQDU$OLMD$YGRYLüNRMLMH JRGLQH ELRRGYHGHQRGVWUDQH*HVWDSRDX]ORJODVQLORJRU%DQMLFDLLVWHJRGLQHVWULMHOMDQ³ 'DQDVXþDVW$OLMH$YGRYLüDLQMHJRYRJGMHODX0DNHGQLML2VQRYQDãNRODXVHOX %DWLQFLLMHGQDXOLFDX+DVDQEHJRYXJGMHMHURÿHQLJGMHMHSURYHRQDMYHüLGLRVYRJ åLYRWDQRVHQMHJRYRLPH Summary $OLMD $YGRYLF LV RQH RI WKH ¿UVW FRPPXQLVWV WKH UHYROXWLRQDULHV RI 0DFHGRQLDZKRLQWKHSUHZDUSHULRGZDVKLVEHDUHUDQGRUJDQL]HUIRUZKLFKKH ZDVSURVHFXWHGWULHGDUUHVWHGDQGLPSULVRQHG$WWKHYHU\EHJLQQLQJRIWKHZDU LQVHDUFKRIWKHOHDGHUVRIWKHDQWLIDVFLVWPRYHPHQWDQGDUPHGUHVLVWDQFHKHZDV DUUHVWHGDQGWKHQVKRW7KHVHDUHIDFWVWKDWDUHDELWQRWHZRUWK\7KHIDFWLVWKDW Alija AYGRYLü±ERUDF]DVORERGXLUDYQRSUDYQRVW WRJHWKHU ZLWK KHU RWKHU %RULVODY 7RGRURYLF WKH ¿UVW ³0DFHGRQLDQ FRPPXQLVWV´ ZKR ZHUH NLOOHG GXH WR WKH UHYROXWLRQDU\ DQG DQWLIDVFLVW PRYHPHQW LQ WKH 1D]L FDPSWKDWLVRQHRIWKHPZDVWKH%RVQLDNRI0DFHGRQLD 7KHSDWKKHFKRVHZDVPRUHWKDQGL൶FXOWEXWFRUUHFW7KHLGHDOVIRUZKLFK KHZDV¿JKWLQJZDVSDUWLDOO\DFKLHYHGLQWKHQHZ 3URIGU6HQDLG+$'ä,û ,]YRUQLQDXþQLUDG )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL (7$7,=$011$35,0-(582%(=%,-(Ĉ(12* 61$%',-(9$1-$67$1291,â79$886/29,0$ POSLIJERATNE OBNOVE I PRVOG PETOGODIŠNJEG PLANA $SVWUDNW $XWRUVHXUDGXEDYLSLWDQMHPXWMHFDMDGUåDYQHDGPLQLVWUDFLMH QD RGUHÿHQH VHJPHQWH ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRJ GUXãWYD X XVORYLPD SRVOLMHUDWQH REQRYH L 3UYRJ SHWRJRGLãQMHJ SODQD 8 UDGX VX SRQXÿHQH KLVWRULMVNH þLQMHQLFH NRMH JRYRUH R RNROQRVWLPD XYRÿHQMD UDFLRQLUDQRJ L JDUDQWRYDQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD VWDQRYQLãWYD ãWR VH þHVWR SRGYRGL SRG SRMDP REH]ELMHÿHQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD QDþLQX UHDOL]DFLMH LVWRJ RGUHÿHQLP QHGRVWDFLPD SURSXVWLPD L QDþLQX NRQWUROH FMHORNXSQRJGUXãWYDSXWHPQDYHGHQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMD5DGMHSLVDQQDRVQRYXGR VDGDQHREMDYOMHQHDUKLYVNHJUDÿHSRKUDQMHQHX$UKLYX-XJRVODYLMH$UKLYX%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH WH UHJLRQDOQLP DUKLYLPD ]DWLP REMDYOMHQLK L]YRUD VWDWLVWLþNLK JRGLãQMDNDRQRYUHPHQHãWDPSHLUHOHYDQWQHOLWHUDWXUH .OMXþQHULMHþL %RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDVWDQRYQLãWYRREQRYDREH]ELMHÿHQR VQDEGLMHYDQMHUDFLRQLUDQRVQDEGLMHYDQMHJDUDQWRYDQRVQDEGLMHYDQMH (7$7,60217+((;$03/(2)6(&85('6833/<2)3238/$7,21 IN CONDITIONS OF POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION AND THE FIRST ),9(<($53/$1 $EVWUDFW 7KH DXWKRU GHDOV ZLWK WKH LVVXH RI WKH LQÀXHQFH RI WKH VWDWH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RQ FHUWDLQ VHJPHQWV RI WKH %RVQLDQ VRFLHW\ LQ WKH FRQGLWLRQV RI SRVWZDU UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG WKH ¿UVW ¿YH\HDU SODQ 7KH SDSHU SUHVHQWV KLVWRULFDOIDFWVWKDWVSHDNDERXWWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVRILQWURGXFWLRQRIUDWLRQHGDQG JXDUDQWHHGVXSSO\RIWKHSRSXODWLRQZKLFKLVRIWHQXQGHUOLQHGE\WKHFRQFHSWRI VHFXUHG VXSSO\ WKH PDQQHU RI UHDOL]DWLRQ RI LW FHUWDLQ VKRUWFRPLQJV RPLVVLRQV (WDWL]DP IUDQFétatisme, RGpWDW GUåDYD QHNLGH¿QLãXNDRGUåDYRWYRUVWYRSROLWLþNLLSULYUHGQL VLVWHPXNRMHPRGOXþXMXüXULMHþXVYLPHNRQRPVNLPLGUXãWYHQLPRGQRVLPDLPDGUåDYDRGQRVQRQMHQ ELURNUDWVNLDSDUDWNRMLVHRVDPRVWDOMXMHXUXNRYRÿHQMXGUXãWYHQLPDQDURþLWRHNRQRPVNLPSRVORYLPD 2SãLUQLMH YLGL +DQV +HUPDQQ +RSSH 'UåDYD LOL GUXãWYR SULYDWQRJ SUDYD KWWS ZZZKDQVKRSSH FRPWUDQVODWLRQVVWDDWRGHUSULYDWUHFKWVJHVHOOVFKDIWJHUPDQ;KWWSV NDSLWDODFZRUGSUHVVFRPWDJ HWDWL]DP3ULVWXSLR X (WDWL]DPQDSULPMHUXREH]ELMHÿHQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDXXVORYLPDSRVOLMHUDWQHREQRYH DQGZD\RIFRQWUROOLQJWKHHQWLUHVRFLHW\WKURXJKWKHPHQWLRQHGVXSSO\7KHZRUN LV ZULWWHQ RQ WKH EDVLV RI XQWLO QRZXQSXEOLVKHG DUFKLYDO PDWHULDO VWRUHG LQ WKH $UFKLYHVRI .H\ZRUGV %RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDSRSXODWLRQUHFRQVWUXFWLRQVHFXUHG VXSSO\UDWLRQHGVXSSO\JXDUDQWHHGVXSSO\ 1DSUHREUDåDMERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRJGUXãWYDL]DJUDUQRJXLQGXVWULMVNR SRVOLMH 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD ]QDþDMQR MH XWMHFDR VLVWHP VQDEGLMHYDQMD VHRVNRJ L JUDGVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD WH ]DSRVOHQLK X LQGXVWULMVNLP L GUXJLP SULYUHGQLP GMHODWQRVWLPDSROMRSULYUHGQLPUXGDUVNLPLLQGXVWULMVNLPSURL]YRGLPD8SRJOHGX VQDEGLMHYDQMD VWDQRYQLãWYD SRWUHEQR MH UD]OLNRYDWL VLVWHP UDFLRQLUDQRJ NRML MH SULPMHQMLYDQ GR SRþHWND JRGLQH L JDUDQWRYDQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD NRMH VH SRþHORSULPMHQMLYDWLRGPDUWD JRGLQHVWLPãWRVHLMHGDQLGUXJLVLVWHP REXKYDüDMXSRMPRPREH]ELMHÿHQRVQDEGLMHYDQMH 5D]OR]L ]D XYRÿHQMH UDFLRQLUDQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD VWDQRYQLãWYD ELOL VX YLãHVWUXNL D WRPH MH SRVHEQR GRSULQLMHOD WHãND VLWXDFLMX X YH]L SUHKUDQH VWDQRYQLãWYD 7HåLQD VLWXDFLMH QDMEROMH VH PRåH VDJOHGDWL L] L]YMHãWDMD 3UHGVMHGQLãWYD=$912%L+DNRMLMHVHSWHPEUD JRGLQHXSXüHQ1.2-X 8 ,]YMHãWDMX VH L]PHÿX RVWDORJD QDYRGL GD RG XNXSQR VWDQRYQLND %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH QMLK WUHED VYHVWUDQX SRPRü D SRPRü X RGMHüL L REXüL 'DOMH MH LVWDNQXWR GD VX åHWYHQL SULQRVL X X RGQRVX QD SUHGUDWQHJRGLQHVPDQMHQLNRGåLWDULFD]DNURPSLUDSDVXOMDLWG .RGVWRNHVWDQMHMHELORMRãWHåH EURMNRQMDMHVPDQMHQ]DRYDFD]D NR]D]DLWG7RMHLPDOR]DSRVOMHGLFX]QDþDMDQEURMJODGQRJVWDQRYQLãWYD NRMHPX MH SRPRü ELOD QHRSKRGQD3 8VOLMHG RJUDQLþHQLK NROLþLQD UREH ]DWHþHQH SRVOLMH RVORERÿHQMD NDR L QHGRYROMQH SURL]YRGQMH UREH ãLURNH SRWURãQMH DOL L þHVWLKSRMDYDJODGLPDMD JRGLQHXVYRMHQDMH8UHGEDRSODQVNRMUDVSRGMHOL +DPGLMD ýHPHUOLü L]ERU GRNXPHQDWD 9HVHOLQ 0LWUDãHYLü REUDGD GRNXPHQDWD =$912%L+ 'RNXPHQWL NQM6DUDMHYR GDOMH +ýHPHUOLü'RNXPHQWL 9HVHOLQĈXUHWLü 1DURGQDYODVWX%L+ 5D]YRMLGMHODWQRVW122 SUYRL]GDQMH%HRJUDG±6DUDMHYR GDOMH 9ĈXUHWLü1DURGQDYODVW ,OXVWUDFLMH UDGL 2NUXåQL 122 ]D 3RGJUPHþ QDYRGL GD MH IHEUXDUD JRGLQH EURM GRPDüLQVWDYDNRMDJODGXMXL]QRVLREURMJODGQLKL]EMHJOLFDEURMUDGQLNDDEURMRQLK NRMLQHüHLPDWLKUDQXGRNUDMD JRGLQH RVRED9ĈXUHWLü1DURGQDYODVW 2YGMHMHSRWUHEQRQDJODVLWLGDVXLWRNRP'UXJRJDVYMHWVNRJUDWDSRMHGLQHSULYUHGQHJUDQH]D VYRMHUDGQLNHREH]EMHÿLYDOHUHGRYQRVQDEGLMHYDQMHKUDQRPWHGDMHELORRGUHÿHQLKSRWHãNRüDGDELVH SODQLUDQHNROLþLQHLVSRUXþLOH.ROLþLQDPMHVHþQLKREURNDKUDQHNRMXVXUDGQLFLLVOXåEHQLFLUXGDUVNLK SUHGX]HüD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLPDOLWRNRP'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDL]QRVLODMH 3URIGU6HQDLG+$'ä,û L SRWURãQML UREH5 8UHGERP MH XYHGHQR UDFLRQLUDQR VQDEGLMHYDQMH VWDQRYQLãWYD SRGNRMHVXSRWSDGDOLJRWRYRVYLSROMRSULYUHGQLUXGDUVNLLLQGXVWULMVNLSURL]YRGL 5DVSRGMHODSURL]YRGDREDYOMDQDMHSXWHPSRVHEQLKNQMLåLFD]DVQDEGLMHYDQMHþLMDMH MHGQRREUD]QRVW]DSURVWRUFLMHOHWDGDãQMH-XJRVODYLMHXYHGHQDVUHGLQRPVHSWHPEUD JRGLQH 6LVWHPUDFLRQLUDQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDNRMLMHREXKYDWLRJRWRYRVYHSRWURãDþH JUDGRYD L VHOD ]DWLP SURL]YRÿDþNL GLR VWDQRYQLãWYD XYHGHQ MH X XYMHWLPD NDGD QLMH ELOR GRYROMQR UREH ]D VORERGQR WUJRYDQMH 7R MH LPDOR ]D SRVOMHGLFX ]QDWQR YHüHFLMHQHRVQRYQLKåLYRWQLKQDPLUQLFDXRGQRVXQDSULMHUDWQHWHQHXMHGQDþHQRVW FLMHQDXSRMHGLQLPERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLPJUDGRYLPD%H]RE]LUDQDQD]QDþHQH .DWHJRULMDUDGQLNDLþODQRYD Vrsta namirnica u kilogramima porodice .UXãDULFH 8OMH âHüHU 6RO 1DMWHåL¿]LþNLUDGQLFL 15 7HãNL¿]LþNLUDGQLFL 2VWDOL¿]LþNLUDGQLFL 10 8UHGVNRRVREOMH ýODQRYLSRURGLFHLVSRGGXQXPD 5 ]HPOMH ýODQRYLSRURGLFHL]QDGGXQXPD ]HPOMH 'MHFDGRGYLMHJRGLQHVWDURVWL 0HÿXWLP XVOLMHG QHGRVWDWND åLYRWQLK QDPLUQLFD GRãOR MH IHEUXDUD JRGLQH GR VPDQMHQMD NUXãDULFHL WR QDMWHåLP¿]LþNLPUDGQLFLPDQD NJ WHãNLP¿]LþNLP UDGQLFLPDQD NJ RVWDOLP ¿]LþNLP UDGQLFLPD QD NJ LWG 1L RYH NROLþLQH QLVX ELOH GRYROMQH ]D UHGRYQR L]GDYDQMH D SUHPD SRGDFLPDNRMLPDMHUDVSRODJDOD*HQHUDOQDGLUHNFLMDUXGDUVNLKSUHGX]HüDXDSULOX JRGLQHQLMH ELOR VNRUR QLNDNYLK ]DOLKD KUDQH 5DGL RVLJXUDQMD SURL]YRGQMH XJOMD L åHOMH]QLK SURL]YRGD ELOR MH QHRSKRGQRRVLJXUDWLLKLWQRGRVWDYLWLUXGDUVNLPSUHGX]HüLPDKUDQX NJNUXãDULFDNJ XOMDNJãHüHUD NJVROL LWRSUHPDVOLMHGHüHPEURMQRPVWDQMXSRWURãDþD UDGQLNDL VOXåEHQLNDUXGQLND %UH]D9DUHã=HQLFDUXGQLNLåHOMH]DUD6HPL]RYDF6DUDMHYRL.DNDQML þODQRYD RELWHOML$UKLY %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 6DUDMHYR GDOMH $%L+ IRQG 0LQLVWDUVWYR LQGXVWULMH LUXGDUVWYD GDOMH 0L5 JRGLQD NXWLMDDQDOL]HUD]QLKSUHGX]HüD-XJRVODYHQVNLþHOLNDG 6DUDMHYR*HQHUDOQDGLUHNFLMD,]YMHãWDMRVWDQMXUD]GLREHåLYRWQLKQDPLUQLFDNRGUXGDUVNLKSUHGX]HüD 6DUDMHYRDSULOD 5 8UHGEDRSODQVNRMUDVSRGMHOLLSRWURãQMLUREHÄ6OXåEHQLOLVW)15-³, EU%HRJUDGPDMD 5MHãHQMHRRGUHÿLYDQMXSUHGPHWDNRMLVSDGDMXSRGSODQVNXUDVSRGMHOXLSRWURãQMXÄ6OXåEHQLOLVW )15-³, EU%HRJUDGMXQD 5MHãHQMHRXYRÿHQMXMHGQRREUD]QLKOHJLWLPDFLMD]DVQDEGLMHYDQMHLSRWURãDþNLKNQMLåLFD]DFLMHOX GUåDYQXWHULWRULMXÄ6OXåEHQLOLVW)15-³, EU%HRJUDGMXOD &LMHQHQHNLKDUWLNDODQDSLMDFLX6DUDMHYX L JRGLQHXGLQDULPDNUHWDOHVXVHRYDNR Vrsta artikla Decembar 1939. Septembar 1945. 3RYHüDQMHX 0OLMHNR OLWUD OLWUD -DMD NRPDG 5 NRPDG (WDWL]DPQDSULPMHUXREH]ELMHÿHQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDXXVORYLPDSRVOLMHUDWQHREQRYH DOLLGUXJHUD]ORJHRYDNDYVLVWHPVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDLSODQVNDUDVSRGMHOD SRVHEQRDUWLNOLãLURNHSRWURãQMHLPDODMH]DFLOMGDVHVWDYHSRGNRQWUROXRUJDQD GUåDYQLK YODVWL 2VLP WRJD VQDEGLMHYDQMH VWDQRYQLãWYD QD RYDNDY QDþLQ MH GXJR ]DGUåDQLWLPHSRVWDRSUHSUHNDQRUPDOQRPWUJRYDQMXL]PHÿXJUDGDLVHOD8VLVWHPX UDFLRQLUDQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDSRVHEQRPMHVWRLPDOLVXUDGQLFL2WRPH 0LQLVWDUVWYRLQGXVWULMHXMHGQRPREMDãQMHQMXRVQDEGLMHYDQMXUDGQLNDRGMDQXDUD JRGLQHQDYRGLVOLMHGHüH .RGUDVSRGMHOHSUHGPHWDSRGUHåLPRPSODQVNHUDVSRGMHOH LSRWURãQMHGROD]LXSUYRPUHGXVWDQRYQLãWYRRSXVWRãHQLKNUDMHYD D ]DWLP GDWL SUHGQRVW SURL]YRÿDþNRP GHOX VWDQRYQLãWYD QDG QHSURL]YRÿDþNLPDXQXWDUSURL]YRÿDþNRJVWDQRYQLãWYDXSUYLUHG SUYHQVWYDGROD]HUDGQLFLQDWHãNLPUDGRYLPD.RGNDWHJRUL]DFLMH UDGQLNDQDWHãNLPLODNLPSRVORYLPDQLMHELORUXNRYRGHüHQDþHOR VDPR ¿]LþNR L]GDYDQMH UDGQH VQDJH YHü HNRQRPVND YDåQRVW SRMHGLQHLQGXVWULMVNHJUDQHLOLSRMHGLQRJ]DQLPDQMD 3UHPDWRPH UDVSRGMHOD VH YUãLOD SR SULQFLSX NR GDMH YLãH ]DMHGQLFL WRPH L ]DMHGQLFDYLãHGDMH 6 RE]LURP GD MH QHVWDãLFD KUDQH ELOD VYDNRGQHYQD SRMDYD D SRWUDåQMD ]D LVWRPVHSRYHüDYDODGHãDYDOHVXVHEURMQHNUDÿHKUDQHL]PDJD]LQD1DWRXND]XMH LMHGDQGRSLV0LQLVWDUVWYDWUJRYLQHLVQDEGLMHYDQMD9ODGH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXSX üHQVYLPRNUXåQLPQDURGQLPRGERULPD8GRSLVXVHRGRNUXåQLKLVUHVNLKQDURGQLK RGERUDWUDåLGD « SRVYHWH PQRJR YLãH SDåQMH X SRPDJDQMX RWNXSQR SURGDMQLKVWDQLFDDQDURþLWRXL]QDODåHQMXSRGHVQLKPDJD]LQDX .URPSLU NLORJUDP NLORJUDP 3DVXOM NLORJUDP NLORJUDP %UDãQR NLORJUDP NLORJUDP 110 6RO NLORJUDP NLORJUDP 6LMDOLFH: NRPDG 30 NRPDG 'UYR]DRJUMHY PHWDU3 PHWDU3 1DYHGHQH FLMHQH VX UH]XOWDW QHGRVWDWND RGUHÿHQLK DUWLNDOD L ELOH VX ]QDWQR YHüH X ]LPVNRP SHULRGX$%L+IRQG 0L5JRGLQD NXWLMDRSãWLVSLVL±]DSLVQLFL3UREOHPFLMHQDX%RVQLL +HUFHJRYLQL 3URVMHþQRNUHWDQMH]DUDGHSRMHGQRPVDWXX5XGQLNX=HQLFDLäHOMH]DUL JRGLQHL]QRVLORMH D JRGLQHGLQDUDãWRMH]QDþLORSRYHüDQMH]D9HVHOLQ0LWUDãHYLü SULSUHPLR 3UYL RVQLYDþNL NRQJUHV.RPXQLVWLþNHSDUWLMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH ±QRYHPEDU 6WHQRJUDIVNH ELOMHãNH6DUDMHYR ,]YMHãWDM'åLUOR'åHEUDLOD GDOMH 90LWUDãHYLü3UYLNRQJUHV.3%L+ +XVQLMD.DPEHURYLü3UHPDPRGHUQRPGUXãWYX%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDRG GR JRGLQH 7HãDQM GDOMH + .DPEHURYLü 3UHPD PRGHUQRP GUXãWYX 3UHX]HWR L] )ULHGHULN *HUO 6QDEGHYDQMHQDãHJUDGQLãWYD,QGXVWULMVNLELOWHQEU 3URIGU6HQDLG+$'ä,û RVLJXUDQMXPDJD]LQDRGSURYDOQLKNUDÿDNDRLXRWNXSXYLãNRYD X åLWRURGQLP NUDMHYLPD L RQGMH JGMH WLK YLãNRYD IDNWLþQR LPD 2VLJXUDQMH PDJD]LQD NRML VH QDOD]H QD SHULIHULMDPD PHVWD LOL QD RVDPL WUHED QRüX EH]XYMHWQR RVLJXUDWL QDRUXåDQRP VWUDåRP PLOLFLMRP 1HVPLMHVHGR]YROLWLGDVHLGDOMHGHãDYDMXSURYDOQH NUDÿH NRMH VH PRJX RWNORQLWL V PDOR GREUH YROMH L SUDYLOQRJ UDVSRUHGDQDURGQHPLOLFLMH « 10 7RNRP L JRGLQH XþLQMHQ MH NRUDN GDOMH X RUJDQL]DFLML VQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDRVQRYQLPåLYRWQLPQDPLUQLFDPD2VQRYQLSUHKUDPEHQL DUWLNOL GRGMHOMLYDQL VX SRWURãDþLPD QD SRVHEQH SUHKUDPEHQH NDUWH11 NRMH MH LPDOR VWDQRYQLãWYR X YHüLP PMHVWLPD NRML VH QLVX EDYLOL SROMRSULYUHGRP GRN MH LQGXVWULMVNDUREDL]GDYDQDQDGR]QDNH7DEOLFHSRNRMLPDVHYUãLORVQDEGLMHYDQMH 10 $UKLY+HUFHJRYLQH0RVWDUIRQG +HUFHJRYDþNLRNUXåQLQDURGQLRGERU0RVWDU GDOMH +212 , 0LQLVWDUVWYR WUJRYLQH L VQDEGLMHYDQMD 9ODGH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ± 6YLP RNUXåQLP QDURGQLP RGERULPD3RPDJDQMHRUJDQD'LUHNFLMH]DLVKUDQX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH6DUDMHYRIHEUXDUD 11 3RWURãDþNH NDUWHVX YULMHGQRVQL SDSLULNRMLPDVX SRWURãDþLVWLFDOL SUDYR QD NXSRYLQX RGUHÿHQH NROLþLQH åLYRWQLK QDPLUQLFD SR EHQH¿FLUDQLP FLMHQDPD EUDãQR PDVW ãHüHU L GU 3RWURãDþL VX UD]YUVWDYDQLXNDWHJRULMHSUHPDYUVWLWHåLQLLXVORYLPDUDGDSUHPDYDåQRVWLLYUVWL]DQLPDQMDSUHPD JRGLQDPDåLYRWD=DVQDEGLMHYDQMHVWDQRYQLãWYDSRVWRMDOHVXVOLMHGHüHSRWURãDþNHNDUWH /HJLWLPDFLMD]DVQDEGLMHYDQMH 2SãWDJUDÿDQVNDOHJLWLPDFLMD * 'RSXQVND]DUDGQLNHQDWHãNLP¿]LþNLPSRVORYLPD 5 'RSXQVND]DUDGQLNHQDODNãLP¿]LþNLPSRVORYLPD 5 'RSXQVND]DGMHFXGRGYLMHJRGLQH ' 'RSXQVND]DGMHFXRGGRJRGLQD ' 'RSXQVND]DåHQHXWUXGQRüL³EUHPHQLWRPVWDQMX´ 7 'RSXQVND]DEROHVQLNH±³GLMHWDOFH´ % 'RSXQVND]DGRPDüLQVWYR . 2VWDORVWDQRYQLãWYRVHODLRQLKPMHVWD]DNRMHQLMHSUHGYLÿHQRVQDEGLMHYDQMHQDRVQRYXSRWURãDþNLK NDUDWD RGQRVQR PMHVWD VD SUHWHåQLP SROMRSULYUHGQLP VWDQRYQLãWYRP YUãLOR VH QD RVQRYX VSLVND SRWURãDþD3ROMRSULYUHGQLUDGQLFLVHOMDFLNRMLVXREUDÿLYDOL]HPOMXLþODQRYLQMLKRYHSRURGLFHGRELYDOL VXPMHVHþQRNLORJUDPDåLWDLVYUVWDYDOLVXVHXSRVHEQXNDWHJRULMXSRWURãDþD$%L+IRQG .RQ WUROQDNRPLVLMD GDOMH .. GRNEU0LQLVWDUVWYRWUJRYLQHLVQDEGLMHYDQMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 6DUDMHYR1DþLQVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDVDDUWLNOLPDLVKUDQHNRMLSRWSDGDMXSRGSODQVNXUDVSRG- MHOXLSRWURãQMX6DUDMHYRDSULOD 3UDYLOQLNROHJLWLPDFLMDPD]DVQDEGLMHYDQMHLSRWURãDþNLP NQMLåLFDPDREMDYOMHQMHX Ä6OXåEHQLOLVW)15-³, EU%HRJUDGMXOD 1DEDYOMDQMHLQGXVWULMVNLKSURL]YRGDQDGR]QDNHSUHVWDORMHYDåLWLVDGHFHPEURP JRGLQH 3RþHYRGMDQXDUD JRGLQH RGWDGDMH]DSRþHORSURYRÿHQMH3HWRJRGLãQMHJSODQD VQDEGLMHYDQMH SRWURãDþD LQGXVWULMVNLP SURL]YRGLPD YUãLOR VH SXWHP LQGXVWULMVNLK SRWURãDþNLK NDUDWD .DNR MH QDYHGHQRXMHGQRP8SXWVWYX0LQLVWDUVWYDWUJRYLQHLVQDEGLMHYDQMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXSXüHQRJ VYLP2NUXåQLPQDURGQLPRGERULPD « QDEDYOMDQMHLQGXVWULMVNLKSURL]YRGDVDPRQDGR]QDNHELORMHYH]DQR ]DSRWHãNRüHNDRãWRMHJXEOMHQMHYUHPHQD]DGRELYDQMHGR]QDNDYH]DQMHYDåHQMD GR]QDNH ]D RGUHÿHQL URN NRML MH UHGRYQR ELR NUDWDN D QDURþLWR RNROQRVW GD MH SRWURãDþYHRPDþHVWRGROD]LRGRGR]QDNDXYUHPHQXNDGDQLMHUDVSRODJDRVDGR- YROMQLPQRYþDQLPVUHGVWYLPDLOLREUDWQRQLMHPRJDRGRüLGRGR]QDNHRQGDNDGD MH LPDR QRYþDQLK PRJXüQRVWL ]D QDEDYNX WH VX RYH SRWHãNRüH GRQHNOH NRþLOH L (WDWL]DPQDSULPMHUXREH]ELMHÿHQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDXXVORYLPDSRVOLMHUDWQHREQRYH NDRLNROLþLQHUREH]DYLVLOHVXRGGRPDüHSURL]YRGQMHSRPRüL8155( 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV 5HOLHI DQG 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ $VVRFLDWLRQ ± 8SUDYD ]D SRPRü L REQRYX 8MHGLQMHQLK QDFLMD L XYR]D D GLVWULEXFLMD SURL]YRGD QDPLMHQMHQLK VWDQRYQLãWYX VDGUåDYDOD MH HOHPHQWH VWLKLMQRVWL L L]YRÿHQD QHSODQVNL 3RVOMHGLFH WRJD ELOH VX SRQHNDG QDURþLWR X GLVWULEXFLML YUOR WHãNH D ]ORXSRWUHEH þHVWH ,OXVWUDFLMH UDGL NRQWUROD X SRMHGLQLP RNUX]LPD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ]DELOMHåLOD RWNULOD MH VOXþDMHYHGDVXXVUH]RYLPDSULMDYOMLYDOL]QDWQRYHüLEURMVWDQRYQLNDNDNRELGRELOL ãWRYLãHVOHGRYDQMD13GDVWDQRYQLãWYRQLMHGRELYDORKUDQXQDYULMHPHLWG2VLP WRJDþHVWRVHGHãDYDORGDSRMHGLQLVUH]RYLX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL]ERJNDãQMHQMD WDEOLFD ]D UDVSRGMHOX L GLVWULEXFLMX RVWDQX EH] RVQRYQLK åLYRWQLK QDPLUQLFD ãHüHU XOMH NRQ]HUYH VRO L GU 8 IHEUXDUX JRGLQH EH] XOMD RVWDR MH YHüL EURMSRWURãDþDXVUH]RYLPD =HQLFD)RþD%DQMD/XND6UHEUHQLFDL*127X]OD GRNXOMHXRSüHQLVXGRELOL &D]LQ7HVOLü9LVRNR6DQVNL0RVW%RVDQVND'XELFD .OMXþ .RWRU 9DURã 6UEDF L *12 %LKDü 6DSXQ ]D UDVSRGMHOX XRSüH QLVX GRELOL VUH]RYL =HQLFD9LVRNR9LãHJUDG5RJDWLFDL*RUDåGH3RVHEQRMHNDUDNWHULVWLþDQ ELR SRORåDM SRWURãDþD X 612 .ODGDQM =YRUQLN9ODVHQLFD L 6UHEUHQLFD NRML QLVX SURPHW 1DEDYNDLVNOMXþLYRX]GR]QDNXGRQHNOHMHGDYDODSUHGQRVWSRWURãDþX NRMLMHLPDRYLãHYUHPHQDãWR]QDþLGDVXRQLNRMLQLVXUDGLOLPRJOLODNãHGDGRÿX GRGR]QDNHSDSUHPDWRPHLGRUREHQHJRRQLNRMLVXUDGLOLLNRMLPDMHUREDELOD SRWUHEQLMD 3RWURãDþNHNDUWHVDVWRMDOHVXVHRG NXSRQDNRMLVXRGVLMHFDQLSULOLNRPQDEDYNHVDPRRGUHÿHQLK DUWLNDOD UDGQDRGLMHODþDUDSHKDOMLQHLWG RGXVORYQLKMHGLQLFD LRGSURVWRUD]DXSLVLYDQMH QDEDYOMHQLKDUWLNDOD6XãWLQDMHXWRPHGDVHSRWURãDþNHNDUWHQLVXL]GDYDOHGLUHNWQRSRMHGLQFX LQGL YLGXDOQR QHJRSUHNRSUHGX]HüDLOLXVWDQRYHQDRVQRYXVSLVNDSRWUHED6YDNDWULPMHVHFDSUHGX]HüDVX VDþLQMDYDODVSLVDNSRWUHEDRQLKDUWLNDODNRMLVHL]GDMXQDGR]QDNX SRWURãDþNXNDUWX QDURGQLPRGERUL PDNRMLVXL]GDYDOLGR]QDNHSUHGX]HüLPDDRYLUDGQLFLPDNRMLPDMHSRWUHEQDUREDR]QDþHQDQDGR]QD FL3RWURãDþNHNDUWH]DLQGXVWULMVNXUREXYDåLOHVXMHGQXJRGLQXDVDGUåDYDOHVXRGUHÿHQLEURMXVORYQLK MHGLQLFDLWR NDUWD]DNDWHJRULMXUDGQLND ,5 MHGLQLFD NDUWD]DRSãWXNDWHJRULMXSRWURãDþD ,* MHGLQLFD LNDUWD]DGMHFXGRJRGLQD ,' MHGLQLFD1DNDUWDPDLNXSRQLPDELORMHR]QDþHQRNRMRM NDWHJRULMLSRWURãDþDSULSDGDMX1DEDYNDLQGXVWULMVNLKSUHGPHWDYUãLODVH X]SUHGDMXGR]QDNH ERQR YD LRGVLMHFDQMHXVORYQLKMHGLQLFD X]SUHGDMXNXSRQDLXVORYQLKMHGLQLFD X]SUHGDMXVDPRXVORYQLK MHGLQLFD X]SUHGDMXVDPRNXSRQD LX]XSLVLYDQMHXSRWURãDþXNDUWX$UKLY+HUFHJRYLQH0RVWDUIRQG +2120LQLVWDUVWYRWUJRYLQHLVQDEGLMHYDQMD9ODGH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH±6YLPRNUXåQLPQDURGQLP RGERULPD8SXWVWYRRL]GDYDQMXLUXNRYDQMXNDUWDPD]DQDEDYNXLQGXVWULMVNLKSURL]YRGDLRQDþLQX UDVSRGMHOHUDFLRQLUDQLKLQGXVWULMVNLKSURL]YRGD6SLVDNSUHGPHWDNRMLüHVHL]GDYDWLSRWURãDþLPDQD SRWURãDþNXNDUWX]DLQGXVWULMVNHSURL]YRGHLQDþLQSURGDMHWLKSUHGPHWD6DUDMHYRGHFHPEUD 13 7DNRMH6127UDYQLNWUDåLRXPMHVHFXPDUWX JRGLQHKUDQX åLWR ]D VWDQRYQLND GRELR]DVWDQRYQLNDDLPDR VWDQRYQLND6129LWH]MH]DLVWLPMHVHFSULND]DR]DþHWLUL KLOMDGH YLãH VWDQRYQLND QHJR ãWR MH LPDR$%L+ IRQG .., GRN EU ,QVSHNWRUDW NRQWUROQH NRPLVLMH]DRNUXJ7UDYQLN.RQWUROQRMNRPLVLML%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH6DUDMHYR,]YMHãWDMRNUHWDQMX UREHLHYLGHQFLMLLVKUDQH7UDYQLNPDMD 2YDNYDSRMDYDMHELODþHVWDSRVHEQRXPMHVWLPDLVUH]RYLPDRNUXJD7X]ODNRMLVXELOLXGDOMHQLML RGåHOMH]QLþNRJVDREUDüDMDNDRãWRVX6UHEUHQLFDL9ODVHQLFD1DYHGHQLVUH]RYLQLVXGRELOLKUDQX]D PMHVHFDSULO JRGLQH$%L+IRQG ..GRNEU,QVSHNWRUDWNRQWUROQHNRPLVLMH]DRNUXJ 7X]ODQVNL.RQWUROQRMNRPLVLML%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH6DUDMHYR,]YMHãWDMVDNRQIHUHQFLMHRQHGRVWDFLPD LSUREOHPLPDXYH]LVDSUDYLOQLPLEU]LPVQDEGLMHYDQMHPVWDQRYQLãWYD7X]OD 3URIGU6HQDLG+$'ä,û GRELOLãHüHU]DPMHVHFHGHFHPEDU WHMDQXDULIHEUXDU JRGLQH157RNRP UDVSRGMHOH QDPLUQLFD REH]ELMHÿHQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD SRWURãDþLPD VX þHVWR GLMHOMHQH PDQMH NROLþLQH RG SUHGYLÿHQLK D QHULMHWNR VX SRMHGLQL SRWURãDþL ]ERJ VDPRYROMH SRMHGLQDFDLVNOMXþLYDQLL]VLVWHPDVQDEGLMHYDQMD 6OLþQLK QHSUDYLOQRVWL SRVHEQR NDGD MH X SLWDQMX URED VDYH]QRJ ]QDþDMD ELOR MH L X GUXJLP GLMHORYLPD -XJRVODYLMH 7DNR VX QD SULPMHU ³ « 6ORYHQLML GRGMHOMLYDQL RSDQFL NRML VH WDPR XRSüH QLVX QRVLOL XPMHVWR 6UELML %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL L 0DNHGRQLML ]DWLP OMHWL VH GLMHOLOD ]LPVND URED D ]LPL OMHWQD LWG´ 'HãDYDOR VH WDNRÿHU GD VX L]YMHVQH LQGXVWULMVNH JUDQH UDGLOH VD NDSDFLWHWD MHU QLVX LPDOH VLURYLQD D X LVWR YULMHPH VX LPDOH KLSHUSURGXNFLMX QHNH IDEULNH LVWHLQGXVWULMVNHJUDQHMHUMHSURL]YHGHQDUREDOHåDODQDODJHUX7DNDYMHVOXþDMQD SULPMHUNRGIDEULNH%RURYR³ « JGMHMHQDODJHUXOHåDORSDULFLSHODGRN VXXLVWRYULMHPHVHOMDFLELOLERVL´'HãDYDORVHGDPQRJLRGRQLKNRMLVXLPDOL SUDYRQDREH]ELMHÿHQRVQDEGLMHYDQMHQLVXPRJOLGDUHDOL]XMXVYRMHWDþNLFH]DWHNVWLO LREXüXGRNVXGUXJLVDPRYROMRPUD]QLKVUHVNLKWUJRYLQVNLKRUJDQDLOLLQGXVWULMVNLK LOLVLQGLNDOQLKUXNRYRGLODFDGRELYDOLLSUHNRWDþNLFDMHUVH³VOXþDMQR´XVWRYDULãWLPD QDOD]LORYLãHUREHQHJRãWRMHELORSRWUHEQR]DREH]ELMHÿHQRVQDEGLMHYDQMHSDVHWD UREDQLMHSUHQLMHODWDPRJGMHMHQHGRVWDMDODYHüMHVUHVNLSRYMHUHQLN]DWUJRYLQX LOLGLUHNWRUSUHGX]HüDLOLNDWNDGDPLQLVWDUGRWLþQHSURL]YRGQHJUDQHVPDWUDRGDMH ³ « QMHJRYR VYHWR SUDYR UDVSRGHOLWL MH VYRMLP OMXGLPD EH] RE]LUD ãWR VX RVWDOL SRWURãDþLQH]DGRYROMQL´ 6 RE]LURP QD þLQMHQLFX GD MH VQDEGLMHYDQMH VWDQRYQLãWYD SUHKUDPEHQLP DUWLNOLPDLLQGXVWULMVNLPSURL]YRGLPDELORFHQWUDOL]LUDQRLSRGGUåDYQRPNRQWURORP EURM SRWURãDþD VH NRQVWDQWQR SRYHüDYDR 7DNR MH GR PDUWD JRGLQH EURM SRWURãDþDELRVNRURLVWRYMHWDQVDEURMHPVWDQRYQLND%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH MHUVX GR]QDNHGLMHOMHQHEH]QDURþLWHNRQWUROHLNULWHULMD%URMSRWURãDþDSRNDWHJRULMDPDX SHULRGX JRGLQHSULND]DQMHXVOLMHGHüRMWDEHOL 15 $%L+IRQG ..GRNEU .RQWUROQDNRPLVLMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH±6DYH]QRMNRQWUROQRM NRPLVLMH%HRJUDG.RQWURODL]GDYDQMDJDUDQWRYDQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMD6DUDMHYR 7RNRP UDVSRGMHOH REH]ELMHÿHQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD X VUH]X 9LãHJUDG ]D IHEUXDU JRGLQH SRWURãDþLPDMHXPMHVWRNJãHüHUDGLMHOMHQRNJDXVUH]X6UEDFL.RWRU9DURã]QDþDMQRMH VPDQMHQEURMSRWURãDþD$%L+IRQG ..GRNEU .RQWUROQDNRPLVLMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH ±6DYH]QRMNRQWUROQRMNRPLVLMH%HRJUDG.RQWURODL]GDYDQMDJDUDQWRYDQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMD6DUDMHYR 0LRGUDJ=HþHYLü%RJGDQ/HNLü SULUHGLOL 3ULYUHGQDSROLWLND9ODGH)15-=DSLVQLFL3ULYUHGQRJ VDYHWD9ODGH)15- NQM ;,, ±,,, %HRJUDG GDOMH 0=HþHYLü%/HNLü3ULYUHGQDSROLWLND =DSLVQLNVDNRQIHUHQFLMHSRSLWDQMXRUJDQL]DFLMHWUJRYLQH RGUåDQH9 JRGLQHX3UHGVMHGQLãWYX9ODGH)15- 9HVQLN UDGD EU %HRJUDG (NVSR]H 3UHGVMHGQLND 3ULYUHGQRJ VDYMHWD L 6DYH]QH SODQVNHNRPLVLMH%RULVD.LGULþDRL]YUãHQMXSODQDX L]DGDFLPDX JRGLQL %URM VWDQRYQLND %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X SHULRGX JRGLQH NUHWDR VH RYDNR ± ± ± D JRGLQH VWDQRYQLND 6WDWLVWLþNL JRGLãQMDN 6DUDMHYR GDOMH 6WDWLVWLþNLJRGLãQMDN%L+ ,QIRUPDWLYQLSULUXþQLNEU6DUDMHYR (WDWL]DPQDSULPMHUXREH]ELMHÿHQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDXXVORYLPDSRVOLMHUDWQHREQRYH Godina .DWHJRULMDSRWURãDþD R D i G Ukupno 2GPDUWD JRGLQH]DKYDOMXMXüLUH]XOWDWLPDSRVWLJQXWLPXSUYRMJRGLQL 3HWRJRGLãQMHJSODQDQDSXãWHQMHVLVWHPUDFLRQLUDQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDLSUHãORVHQD QRYL VLVWHP REH]ELMHÿHQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD ± JDUDQWRYDQR VQDEGLMHYDQMH ,]YUãHQH VXUHYL]LMHSRWURãDþDLSRWURãDþNHNDUWHGDYDQHVXVDPRRQLPSRWURãDþLPDNRMLVX LPDOLSUDYRQDQMLK7RMHLPDOR]DSRVOMHGLFXGDMHEURMSRWURãDþDVPDQMHQX JRGLQL X RGQRVX QD JRGLQX ]D RVREH ,]YMHVWDQ EURM SRWURãDþD XGDUQLFLWUXGQLFHEROHVQLFLLPDMNHGRMLOMH NRMLMHNRULVWLRRVQRYQXSUHKUDPEHQX NDUWX GRELYDR MH SRG RGUHÿHQLP XVORYLPD GRGDWQH SUHKUDPEHQH L LQGXVWULMVNH DUWLNOH2VQRYQHNDUDNWHULVWLNHRYRJVLVWHPDVQDEGLMHYDQMDELOHVX 2EH]ELMHÿHQRVQDEGLMHYDQMHVWDQRYQLãWYDNRMHREDYOMDNRULVQHIXQNFLMH 2GUHÿLYDQMHNROLþLQHDUWLNDODVUD]PMHUQRXWURãNXUDGQHVQDJH NDWHJRULMH 1LåHMHGLQVWYHQHFLMHQHNRMHYDåH]DFLMHOX)15- .XSRYLQDUREHQDSRWURãDþNHNDUWHLGUXJHSRWURãDþNHLVSUDYH 8]LPDQMHQDVQDEGLMHYDQMHVDPRRQLKOLFDNRMDVXSUHGYLÿHQDSURSLVLPD D WR VX VYD OLFD X UDGQRP RGQRVX OLFD NRMD QLVX X UDGQRP RGQRVX D EDYH VH RGUHÿHQLP]DQLPDQMHP WHVWHUDãLSUDOMHUDEDGåLMHVORERGQHSURIHVLMHLVO OLþQL SHQ]LRQHULOLþQLLQYDOLGLXåLYDRFLSRPRüL PDWHULMDOQRQHREH]ELMHÿHQDOLFD åHQH PDMNH VD YLãH GMHFH GMHFD GR JRGLQD DNR VX LP URGLWHOML QD REH]ELMHÿHQRP VQDEGLMHYDQMX LOL åLYH X GRPDüLQVWYX NRMH LP QH REH]EMHÿXMH KUDQX REXüX LOL RGMHüX XþHQLFLXSULYUHGLÿDFLLVWXGHQWL þODQRYL]DQDWVNRSUHUDÿLYDþNLK]DGUXJD LRVWDOH]DQDWOLMH þODQRYLSRURGLFDVYLKJRUHQDYHGHQLKRVLPNRGOLFDNRMDLPDMX XVORYH]DVQDEGLMHYDQMHL]GUXJLKL]YRUD 'DNOH SUHPD QDSULMHG QDYHGHQRP VLVWHPX L] NUXJD SRWURãDþD LVNOMXþHQR MH VHRVNR VWDQRYQLãWYR ³ « RVLP X VOXþDMHYLPD NDGD KUDQLRF SRURGLFH UDGL X LQGXVWULML L ]D YULMHPH GRN UDGL L WR VDPR ]D RQH QMHJRYH þODQRYH SRURGLFH NRML VX QHVSRVREQL ]D UDG´ 3UHPD RYRP VLVWHPX GUåDYD MH JDUDQWRYDOD RGUHÿHQLP SRWURãDþLPDSRVHEQRGLMHOXVWDQRYQLãWYDNRMLMHVXGMHORYDRXSURFHVXSURL]YRGQMH VQDEGLMHYDQMHXWYUÿHQLPNROLþLQDPDKUDQHLLQGXVWULMVNHUREHSRQLåLPMHGLQVWYHQLP FLMHQDPD]DFLMHOX)15-XJRVODYLMX %URMSRWURãDþD ELRMH ELORLKMHD JRGLQHRVRED ,QIRUPDWLYQLSULUXþQLNEU6DUDMHYR ,QIRUPDWLYQLSULUXþQLNEU6DUDMHYR +.DPEHURYLü3UHPDPRGHUQRPGUXãWYX 3URIGU6HQDLG+$'ä,û 3UHPD 8SXWVWYX R UD]YUVWDYDQMX SRWURãDþD X SRWURãDþNH NDWHJRULMH X VLVWHPX VQDEGLMHYDQMD SRWURãDþL VX GRELYDOL WDþQR RGUHÿHQH SRWURãDþNH NDUWH NRMH VX VH GLMHOLOH QD RVQRYQH GRSXQVNH ]D EROHVQLNH L]YDQ EROQLFH WUXGQLFH XGDUQLNH QRYDWRUH L UDFLRQDOL]DWRUH ]D L]YDQUHGQH SRWUHEH L WXULVWLþNH VOXåH ]D VQDEGLMHYDQMH SRWURãDþD SRVMHWLODFD WXULVWLþNLK NOLPDWVNLK L NXSDOLãQLK PMHVWD 2VQRYQHSRWURãDþNHNDUWHGLMHOLOHVXVHQD SRWURãDþNHNDUWH]DSUHGPHWH]DLVKUDQXL SRWURãDþNHNDUWH]DWHNVWLOLREXüX LQGXVWULMVNLDUWLNOL 6RE]LURPQDUD]YUVWDYDQMHSRWURãDþDXSRWURãDþHNDWHJRULMHSRVWRMDOHVX VOLMHGHüHNDUWH]DSUHGPHWHLVKUDQH a) ]DVSHFLMDOQHNDWHJRULMHUDGQLND5D5E5D5ã E ]DSUYXSRWURãDþNXNDWHJRULMXUDGQLND5 F ]DGUXJXSRWURãDþNXNDWHJRULMXUDGQLND5 G ]DWUHüXSRWURãDþNXNDWHJRULMXUDGQLND5 e) ]DSRWURãDþNXNDWHJRULMXGMHFHGRJRGLQH' I ]DSRWURãDþNXNDWHJRULMXGMHFHRGGRJRGLQD' J ]DSRWURãDþNXNDWHJRULMXGMHFHRGGRJRGLQD' h) ]DRVWDOHSRWURãDþNHNDWHJRULMH*L* 3RWURãDþNHNDUWH]DSUHGPHWHSUHKUDQHVDGUåDYDOHVXRGUHÿHQLEURMNXSRQD VD R]QDNRP DUWLNOD NRML VH RVLJXUDYDR SRWURãDþLPD ,]GDYDOH VX VH ]D MHGDQ PMHVHFXQDSULMHGLYULMHGLOHVXVDPR]DWDMPMHVHFDNXSRQL]DKOMHEYULMHGLOLVX VDPR WUL GDQD 3RWURãDþL X JUDGX PRJOL VX NXSRYDWL RVLJXUDQH QDPLUQLFH X VYLP SURGDYQLFDPD QD SRGUXþMX JUDGVNRJ QDURGQRJ RGERUD NRML MH NDUWX L]GDR D SRWURãDþLVHODXVYLPSURGDYQLFDPDXNRWDUXNDRLXSURGDYQLFDPDJUDGDNRMLMHQD SRGUXþMXRGQRVQRJNRWDUD 6RE]LURPQDUD]YUVWDYDQMHSRWURãDþDXSRWURãDþNHNDWHJRULMHSRVWRMDOHVX VOLMHGHüHNDUWH]DWHNVWLOLREXüX a) ]DUDGQLNHVOXåEHQLNHLQDPMHãWHQLNH]DSRVOHQHNRGGUåDYQLKQDGOHãWDYDL XVWDQRYD,5 E ]D SHQ]LRQHUH XþHQLNH VUHGQMLK ãNROD VOXåEHQLNH NRML RG SUHGX]HüD GRELYDMXRGMHüXLREXüX,5 F ]DVYHüHQLNH]DQDWOLMHLVOLþQR,* G ]DGMHFXGRJRGLQH,' e) ]DGMHFXRGGRJRGLQD,' 3UDYLOQLNRSRWURãDþNLPNDUWDPDÄ6OXåEHQLOLVW)15-³, EU%HRJUDG ,OXVWUDFLMHUDGLEURMNXSRQD]DRVQRYQXSRWURãDþNXNDUWX]DVSHFLMDOQHNDWHJRULMHUDGQLND5D L]QRVLOR MH XNXSQR 3RMHGLQL DUWLNOL ]D LVWX NDWHJRULMX UDGQLND LPDOL VX VOLMHGHüL EURM NXSRQD PDVQRüDJUDPDNXSRQDPHVRJUDPDNXSRQDãHüHUJUDPDNXSRQDNDID JUDPDNXSRQDLWG3UDYLOQLNRXYRÿHQMXLQDþLQXNRULãWHQMDQRYLKSRWURãDþNLKNDUDWD]DSUHGPHWH LVKUDQHÄ6OXåEHQLOLVW)15-³, EU %HRJUDGRNWREUD 3UDYLOQLNRSRWURãDþNLPNDUWDPDÄ6OXåEHQLOLVW)15-³ EU%HRJUDG 3UDYLOQLNRSRWURãDþNLPNDUWDPD Ä6OXåEHQLOLVW)15-³ EU%HRJUDG + .DPEHURYLü3UHPDPRGHUQRPGUXãWYX (WDWL]DPQDSULPMHUXREH]ELMHÿHQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDXXVORYLPDSRVOLMHUDWQHREQRYH 3RWURãDþNH NDUWH ]D WHNVWLO L REXüX VDGUåDYDOH VX RGUHÿHQ EURM NXSRYQLK WDþNLFDLNXSRQD.XSRYDQMHWHNVWLODLREXüHQDRVQRYXSRWURãDþNLKNDUDWDYUãLOR VHX]RGVLMHFDQMHNXSRYQLKWDþNLFDLOLX]RGVLMHFDQMHNXSRYQLKWDþNLFDLNXSRQD ,]GDYDQHVX]DNDOHQGDUVNXJRGLQXXQDSULMHGLYULMHGLOHVX]DWXJRGLQX.XSRYQH WDþNLFHXSRWURãDþNRMNDUWLELOHVXSRGLMHOMHQHQDþHWLULWURPMHVHþMDLPRJOHVXVH NRULVWLWLVDPR]DRYMHUHQRWURPMHVHþMHLWRX]RVREQXOHJLWLPDFLMXRGQRVQRGUXJL GRND]RLGHQWLWHWXXVOXþDMXGDSRWURãDþQLMHELRREDYH]DQLPDWLRVREQXNDUWX 6LVWHP REH]ELMHÿHQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD QD SRWURãDþNH NDUWH ELR MH QD VQD]L RG PDUWD GR QRYHPEUD JRGLQH ]D RVQRYQH SUHKUDPEHQH DUWLNOH L LQGXVWULMVNXUREX2GPDMD JRGLQHXPMHVWRNXSRQD]DPHVRQDSRWURãDþNLP NDUWDPDXYHGHQLVXSUHKUDPEHQLERQRYLXLVWRPNROLþLQVNRPL]QRVX8RNWREUX JRGLQH XPMHVWR SUHKUDPEHQLK NDUDWD L]GDWL VX SRWURãDþLPD SUHKUDPEHQL ERQRYL ]D VYH DUWLNOH NRML VX X QRYHPEUX LVWH JRGLQH ELOL ]DPLMHQMHQL QRYþDQLP QDNQDGDPD X L]QRVLPD NRML VX RGJRYDUDOL SRMHGLQLP SRWURãDþNLP NDWHJRULMDPD L FLMHQDPD DUWLNDOD NRMH VX ELOH QD VQD]L X QDYHGHQRP SHULRGX 1DYHGHQLP L]PMHQDPDLXNLGDQMHPVLVWHPDVQDEGLMHYDQMDQDNDUWHNUDMHP JRGLQHXNLQXW MH VLVWHP REH]ELMHÿHQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD MHU VH NRULãWHQMH LQGXVWULMVNLK ERQRYD L QRYþDQHQDNQDGHXPMHVWRSUHKUDPEHQLKERQRYDREDYOMDORVORERGQRPNXSRYLQRP UREHXWUJRYDþNRMPUHåL,QGXVWULMVNLERQRYLSUHVWDOLVXGDYDåHMDQXDUD JRGLQH 2EH]ELMHÿHQR VQDEGLMHYDQMH VDVWRMDOR VH L] DUWLNDOD VDYH]QRJ L GRGDWQRJ UHSXEOLþNRJREH]ELMHÿHQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMD8VDYH]QRVXVSDGDOLRGSUHKUDPEHQLK DUWLNDOD KOMHEåLWDULFHLOLEUDãQRSãHQLþQLLOLNXNXUX]QLJUL]PDVQRüDPHVRãHüHU NDNDRSURL]YRGLNDIDVXKDVODQLQDDRGLQGXVWULMVNHUREH VYHYUVWHWHNVWLODLREXüD 8UHSXEOLþNRREH]ELMHÿHQRVQDEGLMHYDQMHGRGDWQLPDUWLNOLPDNRMHVHUD]OLNRYDOR RG VDYH]QRJ SR YUVWDPD L NROLþLQL DUWLNDOD VSDGDOL VX VOLMHGHüL SURL]YRGL UD]QH YUVWHVXKRJYDULYDUD]QHYUVWHVDSXQDLVDSXQVNRJSUDãNDSRYUüHLYRüHRJUMHYQR GUYR XJDOM SURL]YRGL QD ED]L ãHüHUD RVWDOL SUHKUDPEHQL LQGXVWULMVNL SURL]YRGL NHNVPOLMHþQLSUDãDNVYMHåHPOLMHNRPOLMHþQLSURL]YRGLMDMDLGU 3ULPMHUD UDGL RG PDUWD GR QRYHPEUD JRGLQH VDYH]QD WDEOLFD VQDEGLMHYDQMD DUWLNOLPD LVKUDQH L]UDåHQR X NLORJUDPLPD SR QRUPDPD L NDWHJRULMDPDSRWURãDþDVDGUåDYDODMHPMHVHþQRVOLMHGHüHDUWLNOH 30 3DPXþQH WNDQLQH ]D UXEOMH L L]UDÿHQR UXEOMH RG SDPXþQH WNDQLQH SDPXþQL NRQDF L NRåQD REXüDSURGDYDOLVXVHSRWURãDþLPDX]RGVLMHFDQMHNXSRYQLKWDþNLFDLRGUHÿHQLKNXSRQDDVYLRVWDOL LQGXVWULMVNLSURL]YRGLVDPRX]RGVLMHFDQMHNXSRYQLKWDþNLFD7DNRMHQDSULPMHUSRVWHOMLQD³QRVLOD´ WDþNLFDPXãNRRGLMHORRGþHãOMDQRJSUHGLYDWDþNLFD]LPVNLNDSXWWDþNLFDGåHPSHU]DGMHYRMþLFH SUHNRJRGLQDWDþNLFDUDGQLþNHFLSHOHWDþNLFDNRåQHþL]PHWDþNLFDLWG6OXåEHQLOLVW )15-, EU%HRJUDGIHEUXDUD 5MHãHQMHRRGUHÿLYDQMXEURMDNXSRYQLKWRþNLFD NRMLMHSRWUHEDQ]DNXSQMXLQGXVWULMVNLKSURL]YRGDRVLJXUDQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMD ,YDQD'REULYRMHYLü2G UXUDOQRJND R XUEDQRP0RGHUQL]DFLMD5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHX)15- =ERUQLN UDGRYD ,GHQWLWHW%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNUR]KLVWRULMX,QVWLWXW]DLVWRULMX6DUDMHYR 8UHGEDRXNLGDQMXLQGXVWULMVNLKERQRYDÄ6OXåEHQLOLVW)15-³, EU%HRJUDG QRYHPEUD 30 ,QIRUPDWLYQL SULUXþQLN EU 6DUDMHYR 'XãDQ 2WDãHYLü 6RODQD X REQRYL L VRFLMDOLVWLþNRML]JUDGQMLX 6WRJRGLQD)DEULNHVROL7X]OD 'RERM GDOMH '2WDãHYLü6RODQD 3URIGU6HQDLG+$'ä,û Kategorija Vrsta namirnica SRWURãDþD Hljeb Griz 0DVQRüD âHüHU 0HVR Kakao Kafa 5DMDPVNL 30 5D 5E 5ã ãXPVNL 30 1 5ä 3 5ä 5 56 13 5 56 15 5D 15 5 56 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' * 7 % 13 8 1 *DUDQWRYDQR VQDEGLMHYDQMH RVQRYQLP SUHKUDPEHQLP DUWLNOLPD XYHGHQR MH X XVORYLPD SURYRÿHQMD 3HWRJRGLãQMHJ SODQD NDGD MH ]D SRWUHEH LQGXVWULMVNRJ UD]YRMD ELOD QHRSKRGQD GRGDWQD UDGQD VQDJD 8] WR JRGLQD XYRÿHQMD RYH YUVWH VQDEGLMHYDQMDMHYULMHPH]QDþDMQHÀXNWXDFLMHUDGQHVQDJHSRVHEQRXUXGQLFLPDL QD WHãNLP ¿]LþNLP UDGRYLPD 'DNOH GD EL VH REH]ELMHGLOD SRWUHEQD UDGQD VQDJD RYLPVLVWHPRPVQDEGLMHYDQMDREXKYDüHQMHRQDMGLRVWDQRYQLãWYDNRMLMHVXGMHORYDR X SURFHVX SURL]YRGQMH L SURYRÿHQMD 3HWRJRGLãQMHJ SODQD 1D RVQRYX SRGDWDND SUH]HQWLUDQLKXWDEHOLPRåHVHYLGMHWLGDMHQDMYLãHGRELYDRRQDMGLRVWDQRYQLãWYD NRML MH UDGLR QD QDMWHåLP SRVORYLPD 7DNR MH QSU ]D NDWHJRULMX 5D MDPVNL SRYHüDQDNROLþLQDKOMHEDVDJUDPDNROLNRMHGRELYDRX QDJUDPD X JRGLQLNDWHJRULML5ãSRYHüDQDMHNROLþLQDKOMHEDVDJUDPDQD JUDPDLWG1DMPDQMHNROLþLQHSUHKUDPEHQLKDUWLNDODLPDOLVXEROHVQLFLLWUXGQLFH =D VLVWHP JDUDQWLUDQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD NRML MH UD]OLþLWR SULKYDüHQ X JUDGX L VHOX ELOR MH SRWUHEQR REH]ELMHGLWL ]QDþDMQH NROLþLQH SUHKUDPEHQLK DUWLNDOD DOL L LQGXVWULMVNLK SURL]YRGD 1DMWHåL PMHVHF ]D VQDEGLMHYDQMH ELR MH DXJXVWD NDNR MH LVWLFDR$YGR+XPR « VQDEGLMHYDQMH åLYRWQLP QDPLUQLFDPD LQGXVWULMVNLK PMHVWDLJUDGRYDMHSUYRUD]UHGQRSLWDQMHVNRMLPWUHEDGDVHXKYDWL X NRãWDF FLMHOD 9ODGD .RG JDUDQWQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD JULMHãLOR MH (WDWL]DPQDSULPMHUXREH]ELMHÿHQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDXXVORYLPDSRVOLMHUDWQHREQRYH 0LQLVWDUVWYR WUJRYLQH L VQDEGLMHYDQMD MHU QLMH X UMHãDYDQMX WRJD SUREOHPD SODQVNL UDGLOR « 1LMH GRYROMQR GD VH QD SULPMHU 6DUDMHYXRVLJXUDQHNROLNRGDQDGRYROMQRSRYUüDLYRüDD]DWLPGD QD SLMDFL RSHW QHPD QLãWD 0LQLVWDUVWYR WUJRYLQH L VQDEGLMHYDQMD QHPD WDþQH HYLGHQFLMH R SRWUHEDPD DUWLNDOD GRSXQVNRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMDNDRLRL]YRULPDRGDNOHVHPRJXQDEDYLWLRYLDUWLNOL WMãWDGUåDYQLDãWD]DGUXåQLSDLSULYDWQLVHNWRUPRåHGDSRGPLUL « 31 2 WRPH NRMH NROLþLQH SUHKUDPEHQLK DUWLNDOD VX XWURãHQH ]D REH]ELMHÿHQR VQDEGLMHYDQMH VDYH]QR L UHSXEOLþNR ]D SHULRG JRGLQH L]UDåHQR X WRQDPDSRND]XMXSRGDFLL]VOLMHGHüHWDEHOH Vrsta Godina artikala 1945. 1946. 1947. 1948. 1949. 1950. 1951. äLWDULFH 0DVQRüH âHüHU .URPSLU 6RO 6DSXQ .DID 510 8NROLNRVHLPDXYLGXEURMVWDQRYQLNDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLRQGDELQD RVQRYXSRGDWDNDSUH]HQWLUDQLKXWDEHOLSRWURãQMDSRMHGQRPVWDQRYQLNXSRMHGLQLK DUWLNDODELODVOLMHGHüD SURVMHþQRMH JRGLQHQDVWDQRYQLNDGROD]LODMHGQD WRQD åLWDULFD D JRGLQH QD VWDQRYQLND PDVQRüD MHGQD WRQD QD VWDQRYQLND D JRGLQH QD VWDQRYQLND MHGQD WRQD ãHüHUD QD VWDQRYQLNDMHGQDWRQDD JRGLQHQD VWDQRYQLNDMHGQDWRQDLWG =D VQDEGLMHYDQMH VWDQRYQLãWYD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SUHKUDPEHQLP DUWLNOLPDGRPDüDSURL]YRGQMDQLMHELODGRVWDWQD2YRMHQDURþLWRGRãORGRL]UDåDMD XYULMHPHVXãQLKJRGLQD NDGDVXXWURãHQD]QDþDMQDQRYþDQDVUHGVWYD ]D NXSRYLQX RVQRYQLK åLYRWQLK QDPLUQLFD X VXVMHGQLP UHSXEOLNDPD WDGDãQMH -XJRVODYLMHLOLL]LQRVWUDQVWYD8JRGLQDPD XNXSQRMHSRWURãHQR YDJRQDQDPLUQLFDDRGWRJDRWNXSRPMHQDEDYOMHQRYDJRQDNXSOMHQRX GUXJLP UHSXEOLNDPD YDJRQD XYH]HQR YDJRQD 8 QDUHGQRP SHULRGX JRGLQH SRWURãQMD MH SRYHüDQD QD YDJRQD XYR] 31 5RVD&YLMRYLü SULUHGLOD 1DURGQDYODGD1DURGQH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH ± ]DSLVQLFL 6DUDMHYR GDOMH 5 &YLMRYLü =DSLVQLFL 1DURGQH YODGH =DSLVQLN VD VMHGQLFH RGUåDQH ,QIRUPDWLYQLSULUXþQLNEU6DUDMHYR 3URIGU6HQDLG+$'ä,û MH VPDQMHQ QD YDJRQD DOL MH SRYHüDQD NXSRYLQD L] GUXJLK UHSXEOLND QD YDJRQD33 $NR UD]PRWULPR NUHWDQMH SRWURãQMH VWDQRYQLãWYD -XJRVODYLMH RVQRYQLK åLYRWQLK SUHKUDPEHQLK DUWLNDOD KOMHEDPHVDNURPSLUDLãHüHUDWHLQGXVWULMVNLK REXüHSULMHLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDGRELWüHPRVOLMHGHüHSRND]DWHOMH Potrošnja u tonama Cjelokupno stanovništvo Kategorija Broj stanovništva stanovnika Hljeb 0HVR Krompir 2EXüD SDUL âHüHU 1HSROMRSULYUHGQR $NR]D JRGLQXX]PHPRLQGHNVGRELYDPRGDMHSRWURãQMDKOMHED ]D JRGLQX ELOD D ]D JRGLQX 0HÿXWLP RE]LURP QD SRUDVW QHSROMRSULYUHGQRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD LQGHNV SURVMHþQH SRWURãQMH SR MHGQRP VWDQRYQLNXL]QRVLRMHX JRGLQL DX JRGLQL3URVMHþQD SRWURãQMD PHVD SR MHGQRP QHSROMRSULYUHGQRP VWDQRYQLNX DNR X]PHPR X RE]LU QMLKRYRSRYHüDQMH L]QRVLODMH JRGLQHXRGQRVXQD JRGLQXD JRGLQH 35 33 1HNLSRGDFL 9HVQLNUDGDEU%HRJUDG (NVSR]H3UHGVMHGQLND3ULYUHGQRJVDYMHWDL6DYH]QH SODQVNHNRPLVLMH%RULVD.LGULþDRL]YUãHQMXSODQDX L]DGDFLPDX JRGLQL 35 .RPSDUDWLYQL SRND]DWHOML R VWDQMX VQDEGMHYHQRVWL JUDGVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD -XJRVODYLMH L JRGLQHSRND]XMXVOLMHGHüHUH]XOWDWH1DMHGQRJJUDGVNRJVWDQRYQLNDGROD]LORMH Vrsta artikla u kg 1939. 1948. +OMHE 6XKRPHVR 0DVQRüD .URPSLU 3DVXOM %UDQNR3HWUDQRYLü5DQNR.RQþDU5DGRYDQ5DGRQMLü SULUHGLOL 6HGQLFH&HQWUDOQRJNRPLWHWD.3- %HRJUDG GDOMH %3HWUDQRYLüLGUXJL6HGQLFH&..3- 'LVNXVLMD%ODJRMD 1HãNRYLüDRSUREOHPLPDVQDEGLMHYDQMDLUDVSRGMHOL)RQGD]DLVKUDQX (WDWL]DPQDSULPMHUXREH]ELMHÿHQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDXXVORYLPDSRVOLMHUDWQHREQRYH =QDþDMQLK SRWHãNRüD ELOR MH X VQDEGLMHYDQMX VWDQRYQLãWYD SRYUüHP L POLMHNRP V RE]LURP GD MH RVQRYQD XORJD X REH]EMHÿHQMX GRYROMQLK NROLþLQD QDYHGHQLK SURL]YRGD QDPLMHQMHQD GUåDYQLP SROMRSULYUHGQLP GREULPD L GUåDYQLP HNRQRPLMDPD 0HÿXWLP WDNYR RSUHGMHOMHQMH IDYRUL]LUDQMH GUåDYQLK D ]DSRVWDYOMDQMH SULYDWQLK SROMRSULYUHGQLK SURL]YRÿDþD X SUDNVL MH SRND]DOR GRVWD PDQMNDYRVWL L LPDOR MH QHJDWLYQH SRVOMHGLFH SR VQDEGLMHYDQMH VWDQRYQLãWYD RGUHÿHQLP SURL]YRGLPD SRVHEQR X YHüLP JUDGRYLPD 3UHPD SRGDFLPD 6DYH]QH SODQVNH NRPLVLMH HNRQRPLMH VX JRGLQH ]DVLMDOH VYHJD RG SODQLUDQRJ ]HPOMLãWD 2G WRJD VDPR MH RWSDGDOR QD SRYUüH GRN VX RVWDOH SRYUãLQH ELOH ]DVLMDQH åLWDULFDPD L NUPQLP ELOMHP =HPOMLãQL IRQG HNRQRPLMD ELR MH PDOHQ D VQDEGLMHYDQMHSROMRSULYUHGQLPDODWRPLPDãLQDPDQHUHJXOLUDQR8WDNYRMVLWXDFLML QMLKRYR XþHãüH X REH]EMHÿHQMX ]LPQLFH ELOR MH VYHJD 3URL]YRGQMD SRYUüD QD SROMRSULYUHGQLP GREULPD MH ELOD GDOHNR RG SODQLUDQH D þHãüH X VQDEGLMHYDQMX SRYUüHP L POLMHNRP QHGRYROMQR 3ULPMHUD UDGL GUåDYQD SROMRSULYUHGQD GREUD UHSXEOLþND UDVSRODJDODVXVDRGSRWUHEDXNURPSLUXDVYHJDSRODSURPLOD X JUDKX ]D SRWUHEH ]LPQLFH X JRGLQL 8VOLMHG QDJORJ LQGXVWULMVNRJ UD]YRMD %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHGRãORMHGRSRYHüDQMDEURMDVWDQRYQLNDXJUDGRYLPDXRGQRVX QD VWDQMH SULMH 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD D VPDQMLYDOH VX VH SRYUãLQH SRG SRYUüHP X RNROLQL YHOLNLK LQGXVWULMVNLK FHQWDUD 7R VH YLGL L] SRGDWDND R RGQRVX L]PHÿX ]DVLMDQLK SRYUãLQD X QHNLP ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP JUDGRYLPD X L JRGLQL'DELVHSREROMãDORVQDEGLMHYDQMHSROMRSULYUHGQLPSURL]YRGLPDXPDMX JRGLQHGRQHVHQDMH³8UHGEDRYH]DQLPFLMHQDPD´ YH]DQDWUJRYLQD 2VLP ]D REH]EMHÿHQMH ]QDþDMQLK NROLþLQD SUHKUDPEHQLK DUWLNDOD WDNRÿHU 2YGMHüHPRQDYHVWLSULPMHU]DVLMDQRJSRYUüDL]UDåHQRXKHNWDULPDX6DUDMHYX9LVRNRPL=HQLFL NDR]QDþDMQLKLQGXVWULMVNLKFHQWDUDX L JRGLQL Grad 1939. 1948. 6PDQMHQMHX 6DUDMHYR 9LVRNR =HQLFD 50 $UKLY-XJRVODYLMH%HRJUDGIRQG 0LQLVWDUVWYRWUJRYLQHLVQDEGLMHYDQMD%RVQHL+HUFHJR- YLQH2GQRVNXSRYQRJIRQGDSUHPDUREQRP6DUDMHYRQRYHPEUD 9H]DQH FLMHQH YH]DQD WUJRYLQD ± REXKYDüDOD MH VOLMHGHüH SROMRSULYUHGQH L ]HPOMRUDGQLþNH SURL]YRGH åLWDULFH VWRNX ]D NODQMH GHEHOH VYLQMH VLURYX NRåX YXQX NURPSLU SDVXOM YLQR LQGXVWULMVNR ELOMH SHUDG L MDMD XYHGHQH VX ³8UHGERP R YH]DQLP FLMHQDPD´ NRMD MH GRQHVHQD PDMD JRGLQHLFLOMMRMMHELRGDSREROMãDVQDEGLMHYDQMHSROMRSULYUHGQLPSURL]YRGLPDRODNãDRWNXS L XEODåL QMHJRY REDYH]QL NDUDNWHU 3UHPD 8UHGEL GUåDYD MH SURGDYDOD SURL]YRÿDþLPD QD VHOX LQGXVWULMVNXUREXX]DPMHQX]DSROMRSULYUHGQHSURL]YRGHNRMHMHVHOMDNLPDRNDRYLãDN7UJRYLQDVH REDYOMDODSRRGUHÿHQLP±XWYUÿHQLPFLMHQDPD2GQRVFLMHQDSUHKUDPEHQLKLDUWLNDODNRMHMHVHOMDN SURGDYDRQDERQRYHYH]DQHWUJRYLQHLFLMHQDLQGXVWULMVNLKDUWLNDODNRMHMHVHOMDNNXSRYDRQDERQRYH SUHPDFLMHQDPDL] JRGLQHXGLQDULPDLXELRMHVOLMHGHüL 3URIGU6HQDLG+$'ä,û MH ELOR SRWUHEQR RVLJXUDWL VWDQRYQLãWYX LQGXVWULMVNX UREX .ROLþLQH LQGXVWULMVNLK DUWLNDODSURGDWHSRWURãDþLPDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLL]UDåHQRXKLOMDGDPD]DSHULRG JRGLQHSULND]DQHVXXVOLMHGHüRMWDEHOL Vrsta Godina artikala 1945. 1946. 1947. 1948. 1949. 1950. 1951. Jed. mjere ýDUDSH SDUL 2EXüD SDUL âLELFH NXWLMD 6LMDOLFH NRPDGD 7ULNRWDåD 350 NRPDGD $QDOL]DSRGDWDNDSUH]HQWLUDQLKXWDEHOLSRND]XMHGDSRWURãQMDLQGXVWULMVNLK DUWLNDOD X VLVWHPX VQDEGLMHYDQMD QLMH ELOD UDYQRPMHUQD QLWL XMHGQDþHQD 1DMYLãH SDULþDUDSDLREXüHXWURãHQRMH L JRGLQH]ERJWRJDãWRMHLQGXVWULMVND SURL]YRGQMDXWRNX3HWRJRGLãQMHJSODQDELOMHåLODVWDOQRSRYHüDQMH]DWLPQHWUHED ]DQHPDULWL QL ]QDþDMQH NROLþLQH QDYHGHQLK DUWLNDOD GRELYHQLK RG 8155$H WH XYH]HQHL]6665LGUXJLKVRFLMDOLVWLþNLK]HPDOMD7DNRÿHUXRYRPHYUHPHQX MRã XYLMHN QLMH ELOD GRãOD GR SXQRJD L]UDåDMD EORNDGD L] ]HPDOMD ³QDURGQH GHPRNUDFLMH´L]D]YDQDVXNRERP.3-L,QIRUPELURD1DMPDQMHMHWURãHQRXSUYRM Godina Artikli Jedinica mjere 1939. 1948. 3RYHüDQMHX 3ãHQLFD NJ .XNXUX] NJ 101 .URPSLU NJ 9XQD NJ 6RO NJ 300 300 0 âHüHU NJ 3HWUROHM NJ 550 2SDQFL SDUL ,]SRGDWDNDXWDEHOLVHYLGLGDMHGRãORGRSRYHüDQMDFLMHQDLSROMRSULYUHGQLKSUHKUDPEHQLKSURL]YRGD NRMHMHVHOMDNSURGDYDRLLQGXVWULMVNLKDUWLNDODNRMHMHVHOMDNNXSRYDR,]X]HWDNSUHGVWDYOMDSHWUROHM þLMDFLMHQDMHRVWDODLVWD 3RþHWNRP JRGLQH GRQHVHQD MH QRYD XUHGED R YH]DQLP FLMHQDPD SUHPD NRMRM LQGLYLGXDOQR VHOMDþNRJD]GLQVWYRPRåHGDGRELMHLQGXVWULMVNHUREHSRYH]DQLPERQRYLPDJRGLãQMH]DGLQDUD 9LãDN]DPLMHQMHQLKERQRYDSUHPD8UHGELWUHEDORMHGHSRQRYDWLLOLXQLãWLWLDERQRYHL] JRGLQH RJODVLWLQHYDåHüLP6HOMDFLVXPHÿXWLPVRGUHÿHQRPVNHSVRPSULKYDWLOLRYDNDYREOLNUD]PMHQHMHUVX ELOLQH]DGRYROMQLNYDOLWHWRPLNROLþLQRPLQGXVWULMVNHUREH2YDNDYREOLNWUJRYLQHQDSXãWHQMH JR GLQHNDGDMHXYHGHQVLVWHPVORERGQRJSURPHWDVYRPLQGXVWULMVNRPURERPLSROMRSULYUHGQLPDUWLNOLPD ,QIRUPDWLYQLSULUXþQLNEU6DUDMHYR ,QIRUPDWLYQLSULUXþQLNEU6DUDMHYR (WDWL]DPQDSULPMHUXREH]ELMHÿHQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDXXVORYLPDSRVOLMHUDWQHREQRYH L]DGQMRMJRGLQLUD]PDWUDQRJSHULRGD -HGDQRGUD]ORJD]DVPDQMHQX SRWURãQMXPRJDRELELWLXQHGRYROMQLPNROLþLQDPDLVWLKGDELVHSRGPLULOHWDGDãQMH SRWUHEH DOL L RWND]LYDQMH LVSRUXNH WLK DUWLNDOD L] 6665D 2YRPH WUHED GRGDWL L þLQMHQLFX GD RG JRGLQH ]DSRþLQMH SUHXVPMHUDYDQMH ]QDþDMQLK VUHGVWDYD QD L]JUDGQMXNDSLWDOQLKREMHNDWD =DNOMXþDN 3HULRG QDNRQ ]DYUãHWND 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD JRGLQH RELOMHåLOH VX SURPMHQHGUXãWYHQRSROLWLþNRJLHNRQRPVNRJVLVWHPDXQRYRQDVWDORM)HGHUDWLYQRM 1DURGQRM 5HSXEOLFL -XJRVODYLML D WLPH L X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 8 WRNX WLK SURPMHQDGROD]LORMHGRSRGX]LPDQMDLSULPMHQHUD]QLKPMHUDNRMHMHNRQWUROLVDR GUåDYQL DSDUDW X QHNLP VHJPHQWLPD YLãH X QHNLP PDQMH 1D WDM QDþLQ MH RG VWUDQHYODVWLXVSRVWDYOMDQDSXQDNRQWURODQDGVYLPGUXãWYHQLPWRNRYLPDLSUDüHQ SUHREUDåDM MXJRVODYHQVNRJ L ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRJ GUXãWYD 1D SUHREUDåDM ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRJGUXãWYDL]DJUDUQRJXLQGXVWULMVNRSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJ UDWD]QDþDMQRMHXWMHFDRVLVWHPVQDEGLMHYDQMDVHRVNRJLJUDGVNRJVWDQRYQLãWYDWH ]DSRVOHQLK X LQGXVWULMVNLP L GUXJLP SULYUHGQLP GMHODWQRVWLPD SROMRSULYUHGQLP UXGDUVNLP L LQGXVWULMVNLP SURL]YRGLPD 8 SRJOHGX VQDEGLMHYDQMD VWDQRYQLãWYD SRWUHEQRMHUD]OLNRYDWLVLVWHPUDFLRQLUDQRJNRMLMHSULPMHQMLYDQGRSRþHWND JRGLQH L JDUDQWRYDQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD NRMH VH SRþHOR SULPMHQMLYDWL RG PDUWD JRGLQHVWLPãWRVHLMHGDQLGUXJLVLVWHPREXKYDüDMXSRMPRPREH]ELMHÿHQR VQDEGLMHYDQMH 5D]OR]L ]D XYRÿHQMH UDFLRQLUDQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD VWDQRYQLãWYD ELOL VX YLãHVWUXNLDWRPHMHSRVHEQRGRSULQLMHODWHãNDVLWXDFLMXXYH]LSUHKUDQHVWDQRYQLãWYD NRMD VH QDMEROMH PRåH VDJOHGDWL L] L]YMHãWDMD 3UHGVMHGQLãWYD =$912%L+D NRML MH VHSWHPEUD JRGLQH XSXüHQ 1.2-X 8 ,]YMHãWDMX VH L]PHÿX RVWDORJD QDYRGLGDRGXNXSQR VWDQRYQLND%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQMLKWUHED VYHVWUDQXSRPRüDSRPRüXRGMHüLLREXüL2YDNDYVLVWHPVQDEGLMHYDQMD VWDQRYQLãWYD L SODQVND UDVSRGMHOD SRVHEQR DUWLNOL ãLURNH SRWURãQMH LPDOD MH ]D FLOM GD VH VWDYH SRG NRQWUROX RUJDQD GUåDYQLK YODVWL 2VLP WRJD VQDEGLMHYDQMH VWDQRYQLãWYDQDRYDNDYQDþLQMHGXJR]DGUåDQLWLPHSRVWDRSUHSUHNDQRUPDOQRP WUJRYDQMXL]PHÿXJUDGDLVHOD8VLVWHPXUDFLRQLUDQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYD SRVHEQRPMHVWRLPDOLVXUDGQLFL 2GPDUWD JRGLQH]DKYDOMXMXüLUH]XOWDWLPDSRVWLJQXWLPXSUYRMJRGLQL 3HWRJRGLãQMHJSODQDQDSXãWHQMHVLVWHPUDFLRQLUDQRJVQDEGLMHYDQMDLSUHãORVHQD QRYL VLVWHP REH]ELMHÿHQRJ VQDEGLMHYDQMD ± JDUDQWRYDQR VQDEGLMHYDQMH ,]YUãHQH VXUHYL]LMHSRWURãDþDLSRWURãDþNHNDUWHGDYDQHVXVDPRRQLPSRWURãDþLPDNRMLVX LPDOLSUDYRQDQMLK7RMHLPDOR]DSRVOMHGLFXGDMHEURMSRWURãDþDVPDQMHQX JRGLQLXRGQRVXQD JRGLQX]D RVREH 3URIGU6HQDLG+$'ä,û Summary 7KHSHULRGDIWHUWKHHQGRIWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DULQ ZDVPDUNHGE\ FKDQJHVLQWKHVRFLRSROLWLFDODQGHFRQRPLFV\VWHPLQWKHQHZO\IRUPHG)HGHUDO 3HRSOH¶V5HSXEOLFRI 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,û 3UHJOHGQLUDG 0UVF1LKDG.8/(129,û )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL 2'8ý,7(/-6.(â.2/('2),/2=2)6.2*)$.8/7(7$ 878=/, 35,/2*3528ý$9$1-875$16)250$&,-( VISOKOŠKOLSKOG OBRAZOVANJA $SVWUDNW 8UDGXMHSULND]DQKLVWRULMDWWUDQVIRUPDFLMHYLVRNRJREUD]RYDQMD QDSRGUXþMXUHJLMHVMHYHURLVWRþQD%RVQDSDVYHGRRVQLYDQMD)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWD GDQDVPRGHUQRRUJDQL]LUDQHYLVRNRãNROVNHLQVWLWXFLMHþLMLNRUMHQLGRVHåXGRGDYQH JRGLQHMHUXSUDYRWDGDXMHNX'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDX7X]OLMHSRþHODVD UDGRPSUYD8þLWHOMVNDãNRODNRMDMHQDQHNLQDþLQSUHWHþD3HGDJRãNHDNDGHPLMHL VDGDãQMHJ)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OL3ULND]DQHVXSROLWLþNHUDVSUDYHLRGOXNH L]YUãQH L ]DNRQRGDYQH YODVWL VYLK QLYRD QHRSKRGQLK ]D RVQLYDQMH )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD +URQRORãNL MH SUDüHQ UD]YRM IDNXOWHWD RG GYRSUHGPHWQLK VWXGLMVNLK SURJUDPD X SRþHWQRP SHULRGX REUD]RYDQMD GR LQRYLUDQLK MHGQRSUHGPHWQLK VWXGLMVNLKSURJUDPDED]LUDQLKQD6RUERQVNRMGHNODUDFLMLRGPDMD JRGLQH %RORQMVNRMGHNODUDFLMLRG MXQD JRGLQHWHVWUXNWXULREUD]RYQLKVWXGLMDQD QHNLPIDNXOWHWLPDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL(YURSLLVYLMHWX .OMXþQH ULMHþL %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD VMHYHURLVWRþQD %RVQD 7X]OD 8QLYHU]LWHW )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW 8þLWHOMVND ãNROD REUD]RYDQMH VWXGLMVNL SURJUDPL WUDQVIRUPDFLMDGUXãWYHQLSURFHVLGUåDYDGUXãWYR )5207+(7($&+(5¶66&+22/727+()$&8/7<2) 3+,/2623+<,178=/$ &2175,%87,21727+(678'<217+( 75$16)250$7,212)+,*+(5('8&$7,21 Abstract 7KHSDSHUSUHVHQWVWKHKLVWRU\RIKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ LQWKHUHJLRQRIQRUWKHDVWHUQ%RVQLDXQWLOWKHIRXQGLQJRIWKH)DFXOW\RI3KLORVRSK\ QRZDGD\V PRGHUQO\ RUJDQL]HG KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ LQVWLWXWLRQV ZKRVH URRWV UHDFK EDFNWR %HFDXVHULJKWWKHQGXULQJWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUWKH¿UVW6FKRRO RI7HDFKHU(GXFDWLRQEHJDQLQRSHUDWLRQLQ7X]ODZKLFKLQDZD\KDVEHJXQWR SDYH WKH 3HGDJRJLFDO $FDGHP\ DQG WKH SUHVHQW )DFXOW\ RI 3KLORVRSK\ LQ 7X]OD 3ROLWLFDO GLVFXVVLRQV DQG GHFLVLRQV RI WKH H[HFXWLYH DQG OHJLVODWLYH DXWKRULWLHV RI DOO OHYHOV QHFHVVDU\ IRU WKH IRXQGLQJ RI WKH )DFXOW\ RI 3KLORVRSK\ DUH VKRZQ &KURQRORJLFDOO\WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHIDFXOWLHVIURPWZRFRXUVHVWXG\SURJUDPV 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûPUVF1LKDG.8/(129,û LQ WKH LQLWLDO SHULRG RI HGXFDWLRQ WR WKH LQQRYDWLYH RQHVXEMHFW VWXG\ SURJUDPV EDVHGRQWKH6RUERQQH'HFODUDWLRQRI0D\ WKH%RORJQD'HFODUDWLRQRI -XQH DQGWKHVWUXFWXUHRIHGXFDWLRQDOVWXGLHVDWVRPHIDFXOWLHVLQ%RVQLDDQG +HU]HJRYLQD(XURSHDQGWKHZRUOG .H\ ZRUGV %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD QRUWKHDVW %RVQLD 7X]OD 8QLYHUVLW\ )DFXOW\ RI 3KLORVRSK\ 7HDFKHU¶V6FKRRO HGXFDWLRQ VWXG\ SURJUDPV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQVRFLDOSURFHVVHVVWDWHVRFLHW\ Uvod +LVWRULMDW )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD X 7X]OL GDQDV PRGHUQR RUJDQL]LUDQH YLVRNRãNROVNH XVWDQRYH GRVHåH GR GDYQH JRGLQH MHU XSUDYR WDGD X MHNX 'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDX7X]OLMHSRþHODVDUDGRPSUYD'UåDYQDPMHãRYLWDXþLWHOMVND ãNROD QDQHNLQDþLQLSUHWHþDVDGDãQMHJ)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWD 2NXSDFLMRP .UDOMHYLQH -XJRVODYLMH DSULOD JRGLQH RG VWUDQH IDãLVWLþNLK VLOD 1MHPDþNH L ,WDOLMH %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD VH WDGD QDãOD X VDVWDYX QRYRRVQRYDQH 1H]DYLVQH 'UåDYH +UYDWVNH 1'+ 8 SROLWLþNRP VPLVOX %RVQD L+HUFHJRYLQDWDGDMHELODXVWURMHQDSRGMHORPQDåXSH7X]ODQVNLNRWDU VUH] SULSDGDRMHåXSL8VRUDL6ROL1DWRPSURVWRUXWDGDDLUDQLMHRGVWUDQHELYãHGUåDYH QLMHVHSRNODQMDODYHOLNDSDåQMDREUD]RYDQMXPODGLKLDNRMHSRVWRMDODSRWUHED]D WLP1RYRRVQRYDQDGUåDYD1'+LQVLVWLUDODMHGDVDUDGRPQDVWDYHSRVWRMHüHãNROH DOLLQDRWYDUDQMXQRYLKãNROD=ERJUHDOQLKSRWUHEDUHåLPD 1'+ ]DREUD]RYQLP NDGURPRWYRUHQDMH8þLWHOMVNDãNRODX7X]OL 9HOLNLåXSDQ8VRUHL6ROL5DJLEýDSOMLüMHOLSQMD MXQD JRGLQH XSXWLR ]DKWMHY ]D RWYDUDQMH 8þLWHOMVNH ãNROH X 7X]OL 0LQLVWDUVWYX ERJRãWRYOMD L QDVWDYH 1'+ X =DJUHEX X NRPH VH NDåH Ä0ROL VH 0LQLVWDUVWYRGD EL X7X]OL RWYRULOR 3UHSDUDQGLMX V UD]ORJRP ãWR MH WX]ODQVNL NRWDU SUHWHåQR KUYDWVNL D L MHGDQNRWDUQDM]DRVWDOLMLXSLVPHQRVWL2VLPSUHGQMHJX7X]OLVHQDOD]LRNR UDGQLNDSDSRãWRQHPDQLNDNYLKVWUXþQLKãNRODWRELRYD3UHSDUDQGLMDL]DUDGQLþNX GMHFX GREUR GRãOD 2NROQL NRWDUHYL NRML SULSDGDMX åXSL 8VRUD L 6ROL LPDMX YLãH UD]QLKãNRODQHJRVDPD7X]ODDãWRVHYLGLL]SULORåHQRJQDFUWD1DSRPLQMHPGDMH RVLJXUDQRL]GUåDYDQMHãNROHXVYDNRPSRJOHGXMHGLQREL'UåDYDWUHEDODSRVWDYLWL L SODüDWL QDVWDYQLNH =JUDGX QDPMHãWDM L VYH RVWDOR GDMH *UDGVNR SRJODYDUVWYR X 7X]OL³1 0LQLVWDUVWYR QDVWDYH DNWRP RG JRGLQH SULKYDWLOR MH RWYDUDQMH 'UåDYQH PMHãRYLWH XþLWHOMVNH ãNROH X 7X]OL NRMD üH SRþHWL VD UDGRP ãNROVNH 1 8þLWHOMVNDãNRODX7X]OL ±0RQRJUD¿MD7X]OD GDOMH 8þLWHOMVNDãNRODX 7X]OL 87X]ODQVNRPNRWDUXYHüLQXVWDQRYQLãWYDSUHPDSRSLVLPD L JRGLQH XQDFLRQDOQRPSRJOHGXþLQLOLVX%RãQMDFLDXYMHUVNRMVWUXNWXULPXVOLPDQL3RãWR1'+QLMHSUL]QDYDOD %RãQMDNHNDRQDFLMXYHüLKMHVPDWUDOD+UYDWLPDLVODPVNHYMHURLVSRYLMHVWLWDNRVHXWHNVWX5DJLED ýDSOMLüDLQDYRGLQD]LYYHüLQVNRKUYDWVNRXPMHVWRYHüLQVNRERãQMDþNRVWDQRYQLãWYR Od UþLWHOMVNHãNROHGRFLOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDXTX]OL SULORJSURXþDYDQMXWUDQVIRUPDFLMH JRGLQH 2VOREDÿDQMHP 7X]OH VHSWHPEUD JRGLQH RG VWUDQH MHGLQLFD1DURGQRRVORERGLODþNHYRMVNH-XJRVODYLMH 129- QRYDYODVWüHREXVWDYLWL GDOMLUDGãNROHDOLüHRGOXNRP1DURGQRRVORERGLODþNRJRGERUD]D,VWRþQX%RVQX RWYRULWL 3UYL XþLWHOMVNL WHþDM X 7X]OL RNWREUD JRGLQH Ä3ROD]QLFL WHþDMD UHJUXWRYDQL VX XJODYQRP L] UHGRYD ERUDFD ELYãLK XþHQLND 8þLWHOMVNH ãNROH X 7X]OLNRMDMHRVQRYDQD DRGOXNRPRUJDQDQRYHYODVWLXNLQXWDXMHVHQ JRGLQH³ 87X]OLMHELORRUJDQL]RYDQRVHGDPXþLWHOMVNLKWHþDMHYDLWR - Ä3UYLXþLWHOMVNLWHþDMRG GR JRGLQH - 'UXJLXþLWHOMVNLWHþDMRG GR JRGLQH - 7UHüLXþLWHOMVNLWHþDMRG GR JRGLQH - ýHWYUWLXþLWHOMVNLWHþDMRG GR JRGLQH - 3HWLXþLWHOMVNLWHþDM QHPDSRGDWDND - âHVWL YLãL XþLWHOMVNLWHþDMSRþHRMHXMHVHQ D]DYUãLRVDUDGRPNUDMHP ãNROVNH JRGLQH - 6HGPLXþLWHOMVNLWHþDM QLåLXþLWHOMVNLWHþDM ãNROVNH JRGLQH³3 ,]XþLWHOMVNLKWHþDMHYDãNROVNH JRGLQHQDVWDODMH8þLWHOMVNDãNRODX 7X]OLNRMDMHUDGLODVYHGRNUDMD JRGLQHNDGDLIRUPDOQRSUHVWDMHQMHQUDGD ãNRORYDQMHEXGXüLKXþLWHOMDSUHX]LPD3HGDJRãNDDNDGHPLMDX7X]OL Ä=D JRGLQD SRVWRMDQMD 8þLWHOMVNH ãNROH X 7X]OL X VYRMRM RVQRYQRM GMHODWQRVWL SRVWLJOD MH L]X]HWQR YULMHGQH UH]XOWDWH =D WR YULMHPH SROD]QLND XVSMHãQRMHSRORåLOR]DYUãQLXþLWHOMVNLLVSLWGRNMHNDQGLGDWDSRORåLORVWUXþQL XþLWHOMVNLLVSLW³ 1DNRQ DJUHVLMH QD 5HSXEOLNX %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX JRGLQH REUD]RYDQMH X FMHOLQL VH QDãOR X YUOR WHãNLP XVORYLPD 2NR QDVWDYQRJ RVREOMDQDSXVWLORMHãNROH7DNRVXãNROHRVWDOHEH]QDVWDYQRJRVREOMDDWUHEDORMH RUJDQL]LUDWLUDGãNRODXUDWQLPXVORYLPD,]YUãQRYLMHüHL0LQLVWDUVWYRREUD]RYDQMD QDXNHNXOWXUHLVSRUWD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSRþHWNRP JRGLQHSURFMHQLOLVX GDMHSRWUHED]DYHOLNLPEURMHPQDVWDYQLNDXUD]UHGQRMQDVWDYL7DNRVXGRQLMHOL RGOXNX]DRWYDUDQMHXþLWHOMVNLKãNRODX7X]OL7UDYQLNX0RVWDUX=HQLFL%LKDüXL 6DUDMHYX1DNRQDQDOL]HQDSRGUXþMXVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQHELOHVXSRWUHEH]D QDVWDYQLNDUD]UHGQHQDVWDYH5 2SüLQD 7X]OD NDR RVQLYDþ UHDOL]XMXüL 2GOXNX ,]YUãQRJ YLMHüD L 0LQLVWDUVWYD REUD]RYDQMD QDXNH NXOWXUH L VSRUWD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SRQRYR RWYDUD8þLWHOMVNXãNROXX7X]OL JRGLQHNRMDMHLGDQDVXIXQNFLML 8þLWHOMVNDãNRODX7X]OL 3 8þLWHOMVNDãNRODX7X]OL )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW±3UR¿OVWXGLMDLSURJUDPVNDRUMHQWDFLMD7X]OD 5 8þLWHOMVNDãNRODX7X]OL 1DNRQ ]DWYDUDQMD SUYH 8þLWHOMVNH ãNROH X 7X]OL JRGLQH VD UDGRP MH SRQRYR SRþHOD 8þLWHOMVNDãNRODX7X]OL2GOXNRP3ULMHOD]QRJRSüLQVNRJYLMHüD7X]ODEURM RG JRGLQH 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûPUVF1LKDG.8/(129,û Transformacija visokoškolskog obrazovanja i osnivanje Pedagoške akademije X7X]OLNDRSUHWHþH)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWD 8SRUHGR VD SRVWRMDQMHP 8þLWHOMVNH ãNROH X 7X]OL RGOXNRP 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHX7X]OLMH JRGLQHRWYRUHQDL9LãDSHGDJRãNDãNROD7RMHX] 5XGDUVNLL7HKQRORãNLIDNXOWHWX7X]OLELODWUHüDYLVRNRãNROVNDLQVWLWXFLMDXRYRP UHJLRQX8RYRMãNROLVYHGR JRGLQHSULSUHPDQLVXUD]OLþLWLSUR¿OLQDVWDYQLND ]DSRWUHEHRVQRYQLKLVUHGQMLKãNROD 8 SUYRM ãNROVNRM JRGLQL 9LãD SHGDJRãND ãNROD X 7X]OL LPDOD MH VOMHGHüHVWXGLMVNHSURJUDPH - 6USVNRKUYDWVNLMH]LN±UXVNLMH]LN - 6USVNRKUYDWVNLMH]LN±HQJOHVNLMH]LN - 0DWHPDWLND±KHPLMD - 7HKQLþNRREUD]RYDQMH±¿]LND - 7HKQLþNRREUD]RYDQMH±KHPLMD $QDUHGQH JRGLQHREUD]RYDQHVXLVOMHGHüHVWXGLMVNHJUXSH - )L]LþNRYDVSLWDQMH - 0DWHPDWLND±¿]LND - %LRORJLMD±KHPLMD - (OHNWURWHKQLND - 0DãLQVWYR 1D GYLMH SRVOMHGQH VWXGLMVNH JUXSH SULSUHPDQL VX QDVWDYQLFL SUDNWLþQH QDVWDYH]DSRWUHEHVWUXþQLKãNROD 7X]ODQVND 9LãD SHGDJRãND ãNROD ELOD MH MHGQD RG QDMYHüLK WDNYH YUVWH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL =DKYDOMXMXüL SRVWRMDQMX EURMQLK VWXGLMVNLK JUXSD NRMH MH LPDOD9LãDSHGDJRãNDãNRODX7X]OLXQMRMVXVHãNRORYDOLVWXGHQWLL]FLMHOH%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQHLL]GUXJLKWDGDãQMLKUHSXEOLND6YHGRWUDQVIRUPDFLMHX3HGDJRãNX DNDGHPLMX 9LãD SHGDJRãND ãNROD X 7X]OL LãNRORYDOD MH RNR GLSORPLUDQLK QDVWDYQLNDãWRMH]DGRYROMDYDORWDGDãQMHSRWUHEHãNROVNRJVLVWHPDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQLLãLUH 0HÿXWLPSUHORPQLWUHQXWDNXRUJDQL]DFLMLLUD]YRMX9LãHSHGDJRãNHãNROH X 7X]OL RGQRVQR EXGXüH 3HGDJRãNH DNDGHPLMH GRJRGLR VH X SHULRGX RG GR JRGLQH 7DGD MH GRQHVHQD RGOXND R L]JUDGQML QRYRJ ãNROVNRJ REMHNWD ,]JUDGDQMDMHXEU]RSRþHODLWUDMDODMHWULJRGLQHD]DWRYULMHPHYUãHQHVXSULSUHPH ]DXNLGDQMH9LãHSHGDJRãNHãNROH]DQMHQXWUDQVIRUPDFLMXX3HGDJRãNXDNDGHPLMX 7DNR MH 3HGDJRãND DNDGHPLMD XãOD X GUXJX GHFHQLMX UDGD 6D VYRMLK ãHVW VWXGLMVNLK RGVMHND$NDGHPLMD MH ELOD MHGQD RG QDMYHüLK X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL D VSHFL¿þQRVWQMHQRJUDGDELODMHLWRãWRVXVHXQRYRPREMHNWX$NDGHPLMHQDOD]LOD LSRVHEQDRVQRYQDãNRODNDR9MHåEDRQLFD]DYDVSLWQRREUD]RYQXSUDNVXVWXGHQDWD 3HGDJRãNHDNDGHPLMH )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW±3UR¿OVWXGLMDLSURJUDPVNDRUMHQWDFLMD7X]OD Isto Od UþLWHOMVNHãNROHGRFLOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDXTX]OL SULORJSURXþDYDQMXWUDQVIRUPDFLMH 8RYXREUD]RYQXLQVWLWXFLMXGRãOLVXNDGURYLNRMLVXXQLMHOLQRYLNYDOLWHWL H¿NDVQRVWXQDVWDYQRQDXþQLSURFHV 8 LVWR YULMHPH GROD]L GR ãLUHJ RWYDUDQMD SUHPD YDQUHGQRP VWXGLMX RGQRVQRVWXGLMXX]UDG2WYRUHQLVXFHQWUL]DYDQUHGQLVWXGLMXQHNLPJUDGRYLPD VMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQH2VLPX9MHåEDRQLFXVWXGHQWL3HGDJRãNHDNDGHPLMHX7X]OL XSXüLYDQLVXLQDSHGDJRãNRPHWRGLþNXSUDNVXXRVQRYQHãNROHL]YDQ7X]OHãWRMH XQLMHORQRYLNYDOLWHWXSUSUHPDQMXEXGXüLKQDVWDYQLND 8]LPDMXüLXRE]LUVYHSDUDPHWUH3HGDJRãNDDNDGHPLMDX7X]OL]DYULMHPH VYRJJRGLãQMHJSRVWRMDQMDLUDGDSRVWLJODMHL]X]HWQHUH]XOWDWHLQH]DRELOD]QDMH LQVWLWXFLMDXVLVWHPXFMHORNXSQRJREUD]RYDQMDLYDVSLWDQMDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLL FLMHORM%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 3HGDJRãNDDNDGHPLMDX7X]OLELODMHMHGDQRGJODYQLKVWXERYD8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL RGQRVQR YLVRNRãNROVNRJ VLVWHPD X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL , X RWHåDQLP XVORYLPD RYD LQVWLWXFLMD XVSMHãQR MH UHDOL]RYDOD ]DGDWNH NRMH MRM MH SRVWDYOMDOD GUXãWYHQD]DMHGQLFD 3UDWHüL VDYUHPHQH WUHQGRYH X RVDYUHPHQMDYDQMX QDVWDYH L RUJDQL]DFLML YLVRNRãNROVNLKXVWDQRYDXVYLMHWXDOLLSURPMHQHSROLWLþNRJHNRQRPVNRJLGUXJRJ NDUDNWHUD $NDGHPLMD VH X VYRP YLãHGHFHQLMVNRP UDGX XYLMHN SULODJRÿDYDOD QRYRQDVWDOLP XVORYLPD L SUDYRYUHPHQR YUãLOD WUDQVIRUPDFLMX XYRGHüL QRYH NYDOLWDWLYQHVDGUåDMHSULPMHUHQHSRWUHEDPDYUHPHQDþDNLUDWQLPXVORYLPD 1DMWHåLSHULRGXKLVWRULML3HGDJRãNHDNDGHPLMHELRMHXSUDYRSHULRGDJUHVLMH QD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX JRGLQH8WRPSUHORPQRPYUHPHQX]DFLMHOX %RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXLQMHQQDURGXVYLPREODVWLPDåLYRWDSDWDNRLXREUD]RYQRP VLVWHPXGHVLOHVXVHNUXSQHSURPMHQHNRMHüHRWYRULWLQRYHVWUDQLFHKLVWRULMHQRYH VWUDQLFHLNDGDMHXSLWDQMX3HGDJRãNDDNDGHPLMD 'RNMHEUXWDOQDDJUHVLMDEMHVQLODQDG7X]ORPLFLMHORP]HPOMRP3HGDJRãND DNDGHPLMD QLMH SUHVWDMDOD VD UDGRP 9HOLNL EURM VWXGHQDWD L SURIHVRUD VH DNWLYQR XNOMXþLR X RGEUDQX D PQRJR QMLK MH RGPDK QDNRQ DJUHVLMH QDSXVWLOR 7X]OX10 6LWXDFLMD MH X VYDNRP SRJOHGX ELOD GUDPDWLþQD DOL MH ]DKYDOMXMXüL QDGOMXGVNLP QDSRULPDSURIHVRUDQDVWDYQLNDLXþLWHOMDÿDNDLVWXGHQDWDãNROVWYRX2NUXJX7X]OD LSDNIXQNFLRQLVDOR1DVWDYDMHL]YRÿHQDXNUDMQMHWHãNLPXVORYLPDDOLVXSRWUHEH RVQRYQLK L VUHGQMLK ãNROD QD SRGUXþMX 2NUXJD ]D QDVWDYQLP NDGURP ELOH GRVWD 2G GR JRGLQHQD9LãRM3HGDJRãNRMãNROLRGQRVQR3HGDJRãNRMDNDGHPLMLGLSORPLUDOR MHVWXGHQW1DMYLãHMHELORGLSORPLUDQLKQDVWDYQLNDUD]UHGQHQDVWDYH±]DWLPVWXGHQDWD QDRGVMHNXPDWHPDWLND±¿]LNDQMLKSRWRPQDRGVMHFLPD VUSVNRKUYDWVNLMH]LN± ¿]LþNR YDVSLWDQMH±ELRORJLMD±KHPLMD± LWG 10 2VLP LQWHOHNWXDOQRJ RWSRUD DJUHVRUX PQRJL SURIHVRUL L VWXGHQWL 3HGDJRãNH DNDGHPLMH L WHN RVQRYDQRJ)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OLGLUHNWQRVXQDUDWLãWXGLOMHP%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHVSXãNRP XUXFLXþHVWYRYDOLXRGEUDQLRGDJUHVLMH0QRJLVXQDåDORVWUDQMDYDQLDQMLKMH]DRSVWDQDNL VXYHUHQRVW%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLQMHQLKQDURGDGDORVYRMHåLYRWH )HULG$WOLü1HGLP$OMLü(GLQD $KPHWDãHYLü 1HGåDG *OXKLü 6HQDG +DVDQRYLü -DVPLQ 0XMDQRYLü $OPDVD ýHULPRYLü âHPVD +DVLþLü'LMDQD1LQLü'åHQDLGD7RSþLü0XMR0HKPHGRYLüL6HQDKLG6DODPRYLü)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW X7X]OL MH QD WDM QDþLQ GDR PDNVLPDODQ GRSULQRV X RGEUDQL RG DJUHVLMH 3URIHVRUL L VWXGHQWL RYRJ )DNXOWHWDQH]DRELOD]QDVXNDULNDXRGEUDQL7X]OHLWX]ODQVNHUHJLMHXFMHOLQL+LVWRULMDLK]DVLJXUQRQH PRåH]DRELüL 9LãHYLGMHWL )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWSUR¿OVWXGLMDLSURJUDPVNDRUMHQWDFLMD7X]OD 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûPUVF1LKDG.8/(129,û L]UDåHQHWDNRGDVHãNRORYDQMHEXGXüLKQDVWDYQLNDLSURIHVRUDPRUDORQDVWDYLWLLX UDWQLPXVORYLPD 3RãWR VX PQRJL QDVWDYQLFL L SURIHVRUL ELOL DQJDåRYDQL X RGEUDQL ]HPOMH D PQRJR LK MH QDSXVWLOR 7X]OX L RNROQD PMHVWD QDVWDYX X RVQRYQLP L VUHGQMLP ãNRODPDVXQHULMHWNRL]YRGLODQHVWUXþQDOLFD±WHNVYUãHQLVUHGQMRãNROFLLVWXGHQWL 5DG 3HGDJRãNH DNDGHPLMH ELR MH VWRJD RG NOMXþQH YDåQRVWL ]D IXQNFLRQLVDQMH FMHORNXSQRJ ãNROVNRJ VLVWHPD QD SRGUXþMX 2NUXJD 7X]OD 7DNYLP SRWUHEDPD L ]DKWMHYLPDKLWQRVHPRUDODSULODJRGLWLL3HGDJRãNDDNDGHPLMDELODMHQXåQDQMHQD WUDQVIRUPDFLMDNRMXVXQHL]EMHåQRQDODJDOHQRYRQDVWDOHSULOLNH 8 WDNYLP RNROQRVWLPD YHü SRþHWNRP JRGLQH 'HNDQDW 3HGDJRãNH DNDGHPLMH SURIHVRUL L VWXGHQWL X VDUDGQML VD WDGDãQMLP YODVWLPD 2NUXJD 7X]OD SRNUHQXOL VX LQLFLMDWLYX GD VH 3HGDJRãND DNDGHPLMD NDR þODQLFD 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OLWUDQVIRUPLãHX)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW Osnivanje i rad Filozofskog fakulteta u Tuzli 1DNRQ LQLFLMDWLYH ]D RVQLYDQMH )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD L YLãHPMHVHþQLK SULSUHPD XVOLMHGLR MH SULMHGORJ ]D RVQLYDQMH IDNXOWHWD NRML üH X VHSWHPEUX JRGLQHXüLXUHGRYQXSUFHGXUX6NXSãWLQH2NUXJD7X]OD 1D6MHGQLFL6NXSãWLQH2NUXJD7X]ODVHSWHPEUD JRGLQHGRQHVHQD MH 2GOXND R LPHQRYDQMX .RPLVLMH PDWLþDUD ]D REDYOMDQMH SULSUHPQLK UDGQML QD WUDQVIRUPDFLML3HGDJRãNHDNDGHPLMHX)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWX7X]OL11 =DGDWDN .RPLVLMH PDWLþDUD ELR MH GD GRQHVH QDVWDYQL SODQ L QDVWDYQH SURJUDPH )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD L RSãWL DNW R SUDYLOLPD VWXGLMD WH GD L]YUãL L]ERU QDVWDYQLNDLYLãLKDVLVWHQDWDQDVYHQDVWDYQHSUHGPHWHSUYHLGUXJHJRGLQHVWXGLMDL SUHGORåLEURMVWXGHQDWD]DXSLVQDSUYXJRGLQXVWXGLMD 1D)LOR]RIVNRPIDNXOWHWXüHVHNDNRMHQDYHGHQRX2GOXFLãNRORYDWLNDGDU ]D VWLFDQMH YLVRNH VWUXþQH VSUHPH ]D ]YDQMH SURIHVRUD YDVSLWDþD SUHGãNROVNRJ RGJRMD L REUD]YDQMD SURIHVRUD UD]UHGQH QDVWDYH SURIHVRUD UD]QLK SUR¿OD X VUHGQMRãNROVNRP REUD]RYDQMX GLSORPLUDQRJ HWQRORJD L DUKHRORJD NDR L NDGDU ]D VWLFDQMH YLãH VWUXþQH VSUHPH ]D ]YDQMH QDVWDYQLND UD]QLK SUR¿OD 7DNRÿHU üH VH QD )LOR]RIVNRP IDNXOWHWX RUJDQL]LUDWL QDVWDYQL L QDXþQRLVWUDåLYDþNL UDG ]D VWLFDQMHVWUXþQHVSUHPHVSHFLMDOLVWLQDXþQRJVWHSHQDPDJLVWUDXREODVWLPDQDXNDL XPMHWQRVWLNDRLQDXþQRLVWUDåLYDþNLUDG]DVWLFDQMHQDXþQRJVWHSHQDGRNWRUDQDXND XREODVWLPD]DNRMH)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWEXGHPDWLþQL 5DGHüLXUDWQLPXVORYLPDX]VYDNRGQHYQDJUDQDWLUDQMD7X]OH.RPLVLMDMH SULVWXSLODUHDOL]DFLMLQD]QDþHQLK]DGDWDND9HüVHSWHPEUD JRGLQHRGUåDOD MHVYRMXSUYXVMHGQLFXQDNRMRMVXGRQHVHQHYDåQHRGOXNHL]DNOMXþFL 11 2NUXJ7X]OD6NXSãWLQD2GOXNDEURM RG JRGLQH )RUPLUDQH VX SRVHEQH NRPLVLMH .RPLVLMD ]D L]UDGX 3UDYLOQLND R SUDYLOLPD VWXGLMD .RPLVLMD ]DUDVSLVLYDQMHNRQNXUVD]DL]ERUQDVWDYQLNDLVDUDGQLND.RPLVLMD]DGRQRãHQMH1DVWDYQRJSODQDL SURJUDPD Od UþLWHOMVNHãNROHGRFLOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDXTX]OL SULORJSURXþDYDQMXWUDQVIRUPDFLMH .RPLVLMDPDWLþDUDLVSHFLMDOQHNRPLVLMHXRNWREUX JRGLQHLQWH]LYQR VX UDGLOH QD RVQLYDQMX )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD QMHJRYRJ XVWURMVWYD L EXGXüHJ IXQNFLRQLVDQMD SRVHEQR X L]X]HWQR WHãNLP UDWQLP XVORYLPD DOL L X SRVWUDWQRP SHULRGX13 .RPLVLMD MH UD]PDWUDOD SULMHGORJ RVQLYDþD )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWDGDVH SRUHGãHVWRGVMHNDXWYUÿHQLK(ODERUDWRPRRSUDYGDQRVWLRVQLYDQMD)DNXOWHWDRVQXMX LRGVMHFLGUDPVNHOLNRYQHLPX]LþNHXPMHWQRVWLWHRGVMHFL ¿OR]R¿MHLQIRUPDWLNH VWUDQLKMH]LNDKLVWRULMHLJHRJUD¿MH.RPLVLMDPDWLþDUDMHRFLMHQLODGDMHXXVORYLPD QHGRVWDWND SURVWRUD L VWUXþQLK NDGURYD ]DSUDYR QHPRJXüH XYRGLWL QRYH RGVMHNH ]DWRMHUHDOL]DFLMDRYHLGHMHSURORQJLUDQD]DQHNDEXGXüDYUHPHQD .RPLVLMDPDWLþDUD]DRVQLYDQMH-DYQHYLVRNRãNROVNHXVWDQRYHXGUåDYQRM VYRMLQL ± )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD X 7X]OL QD YULMHPH MH SULYHOD NUDMX SULSUHPH ]D RVQLYDQMH )DNXOWHWD 1D SRVOMHGQRM VMHGQLFL QRYHPEUD JRGLQH þODQRYL .RPLVLMHVXSRGQLMHOLL]YMHãWDMRUDGXLGH¿QLWLYQRXWYUGLOLQDVWDYQLSODQLQDVWDYQH SURJUDPHRSãWHDNWHRSUDYLOLPDVWXGLMDLRVQLYDþXSUHGORåLOLNDGURYVNDUMHãHQMD ,]YMHãWDM .RPLVLMH PDWLþDUD R QMHQRP UDGX RGOXNDPD L ]DNOMXþFLPD SUH]HQWLUDQ QD VMHGQLFL QRYHPEUD JRGLQH XSXüHQ MH QD UD]PDWUDQMH L XVYDMDQMH RVQLYDþX )DNXOWHWX 6NXSãWLQD 2NUXJD MH GHFHPEUD JRGLQH XVYRMLODWDML]YMHãWDMLGRQLMHOD2GOXNXRRVQLYDQMX)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OL15 1DRVQRYXRVQLYDþNRJDNWDPDUWD JRGLQH)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWMHXSLVDQ XVXGVNLUHJLVWDU9LãHJVXGDX7X]OLNDRMDYQDYLVRNRãNROVNDXVWDQRYDXGUåDYQRM VYRMLQL 1DRVQRYX2GOXNH6NXSãWLQH2NUXJDRGMDQXDUD JRGLQH2NUXåQL VHNUHWDULMDW GUXãWYHQLK GMHODWQRVWL L UDGQLK RGQRVD GRQRVL 5MHãHQMH R RVQLYDQMX )LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OLNRMLSRþLQMHVDUDGRPXãNROVNRM JRGLQL 13 8] VDJODVQRVW 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL L 6NXSãWLQH RNUXJD .RPLVLMD MH RGOXþLOD GD VH X ãNROVNX JRGLQXXSLãHGRGDWQLEURMVWXGHQDWDL]RSãWLQD7X]ODQVNRJRNUXJDQDVPMHUUD]UHGQHQDVWDYH MHUMHGH¿FLWNDGURYDRYHVWUXNHXRVQRYQLPãNRODPDSUHGVWDYOMDRYHOLNLSUREOHP2GOXþHQRMHGDVH SXWHPVUHGVWDYDMDYQRJLQIRUPLVDQMDXSXWLMDYQLSR]LYQDXþQLFLPDVYLKVWHSHQDQDXþQLK]YDQMDUDGL QMLKRYRJDQJDåRYDQMDXQDVWDYLQD)LOR]RIVNRPIDNXOWHWX7RMHXþLQMHQRMDYQLPSR]LYRP8QLYHU]LWHWD X7X]OLEURM RG JRGLQH 8WYUÿHQLVXQDVWDYQLSODQRYLLSURJUDPL]DãNRORYDQMHNDGURYDYLãHLYLVRNHVWUXþQHVSUHPHX RNYLUX GYRJRGLãQMHJ L þHWYHURJRGLãQMHJ VWXGLMD QD MHGQRSUHGPHWQLP L GYRSUHGPHWQLP RGVMHFLPD UD]UHGQD QDVWDYD GYRJRGLãQML VWXGLM WHKQLþNR REUD]RYDQMH GYRJRGLãQML VWXGLM ERVDQVNL MH]LN L NQMLåHYQRVW þHWYHURJRGLãQML VWXGLM PDWHPDWLND¿]LND GYRSUHGPHWQL þHWYHURJRGLãQML VWXGLM ELRORJLMDKHPLMD GYRSUHGPHWQL þHWYHURJRGLãQML VWXGLM ¿]LþNR YDVSLWDQMH þHWYHURJRGLãQML VWXGLM KLVWRULMDJHRJUD¿MD GYRSUHGPHWQL þHWYHURJRGLãQML VWXGLM WDNRÿHU VX NRQVWLWXLVDQL RGVMHFL OLNRYQR YDVSLWDQMH PX]LþNR YDVSLWDQMH SHGDJRJLMD L SVLKRORJLMD RUMHQWDOLVWLND DQJOLVWLND JHUPDQLVWLND ¿OR]R¿MDVRFLRORJLMDDOLMHWDGDRGOXþHQRGDüHQDVWDYDQDRYLPRGVMHFLPDSRþHWLNDGDVH]DWRVWHNQX RGJRYDUDMXüL XVORYL 9LãH YLGMHWL )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHWSUR¿O VWXGLMD L SURJUDPVND RUMHQWDFLMD 7X]OD 15 6NXSãWLQD RNUXJD 7X]OD QD VMHGQLFL RGUåDQRM GDQD JRGLQH GRQRVL 2GOXNX R RVQLYDQMX)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OLEURM 5MHãHQMH2NUXåQRJVHNUHWDULMDWDGUXãWYHQLKGMHODWQRVWLLUDGQLKRGQRVDEURM 63 RG JRGLQH8REUD]ORåHQMXRYRJUMHãHQMDNDåHVHGD)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWLVSXQMDYDRSãWHL SRVHEQHXVORYHSRVWDQGDUGLPDYLVRNRJREUD]RYDQMDGDLPDQDVWDYQLNH]DVYHQDVWDYQHSUHGPHWHWH GDLPDQDVWDYQLSODQLSURJUDPXVNODGXVD=DNRQRPR8QLYHU]LWHWX 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûPUVF1LKDG.8/(129,û ,PHQRYDQRMHUXNRYRGVWYRLXSUDYD)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OL 1D WDM QDþLQ GRNXPHQWDFLMD R RVQLYDQMX )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD X 7X]OL MH X SRWSXQRVWL NRPSOHWLUDQD L UDG )DNXOWHWD OHJDOL]LUDQ L VD SUDYQRJ DVSHNWD )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWX7X]OLXSLVDQMHXUHJLVWDU9LãHJVXGDX7X]OLPDUWD JRGLQHNDRMDYQDYLVRNRãNROVNDXVWDQRYDXGUåDYQRMVYRMLQL2VQLYDþIDNXOWHWDMH ELOD6NXSãWLQD2NUXJD7X]OD 0HÿXWLPQDRVQRYX$PDQGPDQD/;;,WDþNDDOLQHMDQD8VWDY5HSXEOLNH %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLþODQD=DNRQDRXVWDQRYDPD6NXSãWLQD5HSXEOLNH%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQHQDVMHGQLFLRGUåDQRMQRYHPEUD JRGLQHGRQLMHODMH2GOXNX RSUHX]LPDQMXSUDYDLREDYH]DRVQLYDþDSUHPD)LOR]RIVNRPIDNXOWHWXX7X]OL6YH LQJHUHQFLMHRG2NUXJD7X]ODSUHX]HODMH6NXSãWLQD5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 6WRJDMH9ODGD5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHMDQXDUD JRGLQH L IRUPDOQR SRWYUGLOD LPHQRYDQMH 'HNDQD 8SUDYQL L 1DG]RUQL RGERU )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWDNRMHMHUDQLMHLPHQRYDR,]YUãQLRGERU2NUXJD7X]OD )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW MH ]D FLMHOR YULMHPH DJUHVLMH REDYOMDR VYRMX GMHODWQRVW ,]X]LPDMXüLNUDüHSUHNLGH]ERJLQWH]LYQRJJUDQDWLUDQMDJUDGDLXSUNRVREMHNWLYQLP WHãNRüDPD QDVWDYQL SURFHV VH RGYLMDR NRQWLQXLUDQR ýDN VX L X UDWQRP SHULRGX XYRÿHQLQRYLNYDOLWHWQLMLVDGUåDML 1DNRQSRWSLVLYDQMD'HMWRQVNRJVSRUD]XPDXVSRVWDYOMDQMHPPLUDQDRYLP SURVWRULPD)DNXOWHWMHMRãLQWH]LYQLMHNUHQXRXPRGHUQL]DFLMXQDVWDYQRJSURFHVDL RUJDQL]DFLMXUDGDSRHYURSVNLPNULWHULMLPDYLVRNRãNROVNRJREUD]RYDQMD 'D EL VH QDVWDYD ãWR YLãH SULEOLåLOD HYURSVNLP VWDQGDUGLPD 1DVWDYQR QDXþQR YLMHüH DSULOD JRGLQH IRUPLUD .RPLVLMX ]D L]UDGX (ODERUDWD R GUXãWYHQRHNRQRPVNRM RSUDYGDQRVWL WUDQVIRUPDFLMH REUD]RYDQMD QDVWDYQLND GYRSUHGPHWQLKXMHGQRSUHGPHWQHVWXGLMVNHRGVMHNHQDþHWYHURJRGLãQMHPVWXGLMX 3RVWUDWQL SHULRG GRQLR MH IXQNFLRQLVDQMH YLãHVWUDQDþNRJ VLVWHPD ]DWLP GHPRNUDWL]DFLMX GUXãWYD SURPMHQH QDMYDåQLMLK GUXãWYHQRHNRQRPVNLK RNROQRVWL ãWRMHXVORYOMDYDORSURPMHQHXVYLPVIHUDPDåLYRWDSDLXVLVWHPXYLVRNRãNROVNRJ REUD]RYDQMD 8 FLOMX SUDüHQMD VDYUHPHQLK WUHQGRYD X RYRM REODVWL SULVWXSLOR VH L]YMHVQLPWUDQVIRUPDFLMDPDQD)LOR]RIVNRPIDNXOWHWXRGQRVQRRVDYUHPHQMDYDQMX QDVWDYQRJSURFHVD ,]PMHQMHQLVXLGRSXQMHQLQDVWDYQLSURJUDPLLSODQRYLUDGLãWRNYDOLWHWQLMHJ RVSRVREOMDYDQMD EXGXüHJ QDVWDYQRJ NDGUD X RVQRYQLP L VUHGQMLP ãNRODPD D L]YUãHQD MH L WUDQVIRUPDFLMD SRMHGLQLK RGVMHND 7DNR MH 1DVWDYQRQDXþQR YLMHüH QD RVQRYX (ODERUDWD R GUXãWYHQRHNRQRPVNRM RSUDYGDQRVWL XVYRMLOR SULMHGORJ R WUDQVIRUPDFLMLSRVWRMHüLKGYRSUHGPHWQLKXMHGQRSUHGPHWQHVWXGLMVNHRGVMHNH 5MHãHQMHP,]YUãQRJRGERUD2NUXJD7X]ODEURM RG JRGLQH]D'HNDQD )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD X 7X]OL LPHQRYDQ MH SURI GU (QYHU +DOLORYLü D 5MHãHQMHP ,]YUãQRJ RGERUD 2NUXJD7X]ODEURM RG JRGLQHLPHQRYDQMH8SUDYQLRGERU)LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWDX7X]OLXVDVWDYX 0LU]D-XVXIRYLüSUHGVMHGQLNLþODQRYL)HUKDW1RåLQRYLü9HKELMD)D]OLü 5H¿N)D]OLüL0LUHOD*UDELü 5MHãHQMH9ODGH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRLPHQRYDQMXSUHGVMHGQLNDLþODQRYD8SUDYQRJL 1DG]RUQRJRGERUD)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OLEURM RGMDQXDUD JRGLQH )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW MH GRELR QRYH MHGQRSUHGPHWQH VWXGLMVNH RGVMHNH 2GVMHN ]D PDWHPDWLNX Od UþLWHOMVNHãNROHGRFLOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDXTX]OL SULORJSURXþDYDQMXWUDQVIRUPDFLMH 2YH LQRYDFLMH X QDVWDYQRP SURFHVX QD )LOR]RIVNRP IDNXOWHWX SULKYDWLOD MHL6NXSãWLQD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQDGRQLMHYãLVHSWHPEUD JRGLQH8ND]R SURJODãHQMX=DNRQDR8QLYHU]LWHWXX7X]OL3URJODãHQMHP=DNRQDR8QLYHU]LWHWXX 7X]OLQDG)LOR]RIVNLPIDNXOWHWRPNDRRUJDQL]DFLRQRPMHGLQLFRP8QLYHU]LWHWDVYH LQJHUHQFLMHMHSUHX]HOD6NXSãWLQD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD 8 þODQX =DNRQD R 8QLYHU]LWHWX X 7X]OL SUHFL]LUDQD MH RGUHGQLFD SR NRMRM VH QD )LOR]RIVNRP IDNXOWHWX GYRSUHGPHWQL VWXGLMVNL RGVMHFL RUJDQL]XMX X MHGQRSUHGPHWQHNDNRMHYHüREMDãQMHQR )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWX7X]OLQDNRQRYHL]YUãHQHWUDQVIRUPDFLMHXPQRJRPH VHSULEOLåLRYLVRNRãNROVNLPVWDQGDUGLPDXUD]YLMHQLP]HPOMDPD(YURSH 1DVWDYOMDMXüL WUDGLFLMX VYRMLK SUHWKRGQLFD 9LãH SHGDJRãNH ãNROH L 3HGDJRãNH DNDGHPLMH )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW MH SRVWDR MHGQD RG QDMYDåQLMLK YLVRNRãNROVNLKLQVWLWXFLMDQDSRGUXþMX7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD3RJRWRYRVWRJDãWRMH RYRSUYDYLVRNRãNROVNDXVWDQRYDQDNRMRMVHL]XþDYDMXGUXãWYHQHQDXNHãWRUDQLMH QLMHELRVOXþDMMHUVXX7X]OLSRVWRMDOLXJODYQRPIDNXOWHWL]DWHKQLþNHLWHKQRORãNH QDXNH 6WXGHQWL L] RYLK NDUDMHYD SULMH RVQLYDQMD )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD VWXGLUDOL VX X GUXJLP NXOWXUQLP FHQWULPD ELYãH -XJRVODYLMH D SUHWHåQR X 6DUDMHYX 2WXGD VXQDPMDVQHL]YMHVQHUH]HUYHLQHUD]XPMHYDQMDRGSRMHGLQDFDSULOLNRPRVQLYDQMD )LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OLMHUMHXNLQXWW]YÄVDUDMHYVNLPRQRSROQDGUXãWYHQH QDXNHLNXOWXUX³ 1R VYH WH SUHSUHNH VX SUDYRYUHPHQR RWNORQMHQH 'DQDV MH )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW X 7X]OL VDYUHPHQD YLVRNRãNROVND XVWDQRYD L MHGQD RG JODYQLK NDULND YLVRNRãNROVNRJ VLVWHPD QD SRGUXþMX 7X]ODQVNRJ NDQWRQD NDR L QD SRGUXþMX )HGHUDFLMHL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXFMHOLQL 6DUDGQMD)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDVDGUXJLPIDNXOWHWLPD )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW X 7X]OL SR RVQLYDQMX UD]YLR MH YHRPD XVSMHãQX VDUDGQMX VD YLVRNRãNROVNLP LQVWLWXFLMDPD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 3UYL 8JRYRU R PHÿXXQLYHU]LWHWVNRM VDUDGQML SRWSLVDQ MH L]PHÿX )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD X 7X]OL L 3HGDJRãNRJ IDNXOWHWD X %LKDüX 8 8JRYRUX MH QDYHGHQR GD üH IDNXOWHWL UD]PMHQMLYDWLLVNXVWYDQDSROMXQDXNHREUD]RYDQMDNXOWXUQLKLGUXJLKGRVWLJQXüD GD üH XVDJODãDYDWL QDVWDYQRREUD]RYQH L VWXGLMVNH SURJUDPH L PHÿXVREQR VH SRPDJDWLXFLOMXSREROMãDQMDQDVWDYQRQDXþQRJSURFHVD)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWX7X]OL ¿]LNX KLVWRULMX JHRJUD¿MX ELRORJLMX L KHPLMX 9LãH YLGMHWL )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW SUR¿O VWXGLMD L SURJUDPVNDRULMHQWDFLMD7X]OD 8ND]MHREMDYOMHQXÄ6OXåEHQLPQRYLQDPD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD³EURGVHSWHPEUD JRGLQH 8JRYRURPHÿXXQLYHU]LWHWVNRMVDUDGQML]DNOMXþHQDXJXVWD JRGLQHL]PHÿX)LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL NRMHJ ]DVWXSD GHNDQ SURI GU (QYHU +DOLORYLü V MHGQH VWUDQH L 3HGDJRãNRJ IDNXOWHWD 8QLYHU]LWHWD X %LKDüX NRMHJ ]DVWXSD GHNDQ SURI GU 0LGKDW .HUHQRYLü V GUXJH VWUDQH VD SULPMHQRP RG JRGLQH 9LãH YLGMHWL )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW SUR¿O VWXGLMD L SURJUDPVNDRULMHQWDFLMD7X]OD 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûPUVF1LKDG.8/(129,û VH WDNRÿHU REDYH]DR GD üH RPRJXüLWL DQJDåPDQ VYRMLK QDVWDYQLND X QDVWDYQR QDXþQRPUDGXQD3HGDJRãNRPIDNXOWHWXX%LKDüXSUHPDXND]DQLPSRWUHEDPD )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW X 7X]OL X WR YULMHPH RVWYDULR MH GREUX VDUDGQMX L VD )DNXOWHWRP]D¿]LþNXNXOWXUX8QLYHU]LWHWDX6DUDMHYX,]PHÿX)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWD X7X]OL L )DNXOWHWD ]D ¿]LþNX NXOWXUX 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 6DUDMHYX GDQD JRGLQHSRWSLVDQMH0HPRUDQGXPRUD]XPMHYDQMX0HPRUDQGXPRPMHXVDJODãHQR L]PHÿXGYDIDNXOWHWDGDSULKYDWDMXMHGLQVWYHQLQDVWDYQLNDGDU]DSUHGPHWHL]SODQDL SURJUDPDQDGRGLSORPVNRPVWXGLMXSRVWGLSORPVNRPVWXGLMXL]DSUHGPHWHQD9LãRM WUHQHUVNRMãNROL0HPRUDQGXPRPRUD]XPMHYDQMXVXWDNRÿHUXVDJODãHQLLMRãQHNL SODQRYLLSURJUDPLXRNYLUX]DMHGQLþNHVDUDGQMHRYDGYDIDNXOWHWD 'DQDV)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWX7X]OLMHGRVWLJDRWDNDYVWHSHQUD]YRMDLXVNODGLR VYRMHQDVWDYQHSODQRYHLSURJUDPHNRMLVHED]LUDMXQD6RUERQVNRMGHNODUDFLMLRG PDMD JRGLQH%RORQMVNRMGHNODUDFLMLRG MXQD JRGLQHWHVWUXNWXUL REUD]RYQRJVWXGLMDQDQHNLPIDNXOWHWLPDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL(YURSLLVYLMHWXL XVSMHãQRRVWYDUXMHVDUDGQMX =DNOMXþDN 8WRNX'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDX7X]OLMHSRþHODVDUDGRPSUYD8þLWHOMVND ãNRODNRMDMHELODSUHWHþD3HGDJRãNHDNDGHPLMHL)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OL )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW X 7X]OL MH YLVRNRãNROVND LQVWLWXFLMD NRMD REUD]XMH YLVRNRREUD]RYQHNDGURYHL]REODVWLGUXãWYHQLKLKXPDQLVWLþNLKQDXNDLXSRWSXQLR MH SUD]QLQX X VLVWHPX YLVRNRJ REUD]RYDQMD QD SRGUXþMX 7X]OH L QMHQH RNROLQH 7LPHMHVWYRULRXVORYH]DREUD]RYDQMHLXVDYUãDYDQMHVWUXþQLKLQDXþQLKNDGURYD RVSRVREOMHQLK]DUDGXREUD]RYQLPLGUXJLPMDYQLPLQVWLWXFLMDPD 3RUHG WRJD QD )LOR]RIVNRP IDNXOWHWX X 7X]OL REUD]XMX VH NDGURYL ]D UDG X GUåDYQLP LQVWLWXFLMDPD RUJDQL]DFLMDPD FLYLOQRJ GUXãWYD QHYODGLQLP RUJDQL]DFLMDPD SROLWLþNLP VWUDQNDPD LQWHUHVQLP JUXSDPD VLQGLNDOQLP RUJDQL]DFLMDPD L GUXJLP LQVWLWXFLMDPD L RUJDQL]DFLMDPD RG LQWHUHVD ]D ERVDQVNR KHUFHJRYDþNXGUåDYXLGUXãWYR 7LPHMHVWYRUHQDVROLGQDNDGURYVNDED]DQDSRGUXþMX7X]OHQMHQHRNROLQH L %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X FMHOLQL RVSRVREOMHQD ]D EU]R LPSOHPHQWLUDQMH QRYLK WUDQ]LFLMVNLKLUD]YRMQLKSRWUHEDERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRJGUXãWYDLGUåDYHLQMHQR LQWHJULUDQMHXHYURSVNHLHYURDWODQVNHLQWHJUDFLMHþHPXRQDWHåL )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWX7X]OLMHLVWLQVNLQRVLODFQDXþQRREUD]RYQHLQDXþQR LVWUDåLYDþNHGMHODWQRVWLQDSRGUXþMX7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQDLãLUHXREODVWLGUXãWYHQR KXPDQLVWLþNLKXVPMHUHQMDLSUDWLWUHQGRYHGDOMHJUD]YRMDXRYRMREODVWL=ERJWRJD )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWX7X]OLRWYDUDQRYHVWXGLMVNHSURJUDPHNDRãWRVXSROLWRORJLMD XVPMHUHQMHPHÿXQDURGQLRGQRVLLGLSORPDWLMDNXOWXUDOQHVWXGLMHLGUXJR7RSRVHEQR GROD]L GR L]UDåDMD DNR VH ]QD GD VH ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNR GUXãWYR L GUåDYD 0HPRUDQGXP R UD]XPMHYDQMX GDQD JRGLQH SRWSLVDOL VX GHNDQL SURI GU (QYHU +DOLORYLüLSURIGU+DPLGâRãHWHSURGHNDQ)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDSURIGU)HUKDW1RåLQRYLü Od UþLWHOMVNHãNROHGRFLOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDXTX]OL SULORJSURXþDYDQMXWUDQVIRUPDFLMH naOD]H X GLQDPLþQRP WUDQ]LFLMVNRP SURFHVX WH X WRP SURFHVX GUåDYX L GUXãWYR WUHEDLQWHJULUDWLXPHÿXQDURGQLSROLWLþNLVLVWHPQMHJRYHLQVWLWXFLMHLRUJDQL]DFLMH WH]ERJWRJDWUHEDREUD]RYDWLNDGURYHNRMLüHELWLVSRVREQLGDVXVSMHKRPRVWYDUH WDMFLOM,VWRYUHPHQRWRELRPRJXüLOREUåLXOD]DN8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OLX(YURSVNH REUD]RYQRLQWHJUDFLRQH SURFHVH SRVWL]DQMHP FLOMHYD RSüHSR]QDWRJ HYURSVNRJ VLVWHPDYLVRNRJREUD]RYDQMD Rezime 2VQLYDQMHP )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD X 7X]OL XSRWSXQMHQD MH MHGQD SUD]QLQD X VLVWHPX YLVRNRJ REUD]RYDQMD QD SRGUXþMX 7X]OH L QMHQH RNROLQH 7LPH VX VWYRUHQL XVORYL ]D REUD]RYDQMH L XVDYUãDYDQMH VWUXþQLK L QDXþQLK NDGURYD NRML üH ELWL RVSRVREOMHQL ]D UDG X REUD]RYQLP L GUXJLP MDYQLP LQVWLWXFLMDPD WH GD VH RVSRVREH ]D EU]R LPSOHPHQWLUDQMH QRYLK WUDQ]LFLMVNLK L UD]YRMQLK SRWUHED ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRJ GUXãWYD L GUåDYH L QMHQR LQWHJULUDQMH X HYURSVNH L HYUR DWODQVNH LQWHJUDFLMH X GRPHQX YODVWLWH GUXãWYHQRNXOWXUQH L REUD]RYQH SUDNVH XYDåDYDMXüL GRVWLJQXWH HYURSVNH VWDQGDUGH REUD]RYDQMD D WR ]QDþL HGXFLUDQMH VWXGHQDWD]DVDGDãQMRVWLEXGXüQRVW .DNRMH)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHWX7X]OLRULMHQWLUDQNDLQRYDFLMDPDYLVRNRãNROVNH QDVWDYH L QDVWDYQRQDXþQLK SURJUDPD NDR L QD DSOLFLUDQMX UH]XOWDWD HGXNDFLMH L LVWUDåLYDQMD WLPH VH VDPR MRã YLãH QHL]EMHåQR QDPHüH SRWUHED RWYDUDQMD QRYLK VWXGLMVNLK SURJUDPD NDR ãWR VX SROLWRORJLMD XVPMHUHQMH PHÿXQDURGQL RGQRVL L GLSORPDWLMD NRPSDUDWLYQD NQMLåHYQRVW NXOWXUDOQH VWXGLMH L GUXJR þLPH EL VH ]DGRYROMLOHSRWUHEHGUåDYHLGUXãWYD]DQRYLPNDGURYLPD Summary 7KH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI WKH )DFXOW\ RI 3KLORVRSK\ LQ 7X]OD KDV ¿OOHG RQH JDSLQWKHKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQV\VWHPLQWKH7X]ODUHJLRQDQGLWVVXUURXQGLQJV7KLV FUHDWHGFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJRISURIHVVLRQDODQGVFLHQWL¿FVWD൵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¿FSURJUDPVDVZHOODVRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ RI HGXFDWLRQ DQG UHVHDUFK UHVXOWV LW RQO\ LQHYLWDEO\ LPSRVHV WKH QHHG WR RSHQ QHZVWXG\SURJUDPVVXFKDV3ROLWRORJ\DQG'LSORPDF\&RPSDUDWLYH/LWHUDWXUH &XOWXUDO6WXGLHVDQGPRUHZKLFKZRXOGPHHWWKHQHHGVRIWKHVWDWHDQGVRFLHW\IRU QHZVWD൵ 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û ,]YRUQLQDXþQLUDG &HQWDU]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]OD 261,9$1-(%,%/,27(.$86-(9(52,672ý12-%261, 326/,-('58*2*69-(76.2*5$7$6$.&(17201$ OSNIVANJE I RAD NARODNE BIBLIOTEKE U TUZLI U PERIODU 1945 – 1953. GODINE $SVWUDNW .XOWXUQDSROLWLNDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJ UDWD ELOD MH XVPMHUHQD QD MDþDQMH PUHåH NXOWXUQLK QDXþQLK L GUXJLK LQVWLWXFLMD 9DåQR PMHVWR X RNYLUX LQVWLWXFLMD LPDOH VX ELEOLRWHNH 1RYD YODVW MH SRPDJDOD RVQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDLREH]EMHÿLYDODLPMHPDWHULMDOQDVUHGVWYD2VQRYDQMHYHOLNL EURM VWUXþQLK L VSHFLMDOQLK ELEOLRWHND UD]OLþLWRJ UDQJD L ]QDþDMD 2VQLYDQMHP ELEOLRWHND SRVOLMH 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD QDVWRMDOR VH NRG VWDQRYQLãWYD SRGVWDüL LQWHUHVRYDQMH ]D NQMLJX D WR VH SRVWL]DOR NRULVWHüL VH UD]QLP QDþLQLPD DJLWDFLMH L SRSXODUL]DFLMH ELEOLRWHND %LEOLRWHNH VX VH SRþHOH RVQLYDWL X VYLP PMHVWLPD X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLJGMHVXSRVWRMDOLXVORYL2WYDUDMXVHJUDGVNHVUHVNHLPMHVQH QDURGQHELEOLRWHNH%LEOLRWHNHLþLWDRQLFHELOHVXXVNRSRYH]DQH]DRSLVPHQMDYDQMH VWDQRYQLãWYD.DRMHGDQRGDNWLYQLMLKREOLNDSURVYMHüLYDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDSUHGQRVW LPMHELODXWRPHãWRVXELOHSULVWXSDþQHQDMãLULPPDVDPDQLVXPQRJRNRãWDOHWHVX VHODJDQRPRJOHRUJDQL]RYDWLLRGUåDYDWL5DGQDRWYDUDQMXLREQDYOMDQMXELEOLRWHND LþLWDRQLFDELRMHQDURþLWRLQWH]LYDQXSHULRGXSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWD7DGD VX X VYLP YHüLP DGPLQLVWUDWLYQLP VUHGLãWLPD RVQRYDQH ELEOLRWHNH þLPH PUHåD ELEOLRWHND X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL ELYD XVSRVWDYOMHQD 2 RVQLYDQMX ELEOLRWHND X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRPQDRVQLYDQMHLUDG 1DURGQHELEOLRWHNHX7X]OLWHVDNRMLPSUREOHPLPDLQHGRVWDFLPDVXVHVXVUHWDOL ELWLüHJRYRUDXRYRPUDGX .OMXþQH ULMHþL %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD VMHYHURLVWRþQD %RVQD 7X]OD ELEOLRWHNHRVQLYDQMHUDG1DURGQDELEOLRWHNDX7X]OLNQMLJHþLWDRQLFHþLWDRFL (67$%/,6+0(172)/,%5$5,(6,17+(1257+($67%261,$ AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR, WITH FOCUS ON THE WORK OF 1$7,21$//,%5$5<,178=/$%(7:((1 $1' $EVWUDFW &XOWXUDO SROLF\ LQ %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD DIWHU WKH 6HFRQG :RUOG :DU ZDV DLPHG DW VWUHQJWKHQLQJ WKH QHWZRUN RI FXOWXUDO VFLHQWL¿F DQG RWKHU LQVWLWXWLRQV /LEUDULHV KDG DQ LPSRUWDQW SODFH ZLWKLQ LQVWLWXWLRQV 7KH QHZ 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRPQDRVQLYDQMH JRYHUQPHQW KHOSHG EXLOG OLEUDULHV DQG SURYLGHG WKHP ZLWK PDWHULDO UHVRXUFHV$ ODUJHQXPEHURISURIHVVLRQDODQGVSHFLDOOLEUDULHVRIGLৼHUHQWUDQNDQGVLJQL¿FDQFH KDYH EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG %\ HVWDEOLVKLQJ OLEUDULHV DIWHU WKH 6HFRQG :RUOG :DU Hৼ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vodne napomene 1DNRQ 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD QD NXOWXUQRP SODQX GRJRGLOH VX VH YHOLNH SURPMHQH.XOWXUQDSROLWLNDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLELODMHSURåHWDLYRÿHQDXGXKX WHPHOMQLK RSUHGMHOMHQMD QDURGQRRVORERGLODþNH ERUEH L UHYROXFLMH ]DVQRYDQLK QD VORERGL L UDYQRSUDYQRVWL VYLK QMHQLK QDURGD L QDURGQRVWL =DVWXSDQR MH VKYDWDQMH GD EH] NXOWXUQRJ UD]YLWND QH PRåH ELWL QL XVSMHãQRJ HNRQRPVNRJ QL GUXãWYHQRJ UD]YLWND12EQRYDPDWHULMDOQRJLGXKRYQRJåLYRWDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLRWSRþHOD MH RGPDK QDNRQ RVORERÿHQMD ]HPOMH .RPXQLVWLþND SDUWLMD -XJRVODYLMH LGHRORãNL MH ELOD DQJDåRYDQD QD XNXSQRP SUHREUDåDMX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH D MHGDQ RG YDåQLMLKSUDYDFDGMHORYDQMD3DUWLMHELORMHQDXNXSQRPNXOWXUQRPUD]YLWNX%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 6DPLP WLP WR MH ]QDþLOR NRQWUROLUDQMH NXOWXUQRJ åLYRWD L QMHJRYR XVPMHUDYDQMHNDSRWSXQRPSURYRÿHQMXVRFLMDOLVWLþNRJSUHREUDåDMDGUXãWYD3ROLWLND .RPXQLVWLþNH SDULMH -XJRVODYLMH .3- X NXOWXUL LPDOD MH ]DGDWDN ÄHOLPLQLVDQMD NDSLWDOLVWLþNLKRVWDWDND³ 1 +XVQLMD.DPEHURYLü3UHPDPRGHUQRPGUXãWYX%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDRG GR JRGLQH 7HãDQM GDOMH +.DPEHURYLü3UHPDPRGHUQRPGUXãWYX (OLPLQLVDQMH NDSLWDOLVWLþNLK RVWDWDND R]QDþDYD RSüL GHPRNUDWVNL SRNUHW X GXKX QDVWDQND UHYROXFLMHXPLUQRGRSVNLPXYMHWLPD2YDIUD]DWXPDþHQDMHSUHPDNDSLWDOLVWLþNLPLGHROR]LPD9LãH YLGL 9HUD .DW] 2VQRYQD RELOMHåMD DJLWSURS NXOWXUH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 3ULOR]L ,QVWLXWD]DLVWRULMXEU6DUDMHYR GDOMH 9.DW]2VQRYQDRELOMHåMDDJLWSURSNXOWXUH X%L+ 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û 6WYDUDQMHPGUåDYQRJYODVQLãWYDVWYRUHQDMHQRYDRVQRYD]D¿QDQVLUDQMHL NRQWUROLUDQMHNXOWXUQHSROLWLNHNUR]EURMQHRUJDQL]DFLMH8RNYLUX]DNRQVNLKDNDWD GRãOR MH GR QDFLRQDOL]DFLMH ãWDPSDULMD ELEOLRWHND þLWDRQLFD ãNROD LWG þLPH MH QRYDGUåDYDGRELODPDWHULMDOQXRVQRYX]DREUD]RYDQMHYODVWLWRJNRQFHSWDXREODVWL REUD]RYDQMDLNXOWXUH3)LQDQVLUDQMHSURVYMHWQRNXOWXUQLKSRWUHEDELORMHUHJXOLVDQR ]DNRQLPDREXGåHWLPDVDYH]QRJL]HPDOMVNLKPLQLVWDUVWDYD2GYLVLQHPDWHULMDOQLK VUHGVWDYD]DYLVLOHVXLIRUPHUDGDQDSURVYMHWQRNXOWXUQRPX]GL]DQMX8SRþHWNX VX ELOL DQDOIDEHWVNL WHþDMHYL D ]DWLP GROD]L GR RVQLYDQMD ELEOLRWHND þLWDRQLFD QDURGQLK XQLYHU]LWHWD ]LGQLK L XVPHQLK QRYLQD 0DWHULMDOQD XODJDQMD X NXOWXUX UDVOD VX L] JRGLQH X JRGLQX DOL VX þHVWR ELOD QHGRYROMQD 1DMYHüL GLR MH RWSDGDR QDSODüHXSRVOHQLNDL]REODVWLSURVYMHWHLNXOWXUHDQDMPDQMHVUHGVWDYDMHXODJDQR XL]JUDGQMXQRYLKREMHNDWD]DEUåLNXOWXUQLQDSUHGDN%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDVHX SRVOLMHUDWQRP SHULRGX REQRYLOD UHRUJDQL]LUDOD L VD QRYLP VDGUåDMLPD SRNUHQXOD MHUDGVWDULKNXOWXUQLKLQVWLWXFLMDVWYDUDMXüLPUHåXXPMHWQLþNLKXGUXåHQMDSRPRüX NRMLKMHRNXSOMDODLXVPMHUDYDODUDGXPMHWQLND5=QDWDQGLRNXOWXUQRJåLYRWDX%RVQL L+HUFHJRYLQLVHL]YMHVQRYULMHPHSRVOLMHRVORERÿHQMDRGYLMDRXRNYLUXSUHGUDWQLK QDFLRQDOQLKNXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQLKGUXãWDYD 2VLP QDFLRQDOQLK NXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQLK GUXãWYD SRVOLMH RVORERÿHQMD UD]YLMHQD VX ELOD L EURMQD DPDWHUVND NXOWXUQRXPMHWQLþND GUXãWYD QD þLWDYRP SURVWRUX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH þLMH MH RVQLYDQMH L GMHODWQRVW LPDOR ]D FLOM REXKYDWDQMHãWRYHüHJEURMDUDGQLþNHVHRVNHVUHGQMRãNROVNHLVWXGHQWVNHRPODGLQH 5DGLORVHRUD]YRMXNXOWXUQRJåLYRWDXUD]QRYUVQLPREOLFLPDLQDPDVRYQRMRVQRYL GD NXOWXUD EXGH EOLVND L GRVWXSQD QDMãLUHP NUXJX OMXGL D PDVRYQRVW UD]YLMDQMD NXOWXUHELRMHVWDYSROLWLNH.3-=QDþDMQRSRGUXþMHXUD]YLMDQMXLãLUHQMXNXOWXUQH GMHODWQRVWL X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL QDNRQ JRGLQH ELOR MH RUJDQL]RYDQMH L XQDSUHÿLYDQMHL]GDYDþNHGMHODWQRVWL'RãORMHGRVWYDUDQMDL]GDYDþNLKRUJDQL]DFLMD Ä6YMHWORVW³ JRGLQH Ä6HOMDþND NQMLJD³ JRGLQH L Ä9HVHOLQ 0DVOHãD³ JRGLQH 6YHMHWRUH]XOWLUDORREMDYOMLYDQMHPEURMQLKGMHODL]REODVWLVWUXþQH OLWHUDWXUHNQMLåHYQRVWLSROLWLþNHOLWHUDWXUHLSXEOLFLVWLNH10 3 9.DW]2VQRYQDRELOMHåMDDJLWSURSNXOWXUHX%L+ 6HQLMD0LOLãLü,QVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLMDQDXNHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 6DUDMHYR 5 9.DW]2VQRYQDRELOMHåMDDJLWSURSNXOWXUHX%L+ 2 UDGX QDFLRQDOQLK NXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQLK GUXãWDYD X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL X SHULRGX JRGLQH YLGL UDG DXWRUD -DVPLQ -DMþHYLü 6HPLU +DGåLPXVLü .XOWXUQRSURVYMHWQD GUXãWYD X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL X SHULRGX JRGLQH X 3ULOR]L KLVWRULML %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X VRFLMDOLVWLþNRM-XJRVODYLML=ERUQLNUDGRYDVDQDXþQRJVNXSDÄ%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDXVRFLMDOLVWLþNRM -XJRVODYLML RG8VWDYD GR'HNODUDFLMHRQH]DYLVQRVWL JRGLQH³RGUåDQRJX0RVWDUX JRGLQH(GLFLMD=ERUQLFL.QMLJD6DUDMHYR 9LãH YLGL 6UHWHQ 1LQNRYLü .XOWXUQRXPMHWQLþNL DPDWHUL]DP X .XOWXUD X 6RFLMDOLVWLþNRM 5HSXEOLFL%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 6DUDMHYR 6HQLMD 0LOLãLü 2 UD]YRMX QDXNH SURVYMHWH L NXOWXUH X %RVQLL +HUFHJRYLQL 3ULOR]L ,QVWLWXWD]DLVWRULMXEU6DUDMHYR GDOMH 60LOLãLü2UD]YRMXQDXNHSURVYMHWHLNXOWXUH X%L+ ,VWRULMD6DYH]DNRPXQLVWD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNQMLJD6DUDMHYR GDOMH ,VWRULMD6. %L+ 10 3RVHEQRWUHEDLVWDüLGMHODNQMLåHYQLND,YH$QGULüD,VDND6DPRNRYOLMH%UDQNDûRSLüD+DP]H 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRPQDRVQLYDQMH .XOWXUQL åLYRW MH ELR RERJDüHQ RVQLYDQMHP EURMQLK LQVWLWXFLMD ELEOLRWHND DUKLYD PX]HMD JDOHULMD SR]RULãWD GRPRYD NXOWXUH QDURGQLK L UDGQLþNLK XQLYHU]LWHWD]DYRGD]D]DãWLWXVSRPHQLNDLWG6YHRYHLQVWLWXFLMHGDOHVXRJURPDQ GRSULQRV UD]YRMX L D¿UPDFLML NXOWXUH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL D VDPLP WLP L QMHQ LVWLQVNL SUHREUDåDM L QDSUHGDN .XOWXUQD SROLWLND X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL ELOD MH XVPMHUHQDQDMDþDQMHPUHåHNXOWXUQLKQDXþQLKLGUXJLKLQVWLWXFLMD9DåQRPMHVWRX RNYLUXLQVWLWXFLMDLPDOHVXELEOLRWHNH1RYDYODVWMHSRPDJDODRVQLYDQMHELEOLRWHND L REH]EMHÿLYDOD LP MH PDWHULMDOQD VUHGVWYD 2VQRYDQ MH YHOLNL EURM VWUXþQLK L VSHFLMDOQLKELEOLRWHNDUD]OLþLWRJUDQJDL]QDþDMD 2SüHQLWRRELEOLRWHNDPD 3RMDYD ELEOLRWHND L ELEOLRWHNDUVWYD X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL11 YHåH VH ]D SRVOMHGQMHJRGLQH VWROMHüDDQRVLRFLUD]YRMDELEOLRWHþNHGMHODWQRVWLGRSRþHWND 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD ELOD VX QDFLRQDOQRNRQIHVLRQDOQD L JUDÿDQVND NXOWXUQR SURVYMHWQDGUXãWYDWHYMHUVNHLGUåDYQHREUD]RYQHXVWDQRYH7UHEDLVWDüLLGDVX SULMHSRþHWNDUDWDSRVWRMHüHELEOLRWHNHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLQDOD]LOHVHXJODYQRP X YHüLP JUDGRYLPD 3HULRG 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD LPDR MH YHOLNH SRVOMHGLFH ]D ELEOLRWHNH L ELEOLRWHþNX JUDÿX 1DLPH L]YUãHQR MH XQLãWDYDQMH L SOMDþNDQMH ELEOLRWHþNH JUDÿH 3UHPD VDNXSOMHQLP SRGDFLPD 1LMHPFL L ,WDOLMDQL VX RGQLMHOL SUHNRYULMHGQLKLULMHWNLKNQMLJDþLMLMHEURMXVWYDUQRVWLELRPQRJRYHüL8 +XPH0HãH6HOLPRYLüDLGUNDRLL]GDYDQMHEURMQLKþDVRSLVD Ä3UHJOHG³Ä%UD]GD³Ä=RUD³Ä2GMHN³ Ä2PODGLQVND ULMHþ³ L GU9LãH R RYRPH YLGL 6HQDLG +DGåLü 6HDG 6HOLPRYLü .XOWXUD L WUDGLFLMD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 9LãHPLOHQLMVNL NRQWLQXLWHW7X]OD L GDOMH 6 +DGåLü 6 6HOLPRYLü .XOWXUD L WUDGLFLMD X %L+); ,VWRULMD 6. %L+ 9RMLVODY0DNVLPRYLü .QMLåHYQR VWYDUDODãWYRX .XOWXUDX6RFLMDOLVWLþNRM5HSXEOLFL%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 11 3RVWRML YLãH NULWHULMD SRPRüX NRMLK VH PRåH GH¿QLVDWL WHULWRULMDOQL RNYLU VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH ,SDNRYGMHMHGH¿QLVDQMHSURVWRUDVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQHL]YUãHQRSUHPDDGPLQLVWUDWLYQRWHULWRULMDOQRM SRGMHOL 1DURGQH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NRMD VH SRVOLMH 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD PLMHQMDOD YLãHSXWDLWR 2GOXNRP=$912%L+DRGIHEUXDUD JRGLQHLVOLMHGRPWH2GOXNHGRQHãHQLP ]DNRQRPRSRGMHOL)HGHUDOQH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQDRNUXJHVUH]RYHLSRGUXþMDPMHVQLKQDURGQLK RGERUD =DNRQRWHULWRULMDOQRMSRGMHOL)HGHUDOQH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQDRNUXJHVUH]RYHLSRGUXþMD PMHVQLK QDURGQLK RGERUD Ä6OXåEHQL OLVW )HGHUDOQH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH³ EU 6DUDMHYR ]DWLPMXOD JRGLQH =DNRQRDGPLQLVWUDWLYQRWHULWRULMDOQRMSRGMHOL1DURGQH5HSXEOLNH %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRGMXOD Ä6OOLVW15%L+³EU LDSULOD JRGLQH =DNRQR DGPLQLVWUDWLYQRWHULWRULMDOQRMSRGMHOL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRG JRGLQHÄ6OOLVW15%L+³ EU 5DG XJODYQRP SUDWL DGPLQLVWUDWLYQRWHULWRULMDOQX SRGMHOX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SUHPD =DNRQXL]DXJXVWD JRGLQHX]LPDMXüLXRE]LUSULMHVYHJDWX]ODQVNLRNUXJLQMHJRYLKVUH]RYD ELMHOMLQVNL EUþDQVNL ERVDQVNRãDPDþNL OXNDYDþNL JUDGDþDþNL XJOMHYLþNL NODGDQMVNL ORSDUVNL VUHEUHQLþNL WX]ODQVNL YODVHQLþNL L ]YRUQLþNL VUH] WH GLR GRERMVNRJ RNUXJD WDþQLMH VD JUDþDQLþNLP VUH]RP 9HUD.DW] 'UXãWYHQL L HNRQRPVNL UD]YRM %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 6DUDMHYR ,]HW âDERWLü 'UXãWYHQRSROLWLþNH L SULYUHGQH NDUDNWHULVWLNH ãLUHJ WX]ODQVNRJ SRGUXþMD RG GR JRGLQH6D]QDQMDýDVRSLV]DKLVWRULMXEU7X]OD $UKLY %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH GDOMH $%L+ IRQG 0LQLVWDUVWYR SURVYMHWH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH GDOMH 03%L+ NGRN/LNYLGDFLMDQHSLVPHQRVWLLPDVRYQRNXOWXUQLUDG 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û %RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLMH JRGLQHHYLGHQWLUDQRXQLãWHQLKLRãWHüHQLK ELEOLRWHNDNRMHVXLPDOHGUDJRFMHQHNQMLåQHIRQGRYH13 1DNRQ'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDELEOLRWHNHNDRNXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQHXVWDQRYH LPDOHVX]DGDWDNGDãLUHSURVYMHWXLNXOWXUXXVYLPPMHVWLPDJGMHUDQLMHQLMHELOR ãNROVNLK L NXOWXUQLK XVWDQRYD L GD SRYHüDMX LQWHUHVRYDQMH ]D NQMLJX .DNR EL WR SRVWLJOL NRULVWLOL VX VH UD]QLP QDþLQLPD DJLWDFLMH L SRSXODUL]DFLMH ELEOLRWHND 3RVHEQR VX ELOH DNWXHOQH SRNUHWQH ELEOLRWHNH SRWRP SRSXODUL]DFLMD ELEOLRWHND SUHGDYDQMLPDL]ORåEDPDNQMLJDSXWHPNQMLåHYQLKYHþHULVLMHODþLWDODþNLKJUXSD LWG9HüXSUYLPXSXWVWYLPD]DRUJDQL]DFLMXELEOLRWHNDLþLWDRQLFDVDYMHWRYDORVH RWYDUDQMH ELEOLRWHND L þLWDRQLFD X VYLP PMHVWLPD JGMH VX SRVWRMDOL XVORYL 3RVOLMH WRJD WUHEDOR MH SRSXQLWL ELEOLRWHþNL IRQG VD ÄGREULP NQMLJDPD³ L]YUãLWL þLãüHQMH IRQGRYD ELEOLRWHND RG ÄNRMHNDNYH SHWSDUDþNH OLWHUDWXUH³ WH GDVH X ELEOLRWHNDPD LþLWDRQLFDPDXYHGHUHGSRSLWDQMXOLVWRYDLNQMLJD8VXãWLQLELEOLRWHNHLþLWDRQLFH VXLPDOH]DGDWDNGD³L]YXNXOMXGHL]NDIDQD³LGDSULYXNXLQWHUHVQDURGD]DVWLFDQMH ÄSUDYLOQLKVKYDWDQMDL]QDQMD³15.QMLåQLFHLþLWDRQLFHVXWUHEDOHGDEXGXÄXUHGQHL þLVWH³ÄGDVYRMLPL]JOHGRPSULYXNXþLWDRFD³PRUDOHVXELWLVQDGEMHYHQHGQHYQRP FHQWUDOQRP]HPDOMVNRPLORNDOQRPãWDPSRPþDVRSLVLPDLLOXVWURYDQLPOLVWRYLPD 2GãWDPSHNRMDMHPRUDODELWLXþLWDRQLFDPDQDYRGHVHOLVWRYLÄ%RUED³Ä6DUDMHYVNL GQHYQLN³Ä2VORERÿHQMH³Ä)URQWVORERGH³Ä1DSUHG³DRGþDVRSLVDÄ3UHJOHG³Ä GDQD³Ä-XJRVODYLMDL6665³ 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQL 1DNRQ RVORERÿHQMD ]HPOMH 0LQLVWDUVWYR SURVYMHWH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SRþHORMHUDGLWLQDMDþDQMXPUHåHELEOLRWHNDRVQLYDQMHPJUDGVNLKVUHVNLKLPMHVQLK QDURGQLKELEOLRWHND1RYRRVQRYDQHQDURGQHELEOLRWHNHVXGRELMDOHEHVSODWQLNQMLåQL IRQGRG&HQWUDOQHELEOLRWHNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNRMLMHL]QRVLRRGGR NQMLJD VD SRWUHEQLP REUDVFLPD ]D SRþHWDN UDGD .DVQLMH RNWREUD JRGLQH L]YUãHQDMHUHRUJDQL]DFLMD&HQWUDOQHELEOLRWHNHDOLLRNUXåQLKLVUHVNLKELEOLRWHND 2GWDGD1DURGQDELEOLRWHND%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHGRELMDVDYMHWRGDYQXXORJXGRN XORJX VQDGEMHYDþD SUHX]LPDMX RNUXåQH L VUHVNH QDURGQH ELEOLRWHNH =DGDWDN 13 9LãHRELEOLWHNDPDNQMLåQLFDPDLþLWDRQLFDPDLQMLKRYRMGMHODWQRVWLSULMH JRGLQHYLGLX /MXELQND%DãRYLü%LEOLRWHNHLELEOLRWHNDUVWYRX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 6DUDMHYR GDOMH /M%DãRYLü%LEOLRWHNHX%L+ /DPLMD+DGåLRVPDQRYLü%LEOLRWHNHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL ]DYULMHPHDXVWURXJDUVNHYODGDYLQH6DUDMHYR *UXSDDXWRUD3LVDQDULMHþX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL RGQDMVWDULMLKYUHPHQDGR JRGLQH6DUDMHYR ĈRUÿH3HMDQRYLü,VWRULMDELEOLRWHNDX%RVQLL +HUFHJRYLQL RGSRþHWNDGRGDQDV6DUDMHYR $%L+03%L+NGRN/LNYLGDFLMDQHSLVPHQRVWLLPDVRYQRNXOWXUQLUDG 15 $UKLY 7X]ODQVNRJ NDQWRQD 7X]OD GDOMH $7.7 IRQG 2NUXåQL QDURGQL RGERU 7X]OD GDOMH 2.127 N GRN6DUDMHYR $7.7 IRQG 6UHVNL QDURGQL RGERU 7X]OD GDOMH 6127 N I GRN =DSLVQLN NRQIHUHQFLMHRGRNWREUD JRGLQH7X]OD $%L+03%L+NGRN/LNYLGDFLMDQHSLVPHQRVWLLPDVRYQRNXOWXUQLUDG 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRPQDRVQLYDQMH RNUXåQLK ELEOLRWHND ELR MH GD QDEDYOMDMX QDXþQH NQMLJH GD SRSXODULãX ELEOLRWHNH GDEH]YHüHRUJDQL]DFLRQHSRYH]QRVWLVQDGEMHYDMXNQMLJDPDLGDMXVDYMHWHVUHVNLP ELEOLRWHNDPDNRMHVXGMHORYDOHVDPRVWDOQR6UHVNHELEOLRWHNHXJODYQRPIRUPLUDQH L]YHüLKELEOLWRWHNDLOLVSDMDQMHPPDQMLKLSRNUHWQLKELEOLRWHNDLPDOHVX]DGDWNHGD RUJDQL]XMXUXNRYRGHLãDOMXSRNUHWQHELEOLRWHNHXPDQMDPMHVWDLVHODNDNRELVH VWYRULODEROMDÄFLUNXODFLMDNQMLJD³LGDQDVHOLPDRVQLYDMXþLWDRQLFH3RGSRNUHWQLP NQMLåQLFDPDSRGUD]XPLMHYDORVHGRNQMLJDNRMHVXVODWHQDVHODXVDQGXFLPD L GDYDQH ORNDOQLP XþLWHOMLPD GD YRGH EULJX R QMLPD 2NUXåQRP ELEOLRWHNRP MH UXNRYRGLR VWDOQR SODüHQL ELEOLRWHNDU VUHVNX ELEOLRWHNX MH XVOLMHG QHGRVWDWND ELEOLRWHNDUDPRJDRYRGLWLþDNLXþLWHOMNRMLMHRGRGERUDGRELMDRÄL]YMHVQXQDJUDGX³ NDRSODWXGRNMHSRNUHWQRPELEOLRWHNRPUXNRYRGLRXþLWHOMLOLXVOXþDMXQHGRVWDWND XþLWHOMDþODQPDVRYQHRUJDQL]DFLMH 1DNRQ RVORERÿHQMD ]HPOMH PDMD JRGLQH GRQHVHQD MH RGOXND R RVQLYDQMX FHQWUDOQH 1DURGQH ELEOLRWHNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X 6DUDMHYX NRMD MHYHüGRMXODXVYRPIRQGXLPDODRNRVYH]DND 2VQLYDQMHRYHELEOLRWHNH SUHGVWDYOMDR MH NUXSDQ NRUDN X UD]YRMX ELEOLRWHNDUVWYD L NXOWXUH XRSüH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL2QDMHSUHGVWDYOMDODMHGQXRGQDMYDåQLMLKNXOWXUQLKLQVWLWXFLMDX]HPOML D VD RVQLYDQMHP 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 6DUDMHYX VHSWHPEUD JRGLQH REDYOMDOD MH L IXQNFLMXXQLYHU]LWHWVNHELEOLRWHNH3RþHWNRP JRGLQHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL VXGMHORYDOHNQMLåQLFHLþLWDRQLFHVDIRQGRPRG NQMLJD%URMNQMLåQLFDL þLWDRQLFDVHXMXOX JRGLQHSRYHüDRQDRGþHJDVHXEDQMDOXþNRPRNUXJX QDOD]LODXVDUDMHYVNRPXELKDüNRPXWX]ODQVNRPXWUDYQLþNRPX KHUFHJRYDþNRMREODVWLLNQMLåQLFDLþLWDRQLFDX6DUDMHYX 3ULND] EURMD NQMLåQLFD L þLWDRQLFD VD VWDQMHP IRQGD NQMLJD NUDMHP JRGLQH WH EURM SURþLWDQLK NQMLJD X WRNX GHFHPEUD JRGLQH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQLSUHGVWDYOMHQMHXVOLMHGHüRMWDEHOL $7.7 6127 N I GRN =DSLVQLN NRQIHUHQFLMH RG RNWREUD JRGLQH 7X]OD $7.7IRQG 2NUXåQLNRPLWHW.RPXQLVWLþNHSDUWLMH-XJRVODYLMH7X]OD GDOMH 2. .3- N GRN ,,D7X]OD $7.7 IRQG 2SãWLQVNL NRPLWHW 6DYH]D NRPXQLVWD %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH%DQRYLüL GDOMH 2.6.%L+%D NIGRN3ODQ]LPVNHNDPSDQMH *UXSDDXWRUD1DURGQDELEOLRWHND%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 6DUDMHYR 9LãHR1DURGQRMELEOLRWHFL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHYLGL *UXSDDXWRUD1DURGQDELEOLRWHND%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQH 6DUDMHYR /M%DãRYLü%LEOLRWHNHX%L+ 6+DGåLü 66HOLPRYLü.XOWXUDLWUDGLFLMDX%L+ %UDQND'RNQLü0LOLü3HWURYLü,YDQ+RIPDQ%URMQLSRGDFLRUDGXQDQDURGQRPSURVYMHüLYDQMX SRVYLPVHNWRULPDX')-]DãNROVNX X .XOWXUQDSROLWLND-XJRVODYLMH =ERUQLN GRNXPHQDWD .QMLJD , %HRJUDG GDOMH % 'RNQLü 0 3HWURYLü , +RIPDQ .XOWXUQD SROLWLND-XJRVODYLMH /M%DãRYLü%LEOLRWHNHX%L+ 7DEHODMHIRUPLUDQDQDRVQRYXSRGDWDNDX %'RNQLü03HWURYLü,+RIPDQ6WDWLVWLþNLSRGDFL RQDURGQRPSURVYMHüLYDQMX]DPMHVHFGHFHPEDU X .XOWXUQDSROLWLND-XJRVODYLMH 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û 2NUXJ*UDG .QMLåQLFDLþLWDRQLFD Knjiga 3URþLWDQLKXGHFHPEUX Grad Sarajevo 850 Sarajevo 747 Banja Luka 873 %LKDü 20 Doboj 1.324 0RVWDU 1.526 Tuzla 673 Travnik - Ukupno 258 95.180 6.013 .UDMHP JRGLQH EURM NQMLåQLFD L þLWDRQLFD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL MH L]QRVLR VD IRQGRP RG NQMLJD RG þHJD MH WRNRP GHFHPEUD SURþLWDQR NQMLJDLOLVWRYD3UHPDSRGDFLPDL]WDEHOHXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQL 7X]ODL 'RERM NUDMHP JRGLQHELORMHNQMLåQLFDLþLWDRQLFDRGQRVQRVD IRQGRP RG NQMLJD WM RG þHJD MH X WRNX GHFHPEUD SURþLWDQR NQMLJDLOLVWRYDRGQRVQRXRGQRVXQD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX 8SHULRGXRG GR JRGLQHYUãLORVHREQDYOMDQMHUHRUJDQL]DFLMDL IRUPLUDQMHYHüLKELEOLRWHNDNRMHüHSUROD]LWLWUDQVIRUPDFLMXRGORNDOQLKLJUDGVNLK GRVUHVNLKLRNUXåQLKELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQL1DURGQDELEOLRWHNDX7X]OL RVQRYDQD MH X RNWREUX JRGLQH DOL VD ]YDQLþQLP UDGRP SRþHOD MH QHNROLNR PMHVHFLNDVQLMHXSUROMHüH JRGLQH9LãHR1DURGQRMELEOLRWHFLX7X]OLXELWL üHJRYRUDXSRVHEQRPSRJODYOMX 1DURGQDELEOLRWHNDÄ$KPHW.RELü³X%UþNRPRVQRYDQDMH JRGLQH %LEOLRWHND MH QDVWDOD QD RVQRYX SULMHUDWQH 5DGQLþNH ELEOLRWHNH 8MHGLQMHQLK UDGQLþNLKVLQGLNDWDNRMDMHRG JRGLQHSRVWDODELEOLRWHND5DGQLþNRJNXOWXUQR XPMHWQLþNRJGUXãWYDÄ9DVR3HODJLü³LNRMDMHUDGLODVYHGR]DEUDQH JRGLQH 7RNRP UDWD QDMYUHGQLML GLR NQMLåQRJ IRQGD MH VDþXYDQ X VNORQLãWLPD WDNR GD MH SRþHWQLIRQGQRYRRWYRUHQHELEOLRWHNHL]QRVLRNQMLJD8SRVOLMHUDWQRPSHULRGX UDGLUD]YRMELEOLRWHNHX%UþNRPXVSRUHQMHSUREOHPRPVPMHãWDMDLQHGRYROMQLP ¿QDQVLUDQMHP 1DURGQD ELEOLRWHND Ä)LOLS 9LãQMLü³ X %LMHOMLQL VYRMH NRULMHQH YXþH MRã L] SULMHUDWQRJ GRED 3RVOLMH RVORERÿHQMD ]HPOMH SRNUHüH VH SLWDQMH REQDYOMDQMD *UXSDDXWRUD1DURGQDL8QLYHU]LWHWVNDELEOLRWHNDÄ'HUYLã6XãLü³7X]OD 0RQRJUD¿MD JRGLQDSRVWRMDQMD7X]OD GDOMH *DXWRUD1DURGQDL8QLYHU]LWHWVNDELEOLRWHNDÄ'HUYLã 6XãLü³ /M%DãRYLü%LEOLRWHNHX%L+ .QMLåQLFD Ä)LOLS 9LãQMLü³ RVQRYDQD MH QRYHPEUD JRGLQH X RNYLUX LVWRLPHQRJ SURVYMHWQRJ GUXãWYD D JRGLQH NQMLåQLFD MH SUHUDVOD X ELEOLRWHNX Ä)LOLS 9LãQMLü³ NRMD MH VD 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRPQDRVQLYDQMH NQMLåQLFHDRWRPHVHUDVSUDYOMDORVHSWHPEUD JRGLQHQDVMHGQLFLþODQRYD SURVYMHWQRJ GUXãWYD Ä)LOLS 9LãQMLü³ 7DþDQ GDWXP REQDYOMDQMD NQMLåQLFH QLMH SR]QDWDOLWRVHGHVLORSRþHWNRP JRGLQH'UXãWYRÄ)LOLS9LãQMLü³MHRGPDK RUJDQL]RYDORSRNUHWQLKNQMLåQLFDLSRVODORLKQDWHUHQ9HüPDMD JRGLQH SUHGODåH VH VSDMDQMH .QMLåQLFH Ä)LOLS 9LãQMLü³ VD 1DURGQRP ELEOLRWHNRP NRMD WUHED GD VH RUJDQL]XMH X %LMHOMLQL 8EU]R QDNRQ WRJD RUJDQL]RYDQD MH ELEOLRWHND SRG QD]LYRP 1DURGQD ELEOLRWHND Ä)LOLS 9LãQMLü³ .QMLåQL IRQG ELEOLRWHNH X SRVOLMHUDWQRPSHULRGXGRVWLJDRMHFLIUXRGSUHNRNQMLJDGRNVHUDGELEOLRWHNH LþLWDRQLFDRGYLMDRXSURVWRULMD 6WDQMHELEOLRWHNDX'RERMX JRGLQHELORMHORãH2GNQMLåQLFDXJUDGX VX ELOH GYLMH YHüH þLML YODVQLFL VX ELOL VDUDGQLFL RNXSDWRUD MHGQD 'DQND /D]LüD L GUXJD0RVVHUDLNRMHVXNRQ¿VNRYDQH)RQGWLKNRQ¿VNRYDQLKNQMLåQLFDMHL]QRVLR RNRLX]NQMLJDGREURYROMQRJSULORJDLVNRULãWHQMH]DRWYDUDQMHJUDGVNH ELEOLRWHNH X 'RERMX 1DURGQD ELEOLRWHND X 'RERMX RVQRYDQD MH JRGLQH QD LQLFLMDWLYX &HQWUDOQH ELEOLRWHNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NRMD MH WRP SULOLNRP SRNORQLODRNRNQMLJDãWRMHX]SULORJHJUDÿDQDþLQLORSRþHWQLNQMLåQLIRQG8 SUYRPSHULRGXELEOLRWHNDMHLPDODVWDWXVJUDGVNHQDURGQHELEOLRWHNH30DRG JRGLQH1DURGQDELEOLRWHNDX'RERMXGRELODMHVWDWXVVUHVNHELEOLRWHNH7RNRP JRGLQHELEOLRWHNDMHUDGLODWULGDQDXVHGPLFLLELODMHSRGUXNRYRGVWYRP0XQHYHUH %HãODJLü %LEOLRWHND MH ELOD VQDGEMHYHQD VYLP SRWUHEQLP NQMLJDPD RG VWUDQH 'UåDYQRJL]GDYDþNRJSUHGX]HüDÄ6YMHWORVW³.RULVQLFLELEOLRWHNHVXXJODYQRPELOL ÿDFLJLPQD]LMHX'RERMXLÿDFLRVQRYQLKãNROD31 1DURGQD ELEOLRWHND X 'HUYHQWL QDVWDOD MH QD ERJDWRM WUDGLFLML QDMVWDULMLK þLWDRQLFD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 1DLPH ]D YULMHPH DXVWURXJDUVNRJ SHULRGD QD SRGUXþMX'HUYHQWHRVQRYDQRMHãHVWþLWDRQLFDLWR 1DURGQDþLWDRQLFD*UDÿDQVND þLWDRQLFD 6USVND þLWDRQLFD +UYDWVND þLWDRQLFD *UDGVND þLWDRQLFD L .LUDHWKDQD 1DNRQ ]DYUãHWND UDWD QD LQLFLMDWLYX &HQWUDOQH ELEOLRWHNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH RVQRYDQDMH1DURGQDELEOLRWHNDX'HUYHQWLDSRþHWQLNQMLåQLIRQGRGNQMLJD VDNXSOMHQ MH NUR] UD]QH DNFLMH SRSXW SRNORQNQMLJD RG JUDÿDQD L VLQGLNDOQLK SRGUXåQLFDXJUDGXWHNUR]Ä=LPVNXSURVYMHWQXNDPSDQMX³ .UDMHP JRGLQH SUHPD L]YMHãWDMX ãHID 2GVMHND ]D QDURGQR SURVYMHüLYDQMHXWX]ODQVNRPRNUXJELORMH NQMLåQLFHLþLWDRQLFHVDIRQGRPRG NUDüLPSUHNLGRPUDGLODVYHGRSRþHWNDUDWD7RNRP'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDELEOLRWHNDQLMHUDGLODD WRNRPUDWDL]ELEOLRWHNHVXQHVWDOHYULMHGQHNQMLJHQDURþLWROHNVLNRQLãWRMHRVLURPDãLORQMHQIRQG 0XVWDID*UDEþDQRYLü%LMHOMLQDL%LMHOMLQFL%LMHOMLQD GDOMH 0%UDEþDQRYLü%LMHOMLQD L%LMHOMLQFL *UXSDDXWRUD1DURGQDELEOLRWHNDÄ)LOLS9LãQMLü³X%LMHOMLQL %LMHOMLQD 0*UDEþDQRYLü%LMHOMLQDL%LMHOMLQFL $7.72.127N IGRN,]YMHãWDMRVWDQMXELEOLRWHND%UþNR 30 /M%DãRYLü%LEOLRWHNHX%L+ 31 $7.7 2.127 N I GRN ,]YMHãWDM R QDURGQRP SURVYMHüLYDQMX L NXOWXUQR XPMHWQLþNRPUDGX'RERM /M%DãRYLü%LEOLRWHNHX%L+ 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û RNRNQMLJD33,SDNGHWDOMQLMHSRGDWNHRNQMLåQLFDPDLþLWDRQLFDPDGDMXQDP VWDWLVWLþNLSRGDFLRQDURGQRPSURVYMHüLYDQMXNUDMHP JRGLQH3UHPDQMLPDX WX]ODQVNRPRNUXJXUDGLORMHNQMLåQLFDLþLWDRQLFDVDNQMLJD2GVUHVNLK QDURGQLK RGERUD QDMYLãH NQMLåQLFD L þLWDRQLFD VH QDOD]LOR X ERVDQVNRãDPDþNRP VUH]X VD NQMLJD SRWRP OXNDYDþNRP VD NQMLJD EUþNDQVNRP VD NQMLJDJUDG7X]ODVDNQMLJDWX]ODQVNRPVUH]XVDNQMLJD XJOMHYLþNRPVDNQMLJDELMHOMLQVNRPVDNQMLJD]YRUQLþNRPVD VUHEUHQLþNRPVDJUDGDþDþNLVD JUDG%LMHOMLQDVDNQMLJD YODVHQLþNRPVUH]XVDORSDUVNRPVDJUDG%UþNRVDNQMLJDL NODGDQMVNRP VUH]X VD NQMLåQLFRP 3UHPD L]YMHãWDMX 3URVYMHWQRJ RGMHOMHQMD WX]ODQVNRJRNUXJDRVQRYQLQHGRVWDFLXUDGXELEOLRWHNDNQMLåQLFDLþLWDRQLFDWRNRP JRGLQHELOLVXQHDGHNYDWDQVPMHãWDMQHGRVWDWDNSURVWRULMDLVWUXþQRJNDGUD 3RUHGWRJDLQWHUHV]DNQMLJXQLMHELRGRYROMQRUD]YLMHQNRGQDURGDDSRSXODUL]DFLMH NQMLJH QLMH VH YUãLOR X GRYROMQRM PMHUL .QMLåQLFH L þLWDRQLFH VX X SRMHGLQLP PMHVWLPDVOXåLOH]DRNXSOMDQMHOMXGLUDGLUD]JRYRUDGDELVHLJUDOHUD]QHGUXãWYHQH LJUHGDELVHRGUåDYDOHNRQIHUHQFLMHLVOLþQR35 0UHåD ELEOLRWHND X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL XJODYQRP VH IRUPLUDOD WRNRP JRGLQH WDNR GD MH VYDNL JUDGVNL L VUHVNL QDURGQL RGERU LPDR RUJDQL]RYDQX VUHVNXELEOLRWHNXNRMDMHUDGLODVDL]X]HWNRP*UDþDQLFHL7X]OH1DLPHX*UDþDQLFL VUHVND ELEOLRWHND MH SUHVWDOD VD UDGRP ]ERJ QHGRVWDWND UXNRYRGLRFD GRN X 7X]OL VUHVND ELEOLRWHND QLMH UDGLOD ]ERJ QHGRVWDWND SURVWRULMD ãWR MH ULMHãHQR WHN X MXQX JRGLQH 6WDQMH VUHVNLK ELEOLRWHND L RVWDOLK ELEOLRWHND L þLWDRQLFD X VUH]RYLPD L JUDGRYLPDVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQHXSUYRMSRORYLQL JRGLQHSUHGVWDYOMHQRMHX VOLMHGHüRMWDEOL 33 $7.7 6127 N I GRN =DSLVQLN NRQIHUHQFLMH RG RNWREUD JRGLQH 7X]OD $7.72.127NIGRN6WDWLVWLþNLSRGDFLRUDGXQDQDURGQRPSURVYMHüLYDQMX XWRNX]LPVNHNDPSDQMH 35 $7.7 6127 N I GRN =DSLVQLN NRQIHUHQFLMH RG RNWREUD JRGLQH 7X]OD $7.72.127NIGRN 3ROXJRGLãQMLL]YMHãWDMRNXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQRPLNXOWXUQR XPMHWQLþNRPUDGX7X]OD 3RGDFL]DELMHOMLQVNLVUH]XQLVXSRWSXQLGRNSRGDFLRWX]ODQVNRPJUDGDþDþNRPVUHEUHQLþNRP VUH]X WH SRGDFL R 6UHVNRM ELEOLRWHFL X 7X]OL QLVX GRVWXSQL DXWRUX RYRJ UDGD 7DEHOD MH IRUPLUDQD QD RVQRYX SRGDWDND X $7.7 2.127 N GRN 3ROXJRGLãQML L]YMHãWDM R NXOWXUQR SURVYMHWQRPLNXOWXUQRXPMHWQLþNRPUDGX7X]OD 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRPQDRVQLYDQMH Sreske biblioteka Ostale biblioteke 6UH]*UDG .QMLJD 3URþLWDQLK ýLWDODFD %LEOLRWHND .QMLJD 3URþLWDQLK ýLWDODFD Bijeljina Bijeljina grad 1 500 Bos. Brod 50 13 %UþNR 11 %UþNRJUDG 1 Derventa Derventa grad Doboj 15 Doboj grad 5 51 *UDþDQLFD Lopare 101 0DJODM 3 0RGULþD 2GåDN 7HVOLü 300 Vlasenica 1 500 =DYLGRYLüL Zvornik Ukupno 25.665 9.724 5.080 161 18.808 11.741 9.399 8 VUHVNLP ELEOLRWHNDPDVMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH QDOD]LORVH NQMLJD L þLWDODFDGRNXRVWDOLPELEOLRWHNDPDLþLWDRQLFDPDNRMLKMHELORQDOD]LOR VHNQMLJDVD þLWDODFD3UHPDWDEHOLQDMYHüLEURMNQMLJDLELEOLRWHNDELR MHXELMHOMLQVNRPSRGUXþMX1DLPHSRORYLQDNQMLJDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLQDOD]LOD VHX6UHVNRMELEOLRWHFLX%LMHOMLQLWDþQLMHNQMLJDGRNXSUHRVWDOLPVUHVNLP ELEOLRWHNDPDVHQDOD]LOR NQMLJD5D]ORJWRJDELRMHERJDWIRQGELEOLRWHNH UDQLMHJ GUXãWYD Ä)LOLS 9LãQMLü³ NRMD VH QDNRQ UHRUJDQL]DFLMH SUHWYRULOD X VUHVNX ELEOLRWHNX86UHVNRMELEOLRWHFLX%LMHOMLQLQDOD]LORVHRGQRVQRþLWDODFD X RGQRVX QD RVWDOH VUH]RYH 8 ELMHOMLQVNRP VUH]X VH X RGQRVX QD RVWDOH VUH]RYH VMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQHQDOD]LORLQDMYLãHELEOLRWHNDLþLWDRQLFDRGQRVQR JGMHVHQDOD]LORNQMLJDWMXSURVMHNXSR NQMLJHQDMHGQXELEOLRWHNXRGQRVQR þLWDRQLFX2GGUXJLKVUHVNLKELEOLRWHNDSRYHOLþLQLIRQGDLEURMXþLWDODFDLVWLþXVH 6UHVNDELEOLRWHNDX'RERMXNRMDMHLPDODNQMLJHRGQRVQRLWM þLWDODFDXRGQRVXQDGUXJHVUHVNHELEOLRWHNH2GRVWDOLKVUHVNLKELEOLRWHNDSR YHOLþLQLIRQGDLEURMXþLWDODFDVHLVWLþXELEOLRWHNDX%UþNRPVDNQMLJDLOL WHRGQRVQR þLWDODFDSRWRPX=DYLGRYLüLPDVDNQMLJDLOL 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û LLOLþLWDODFD7HVOLüXVD WMNQMLJDLRGQRVQR þLWDODFD X RGQRVX QD GUXJH VUHVNH ELEOLRWHNH VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH 1DMYHüL EURM RVWDOLK ELEOLRWHND L þLWDRQLFD SRUHG ELMHOMLQVNRJ VUH]D QDOD]LR VH X GHUYHQWVNRP VUH]X RGQRVQR SRWRP JUDþDQLþNRP LOL GRERMVNRP WM ERVDQVNREURGVNRPWMEUDþDQVNRPRGQRVQRELEOLRWHND LþLWDRQLFDXRGQRVXQDRVWDOHVUH]RYHVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQH 8 WX]ODQVNRP VUH]X SRþHWNRP JRGLQH UDGLOR MH NQMLåQLFD L þLWDRQLFDNRMHVXLPDOHNQMLJHDEURMSURþLWDQLKNQMLJDXWRNXPDUWDL]QRVLR MH 3UHPD L]YMHãWDMX SRVMHWLRFL ELEOLRWHND X WX]ODQVNRP VUH]X VX XJODYQRP ELOL ÿDFL L QDXþQLFL GRN UDGQLFL L QDPMHVQLFL VX ULMHWNR SRVMHüLYDOL ELEOLRWHNH 8 VHRVNLPSRGUXþMLPDþLWDQMHNQMLJDVHXJODYQRPYUãLORNUR]þLWDODþNHJUXSH1DMYLãH þLWDQH NQMLJH VX DXWRUD .DWDMHYD *RUNRJ âROKRD ûRSLüD LWG 8 JUDGDþDþNRP VUH]X UDGLOD MH MHGQD ELEOLRWHND VUHVNRJ ]QDþDMD YLãH ELEOLRWHND PMHVQRJ ]QDþDMD LQHNROLNRþLWDRQLFD3UHPDL]YMHãWDMXXVORYLUDGDVUHVNHELEOLRWHNHX*UDGDþFXVX ELOLORãLDRWRPHJRYRULþLQMHQLFDGDELEOLRWHNDUQLMHELRSODüHQGXåHYULMHPH 8 VUHEUHQLþNRPVUH]XWRNRP JRGLQHUDGLOHVXWULELEOLRWHNHRGNRMLKMHMHGQDELOD VUHVNDELEOLRWHNDDGUXJD]DGUXåQDELEOLRWHNDX%UDWXQFX3UHPDL]YMHãWDMXþLWDQMH NQMLJDMHELORGREURQDURþLWRWRNRPOMHWQRJUDVSXVWDNDGDVHRPODGLQDYUDüDODL] VUHGQMLK ãNROD 2G NQMLJD QDMYLãH VX VH þLWDOH NQMLJH L] PDUNVLVWLþNROHQMLQLVWLþNH OLWHUDWXUHLGRPDüHQRYHNQMLJHVDWHPDWLNRPQDURGQRRVORERGLODþNRJUDWD 7RNRP JRGLQH PUHåD QDURGQLK ELEOLRWHND X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL VH MRã YLãH ãLUL L XþYUãüXMH DOL X QHGRVWDWNX RUJDQL]RYDQH SRGUãNH L RGUHÿHQLKVPMHUQLFD]DUDGSRVHEQR]ERJQHGRVWDWNDNYDOL¿NRYDQRJELEOLRWHþNRJ NDGUD VWDJQLUD 7DNR MH NRG ÄPQRJLK ELEOLRWHND RVWDOD L]YMHVQD NROLþLQD NQMLJD NRMX VX GUåDOL QHJGMH X QHNRP RUPDUX LOL VDQGXNX³ %LEOLRWHNH VX RWYDUDQH L X RNYLUX SUHGX]HüD SD MH WDNR QD SRGUXþMX 6UHVNRJ VLQGLNDOQRJ YLMHüD7X]OD JRGLQHSRVWRMDORELEOLRWHNDVD NQMLJDL VWDOQLKþLWDODFD8%RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL VX JRGLQH UDGLOH ELEOLRWHNH L þLWDRQLFH RG þHJD MH ELOR ELEOLRWHND L þLWDRQLFD PDVRYQLK RUJDQL]DFLMD X NRMLPD VH QDOD]LOR NQMLJD PHÿXWLP SUHPD VWDWLVWLþNLP SRGDFLPD NRML VX L]QLMHWL QD 6DYMHWRYDQMX ELEOLRWHNDUD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHMXQD JRGLQHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLELOR MHELEOLRWHNDVDNQMLJHQHUDþXQDMXüLXRYDMEURMEOL]XãNROVNLK ELEOLRWHND SR RVQRYQLP L VUHGQMLP ãNRODPD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL L YHOLNL EURM PDQMLKELEOLRWHNDRGNQMLJDRPODGLQVNLKLVLQGLNDOQLKRUJDQL]DFLMD2G $7.76127N IGRN ,]YMHãWDMRNXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQRPUDGXVDSRGDFLPDXWRNX PDUWD 7X]OD $7.7 2.127 N I GRN 3ROXJRGLãQML L]YMHãWDM R QDURGQRP SURVYMHüLYDQMX *UDGDþDF $7.7 2.127 N I GRN 3ROXJRGLãQML L]YMHãWDM R NXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQRP L NXOWXUQRXPMHWQLþNRPUDGX6UHEUHQLFD /M%DãRYLü%LEOLRWHNHX%L+ )URQWVORERGHEU*RGLQD,97X]OD 0ODGHQýDOGDUHYLü3LWDQMHPDVRYQRJNXOWXUQRJUDGDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL3UHJOHG0MHVHþQLN ]DSROLWLþNDHNRQRPVNDLNXOWXUQDSLWDQMDVY,9NQM,,,JRG,,,6DUDMHYRDSULO 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRPQDRVQLYDQMH ELEOLRWHNDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLXJUDGRYLPDUDGLELEOLRWHNDDXVHOLPDUDGL VYHJDELEOLRWHND1DSRþHWNX JRGLQHELEOLRWHNHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL LPDOHVXVYHJDþLWDODFD1DMYHüXJUXSXþLWDODFDþLQLODMHRPODGLQD3UHPD SRGDFLPDL] JRGLQHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLMHELORELEOLRWHNDLþLWDRQLFD VDNQMLJD3UHPDSRGDFLPD JRGLQHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLMHELOD ELEOLRWHNDRGWRJDVSHFLMDOQHELEOLRWHNHLRSãWLKELEOLRWHND %LEOLRWHNHNQMLåQLFHLþLWDRQLFHELOHVXXVNRSRYH]DQH]DRSLVPHQMDYDQMH .DR MHGDQ RG DNWLYQLMLK REOLND SURVYMHüLYDQMD VWDQRYQLãWYD SUHGQRVW LP MH ELOD X WRPHãWRVXELOHSULVWXSDþQHQDMãLULPPDVDPDQLVXPQRJRNRãWDOHWHVXVHODJDQR PRJOHRUJDQL]RYDWLLRGUåDYDWL5DGQDRWYDUDQMXLREQDYOMDQMXELEOLRWHNDNQMLåQLFD LþLWDRQLFDELRMHQDURþLWRLQWH]LYDQXSHULRGXSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWD7DGD VX X VYLP YHüLP DGPLQLVWUDWLYQLP VUHGLãWLPD RVQRYDQH ELEOLRWHNH þLPH MH PUHåD ELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLXVSRVWDYOMHQD Osnivanje i rad Narodne biblioteke u Tuzli 5D]YRMELEOLRWHþNHGMHODWQRVWLX7X]OLWHPHOMLRVHGHFHQLMDPDQDQDFLRQDOQR NRQIHVLRQDOQLP L JUDÿDQVNLP NXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQLP GUXãWYLPD Ä3URVYMHWD³ Ä*DMUHW³ Ä1DSUHGDN³ LWG WH YMHUVNLP L GUåDYQLP REUD]RYQLP XVWDQRYDPD PHÿX NRMLPD SRVHEQR PMHVWR ]DX]LPD 'UåDYQD UHDOQD JLPQD]LMD %LEOLRWHND X *LPQD]LML RVLP VYRMH REUD]RYQRRGJRMQH XORJH X ãNROVNRP VPLVOX RGLJUDOD MH ]QDþDMQXXORJXLXSDWULRWVNRPLQDSUHGQRPRULMHQWLVDQMXRPODGLQH'DMHSRVWRMDOD MDYQD IXQNFLMD JLPQD]LMVNH ELEOLRWHNH JRYRUL L SRGDWDN GD VX þODQRYL 6DYH]D NRPXQLVWLþNHRPODGLQH-XJRVODYLMH 6.2-D L8MHGLQMHQRJVDYH]DDQWLIDãLVWLþNH RPODGLQH-XJRVODYLMH 86$2-D X7X]OLSUYHJRGLQHUDWDRGNQMLJDãWRVXLKXVWDãH VNXSLOHL]ãNRODLUD]QLKGUXãWDYDIRUPLUDOLLOHJDOQXRPODGLQVNXELEOLRWHNXNRMDMH IXQNFLRQLVDODGRSUYRJRVORERÿHQMD7X]OH%LODMHREDYH]DSURþLWDWLãWRYLãHNQMLJD LYUDWLWLNQMLJXXYH]DQXLXUHGQLMXQHJRãWRVHSULPLOD%LEOLRWHNXQHSULMDWHOMQLMH RWNULRDOLMHSOLMHQLRSRMHGLQHSULPMHUNHNQMLJDNRGXKDSãHQLKþODQRYD6.2-D 2VORERÿHQMHEU*RGLQD9,6DUDMHYRVULMHGD /M%DãRYLü%LEOLRWHNHX%L+ 3UHPDSRGDFLPDL]2VORERÿHQMD]D JRGLQHX %RVQL+HUFHJRYLQLRVQRYDQHVXELEOLRWHNHVDNQMLJD2VORERÿHQMHEU*RGLQD9, 6DUDMHYRVULMHGD )HGHUDWLYQD 1DURGQD 5HSXEOLND -XJRVODYLMD 6DYH]QL ]DYRG ]D VWDWLVWLNX .XOWXUD L XPMHWQRVW 6WDWLVWLþNL ELOWHQ EU %HRJUDG RNWREDU )HGHUDWLYQD 1DURGQD 5HSXEOLND -XJRVODYLMD6WDWLVWLþNLJRGLãQMDN)HGHUDWLYQH1DURGQH5HSXEOLNH-XJRVODYLMH %HRJUDGRNWREDU * DXWRUD 1DURGQD L 8QLYHU]LWHWVND ELEOLRWHND Ä'HUYLã 6XãLü³ )DWPLU $OLVSDKLü &UWLFH L] NXOWXUQH SURãORVWL7X]OH %DãWLQD VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH þDVRSLV ]D EDãWLQX NXOWXUQRKLVWRULMVNR L SULURGQRQDVOLMHÿHEU7X]OD GDOMH )$OLVSDKLü&UWLFHL]NXOWXUQHSURãORVWL 7X]OH *UXSDDXWRUD9DVSLWDQMHREUD]RYDQMHQDXNDLNXOWXUDX7X]OL 7X]OD 'HUYLã 6XãLü7X]ODSURãORVWLQIRUPDFLMHSHUVSHNWLYH7X]OD " GDOMH '6XãLü7X]OD '6XãLü7X]OD 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û 'R JRGLQH 7X]OD QLMH LPDOD QL MHGQX MDYQX JUDGVNX ELEOLRWHNX 3RVWRMDOR MH QHNROLNR ]D RQR YULMHPH YHOLNLK SULYDWQLK ELEOLRWHND50 0HÿXWLP YHü SUYRJ SRVOLMHUDWQRJ SUROMHüD JRGLQH *UDGVNL QDURGQL RGERU RVQRYDR MH1DURGQXELEOLRWHNX7X]ODLDNRVHXQHNLPGRNXPHQWLPDPRåHSURQDüLGDWXP IRUPDOQRJ RVQLYDQMD ELEOLRWHNH RNWREDU JRGLQH 0HÿXWLP ELEOLRWHND MH ]YDQLþQRSRþHODVDUDGRPQHNROLNRPMHVHFLNDVQLMHXSUROMHüH JRGLQHDR WRPHVYMHGRþLLQRYLQVNRL]YMHãþHÄ)URQWD6ORERGH³JGMHVWRML 2YLKGDQDMHSRþHOD VD UHGRYQLP UDGRP *UDGVND QDURGQD ELEOLRWHND X 'RPX NXOWXUH %LEOLRWHND MH REQRYOMHQDVDYHOLNLPEURMHPQDMQRYLMLKNQMLJD,]GDYDQMHNQMLJDYUãLVHRGGR LRGGRVDWLVYDNRJGDQDVHPVXERWHNDGDüHVHL]GDYDQMHNQMLJDYUãLWL RG GRVDWLSULMHSRGQH51%LEOLRWHNDMHVYRMHDNWLYQRVWL]DSRþHODVDVNURPQLP NQMLåQLPIRQGRPRGRNRNQMLJDGRELMHQLKXJODYQRPQDSRNORQRG1DURGQH ELEOLRWHNH X 6DUDMHYX WH GUXJLK GDURGDYDFDSRMHGLQDFD L QDFLRQDOQLK GUXãWDYD R þHPXVYMHGRþHHVHOLEULVLXQXWDUSRMHGQLKL]GDQMD*UDGVNLRGERU$QWLIDãLVWLþNRJ IURQWDåHQD $)äD GDRMHSULORJRGGLQDUDDNYDUWRYVNLRGERUL$)äDX PHÿXVREQRPWDNPLþHQMXX]HOLVXLNXSRYDQMHQRYLKNQMLJD]DELEOLRWHNX53 3UYRELWQR MH ELEOLRWHND ELOD VPMHãWHQD X SURVWRULMDPD þLWDRQLFH 'UXJRJ NYDUWDX7X]OLüDXOLFLLYHüLVWRJPMHVHFDSRRVQLYDQMXWMPMHVHFDDSULODLPDODMH SUHNRþLWDODFD556WUXNWXUDSRþHWQRJNQMLåQRJIRQGDELEOLRWHNHRGQRVLODVHQD NQMLJHL]REODVWLQDXNHNQMLåHYQRVWLXPMHWQRVWLWHUD]OLþLWLKVWUXþQLKVDGUåDMD3UYD XSUDYLWHOMLFDELEOLRWHNHELODMH5RVD.QHåHYLü7RNRP JRGLQHELEOLRWHNDX 7X]OLQLMHUDGLOD]ERJQHGRVWDWNDSURVWRULMDDWHNXPMHVHFXMXQX JRGLQHX QRYRRWYRUHQRP'RPXNXOWXUHELEOLRWHNDMHSRQRYRSRþHODVDUDGRPLWDGDMHGRELOD VWDWXV RNUXåQH ELEOLRWHNH =D UD]YRM ELEOLRWHNDUVWYD L XRSüH ]D RVSRVREOMDYDQMH VWDQRYQLND7X]OH]DUDGXELEOLRWHNDPD1DURGQDELEOLRWHNDX6DUDMHYXMHSODQLUDOD RGUåDWL ãHVWRGQHYQL ELEOLRWHNDUVNL NXUV X 6DUDMHYX X SURVWRULMDPD ELEOLRWHNH RGQRVQRX6DPRVWDQXVYHWRJ$QWH7HþDMMHWUDMDRRGSRQHGMHOMNDIHEUXDUDGR 50 -HGQDRGQDMYHüLKSULYDWQLKELEOLRWHNDDSRIRQGXQDMEROMLKELODMHELEOLRWHND0LWUD7ULIXQRYLüD 8þH2QMHRGVYRMLK]OHKXGQLKSULKRGDRGYDMDRVWDOQRLNXSRYDRSURXþDYDRLSRVXÿLYDRUDGQLFLPD RPODGLQLLVYRMLPVDUDGQLFLPDNQMLJH.DGDVXPXSRVOLMHÄ2E]QDQH³YODVWLRQHPRJXüLOHGDVHELOR JGMH]DSRVOLLQVWUXLUDRMHÿDNHLVWXGHQWHLSRVXÿLYDRLPVYRMHNQMLJH9HüLQDWLKPODGLüDVXNDVQLMH SRVWDOLXþHVQLFLUHYROXFLRQDUQLK]ELYDQMD0HÿXWLPNDGDVXPXYODVWL]DEUDQLOHLSRGXþDYDQMHÿDND 0LWDU7ULIXQRYLü8þRMHPRUDRSURGDYDWLVYHåDQMSRVYHåDQMNQMLJDGDVHSUHKUDQL3RVOMHGQMHQMHJRYH NQMLJHRGQLMHODMHSROLFLMDQDNRQQMHJRYRJKDSãHQMD JRGLQH'6XãLü7X]OD 51 )URQWVORERGHEU*RGLQD,97X]ODDSULO *DXWRUD1DURGQDL8QLYHU]LWHWVNDELEOLRWHNDÄ'HUYLã6XãLü³ /M%DãRYLü%LEOLRWHNHX%L+ 1DURGQDELEOLRWHND7X]OD,QIRUPDWLYQLELOWHQEU7X]ODMDQXDU GDOMH ,QIRUPDWLYQLELOWHQEU 53 )URQWVORERGHEU*RGLQD,97X]ODDSULO (QLVD äXQLü 1DURGQD L XQLYHU]LWHWVND ELEOLRWHND X 7X]OL XORJD UHJLRQDOQH ELEOLRWHNH X ]DMHGQLFDPDVODYLVWLþNLKELEOLRWHND*RGLãQMDNPHÿXQDURGQRJVXVUHWDELEOLWHNDUDVODYLVWX6DUDMHYX EUGHFHPEDU 55 ,QIRUPDWLYQLELOWHQEU *DXWRUD1DURGQDL8QLYHU]LWHWVNDELEOLRWHNDÄ'HUYLã6XãLü³ $7.72.127, NEUGRN 3ROXJRGLãQMLL]YMHãWDMRNXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQRPL NXOWXUQRXPMHWQLþNRPUDGX7X]OD 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRPQDRVQLYDQMH VXERWHIHEUXDUD JRGLQH1DRYDMWHþDMLVNOMXþLYRMHWUHEDORSRVODWLXþLWHOMH LOL QHNH OMXGH NRML VX QDMPDQMH LPDOL þHWLUL UD]UHGD VUHGQMH ãNROH7URãNRYH RYRJ WHþDMDVQRVLOLVXVUHVNLQDURGQLRGERUL 3UHFL]QLMH LQIRUPDFLMH R RELPX IRQGD 1DURGQH ELEOLRWHNH X7X]OLELOHVX GRVWXSQHWHN JRGLQH%LEOLRWHNDMHWDGDUDSRODJDODVDNRPDGDNQMLJDL] UD]QLKREODVWLQDXNHNQMLåHYQRVWLXPMHWQRVWLNDRLYHOLNLPEURMHPVWUXþQLKNQMLJD %LEOLRWHNDMHQDMYLãHSDåQMHSRVYHWLODNXSRYDQMXNQMLJDQDMQRYLMLKL]GDQMDVRYMHWVNLK SLVDFDNDRLPODGLKNQMLåHYQLNDL]7X]OH%LEOLRWHNXMHSRVMHüLYDORYHRPDPDOLEURM þLWDODFD.UR]ELEOLRWHNXMHGQHYQRSUROD]LORRNRGHVHWDNRPODGLQDFDLRPODGLQNLL WRYHüLQRPÿDNDQLåLKUD]UHGDJLPQD]LMHGRNUDGQLFLRPODGLQFLÿDFLYLãLKUD]UHGD VUHGQMLK ãNROD L RVWDOR JUDÿDQVWYR XRSãWH QLMH SRVMHüLYDOR ELEOLRWHNX *UDGVND QDURGQD ELEOLRWHND MH UDVSRODJDOD VD NQMLJDPD SULVWXSDþQLP VYDNRP WH PRJOD MH YHRPDNRULVQRGDSRVOXåLVYLPPDVRYQLPRUJDQL]DFLMDPD]DRåLYOMDYDQMHþLWDODþNLK JUXSDX7X]OL 7RNRP JRGLQHELEOLRWHNDQLMHELODGRYROMQRSRSXODUQD *RGLQH ELEOLRWHND GRQRVL L SUDYLOD R QDþLQX NRULãWHQMD NQMLåQRJ IRQGD2YDJRGLQD]QDþLODMHLSURPMHQXORNDFLMHMHUL]ýLWDRQLFH'UXJRJNYDUWD ELEOLRWHNDVH VHOL X ]JUDGX 'RPD NXOWXUH 9ODGLþDQVNL GYRU 7R MH ELOD WHPHOMQD JRGLQDSUHX]LPDQMDEULJHQDGELEOLRWHNDPDLELEOLRWHNDUVWYRPRGVWUDQHGUXãWYHQH ]DMHGQLFHDãWRMHXVORYLORLRGUHÿLYDQMHSHUVSHNWLYQLMHJUD]YRMDELEOLRWHNDUVWYD 1DURGQD ELEOLRWHND X 7X]OL MH WRNRP MDQXDUD JRGLQH SRND]DOD LQWHQ]LYQLMLUDG%LEOLRWHNDMHSRYHüDODEURMNQMLJDQDSULPMHUDNDL]DSUYLK PMHVHFLLPDODþLWDODFDDOLYHüLQRPMHWRELODRPODGLQD7RNRPPMHVHFD PDUWD JRGLQHX*UDGVNXQDURGQXELEOLRWHNXX7X]OLVWLJDRMHYHüLEURMNQMLJD QRYLKLREQRYOMHQLKL]GDQMD1HNHRGQMLKVX 7LWR Ä%RUEDQDURGD]DRVORERÿHQMH -XJRVODYLMH³Ä2WNULüHVD]DJUHEDþNRJSURFHVDSURWLYXVWDãNHWHURULVWLþNRãSLMXQVNH JUXSH.DYUDQ0LORã³$0DWYH] Ä)UDQFXVNDUHYROXFLMD³0*RUNL Ä'MHOD;;,,³ 9 3UQH]DU Ä8 üRUVRNDNX³$ &HVDUDF Ä3XW X QRYL åLYRW³ L -R 0LKDO\ ÄýXYDU EUDWD³7DNRÿHUXPDUWXPMHVHFXGRODVNRPQRYRJELEOLRWHNDUDVUHÿHQRMHVWDQMH X*UDGVNRMELEOLRWHFLDQDEDYOMHQMHLYHüLEURMQRYLKNQMLJDWDNRGDMHRQDVDGD NDNRMHSRPHQXWRUDVSRODJDODVDSULPMHUDNDPDUNVLVWLþNHLVWUXþQHOLWHUDWXUH LEHOHWULVWLNH 3UHPD L]YMHãWDMX L] JRGLQH *UDGVND QDURGQD ELEOLRWHND X 7X]OL LPDODMHNQMLJDRGWRJD NQMLJDQDVUSVNRKUYDWVNRPMH]LNXNQMLJHQD VORYHQDþNRPMH]LNXNQMLJHQDUXVNRPMH]LNXLNQMLJHQDQMHPDþNRPMH]LNX 2G RYRJ EURMD NQMLJD L] REODVWL EHOHWULVWLNH ELOR MH L] REODVWL GUXãWYHQLK QDXND NQMLJD L] REODVWL SULURGQLK QDXND NQMLJH L NQMLJD L] UD]QLK GUXJLK REODVWL 8NXSDQ EURM SURþLWDQLK NQMLJD L]QRVLR MH RG WRJD L] REODVWL $7.76127N I GRN%LEOLRWHNDUVNLWHþDM7X]OD )URQWVORERGHEU*RGLQD9,7X]ODQRYHPEDU *DXWRUD1DURGQDL8QLYHU]LWHWVNDELEOLRWHNDÄ'HUYLã6XãLü³ ,QIRUPDWLYQLELOWHQEU )URQWVORERGHEU *RGLQD9,,7X]OD MDQXDU )URQWVORERGHEU*RGLQD9,,7X]ODPDUW )URQWVORERGHEU*RGLQD9,,7X]OD PDUW 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û EHOHWULVWLNHSURþLWDQRMHLOLNQMLJDL]REODVWLGUXãWYHQLKQDXNDSURþLWDQR MHLOLNQMLJDL]REODVWLSULURGQLKQDXNDSURþLWDQRMHLOLNQMLJHGRN MHL]RVWDOLKREODVWLSURþLWDQRLOLNQMLJH7RNRP JRGLQHXELEOLRWHFLMH ELORUHJLVWURYDQRþLWDODFDRGWRJDUDGQLNDÿDNDL VWXGHQWD 0HÿXWLPRYHSRGDWNHWUHEDX]HWLVUH]HUYRPMHUQLVXSRWSXQRWDþQL%URM NQMLJDLEURMþLWDODFDELRMHYHüLUD]ORJãWRMHELEOLRWHNDELODXUHRUJDQL]DFLMLWHVH QLVXPRJOLX]HWLWDþQLMLSRGDFL8*UDGVNRMELEOLRWHFLVWDQMHQLMHELORRQDNYRNDNYR ELWUHEDORGDEXGH.DNRVHGDSULPMHWLWLL]L]YMHãWDMD JRGLQHQDMYHüLEURM þLWDODFDELOLVXÿDFLGRNMHUDGQLNDELORQDMPDQMH.RPLVLMD]DELEOLRWHNXSUL6DYH]X NXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQLK GUXãWDYD QLMH L]YUãLOD VYRM ]DGDWDN D WR MH SULEOLåDYDQMH NQMLJHUDGQLFLPDãWRüHVHQDMEROMHXþLQLWLDNRVHXEXGXüHREUDWLQDMYHüDSDåQMD QD ELEOLRWHNH VLQGLNDOQLK SRGUXåQLFD L PDVRYQLK RUJDQL]DFLMD RGDNOH X VWYDUL MH WUHEDOR GD VH UHJUXWXMX þLWDRFL ]D *UDGVNX ELEOLRWHNX *UDGVND ELEOLRWHND X WRNX JRGLQHQLMHUDGLODMHGDQPMHVHFGDQD]DWRãWRMH0LQLVWDUVWYR]DSURVYMHWX QDUHGLOR SUHVWDQDN UDGD UDGL UHRUJDQL]DFLMH 8 VYUKX SRSXODUL]DFLMH NQMLJH PHÿX UDGQLP PDVDPD NRPLVLMD ]D ELEOLRWHNH MH X] SRPRü 3RYMHUHQLãWYD ]D SURVYMHWX L NXOWXUX L VLQGLNDOQLK SRGUXåQLFD SULVWXSLOD RUJDQL]DFLML NQMLåHYQLK YHþHUL L NQMLåHYQLKSRVMHWDXSRGUXåQLFDPDLþLWDRQLFDPD)URQWDQDNRMLPDVHWUHEDORþLWDWL PDWHULMDOSRSXODUDQLSULVWXSDþDQQDURGQLPPDVDPD 1HãWR SUHFL]QLMH UH]XOWDWH R EURMX NQMLJD L þLWDODFD X *UDGVNRM ELEOLRWHFL X7X]OL GDMH QDP L]YMHãWDM R UDGX 3RYMHUHQLãWYD ]D SURVYMHWX L NXOWXUX JGMH VWRML GDELEOLRWHNDUDVSRODåHEOL]XNRPDGDNQMLJDL]UD]QLKREODVWLLVDRNR þLWDODFD 8]LPDMXüL X RE]LU YHOLNL EURM GREULK NQMLJD ELEOLRWHND QLMH LVSXQLOD VYRM ]DGDWDN X RGQRVX QD SRYHüDQMH EURMD þLWDODFD ãWR MH SURSXVW L RPODGLQVNH RUJDQL]DFLMH VLQGLNDWD L )URQWD NRML VX VODER SRSXODUL]LUDOL ELEOLRWHNX MHU VH X EURMX RG þLWDODFD QDOD]LOD XJODYQRP VUHGQMRãNROVND RPODGLQD 2VLP WRJD L SURVWRULMHXNRMLPDMHUDGLODELEOLRWHNDELODMHVXYLãHPDODGDEL]DGRYROMLODUD]YRM UDGDELEOLRWHNH]ERJþHJDMHQXåQRELORãWRSULMHELEOLRWHNXSURãLULWLVDMRãMHGQRP SURVWRULMRPLSRWUHEQLPQDPMHãWDMHPVDNRMLPDMRãQLMHUDVSRODJDODELEOLRWHNDL QDWDMQDþLQMRMRPRJXüLWLSUDYLODQUDG3UHPDSROXJRGLãQMHPL]YMHãWDMX]DMDYQH NQMLåQLFHLþLWDRQLFH]DSHULRGRGMXODGRGHFHPEUD JRGLQHELEOLRWHND MH ELOD SUHWSODüHQD QD OLVWRYD RG WRJD þDVRSLVD %LEOLRWHND MH X RYRP SHULRGXUDVSRODJDODVDNQMLJDLVDþLWDODFDNDRLVDMHGQLPQHVWUXþQLP ELEOLRWHNDURP2GRYRJEURMDþLWDODFDMHELORUDGQLNDVOXåEHQLNDÿDNDL VWXGHQDWD 3UHPD L]YMHãWDMX L] IHEUXDUD JRGLQH VWDQMH X *UDGVNRM ELEOLRWHFL L]JOHGDORMHRYDNR ELEOLRWHNDMHELODVPMHãWHQDX]JUDGL'RPDNXOWXUHLUDVSRODJDOD $7.7IRQG *UDGVNLQDURGQLRGERU7X]OD GDOMH *127 NI,]YMHãWDMRUDGX*UDGVNRJ VDYH]DNXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQLKGUXãWDYDX JRGLQL $7.7*127NI,]YMHãWDMRUDGX3RYMHUHQLãWYD]DSURVYMHWXLNXOWXUXXSURWHNORMJRGLQL GDQD $7.7 IRQG 2EODVQL QDURGQL RGERU 7X]OD GDOMH 2%127 N GRN 3ROXJRGLãQML L]YMHãWDM]D-DYQHNQMLåQLFHLþLWDRQLFH]DSHULRGRGGR JRGLQH7X]OD 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRPQDRVQLYDQMH MHVDSURVWRULMH2GQDPMHãWDMDXELEOLRWHFLVHQDOD]LORRUPDUDVWRORYDYHOLND RUPDUDVDVWDODåDPDVWROLFHLMHGDQüLOLP%LEOLRWHNDQLMHLPDODVYRMXþLWDRQLFX 'XåQRVW UXNRYRGLRFD ELEOLRWHNH YUãLOD MH 1DGD 5RQL NRMD VH QD WRM GXåQRVWL QDOD]LODRGSUYRJPDUWD JRGLQH2QDQLMHLPDODSRORåHQELEOLRWHþNLNXUVLRG ELEOLRWHNHMHGRELYDODPMHVHþQXSODWXXL]QRVXRGGLQDUD%XGåHWELEOLRWHNH ]D JRGLQXMHL]QRVLRGLQDUD8NXSDQEURMNQMLJDXELEOLRWHFLELRMH RG WRJD L] GUXãWYHQLK QDXND MH LPDOD NQMLJX L] SULURGQLK QDXND NQMLJD EHOHWULVWLNH NQMLJD GMHþLMH OLWHUDWXUH NQMLJD L L] RVWDOLK REODVWL NQMLJD8ELEOLRWHFLMHELORþLWDODFDRGWRJDUDGQLNDVOXåEHQLND ÿDNDLVWXGHQWDLRVWDODþLWDRFD2GXNXSQRJEURMDþLWDODFDNROLNRLPDVDPRMHGDQ þLWDODFMHELRGRJRGLQDþLWDRFDRGGRJRGLQDLþLWDODFDSUHNR JRGLQD VWDURVWL 3URþLWDQD MH NQMLJD RG WRJD L] GUXãWYHQLK QDXND MH SURþLWDQR NQMLJD L] EHOHWULVWLNH NQMLJD L MHGQD NQMLJD L] RVWDOLK REODVWL 3UHPD RYRP L]YMHãWDMX EURM QDEDYOMHQLK NQMLJD X ELEOLRWHFL L]QRVLR MH .QMLJH VX ELOH SRGMHOMHQMHSUHPDYHOLþLQL%LEOLRWHNDMHSRVMHGRYDODSHþDWLãWDPELOMHSRWUHEQH]D QMHQUDG8ELEOLRWHFLVXVHXSRWUHEOMDYDOHSRWUHEQHWLVNDUQLFH]DUDGNDRLNDUWRWHND VDNDWDORåQLPOLVWLüLPD1DMYDåQLMLSUREOHPLELEOLRWHNHELOLVXQHGRVWDWDNVWDODåD]D NQMLJHQHGRVWDWDNVWUXþQRJRVREOMDSULMHVYHJDSRPRüQRJRVREOMD 'R JRGLQHX*UDGVNRMQDURGQRMELEOLRWHFLX7X]OLQDEDYOMHQRMH NQMLJDLþDVRSLVD%LEOLRWHNDMH JRGLQHLPDODþLWDODFDRGNRMLKMH RWSDGDORQDSLRQLUH]DNRMHMHRGPDKSRþHWNRP JRGLQHRWYRUHQRSRVHEQR RGMHOMHQMHSRGQD]LYRP3LRQLUVNDELEOLRWHND8*UDGVNRMELEOLRWHFLYHüLQXþLWDODFD þLQLOLVXJUDÿDQLLÿDFLVUHGQMLKLQLåLKVWUXþQLKãNROD8ELEOLRWHFLVXUDGLOHGYLMH RVREHGRNVHWUHüDRVREDQDOD]LODQDELEOLRWHNDUVNRPNXUVX %LEOLRWHND MH GR VDGD UDVSRODJDOD VD þHWLUL PDQMH SURVWRULMH X ]JUDGL 'RPDNXOWXUHRGNRMHVXGYLMHSURVWRULMHVOXåLOH]DSLRQLUVNXELEOLRWHNX3RãWRVH ]JUDGD'RPDNXOWXUHX]LPDODNDR5DGQLþNLGRPELEOLRWHFLVXELOHRGX]HWHGYLMH SURVWRULMHWDNRGDMHSR]DYUãHWNXNUHþHQMDLSRSUDYNH]JUDGHSLRQLUVNDELEOLRWHND SRWSXQRSUHVWDODVDUDGRPDUDGMHYHüELRREXVWDYOMHQXþLWDYRMELEOLRWHFL6DGDVH QDPHWDORSLWDQMHSUHVHOMHQMDSLRQLUVNHELEOLRWHNHXGUXJHSURVWRULMHRþHPXMHELR XVPHQRREDYLMHãWHQ*UDGVNLQDURGQLRGERU7DNRÿHULSLWDQMHSURVWRULMD]D*UDGVNX ELEOLRWHNXMHWUHEDORULMHãLWL%LEOLRWHNDMHVDGDUDVSRODJDODVDPRVDGYLMHSURVWRULMH -HGQD SURVWRULMD MH VOXåLOD NDR PDJDFLQ ]D NQMLJH D X GUXJRM SURVWRULML YUãLOR VH L]GDYDQMHNQMLJD6RE]LURPGDX]JUDGLQLMHELORYHüHJSURVWRUDELEOLRWHFLMHELOD SRWUHEQDSURVWRULMDNRMDELVOXåLOD]DREUDGXNQMLJDXSLVþLWDODFDNDRL]DSULMHP þLWDODFDQDURþLWRÿDNDNDGDGRÿXXYHüHPEURMX 3UHPD XSXVWYLPD GRELYHQLP RG 1DFLRQDOQH ELEOLRWHNH L] 6DUDMHYD RYD $7.72%127N GRNL8SLWQLNSRGDWDNDRELEOLRWHFL7X]OD 3UHPDSRGDFLPDRELEOLRWHNDPDX7X]ODQVNRMREODVWLL] JRGLQHQDYRGLVHSHW*UDGVNLKQDURGQLK ELEOLRWHND6UHVNLKQDURGQLKELEOLRWHNDL0MHVQHQDURGQHELEOLRWHNH8RNYLUXRYLKSHW*UDGVNLK QDURGQLK ELEOLRWHND QDYRGL VH L *UDGVND ELEOLRWHND X 7X]OL NRMD SRVMHGXMH NQMLJD $7.7 2%127N GRN%LEOLRWHNH). $7.7*127NGRN1DURGQDELEOLRWHND7X]OD*UDGVNRPQDURGQRPRGERUX7X]OD 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û ELEOLRWHND MH RG VYDNRJ NQMLåHYQRJ GMHOD PRUDOD LPDWL SR WUL SULPMHUND *UDGVND ELEOLRWHNDX7X]OLGR JRGLQHQLMHLPDODVYRMLKSULKRGDYHüMHVYRMHOLþQHL PDWHULMDOQH UDVKRGH SRNULYDOD LVNOMXþLYR L] EXGåHWD *UDGVNRJ QDURGQRJ RGERUD 7DGDVHVPDWUDORGDELELORQXåQR]DYHVWLSODüDQMHXSLVQLQHLþODQDULQHRGVWUDQH þLWDODFDþLPHELVHSRNULOLWURãNRYLEDURNRRGUåDYDQMDNQMLJD2GMDQXDUD JRGLQH ELOR MH SODQLUDQR GD VH ]DYHGH SODüDQMH L WR ]D JUDÿDQH XSLVQLQD NRMD EL L]QRVLODGLQDUDDPMHVHþQDþODQDULQDGLQDUD=DÿDNHXSLVQLQDMHL]QRVLOD GLQDUDDPMHVHþQDþODQDULQDGLQDUD *UDGVND ELEOLRWHND X 7X]OL MH JRGLQH ]DKYDOMXMXüL YHüHP UD]XPMHYDQMXLSRPRüL*UDGVNHXSUDYHDQDURþLWR6UHVNRJNRPLWHWDLVXJUDÿDQLQD 3DãDJH0DQGåLüDRVWYDULODEXGåHWXL]QRVXRGGLQDUDãWRMHGRSULQLMHOR XYHüDQMXNQMLåQRJIRQGDNRMLMHXIHEUXDUX JRGLQHL]QRVLRSULPMHUDND 8WRPSHULRGXELEOLRWHNDMHLPDODãHVWVWUXþQLKUDGQLND%URMXþODQMHQLKNRULVQLND X JRGLQLL]QRVLRMHVDSURþLWDQLKNQMLJDDXQDUHGQRMJRGLQLWDM EURMVHSRYHüDRQDXþODQMHQLKLSURþLWDQLKNQMLJD2G GR JRGLQH*UDGVNRPELEOLRWHNRPX7X]OLUXNRYRGLODMH5DGD/XNLüDRG JRGLQH 6PLOMND7DGLü .DGDVHVDJOHGDXFMHOLQLRGRVQLYDQMD*UDGVNDQDURGQDELEOLRWHNDX7X]OL VHYHRPDOLMHSRUD]YLMDOD%LEOLRWHNDMHELODQDSXWXGDSRVWDQHLQVWLWXFLMDNRMDX SRWSXQRVWLRGJRYDUDVYRMRMVWUXFL1MHQNQMLåQLIRQGMH]DUHODWLYQRNUDWNRYULMHPH ELRXYHüDQLLPDODMHSUHNRNQMLJDL]VYLKREODVWL3RãWRMHELEOLRWHNDELOD MRã PODGD NDR XVWDQRYD LPDOD MH UD]XPOMLYR L SXQR QHULMHãHQLKSUREOHPD 2YGMH üHVHXMHGQRMNUDWNRMDQDOL]LLPDWL]DFLOMGDVHWLSUREOHPLRVYLMHWOHLXQDMJUXEOMLP FUWDPDXNDåHQDQMLKLQMLKRYHX]URNHDLVWRWDNRLQDHYHQWXDOQHPRJXüQRVWL]D QMLKRYRUMHãDYDQMH-HGQDRGGREULKPMHUDRUJDQL]DFLRQHSULURGHELORMHRVQLYDQMH ELEOLRWHþNRJ VDYMHWD 6DYMHW MH LPDR þODQRYD DOL VDVWDY PX QLMH ELR QDMEROML QDLPH QHNL QLVX QL GROD]LOL QD VMHGQLFH D QHNH QLVX QL LQWHUHVRYDOL SUREOHPL ELEOLRWHNH-HGDQRGWLKMHELR%RåLGDU.RUXJD6HPWRJDXSUDYDELEOLRWHNHQDþLQLOD MH R]ELOMDQ SURSXVW WLPH ãWR X JRGLãQMHP EXGåHWX QLMH SUHGYLGMHOD EDU MRã MHGQR UDGQRPMHVWRMHUVHSRVDRL]GDQDXGDQVYHYLãHSRYHüDYDRDRVREOMHNRMHMHELOR ]DSRVOHQRQLMHVWL]DORXYLMHNQDYULMHPHGDJDREDYL 7DNRÿHU DNXWDQ SUREOHP *UDGVNH QDURGQH ELEOLRWHNH NRML MH ]DKWLMHYDR KLWQR ULMHãHQMH ELOR MH SRYHüDQMH SURVWRUD RGQRVQR VPMHãWDMD NQMLJD L þDVRSLVD ,] YLãH RSUDYGDQLK UD]ORJD ELEOLRWHND QLMH PRJOD RVWDWL GXJR QD PMHVWX JGMH VH QDOD]LOD SULMH VYHJD MHU MH XSUDYD 'RPD NXOWXUH åHOMHOD GD MH LVHOL D L SURVWRULMH NRMLPDMHELEOLRWHNDUDVSRODJDODELOHVXSUDNWLþQRSXQH8SRVOMHGQMHYULMHPHNQMLJH VXELOHVODJDQHQDJRPLOHSRVWRORYLPDLVWROLFDPDMHUELEOLRWHNDQLMHLPDODNXGD VDQMLPD9HOLNLGLRNQMLJDNRMHVXGRELYHQHQDSRNORQRGQHNLKNROHNWLYDQDOD]LOH VXVHXSRVHEQRMSURVWRULMLJGMHVXWUXKQXOH2NRNQMLJDPRåGDL]QDWQRYLãH VWDOQRMHELORL]ORåHQRYOD]LLEXÿL3RVHEDQSUREOHP]D*UDGVNXELEOLRWHNXMHWR $7.7*127NGRN1DURGQDELEOLRWHND7X]OD*UDGVNRPQDURGQRPRGERUX7X]OD *DXWRUD1DURGQDL8QLYHU]LWHWVNDELEOLRWHNDÄ'HUYLã6XãLü³ $7.7*127NI$QDOL]DUDGD*UDGVNHQDURGQHELEOLRWHNH 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRPQDRVQLYDQMH ãWR QLMH LPDOD YODVWLWX þLWDRQLFX ýLWDRFL QLVX ELOL X PRJXüQRVWL GD GRÿX L GD VH R]ELOMQRSRVYHWHUDGXLSURXþDYDQMXNQMLJDNRMHQLVXPRJOLL]QLMHWL%LEOLRWHNDMH ELODL]ORåHQDLYHOLNRPWURãNXNXSXMXüLSHULRGLNXXSRGYDSULPMHUND5MHãHQMH]D VYHRYHSREOHPHELORMHGDVHLQVWLWXFLMDSUHVHOLXGUXJHSRJRGQLMHSURVWRULMH 8 7X]OL MH SRUHG *UDGVNH ELEOLRWHNH SRVWRMDOD L ÿDþND ELEOLRWHND L ELEOLRWHNDX.UHNL2YHGYLMHELEOLRWHNHELOHVXRGMHOMHQMD*UDGVNHELEOLRWHNH6YH WULRYHELEOLRWHNHXNXSQRVXLPDOH NQMLJHRGWRJDQDMYHüLEURMNQMLJDSUHNR ELODMHEHOHWULVWLNDDRVWDOHELOHVXVWUXþQHNQMLJHVDSRGUXþMDSROLWLNHWHKQLNH PHGHFLQHXPMHWQRVWLLGU8ÿDþNRMELEOLRWHFLL]REODVWLGMHþLMHOLWHUDWXUHELORMHRNR NQMLJD3RUHGRYLKELEOLRWHNDQDWHULWRULML7X]OHSRVWRMDOHVXMRãGYLMHPDQMH ELEOLRWHNH L WR X 0UDPRUX VD NQMLJD RG þHJD NQMLJD L]EHOHWULVWLNH GMHþLMLKNQMLJDLQDXþQRSRSXODUQHNQMLJHLELEOLRWHNDX%XNLQMXVDVYHJDRNR NQMLJDQDMYHüLPGLMHORPEDOHWULVWLND2YDGYDRGMHOMHQMH*UDGVNHELEOLRWHNH UDGLODVXXGREURPVWDQMXMHUVXRQLLPDOLVYRMHþLWDRQLFH 3ROLWLND QDEDYNL NQMLJD ]D *UDGVNX ELEOLRWHNX ELR MH SUREOHP ]D VHEH 1DEDYND VH QLMH YUãLOD XYLMHN QD XWYUÿHQ L VLJXUDQ QDþLQ RQD VH RGYLMDOD EH] XWYUÿHQRJSODQDLVLVWHPD%LEOLRWHNDQLMHLPDODXYLGDXVYHRQRãWRVHL]GDYDOR MHU VH XJODYQRP RVODQMDOD QD L]GDYDþNH SODQRYH LDNR VX SUHGX]HüD RG QMLK þHVWR RGVWXSDOL 8VOMHG QHREDYMHãWHQRVWL SRMHGLQD L]GDQMD VX VH QDEDYOMDOD VD YHOLNLP ]DNDãQMHQMHPDGRJDÿDORVHLWRGDVHSRMHGLQDL]GDQMDXRSüHQHQDEDYH0HÿXWLP þLWDRFL L QMLKRY PDOL EURM SUHGVWDYOMDOL VX QDMYHüL SUREOHP *UDGVNH QDURGQH ELEOLRWHNHX7X]OL8NXSDQEURMþLWDODFDX7X]OLELRMHRGWRJDMHQDÿDþNR RGMHOMHQMHRWSDGDORQDRGMHOMHQMHX.UHNLþLWDODFDDQDVDPJUDGVYHJD þODQRYD2GQRVSRSURIHVLMDPDQLMHL]JOHGDORQLPDOREROMH1SURGMHOMHQMHX.UHNL RGþLWDODFDUDGQLNDMHELORVOXåEHQLNDDÿDNDLRVWDOLKXNXSQR2G XNXSQRJEURMDþLWDODFDåHQVNLKOLFDELORMHVDPR6YHRYHEURMNHGRYROMQRMDVQR JRYRUHGDVXþLWDRFLSUHVWDYOMDOLSUREOHP]DVHEH 1DVYHRYHSUREOHPHVNRMLPDVH*UDGVNDELEOLRWHNDVXVUHWDODXVYRPUDGX ELOHVXSUHGX]HWHPMHUHNDNRELVHWLSUREOHPLULMHãLOLXQDUHGQRPSHULRGXDWRVX GDVHELEOLRWHþNLVDYMHWSRSXQLþODQRYLPDNRMLPDUDGELEOLRWHNHQHüHELWLVWUDQWM WDNYLPOMXGLPD NRMLPDüH UDG ELEOLRWHNHOHåDWLQD VUFX GD VH ELEOLRWHND]DMHGQR VDVYRMLP6DYMHWRPDX]SRPRü*UDGVNRJQDURGQRJRGERUD]DX]PH]DGRELMDQMH QRYLKSURVWRULMDGDVHQDVWDYLERUED]DSRYHüDQMHEURMDþLWDODFDL]DSURSDJDQGX NQMLJHLWG *OHGDQR X FMHOLQL VWDQMH X *UDGVNRM QDURGQRM ELEOLRWHFL ]DKWLMHYDOR MH YHOLNHQDSRUHYHüDPDWHULMDOQDVUHGVWYDLYHüXPRELOQRVWVYLKRQLKNRMLVXPRJOL GD GRSULQHVX EUåHP L NYDOLWHWQLMHP UD]YRMX ELEOLRWHNH NDR NXOWXUQH LQVWLWXFLMH L ELEOLRWHNDUVWYDXFMHOLQLDVYHVFLOMHPSRGL]DQMDNXOWXUHQDYLãLQLYR $7.7*127NI$QDOL]DUDGD*UDGVNHQDURGQHELEOLRWHNH $7.7*127NI%LEOLRWHNH $7.7*127NI$QDOL]DUDGD*UDGVNHQDURGQHELEOLRWHNH $7.7*127NI$QDOL]DUDGD*UDGVNHQDURGQHELEOLRWHNH 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û =DNOMXþDN 1DNRQ'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDSRVHEQXXORJXXNXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQRPUDGX LPDOHVXELEOLRWHNHNQMLåQLFHLþLWDRQLFH8QMLKMHXORåHQYHOLNLQDSRUELORGDVH UDGLORRREQDYOMDQMXSRVWRMHüLKLOLRWYDUDQMXQRYLK%LEOLRWHNHVXXSRVOLMHUDWQRP SHULRGX XJODYQRP RUJDQL]RYDQH X VYLP YHüLP DGPLQLVWUDWLYQLP VUHGLãWLPD þLPH MH PUHåD ELEOLRWHND X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL ELOD XVSRVWDYOMHQD 6 FLOMHP ãLUHQMD LQWHUHVRYDQMD ]D NQMLJRP ELEOLRWHNH X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL VX RUJDQL]RYDOH X PDQMLPPMHVWLPDNQMLåQLFHLþLWDRQLFHGRNVXXVHRVNLPREODVWLPDSRVODQHSRNUHWQH ELEOLRWHNH 1DURþLWR MH ELOD L]UDåHQD SRYH]DQRVW ELEOLRWHND NQMLåQLFH L þLWDRQLFD X ERUEL ]D RSLVPHQMDYDQMH 2G ELEOLRWHND X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL VD VYRMRP RUJDQL]DFLMRP L ELEOLRWHþNRP JUDÿRP SRVHEQR VX VH LVWLFDOH 1DURGQD ELEOLRWHND X 7X]OL L REQRYOMHQD RGQRVQR SUHXUHÿHQD 1DURGQD ELEOLRWHND Ä)LOLS 9LãQMLü³ X %LMHOMLQL2YHGYLMHELEOLRWHNHVXELOHJODYQLQRVLRFLELEOLRWHþNRJUDGDRUJDQL]LUDMXüL EURMQHNQMLåQLFHXUHJLRQX.DGDMHXSLWDQMX1DURGQDELEOLRWHNDX7X]OLRQDMHRG VYRJRVQLYDQMDYHRPDOLMHSRUD]YLMDOD3HULRGSRþHWQLãWYDXQMHQRPUDGXXYHOLNRMH SUHOD]LR%LEOLRWHNDMHELODQDSXWXGDSRVWDQHLQVWLWXFLMDNRMDXSRWSXQRVWLRGJRYDUD VYRMRMVWUXFL0HÿXWLPVWDQMHX1DURGQRMELEOLRWHFL]DKWLMHYDORMHYHOLNHQDSRUH YHüD PDWHULMDOQD VUHGVWYD L YHüX PRELOQRVW VYLK RQLK NRML VX PRJOL GD GRSULQHVX EUåHPLNYDOLWHWQLMHPUD]YRMXELEOLRWHNHNDRNXOWXUQHLQVWLWXFLMHDLELEOLRWHNDUVWYD XFMHOLQLDVYHVFLOMHPSRGL]DQMDNXOWXUHQDYLãLQLYR 0HÿXWLPUD]YRMELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLNDRNXOWXUQLKLQVWLWXFLMD SUDWLOL VX EURMQL SUREOHPL L SRWHãNRüH 3ULMH VYHJD WR VX SUREOHPL VD VPMHãWDMHP QHGRVWDWDNVWXþQRJNDGUDLQHGRYROMQD¿QDQVLMVNDVUHGVWYD,SRUHGRYLKSUREOHPD PUHåD ELEOLRWHND X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL VH EU]R UD]YLMDOD L ERJDWR UD]JUDQDOD DOLMRãXYLMHNQLMHELODVSRVREQDGD]DGRYROMLVYHQDVWDOHSRWUHEHVWDQRYQLãWYD]D NXOWXUQLPLSURVYMHWQLPåLYRWRP8UDGXELEOLRWHNDSRMDYOMLYDOHVXVHLRGUHÿHQH VODERVWLNRMHVXVHRJOHGDOHQDURþLWRXSODQRYLPDLSURJUDPLPDUDGDXQHGRYROMQRP L]ODåHQMXYDQRNYLUDLQVWLWXFLMHLXVDPRPSRORåDMXELEOLRWHND=ERJQHSRVWRMDQMD WDNYLK SODQRYD UDGLOR VH QHSRYH]DQR L NDPSDQMVNL ãWR MH QDQRVLOR YHOLNH ãWHWH UD]YRMXNXOWXUHLSURVYMHWH Summary $IWHU WKH 6HFRQG :RUOG :DU OLEUDULHV RI WKH OLEUDU\ DQG UHDGLQJ URRP SOD\HG D VSHFLDO UROH LQ WKH FXOWXUDOHGXFDWLRQDO ZRUN $ JUHDW H൵RUW ZDV PDGH WR HLWKHU UHVWRUH H[LVWLQJ RQHV RU RSHQ QHZ RQHV7KH OLEUDULHV ZHUH LQ WKH SRVW ZDUSHULRGPRVWO\RUJDQL]HGLQDOOPDMRUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHFHQWHUVWKXVHVWDEOLVKLQJ DQHWZRUNRIOLEUDULHVLQQRUWKHDVWHUQ%RVQLD:LWKWKHDLPRIH[SDQGLQJLQWHUHVW LQWKHERRNOLEUDULHVLQQRUWKHDVWHUQ%RVQLDZHUHRUJDQL]HGLQVPDOOHUSODFHVRI OLEUDU\DQGUHDGLQJURRPVZKLOHPRELOHOLEUDULHVZHUHVHQWWRUXUDODUHDV(VSHFLDOO\ 2VQLYDQMHELEOLRWHNDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDVDNFHQWRPQDRVQLYDQMH WKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQOLEUDULHVOLEUDULHVDQGUHDGLQJURRPVLQWKH¿JKWIRUOLWHUDF\ ZDVH[SUHVVHG)URPWKHOLEUDULHVLQQRUWKHDVWHUQ%RVQLDZLWKWKHLURUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG OLEUDU\ PDWHULDO WKH 1DWLRQDO /LEUDU\ LQ 7X]OD ZDV HVSHFLDOO\ GLVWLQJXLVKHG DQG WKH 1DWLRQDO /LEUDU\ ³)LOLS 9LãQMLü´ LQ %LMHOMLQD ZDV UHEXLOW RU UHRUJDQL]HG 7KHVHWZROLEUDULHVZHUHWKHPDLQEHDUHUVRIOLEUDU\ZRUNE\RUJDQL]LQJQXPHURXV OLEUDULHVLQWKHUHJLRQ:KHQLWFRPHVWRWKH1DWLRQDO/LEUDU\LQ7X]ODLWKDVEHHQ YHU\ ZHOO GHYHORSHG VLQFH LWV LQFHSWLRQ 7KH EHJLQQHU¶V EHJLQQLQJV LQ KHU ZRUN ZHUH JUHDWO\ H[FHHGHG7KH OLEUDU\ ZDV RQ LWV ZD\ WR EHFRPH DQ LQVWLWXWLRQ WKDW IXOO\FRUUHVSRQGVWRLWVSURIHVVLRQ+RZHYHUWKHVLWXDWLRQLQWKH1DWLRQDO/LEUDU\ UHTXLUHG JUHDW H൵RUWV JUHDWHU PDWHULDO UHVRXUFHV DQG PRUH PRELOLW\ RI DOO WKRVH ZKRFRXOGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHIDVWHUDQGPRUHTXDOLW\GHYHORSPHQWRIWKHOLEUDU\DV D FXOWXUDO LQVWLWXWLRQ DQG OLEUDU\ VFLHQFH DV D ZKROH ZLWK WKH DLP RI UDLVLQJ WKH FXOWXUHWRDKLJKHUOHYHO +RZHYHU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI OLEUDULHV LQ QRUWKHDVWHUQ %RVQLD DV FXOWXUDO LQVWLWXWLRQV IROORZHG QXPHURXV SUREOHPV DQG GL൶FXOWLHV )LUVW RI DOO WKHVH DUH DFFRPPRGDWLRQ SUREOHPV ODFN RI VNLOOHG SHUVRQQHO DQG LQVX൶FLHQW ¿QDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV'HVSLWHWKHVHSUREOHPVWKHQHWZRUNRIOLEUDULHVLQQRUWKHDVWHUQ%RVQLD JUHZUDSLGO\DQGGLYHUVL¿HGEXWLWZDVVWLOOQRWDEOHWRVDWLVI\DOOWKHQHHGVRIWKH SRSXODWLRQ IRU FXOWXUDO DQG HGXFDWLRQDO OLIH ,Q WKH ZRUN RI WKH OLEUDULHV FHUWDLQ ZHDNQHVVHVDSSHDUHGHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHSODQVDQGSURJUDPVRIZRUNLQLQVX൶FLHQW SXEOLVKLQJ RXWVLGH WKH LQVWLWXWLRQ¶V IUDPHZRUN DQG LQ WKH YHU\ ORFDWLRQ RI WKH OLEUDULHV'XHWRWKHODFNRIVXFKSODQVXQFRQQHFWHGDQGFDPSDLJQLQJZDVGRQH ZKLFKFDXVHGJUHDWGDPDJHWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUHDQGHGXFDWLRQ 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û ,]YRUQLQDXþQLUDG =DYRG]D]DãWLWXLNRULãWHQMHNXOWXUQRKLVWRULMVNRJL SULURGQRJQDVOLMHÿD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD ŠKOLSTVO U LUKAVCU U PERIODU 1945-1953. GODINE $SVWUDNW 3UHGVWDYLWL SULOLNH X ãNROVWYX /XNDYFD X SHULRGX JRGLQH ]QDþL JRYRULWL R RVQRYQRP ãNROVWYX SULMH VYHJD R þHWYHURJRGLãQMLP D NDVQLMHLRVPRJRGLãQMLPRVQRYQLPãNRODPDREQRYLLL]JUDGQMLãNROVNLKREMHNDWD ãNRORYDQMX L XVDYUãDYDQMX NDGURYD ]D SRWUHEH SULYUHGH YH]L SURVYMHWH L NXOWXUH WH GUXJLP VOLþQLP SLWDQMLPD 8 /XNDYFX VH REQDYOMDMX VWDUH L SRGLåX QRYH ãNROH 2EXKYDWXþHQLNDRVQRYQRãNROVNLPREUD]RYDQMHPXRYRPUD]GREOMXELORMH]QDWQR YHüH QHJR UDQLMH 2VLP UHGRYQH QDVWDYH ãNROH XþHVWYXMX X RUJDQL]RYDQRP UDGX QD RSLVPHQMDYDQMX VWDQRYQLãWYD NUR] DQDOIDEHWVNH WHþDMHYH âNROD SRVWDMH FHQWDU NDNRREUD]RYQRJWDNRLNXOWXUQRJåLYRWD.XOWXUQDIXQNFLMDãNROHVHQDURþLWRLVWLþH XVHRVNLPVUHGLQDPDJGMHVXSURVYMHWQLUDGQLFLELOLJODYQLQRVLRFLNXOWXUQRJåLYRWD sela. .OMXþQH ULMHþL /XNDYDF 3ROMLFH 6PROXüD ãNROVWYR SURVYMHWD RVQRYQH ãNROHUDGQLþNHãNROH EDUCATION IN LUKAVAC IN THE PERIOD 1945-1953. $EVWUDFW 7R SUHVHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV LQ /XNDYDF HGXFDWLRQ LQ WKH SHULRG PHDQVWDONLQJDERXWSULPDU\HGXFDWLRQ¿UVWRIDOODERXWIRXU\HDUDQG ODWHUDOVRHLJKW\HDUHOHPHQWDU\VFKRROVIRUWKHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIVFKRROIDFLOLWLHV HGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJRISHUVRQQHOIRUWKHQHHGVRIWKHHFRQRP\OLQNVEHWZHHQ HGXFDWLRQDQGFXOWXUHDQGRWKHUVLPLODULVVXHV,Q/XNDYDFROGVFKRROVDUHEHLQJ UHEXLOW DQG QHZ VFKRROV DUH EHLQJ UDLVHG 7KH LQFOXVLRQ RI SXSLOV LQ HOHPHQWDU\ HGXFDWLRQLQWKLVSHULRGZDVFRQVLGHUDEO\KLJKHUWKDQEHIRUH,QDGGLWLRQWRUHJXODU FODVVHV VFKRROV SDUWLFLSDWH LQ RUJDQL]HG ZRUN RQ WKH OLWHUDF\ RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ WKURXJKDQDO\WLFDOFRXUVHV7KHVFKRROEHFRPHVWKHFHQWHURIERWKHGXFDWLRQDODQG FXOWXUDOOLIH7KHFXOWXUDOIXQFWLRQRIWKHVFKRROLVSDUWLFXODUO\SURPLQHQWLQUXUDO DUHDVZKHUHHGXFDWLRQDOZRUNHUVZHUHWKHPDLQEHDUHUVRIWKHFXOWXUDOOLIHRIWKH YLOODJH .H\ ZRUGV /XNDYDF 3ROMLFH 6PROXüD HGXFDWLRQ HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRROV ZRUNLQJVFKRROV Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine Uvodna razmatranja 8 SHULRGX MHVHQ SUROMHüH JRGLQH XGDUHQL VX WHPHOML QRYRJ DGPLQLVWUDWLYQRWHULWRULMDOQRJXUHÿHQMDRVORERÿHQLKNUDMHYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 3ROD]QX RVQRYX ]D L]JUDGQMX UD]YRM L XVDYUãDYDQMH DGPLQLVWUDWLYQRSUDYQRJ SRUHWNDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLþLQLOHVXRGOXNH$912-DL=$912%L+DQRLVWH VX SULODJRÿDYDQH SRWUHEDPD QD WHUHQX1 $GPLQLVWUDWLYQR XUHÿHQMH ]DSRþHWR MH IRUPLUDQMHPQDURGQRRVORERGLODþNLKRGERUD 122 NRMLVXIRUPLUDQLQDQHNROLNR QLYRDYODVWL 3UHNUHWQLFD X SR]LFLRQLUDQMX OXNDYDþNRJ SRGUXþMD X DGPLQLVWUDWLYQX VWUXNWXUX ]HPOMH MHVWH GRQRãHQMH =DNRQD NRMLP MH WHULWRULMD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SRGLMHOMHQD QD RNUXJD RG NRMLK MH MHGDQ ELR L 7X]ODQVNL 6YDNL RNUXJ GLMHOLR VH GDOMH QD VUH]RYH D VUH]RYL QD SRGUXþMD PMHVQLK QDURGQLK RGERUD 2VQRYDQ MH /XNDYDþNLVUH]NRMLMHVDMRãVUH]RYDELRGLMHORP7X]ODQVNRJRNUXJD8RNYLUX /XNDYDþNRJ VUH]D XVSRVWDYOMHQ MH PMHVQL QDURGQL RGERU 012 3UHGVMHGQLN 6UHVNRJQDURGQRJRGERUD/XNDYDFELRMH(PLQ+DPXVWD¿üL]3URNRVRYLüD6HNUHWDU MHELR60LüLüDSRYMHUHQLNSURVYMHWQRJRGMHOMHQMD,-R]Lü3 'R QRYLK L]PMHQD GROD]L X MDQXDUX JRGLQH NDGD VH EURM RNUXJD VPDQMXMH VD VHGDP QD þHWLUL L WR %DQMDOXþNL 7X]ODQVNL 6DUDMHYVNL L 0RVWDUVNL ,VWLP]DNRQVNLPUMHãHQMHPXNLGDVHQHNROLNRVUH]RYDDPHÿXQMLPDL/XNDYDþNL 3RGUXþMH QHNDGDãQMHJ /XNDYDþNRJ VUH]D RG WDGD MH GLR VUH]D 7X]OD'DQL ÄVDPRVWDOQRVWL³ORNDOQHVDPRXSUDYH/XNDYFDSRVWDMXGLRSURãORVWL ĈRUÿH/D]DUHYLü6MHYHURLVWRþQD%RVQDNUDMHPRVORERGLODþNRJUDWD2GVHSWHPEUD GRPDMD *ODVQLNDUKLYDL'$5%L+JRGLQD;;,NQMLJD;;,6DUDMHYR âWRVHWLþHOXNDYDþNRJSRGUXþMDNUHQXORVHVOLMHGHüLPUHGRP 1D2EODVQRMNRQIHUHQFLMLNRMDMH RGUåDQDVHSWHPEUD JRGLQHXâHNRYLüLPDL]DEUDQMH2EODVQL122]D,VWRþQX%RVQX1DNRQ WRJD IRUPLUDQ MH 2NUXåQL 122 7X]ODQVNRJ RNUXJD NRML MH NRQFHP VHSWHPEUD LPHQRYDR RSãWLQVNL 122X/XNDYFX3UYLSUHGVMHGQLNRSãWLQVNRJ122/XNDYDFELRMH0XVWDID.RYDþHYLüDLVWRYUHPHQR MHELRL]DEUDQL,]YUãQLRGERUVDRGERUQLND'RNUDMD JRGLQHXVOMHGHüLPPMHVWLPDOXNDYDþNH RSãWLQH SRVWDYOMHQL VX 1DURGQRRVORERGLODþNL RGERUL /XNDYDF 7XUVNL %LVWDUDF 7XUVNL &UYHQR %UGR 6PROXüD âLNXOMH 0LMDWRYLüL 3ODQH âLüL %LVWDUDF 'RQML +XVNLüL %LVWDUDF *RUQML =DJRUMH /XNDYDF )DEULND 3URNRVRYLüL 3ROMLFH *QRMQLFD .UXãHYLFD %HUNRYLFD 0RGUDF %LNRGåH 7XULMD 'HYHWDN %DELFH 2UDKRYLFD 'RERãQLFD D SRþHWNRP L X R]UHQVNLP L GUXJLP PMHVWLPD =D VHOD âHYDU 3ROMDQX 0XVOLPDQVNX L .DWROLþNX %UH]H L .LVHOMDN SRþHWNRP RNWREUD L]DEUDQ MH MHGDQMHGLQVWYHQLRGERU2YDVHODNDRLUDQLMHQDYHGHQDâLüL0LMDWRYLüLL3ODQHQLVXGLRGDQDãQMLK RNYLUDOXNDYDþNHRSãWLQH-HUHPLMD-3HULü'åHYDG3DãLü/XNDYDFXUDGQLþNRPSRNUHWX1DURGQR RVORERGLODþNRP UDWX L UHYROXFLML /XNDYDF , GDOMH - - 3HULü 'å 3DãLü /XNDYDF X 125X 8VDVWDYXOXNDYDþNRJVUH]DELOLVXVOLMHGHüL0MHVQLQDURGQLRGERUL %DQRYLüL%LVWDUDF%ULMHVQLFD 'RQMD 'HYHWDN 'RERãQLFD *QRMQLFD .LVHOMDN /XNDYDF 0XVOLPDQVNL 0LULþLQD 2UDKRYLFD 0XVOLPDQVND3ROMLFH3ULOXN3RGJRUMH3XUDþLü6HRQD6PROXüD7UHãWHQLFD6USVND7XULMD7XORYLüL 7XPDUHL9DVLOMHYFL=DNRQRWHULWRULMDOQRMSRGMHOL)HGHUDOQH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQDRNUXJHVUH]RYH LSRGUXþMDPMHVQLKQDURGQLKRGERUDÄ6OXåEHQLOLVW)HGHUDOQH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH³EU6DUDMHYR 6HPLU+DGåLPXVLü/XNDYDþNLVUH]DGPLQLVWUDWLYQRWHULWRULMDOQHLGUXãWYHQRHNRQRPVNH NDUDNWHULVWLNH JRGLQH *UDþDQLþNLJODVQLNýDVRSLV]DNXOWXUQXKLVWRULMXEU *UDþDQLFD PDM 9HUD.DW]'UXãWYHQLLHNRQRPVNLUD]YRM%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 6DUDMHYR GDOMH 9.DW]'UXãWYHQLLHNRQRPVNLUD]YRM%L+ 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û 3UHPD SRGDFLPD L] SRSLVD VWDQRYQLãWYD RG PDUWD JRGLQH OXNDYDþNRSRGUXþMHELORMHXVDVWDYX7X]ODQVNRJVUH]DDþLQLORJDMHVHGDP0MHVQLK QDURGQLK RGERUD 'RERãQLFD /XNDYDF 3XUDþLü 6PROXüD 7XULMD %ULMHVQLFD L 9DVLOMHYFL5 3RWRP VH GRQRVL RGOXND NRMRP VH QD QLYRX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH RVQLYDMXREODVWL,VWHüH]DPLMHQLWLUDQLMHXNLQXWHRNUXJHD/XNDYDFRVLPãWRMHGLR 7X]ODQVNRJVUH]DSRVWDMHLGLMHORP7X]ODQVNHREODVWL 3UHNUHWQLFDXGDOMHPXVWURMX/XNDYFDLRNROLQHMHVWH JRGLQDNDGDVH GRQRVL=DNRQRSRGMHOLWHULWRULMH15%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQDVUH]RYHJUDGRYHL RSãWLQH1RYRPDGPLQLVWUDWLYQRWHULWRULMDOQRPSRGMHORPQDVWDORPRYLP]DNRQRP 7X]OD MH SURJODãHQD JUDGRP YDQ VUHVNR SRGUXþMH D /XNDYDF L %DQRYLüL VX SURJODãHQL]DJUDGVNHRSãWLQH7X]ODQVNRJVUH]D8RNYLUJUDGVNHRSüLQH/XNDYDF XãOL VX 6PROXüD âLNXOMH /XNDYDF 6USVNL /XNDYDF 7XUVNL /XNDYDF 7YRUQLFD QDVHOMH.RNVDUD0RGUDF&UYHQR%UGR+XVNLüL=DJRUMH%LVWDUDF*RUQML.DODMHYR L%UJXOH2VLPJUDGVNHRSüLQH/XNDYDFQDRYRPSRGUXþMXELOHVXMRãWULRSüLQH 'RERãQLFD 3XUDþLü L %ULMHVQLFD $GPLQLVWUDWLYQD SRGLMHOD XVSRVWDYOMHQD NRULãWHQD MH L SULOLNRP SRSLVD VWDQRYQLãWYD JRGLQH 7DGD VX VH OXNDYDþNH RSüLQHQDOD]LOHXVDVWDYX7X]ODQVNRJVUH]DNRMLMHLPDRSRYUãLQXRGNP VDXNXSQRQDVHOMHQLKPMHVWD*UDGVNDRSüLQD/XNDYDFLPDODMHQDVHOMHQLK PMHVWDRGWRJDVDPRVWDOQLK%ULMHVQLFDXNXSQRVDPRVWDOQLK'RERãQLFD VDPRVWDOQLKLRSüLQD3XUDþLüXNXSQRRGþHJDVDPRVWDOQLK 3LWDQMH QDURGQRJ SURVYMHüLYDQMD VWDYOMHQR MH PHÿX QDMYDåQLMD SLWDQMD X SHULRGXREQRYHSRVWUDWQH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH.DRXVORY]DUDGQDREQRYL]HPOMH L 3UYRP SHWRJRGLãQMHP SODQX PRUDOR VH NUHQXWL X RSLVPHQMDYDQMH VWDQRYQLãWYD L SRWSXQX HOLPLQDFLMX QHSLVPHQRVWL ,VWDNQXWD MH SRWUHED RPDVRYOMHQMD NXOWXUQRJ UDGDQMHJRYRSURãLUHQMHQDQDMãLUHVORMHYHQDURGD=DVYHWRELODMHSRWUHEQDGREUD RUJDQL]DFLMD3UYDLQVWDQFDXYRÿHQMXQDURGQRJSURVYMHüLYDQMDELORMH0LQLVWDUVWYR 5 .RQDþQLUH]XOWDWLSRSLVDVWDQRYQLãWYDRGPDUWD JRGLQH.QMLJD,6WDQRYQLãWYRSRSROXL GRPDüLQVWYD%HRJUDG 7RNRP JRGLQH YUãHQD MH L UHRUJDQL]DFLMD QDURGQLK RGERUD 1D PHWL VH QDãDR GRWDGDãQML DGPLQLVWUDWLYQRFHQWUDOLVWLþNL PRGHO XSUDYOMDQMD 6PDQMXMH VH þLQRYQLþNL DSDUDW D =DNRQRP R QDURGQLP RGERULPD NRQVWLWXLUDMX VH VDYMHWL L NRPLVLMH NDR ãLUL REOLFL XþHãüD JUDÿDQD X VDPRXSUDYOMDQMXâWRVHWLþH2EODVQRJQDURGQRJRGERUD7X]ODRQMHSUHVWDRVDUDGRPNRQFHP JRGLQHDIRUPDOQRMHXNLQXWPDMD JRGLQH'HQLV%HüLURYLü,QIRUPELURLVMHYHURLVWRþQD%RVQD 2GMHFL L SRVOMHGLFH VXNRED .3-,QIRUPELUR 7X]OD GDOMH ' %HüLURYLü ,QIRUPELURLVMHYHURLVWRþQD%RVQD =DNRQRSRGMHOLWHULWRULMH15%L+QDVUH]RYHJUDGRYHLRSãWLQHÄ6OXåEHQLOLVW15%L+³EU 6DUDMHYR 2SüLQD'RERãQLFDVDVMHGLãWHPQDURGQRJRGERUDX'RERãQLFLREXKYDWDODMHQDVHOMD 'RERãQLFD *QRMQLFD%HUNRYLFD.UXãHYLFDL6LåMHRSãWLQD3XUDþLüVQDVHOMLPD 3XUDþLü3URNRVRYLüL%LNRGåH 'HYHWDN 7DEDFL 7XULMD %DELFH 6USVNH %DELFH 0XVOLPDQVNH -DUXãNH 'RQMH 6HPLüL 0RVRURYDF &DSDUGH L ĈXUHYLQD RSãWLQD %ULMHVQLFD V QDVHOMLPD %ULMHVQLFD *RUQMD %ULMHVQLFD 'RQMD 6WXSDUL 9DVLOMHYFL 0LüLMHYLüL 7XPDUH 2UDKRYLFD 6USVND 2UDKRYLFD 0XVOLPDQVND 0LOLQR VHOR 6USVNR 'XEUDYLüL%XUJLüL&HULNûHODUL8VDVWDYWDGDãQMHRSãWLQH.LVHOMDNXãODVXQHNDGDQDãQMDOXNDYDþND QDVHOMD L WR %LVWDUDF 'RQML %RNDYLüL L 3ROMLFH GRN MH X VDVWDY RSãWLQH %DQRYLüL XãOR VHOR -DUXãNH *RUQMHÄ6OXåEHQLOLVW15%L+³EU6DUDMHYR 6WDWLVWLþNLJRGLãQMDN 6DUDMHYR Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine SURVYMHWH 15 %L+10 ]DWLP VX VOLMHGLOD SURVYMHWQD RGMHOMHQMD QD QLYRX RNUXåQLK VUHVNLK L PMHVQLK QDURGQLK RGERUD 1DMEOLåL QDURGX ELR MH PMHVQL SURVYMHWQL RGERU IRUPLUDQ X RNYLULPD PMHVQRJ QDURGQRJ RGERUD 8 SURVYMHWQL RGERU XOD]LOL VX UXNRYRGLRFL VYLK YUVWD NXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQRJ UDGD ORNDOQH ]DMHGQLFH MHGDQ RG PMHVQLKXþLWHOMDQHNRRGLVWDNQXWLKSURVYMHWQLKUDGQLNDLVOLþQR113ULIRUPLUDQMX RYLK RGERUD ELOR MH SRWUHEQR VDUDÿLYDWL VD VYLP PDVRYQLP DQWLIDãLVWLþNLP RUDJQL]DFLMDPD 1D SRGUXþMX VUH]D /XNDYDF GR NUDMD MDQXDUD JRGLQH SURVYMHWQL RGERULVXRVQRYDQLX RGXNXSQRVMHGLãWDPMHVQRJQDURGQRJRGERUD2GERUL VX SULOLþQR GREUR UDGLOL D SRVHEQR VH LVWLFDR UDG 3URVYMHWQRJ RGERUD X 3XUDþLüX L/XNDYFX7YRUQLFL3UYL]DGDFLRGERUDELOLVXSURQDODåHQMHSRJRGQLK]HPOMLãQLK SDUFHOD ]D L]JUDGQMX ãNROD DPEXODQDWD GRPRYD NXOWXUH L GUXJLK GUXãWYHQLK L VRFLMDOQLK XVWDQRYD13 8SRUHGR V RVQLYDQMHP PMHVQLK SURVYMHWQLK RGERUD /XNDYDþNRJVUH]DYRÿHQHVXSULSUHPHL]DRVQLYDQMHRGJRYDUDMXüHJQDQLYRXVUH]D 6UHVNL NXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQL RGERU IRUPLUDQ MH X RNWREUX JRGLQH 6DþLQMDYDOL VX JD SUHGVWDYQLFL DQWLIDãLVWLþNLK L NXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQLK RUJDQL]DFLMD WH QDURGQLK YODVWL=ERJYHOLþLQHVUH]DRGERUMHSRGLMHOMHQQDVHNWRUHDLVWLMHRGJRYDUDRUDQLMH XVSRVWDYOMHQRP3URVYMHWQRPRGVMHNX6UHVNRJQDURGQRJRGERUD/XNDYDF 2VLPGUåDYQLKRUJDQDYODVWLQDGSURVYMHWRPLNXOWXURPVXEGMHOLLSDUWLMVNL RUJDQLQDMþHãüH$JLWSURSNRPLVLMH15.RPXQLVWLþNHSDUWLMH-XJRVODYLMH2YHNRPLVLMH 10 0LQLVWDUVWYR SURVYMHWH 15 %L+ RVQRYDQR MH QD 7UHüHP ]DVMHGDQMX =$912%,+DX 6DUDMHYX DSULOD JRGLQH 0LQLVWDUVWYR MH JRGLQH LPDOR WUL RGMHOMHQMD L WR 2SüH RGMHOMHQMH VD RGVMHND DGPLQLVWUDWLYQL ]D QDXNX L NXOWXUX WHKQLþNL UDþXQVNRHNRQRPVNL L RGVMHN ]D DUKLYX 2GMHOMHQMH]DRVQRYQXQDVWDYXVDGYDRGVMHND DGPLQLVWUDWLYQLLQDVWDYQL WH2GMHOMHQMH]DVUHGQMX QDVWDYXVDLVWDGYDRGVMHND$UKLY%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH0LQLVWDUVWYRSURVYMHWH15%L+ ,QYHQWDUSULUHGLOD.XMRYLü0LQD6DUDMHYR 11 $UKLY7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQDX7X]OL GDOMH $7. IRQG 2NUXåQRJQDURGQRJRGERUD7X]OD GDOMH 2.127 N EU 0LQLVWDUVWYR SURVYMHWH 15%L+ 2NUXåQRP QDURGQRP RGERUX 7X]OD 6DUDMHYRMXQL 'DELUDGRGERUDELRãWRH¿NDVQLMLLVYUVLVKRGQLML0LQLVWDUVWYRSURVYMHWH15%L+MHRUJDQL]RYDOR GDVHRQLSRYHåXLQDVORQHQDUDGVLQGLNDWDMHUMHSUHGYLÿHQRGDVLQGLNDOQHRUJDQL]DFLMHSRVWDQXFHQWUL NXOWXUQRJUDGDXVYRMLPPMHVWLPDLGDRNXSHLOMXGHYDQVYRMLKRUJDQL]DFLMD8XSXWDPDVHLVWLþHGD UDGRGERUDWUHEDGDVHRGYLMDSRL]YMHVQRPSODQXNDNRELVYDNDRUJDQL]DFLMD]QDODNDNYXMHREDYH]X SUHX]HOD QD VHEH 7DNRÿHU RG RUJDQL]DFLMD VH ]DKWMHYD GD X RGERUH GHOHJLUDMX VWDOQH þODQRYH 2G RGERUDVH]DKWMHYDGDVMHGQLFHRGUåDYDMXQDSULNODGQLPPMHVWLPDSRPRJXüQRVWLXGRPRYLPDNXOWXUH LOLXUDGQLþNLPGRPRYLPD$UKLY%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH GDOMH $%L+ IRQG 0LQLVWDUVWYRSURVYMHWH 15%L+ GDOMH 03%L+ GRN0DWHULMDOVDNRQIHUHQFLMHSRSLWDQMXQDURGQRJSURVYMHüLYDQMD 6DUDMHYRRNWREDU 13 $7. 2.127 N GRN 6XPDUQL PMHVHþQL L]YMHãWDM R NXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQRP L XPMHWQLþNRPUDGXVUH]DOXNDYDþNRJ/XNDYDFIHEUXDU $7. IRQG 2NUXåQRJ NRPLWHWD .RPXQLVWLþNH SDUWLMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 7X]OD GDOMH 2..3%L+7 N I GRN ,,D $JLWDFLMD L SURSDJDQGD QD SRGUXþMX /XNDYFD /XNDYDF QRYHPEDU 15 -HGDQ RG YHRPD YDåQLK SUDYDFD GMHORYDQMD .3- ELOD MH LGHRORãND DQJDåLUDQRVW X XNXSQRP NXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQRPUD]YLWNXDXJODYQRPVHSRGYRGLODSRGDJLWDFLMXLSURSDJDQGX,DNRSRMPRYL DJLWDFLMDLSURSDJDQGDLPDMXUD]OLþLWDWHUPLQRORãNDLIXQNFLRQDOQD]QDþHQMDWDMQRYLLGHRORãNLNRQFHSW SRGYRÿHQMHQDMþHãüHSRG]DMHGQLþNLPLPHQRP$JLWSURS2YDMYLGSDUWLMVNRJGMHORYDQMDSURYRÿHQMH 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û RVQLYDQHQDQLYRLPDRNUXåQLKVUHVNLKLPMHVQLKRGERUDSDUWLMHELOHVX]DGXåHQH]D DJLWDFLRQLLSURSDJDQGQLUDG7DMUDGLPDRMH]DFLOMNXOWXUQXLREUD]RYQXQDGJUDGQMX þODQRYDSDUWLMHDELRMHXVNRSRYH]DQLVDUDGRPVOLþQLKLQVWDQFLQDQLYRXQDURGQLK RGERUD$JLWSURSNRPLVLMHEDYLOHVXVHLGHRORãNRSROLWLþNLPWHRULMVNLPLNXOWXUQR SURVYMHWQLP UDGRP 8 QMLKRYRM RUJDQL]DFLML RGUåDYDQL VX UD]QL NXUVHYL NUXåRFL VHPLQDULSUHGDYDQMDSULUHGEH]DEDYHSURSDJDQGH1DNUXåRFLPDLSUHGDYDQMLPD þODQRYLSDUWLMHLãþLWDYDOLVXSDUWLMVNDGRNXPHQWDJRYRUH]QDþDMQLKþLQRYQLNDLGUXJL SURSDJDQGQLPDWHULMDO6HPWRJD$JLWSURSMHQDG]LUDRLXVPMHUDYDRUDGVYLKGUXJLK QHSDUWLMVNLKRUJDQDVOLþQRJGMHORNUXJDUDGD $JLWSURS NRPLVLMD SUL 6UHVNRP NRPLWHWX .3- /XNDYDF MH SULOLþQR GREUR REDYOMDOD ]DFUWDQH ]DGDWNH L] VYRMH QDGOHåQRVWL .RPLVLMD MH UDGLOD X VOLMHGHüHP VDVWDYX (NUHP 1XKLü UXNRYRGLODF $JLWSURS NRPLVLMH +D]LP $YGLEHJRYLü UXNRYRGLODF WHRUHWVNRJ UDGD ,YLFD *XGHOMHYLü UXNRYRGLODF DJLWDFLMH L ãWDPSH 6DIHW 3DãLü UXNRYRGLODF NXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQRJ UDGD XMHGQR L SURVYMHWQL UHIHUHQW X 6UHVNRP QDURGQRP RGERUX /XNDYDF 5DVLP +DVDQRYLü UXNRYRGLODF NXOWXUQR SURVYMHWQRJ UDGD X VLQGLNDOQRM RUJDQL]DFLML L 'UDJDQ 1LNROLü UXNRYRGLODF RUJDQL]DFLRQRWHKQLþNLKSRVORYD 1DNRQXNLGDQMD6UH]D/XNDYDFMDQXDUD QMHJRYHQDGOHåQRVWLSDWDNR LRQHNRMHVHRGQRVHQDNXOWXUXLSURVYMHWXSUHQRVHVHXLQJHUHQFLMX6UH]D7X]ODþLML GLRSRVWDMH/XNDYDF/XNDYDþNRPSRGUXþMXRVWDMXPMHVQLQDURGQLRGERULLQMLKRYH QDGOHåQRVWL*RGLQH XPMHVWRQHãWRUDQLMHXNLQXWLKRNUXJDXYRGHVHREODVWL NDRVUHGQMDUD]LQDYODVWL6KRGQRWRPH0LQLVWDUVWYRSURVYMHWH15%L+SRþHWNRP JRGLQH GRQRVL DNWH NRMLPD VH IRUPLUD 3RYMHUHQLãWYR ]D SURVYMHWX L NXOWXUX 2EODVQLK QDURGQLK RGERUD D ]D 6UHVNH L JUDGVNH QDURGQH RGERUH QDSUDYOMHQD MH QRYDRUJDQL]DFLRQDãHPD âWR VH WLþH EXGåHWD NRML VX WURãHQL QD VWDYNX ÄSURVYMHWD L QDURGQD NXOWXUD³ JRGLQH MH QD UHSXEOLþNRP QLYRX UDVKRGRYDQR GLQDUD D XNXSQL UDVKRGL EXGåHWD ELOL VX GLQDUD 6WDYND ]D NXOWXUX L SURVYMHWX XþHWYHURVWUXþHQDMH JRGLQHSDMHL]QRVLOD DXNXSQLEXGåHW GLQDUD 'DOMH SRYHüDQMH VUHGVWDYD ]D NXOWXUX L SURVYMHWX ELOR MH PLQLPDOQR X RGQRVXQDUDVWXNXSQRJEXGåHWDQDSULPMHU JRGLQH]DNXOWXUXLSURVYMHWXMH UDVKRGRYDQRGLQDUDDXNXSQLEXGåHWELRMH GLQDUD )RUPLUDQMHP JUDGVNH RSüLQH /XNDYDF L MRã þHWLUL OXNDYDþNH RSüLQH IRUPLUDQD VX L SRVHEQD QRYD QDGOHåVWYD L] REODVWL SURVYMHWH 1D SUYRM VMHGQLFL 2SüLQVNRJ RGERUD *UDGVNH RSüLQH /XNDYDF RGUåDQRM GHFHPEUD SRUHG XVYLPNRPXQLVWLþNLP]HPOMDPDSDLX-XJRVODYLMLRGQRVQR%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL9HUD.DW]2VQRYQD RELOMHåMD$JLWSURSNXOWXUHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 3ULOR]LEU6DUDMHYR $7. 2..3%L+7 N GRN EU ,,D ,]YMHãWDM 3RNUDMLQVNRP NRPLWHWX .3- 6DUDMHYR 7X]OD $7.2..3%L+7NGRNEU,,D ,]YMHãWDM$JLWSURSNRPLVLMH/XNDYDF/XNDYDF $7. IRQG 2EODVQRJ QDURGQRJ RGERUD 7X]OD GDOMH 2%127 GRN 3UHGORJ ãHPH SRYMHUHQLãWYD]DSURVYMHWXLNXOWXUX212DL612D7X]OD7X]OD 6WDWLVWLþNLJRGLãQMDN 6DUDMHYR Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine RVWDOLK L]DEUDQD MH L .RPLVLMD ]D SURVYMHWX L NXOWXUX =D SUHGVMHGQLND QDYHGHQH NRPLVLMHL]DEUDQMHäLNR7XFDNRYLüGRNVXþODQRYLELOL 0HKPHG,PDPRYLüĈRUÿH 2VWRMLü&YMHWNR3DQWLü0LODQĈDNLüĈRNR-DQNRYLüL(NUHP1XKLü 8OXNDYDþNLPRSüLQDPD3XUDþLü'RERãQLFDL%ULMHVQLFDRVQLYDQHVXVOLþQH NRPLVLMHVDYMHWL'RVWXSQHLQIRUPDFLMHQDPND]DMXGDMHSUYLVDYMHWNRMLMHRVQRYDQ X RSüLQL 3XUDþLü SRVOLMH QMHQRJ IRUPLUDQMD JRGLQH ELR XSUDYR 6DYMHW ]D SURVYMHWX2GOXNDRRVQLYDQMXRYRJVDYMHWDGRQHVHQDMHMXOD JRGLQH Kratak osvrt na prosvjetne prilike Lukavca do 1945. godine 5D]YRMãNROVWYDQDSURVWRUXVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQHPRåHVHVYUVWDWLXþHWLUL SHULRGD SUYLSHULRGRGRVQLYDQMDSUYHãNROHGRNUDMD VWROMHüDGUXJLSHULRGRG SRþHWNDVWROMHüDGRL]ELMDQMD3UYRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDWUHüLSHULRGYULMHPHL]PHÿX GYDVYMHWVNDUDWDLþHWYUWLRG]DYUãHWND'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDGRNUDMDVWROMHüD 8SRþHWNXSUYRJUD]GREOMDREUD]RYDQMHMHQDRYRPSRGUXþMXELORXUXNDPD YMHUVNLK]DMHGQLFD8SRJOHGXLVODPVNH]DMHGQLFHGMHFDVXQHNXYUVWXREUD]RYDQMD VWLFDOD X GåDPLMDPD L VLEMDQ PHNWHELPD 3UYD ãNROD QD SRGUXþMX /XNDYFD NRMD MH GMHORPLþQR LPDOD NDUDNWHULVWLNH GDQDãQMLK ãNROD SRþHOD MH V UDGRP X RNYLUX SUDYRVODYQHFUNYHQHRSüLQHX3XUDþLüXJRGLQH1RãNROHXSUDYRPVPLVOX WHULMHþLRWYDUDMXVH]DYULMHPHDXVWURXJDUVNHYODGDYLQH1DURGQDRVQRYQDãNRODX 3XUDþLüXMHSUYDDXVWURXJDUVNDGUåDYQDãNRODQDGDQDãQMHPSRGUXþMX/XNDYFD2YD ãNRODVYRMLPSUYLPXþHQLFLPDRWYDUDYUDWDGDYQHJRGLQH'UXJDRVQRYQD ãNRODNRMDMHRWYRUHQDELODMH3ULYDWQDQMHPDþNDãNRODRWYRUHQD JRGLQH]D VWUDQHXSRVOHQLNH)DEULNHVRGH/XNDYDF7UHüDRVQRYQDãNRODQDRYRPSRGUXþMX RWYRUHQDMHX/XNDYFX7XUVNRP JRGLQH 2YHWULãNROHELOHVXMHGLQHSURVYMHWQHXVWDQRYHVYHGR JRGLQHNDGD ]DSRþLQMH L]JUDGQMD QRYLK ãNROVNLK REMHNDWD 1RYH ãNROH VH RWYDUDMX X 6PROXüL L 7XULML JRGLQH X 3DQMLNX %LVWDUFX *RUQMHP *QRMQLFL 3ROMLFX L'RERãQLFL JRGLQH $7. IRQG 6NXSãWLQH RSãWLQH /XNDYDF GDOMH 62/X IDVFLNOD =DSLVQLN VD SUYH VMHGQLFH RSãWLQVNRJRGERUD*UDGVNHRSãWLQH/XNDYDF/XNDYDF $7. IRQG 6UHVNL QDURGQL RGERU 7X]OD GDOMH 6127 N 5HJLVWDU DNDWD QDURGQRJ RGERUD RSãWLQH3XUDþLü3XUDþLü JRGLQD /D]DU'UDJLþHYLü2VQRYQRREUD]RYDQMHXVHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQLQHNDGLVDG7X]OD 3UYD GåDPLMD L PHNWHE QD SRGUXþMX /XNDYFD VDJUDÿHQL VX X 'RERãQLFL *RUQMRM JRGLQH ]DWLP VOLMHGL 3XUDþLü JGMH MH JRGLQH VDJUDÿHQD GåDPLMDD QHãWR GRFQLMH L PHNWHE 'R JRGLQHNDGDMHL]YUãHQSUYLSRSLVVWDQRYQLãWYDPHNWHEVNRPQDVWDYRPMHELORSRNULYHQRVNRURFLMHOR SRGUXþMHGDQDãQMHRSüLQH/XNDYDFYLãHYLGLX *UXSDDXWRUD2VQRYQRãNROVWYRX/XNDYFXLRNROLQL ,VWRULMVNRKURQRORãNLSULND]/XNDYDF GDOMH *DXWRUD2VQRYQRãNROVWYRX/XNDYFX *DXWRUD2VQRYQRãNROVWYRX/XNDYFX ,]YMHãWDM SRYRGRP þHWHUGHVHWH JRGLãQMLFH RVQRYQH L GHVHWH JRGLãQMLFH RVPRJRGLãQMH ãNROH X /XNDYFX 8 UHGDNFLML ýDNDO$ .UVHN 0 +RIEDXHU9 6XOMNDQRYLü 17UERMHYLü ' L ĈRUÿHYLü0/XNDYDF GDOMH ýHWHUGHVHWJRGLQDRVQRYQHãNROHX/XNDYFX *DXWRUD2VQRYQRãNROVWYRX/XNDYFX Isto 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û /XNDYDþNR SRGUXþMH UDW MH ]DWHNDR VD GHVHW RVQRYQLK ãNROD 7R VX ELOH þHWYHURUD]UHGQHRVQRYQHãNROHNRMHVXUDGLOHSUHPDWDGDYDåHüHPQDVWDYQRPSODQX L SURJUDPX .UDOMHYLQH -XJRVODYLMH âNROH MH SRKDÿDOR XþHQLND LOL ãNROVNLKREYH]QLND8WRNXUDWDOXNDYDþNHãNROHVXGXåLSHULRGELOHSRGXSUDYRP YODVWL 1H]DYLVQH 'UåDYH +UYDWVNH D PDQML SHULRG VX GMHORYDOH QD VORERGQRM WHULWRULML5DGVYDNHãNROH]DYLVLRMHRGUDWQHVLWXDFLMHNRMDVHVWDOQRPMHQMDODD QDVWDYDSUHNLGDOD8]PLPR]DSULPMHUJUDGVNXãNROXX/XNDYFX2YDãNRODMHELOD QDXGDUXQMHPDþNLKYRMQLNDQHVDPRGDQLMHþXYDQDQHJRMHLXQLãWDYDQãNROVNL LQYHQWDU8MXQX JRGLQHXRYRMãNROLELYDVPMHãWHQMHGDQRGUHGRNXSDFLRQH YRMVNH 6OLþQD MH VLWXDFLMD L QDUHGQH GYLMH JRGLQH NDGD ãNROD X QHNROLNR QDYUDWD PLMHQMDSURVWRULMHDOLLQDVWDYQLNDGDU 1RYHVWUDQLFHXSURVYMHWL/XNDYFDSLVDQHVXQDNRQNRQDþQRJRVORERÿHQMD /XNDYFDVHSWHPEUD JRGLQH9HüRGRNWREUD JRGLQHQDVORERGQRM WHULWRULML/XNDYFDUDGLOHVXþHWLULãNROH /XNDYDF)DEULND /XNDYDF*UDG /XNDYDF 7XUVNL /XNDYDF0MHVWR %LVWDUDFL6PROXüD30 Okvirno stanje u školskom sistemu Bosne i Hercegovine 1945-1953. godine 1DNRQ JRGLQH QRYH YODVWL VX PQRJR SDåQMH SRVYHüLYDOH REUD]RYDQMX 3ULMH VYHJD UDÿHQR MH QD PDVRYQRP RSLVPHQMDYDQMX VWDQRYQLãWYD NUR]RUJDQL]RYDQMHWHþDMHYDLVOLþQR2YDMQDþLQREUD]RYDQMDELRMHHNRQRPLþQLML PDVRYQLML L EUåL =D UD]OLNX RG NUDWNLK WHþDMHYD X ãNRODPD VH GRELMDOR WUDMQLMH L NYDOLWHWQLMH ]QDQMH31 1HSRVUHGQR SRVOLMH UDWD NUHQXOR VH X REQRYX SRVWRMHüLK L L]JUDGQMXQRYLKãNROD3ULRULWHWVXELOHRVQRYQHDOLRWYDUDQHVXLVUHGQMHVWUXþQH YLãH ãNROH WH IDNXOWHWL 3RVOLMH JRGLQH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL VH WHN MDYOMD SUDYL QDXþQL åLYRW 7DGD QDVWDMX QDM]QDþDMQLMH REUD]RYQH L QDXþQH LQVWLWXFLMH PRGHUQRJWLSD 8SRUHGR V REQRYRP L L]JUDGQMRP ãNROVNLK REMHNDWD LVWR MH WUHEDOR XUDGLWL L VD OHJLVODWLYRP L] RYH REODVWL 1DLPH UDWQL XVORYL VX XþLQLOL VYRMH âNROH QD VORERGQRM WHULWRULML UDGLOH VX SRG UD]OLþLWLP XVORYLPD âNROVNL VLVWHP ELR MH SRGLMHOMHQ QHXVNODÿHQ QHXMHGQDþHQ 1DNRQ QDGOHåQH LQVWDQFH YODVWL D QDSRVH 0LQLVWDUVWYR SURVYMHWH 15 %L+ WHåLOR MH ND ãWR YHüHP VWHSHQX MHGQRREUD]QRVWLFMHORNXSQRJSURVYMHWQRJVLVWHPD =D QRYX RVQRYQX ãNROX L]UDÿLYDQL VX QRYL QDVWDYQL SODQRYL L SURJUDPL PHWRGVNDXSXVWYDSLVDQLSUYLWHNVWRYLNRMLPDELVHãNROHVOXåLOHGRNQHVWLJQXQRYL 8XNXSDQEURMQLVXXUDþXQDWHãNROHX'RERãQLFLL*QRMQLFL ýHWHUGHVHWJRGLQDRVQRYQHãNROHX/XNDYFX, 30 âNRODX6PROXüLVDUDGRPMHSRþHODMRãXVHSWHPEUX JRGLQH 31 'HQLV%HüLURYLü3URVYMHWQHLNXOWXUQHSULOLNHXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQL Stav,EU 7X]OD GDOMH '%HüLURYLü3URVYMHWQHLNXOWXUQHSULOLNH 0XKDPHG )LOLSRYLü %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD ± QDMYDåQLMH JHRJUDIVNH GHPRJUDIVNH KLVWRULMVNH NXOWXUQHLSROWLþNHþLQMHQLFH6DUDMHYR Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine XGåEHQLFL333UYDãNROVNDJRGLQDXSRVWUDWQRM%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLWUDMDODMHVYHJD WUL PMHVHFD RG MXQD GR RNWREUD JRGLQH 2YR YULMHPH MH LVNRULãWHQR ]D UDG QDXMHGQDþDYDQMXãNROVNRJVLVWHPDDUHGRYQDãNROVND JRGLQDSRþHODMHX QRYHPEUX JRGLQH 8SUHGUDWQRM%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLãNROVNH UDGLOHVX RVQRYQH ãNROHVDXþHQLND8QRYRMãNROVNRM JRGLQLUDGLORMHRVQRYQLK ãNROD VD XþHQLND 6PDQMHQMH EURMD ãNROVNLK ]JUDGD L EURMD XþHQLND SRVOMHGLFD MH PLQXORJ UDWQRJ VWUDGDQMD 2YDM EURM XEU]R MH SRYHüDQ D ãNROVNH JRGLQH UDGLOR MH ãNROD VD þDN XþHQLND 6YHREXKYDWQRVW XþHQLNDRVQRYQLPREUD]RYDQMHPXYHOLNRMHQDGPDãLODSUHGUDWQRVWDQMH1DSUHGDN MHHYLGHQWDQLVOLMHGHüLKJRGLQD7DNRXãNROVNRM X%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL GMHOXMH RVQRYQLKãNRODVDXþHQLNDâNROVNH JRGLQHGMHOXMH ãNRODVDXþHQLND35 %URMþDQRVWDQMHXRVQRYQRPREUD]RYDQMXQDSURVWRUXVUH]D7X]ODYLGLPRL] WDEHODUQRJSULND]DNRMHJGRQRVLPRXQDVWDYNX âNROVNDJRGLQD Broj škola %URMXþHQLND 51 53 7DEHOD6WDQMHXRVQRYQRPREUD]RYDQMXQDSRGUXþMXVUH]D7X]OD 'R JRGLQH RVQRYQR REUD]RYDQMH X %L+ VH RGYLMDOR NUR] UDG þHWYHURJRGLãQMLK RVQRYQLK ãNROD =DNRQRP R VHGPRJRGLãQMHP REUD]RYDQMX L] PDUWD JRGLQH SURSLVDQR MH REDYH]QR VHGPRJRGLãQMH REUD]RYDQMH ]D X]UDVWRGGRJRGLQD8RYRMJRGLQLRVMHWDQMHSRUDVWEURMDãNRODLXþHQLND 8 ãNROVNRM ãNROH SRþLQMX GD RVWYDUXMX VYRM GLR REDYH]D L] GUåDYQRJ SURMHNWD 3UYRJ SHWRJRGLãQMHJ SODQD 2YLP SODQRP ]D RVQRYQR REUD]RYDQMH ELR MH SUHGYLÿHQ REXKYDW VYH RGUDVOH GMHFH þHWYHURJRGLãQMLP ãNRORYDQMHP ³GR NUDMD SODQVNRJ SHULRGD REXKYDWLWL RG VYLK XþHQLND NRML ]DYUãH RVQRYQX ãNROX VHGPRJRGLãQMLPãNRORYDQMHP³WHÄ]DRVQRYQRãNROVWYRL]JUDGLWLXþLRQLFD³ 33 0LWDU3DSLüâNROVWYRX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL .QMLJD,6DUDMHYR GDOMH 0 3DSLüâNROVWYRX%L+ 03DSLüâNROVWYRX%L+, 35 6WDWLVWLþNLJRGLãQMDN 6DUDMHYR 7DEHOD MH NRQVWUXLVDQD QD RVQRYX SRGDWDND L] 6WDWLVWLþNL JRGLãQMDN %L+ 6DUDMHYR 03DSLüâNROVWYRX%L+ 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û 3UHNUHWQLFD ]D UD]YRM RVQRYQRJ REUD]RYDQMD ELOD MH RGOXND VD 7UHüHJ SOHQXPD &. .3- L] GHFHPEUD JRGLQH 7DGD MH GRQHVHQD RGOXND GD VH RVQRYQR RSüH REUD]RYDQMH SURGXåL QD RVDP JRGLQD þLPH MH SRþHOD NRUMHQLWD UHIRUPD X SURVYMHWQRP VLVWHPX 2YRP SULOLNRP SRVWDYOMHQL VX L RGJRMQL ]DGDFL REUD]RYDQMDXFMHOLQL ³9DVSLWDWLXãNRODPDQRYRJVORERGQRJLRGYDåQRJþRYMHND þLMD VX VKYDWDQMD ãLURND L UD]QRYUVQD NRPH VX WXÿL ELURNUDWL]DP L XNDOXSOMHQRVW PLVOL³ 2GãNROVNH JRGLQHX]UHRUJDQL]DFLMXVHGPRJRGLãQMLKVDUDGRP VXSRþHOHQRYHRVPRJRGLãQMHãNROHWDNR]YDQHÄRVPROMHWNH³2RYRP]QDþDMQRP GRJDÿDMX 0LWDU 3DSLü LVWLþH VOMHGHüH Ä7R MH X ãNROVNRM SROLWLFL QRYD SRMDYD V GDOHNRVHåQLP NXOWXUQRSHGDJRãNLP SRVOMHGLFDPD WHNRYLQD NRMD üH QDMH¿NDVQLMH GMHORYDWLQDãLURNRPSODQXSUHREUDåDMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHL]]DRVWDOHLNXOWXUQR QHUD]YLMHQHXMHGQRREUD]RYDQLMHLNXOWXUQRUD]YLMHQLMHGUXãWYR³ /XNDYDþNHãNROHXSHULRGX JRGLQH 8/XNDYFXVHREQDYOMDMXVWDUHLSRGLåXQRYHãNROH2EXKYDWQRVWXþHQLND RVQRYQRãNROVNLPREUD]RYDQMHPXRYRPUD]GREOMXELODMH]QDWQRYHüDQHJRUDQLMH 2VLP UHGRYQH QDVWDYH ãNROH XþHVWYXMX X RUJDQL]RYDQRP UDGX QD RSLVPHQMDYDQMX VWDQRYQLãWYD NUR] DQDOIDEHWVNH L GUXJH WHþDMHYH âNROD SRVWDMH FHQWDU NDNR REUD]RYQRJ WDNR L NXOWXUQRJ åLYRWD .XOWXUQD IXQNFLMD ãNROH VH QDURþLWRLVWLþHXVHRVNLPVUHGLQDPDJGMHVXSURVYMHWQLUDGQLFLELOLJODYQLQRVLRFL NXOWXUQRJ åLYRWD VHOD %RJDWD MH OHSH]D YDQQDVWDYQLK DNWLYQRVWL NRMH RUJDQL]LUDMX LYRGHãNROVNHXVWDQRYH7DNRÿHUãNRODGDMHGRSULQRVVYLPDNWLYQRVWLPDYODVWLWH ELYDDNWLYQLVXGLRQLNWDGDãQMHJQDURGQRJSURVYMHüLYDQMD /XNDYDþNH ãNROH VDUDÿXMX VD SULYUHGQLP RUJDQL]DFLMDPD L UDGQLP NROHNWLYLPD3RVHEQDMHXORJD)DEULNHVRGH/XNDYDFNRMD¿QDQVLMVNLLPDWHULMDOQR SRPDåHUDGãNRODDRVLPWRJDLVDPDELYDQRVLODFLRUJDQL]DWRUãNROVNLKDNWLYQRVWL 8SLWDQMXMH]DþHWDNXVPMHUHQRJVUHGQMRãNROVNRJREUD]RYDQMDRGQRVQRãNRORYDQMH LXVDYUãDYDQMHVWUXþQRJUDGQLþNRJNDGUDIDEULNH 2VQLYDQMHQRYLKRVQRYQRãNROVNLKXVWDQRYDQDSRGUXþMX/XNDYFD 8 WRNX 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD RãWHüHQH VX PQRJH ãNROVNH ]JUDGH QD SRGUXþMX /XNDYFD 'R JRGLQH VDQLUDQD MH L VWDYOMHQD X IXQNFLMX YHüLQD SRVWRMHüLK ãNROVNLK REMHNDWD 2EQRYOMHQH VX ãNROH X /XNDYFX *UDGX 'RERãQLFL 'RQMRM*QRMQLFL3ROMLFXL3XUDþLüX8UD]GREOMXRG GRNUDMD JRGLQH '%HüLURYLü3URVYMHWQHLNXOWXUQHSULOLNH 03DSLüâNROVWYRX%L+ Isto 2 RSLVPHQMDYDQMX VWDQRYQLãWYD /XNDYFD JRGLQH YLGL X 6HPLU +DGåLPXVLü $QDOIDEHWVNLWHþDMHYLLRSLVPHQMDYDQMHVWDQRYQLãWYDQDSRGUXþMX/XNDYFD JRGLQH%DãWLQD VMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQHýDVRSLV]DEDãWLQXNXOWXUQRKLVWRULMVNRLSULURGQRQDVOLMHÿH7X]OD Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine RVQRYDQHVXQRYHãNROHX3URNRVRYLüLPD'HYHWDNX%LVWDUFX'RQMHP%RNDYLüLPD 'RERãQLFL6UHGQMRML*RUQMRM%HUNRYLFL.UXãHYLFL%DELFDPD-DUXãNDPD*RUQMLP 3ROMLFX5RVXOMDPD%ULMHVQLFL0LOLQRP6HOXL6WXSDULPD 2ãWHüHQH ãNROVNH ]JUDGH VX UHNRQVWUXLVDQH GLMHORP RG NUHGLWD 612D /XNDYDF D GLMHORP VUHGVWYLPD VDPLK JUDÿDQD 8 GHFHPEUX JRGLQH RG SRVWRMHüLKGHYHWWDGDDNWLYQLKãNRODQMLKVXELOHVPMHãWHQHXGUåDYQLPDVDPR MHGQDXSULYDWQRM]JUDGL8WRNXMHELRSRSUDYDNãNRODX7XPDUDPD3ROMLFXL7XULML 2VLPORNDOQLKYODVWLDQDMYLãHJUDÿDQDUDGQDSRGL]DQMXQRYLKãNRODSUDWLOLVXL YLãL RUJDQL YODVWL NDR QD SULPMHU *UDÿHYLQVNR RGMHOMHQMH 2NUXåQRJ QDURGQRJ RGERUD7X]OD 3URVYMHWQRRGMHOMHQMH612D/XNDYDFDSULOD JRGLQHL]YMHãWDYD212 7X]OD R RWYDUDQMX RVQRYQLK ãNROD X %DELFDPD 3DQMLNX L 3URNRVRYLüLPD 'RQRVH VHSRGDFLRXVORYLPD]DVYDNXãNROXSRQDRVRE8SRJOHGXãNROHX3DQMLNXQDYRGL VH GD MH ãNROVND ]JUDGD GUåDYQD GD LPD MHGQX XþLRQLFX GYLMH VREH WH VWDQ ]D QDVWDYQLND'RQRVHVHLSRGDFLRQDEDYOMHQRPQDPMHãWDMX NOXSHWDEODRUPDU SLVDüLVWROGYLMHSHüLLVOLþQR=DSRKDÿDQMHQDVWDYHXRYRMãNROLELORMHSULMDYOMHQR GMHFHâNRODMHRWYRUHQDGRVUHGLQH JRGLQH âNROD X 3URNRVRYLüLPD ELOD MH VPMHãWHQD X SULYDWQRM ]JUDGL 0DMD JRGLQHLPDODMHGYLMHXþLRQLFHMHGQXDNWLYQXLGUXJXXL]JUDGQMLSRPRüQXVREX L]ERUQLFXâNRODMHRWYRUHQDPDMD JRGLQH7DGDMHLPDODMHGDQUD]UHGL GYDRGMHOMHQMDNRMDVXSRKDÿDODGMHFD3URNRVRYLüD%LNRGåDLRNROLQH,SDNVYH GR JRGLQHEURMRVQRYQLKãNRODX/XNDYFXYDULUDL]PHÿXLGDELWDGD RWSRþHRQRYLJODYQLSHULRGL]JUDGQMHLRWYDUDQMDQRYLKãNROVNLKXVWDQRYD .UDMHP JRGLQH QD WHULWRULML GDQDãQMHJ /XNDYFD GMHORYDOR MH ãNRODRGWRJDRVQRYQLKRVPROMHWNDãNRODXþHQLNDXSULYUHGLLLQGXVWULMVND ãNROD 2VQRYQH SRWHãNRüH V NRMLPD VX VH VXVUHWDOH RYH SURVYMHWQH LQVWLWXFLMH VX ELOH QHGRYROMQL L QHDGHNYDWQL SURVWRUQL NDSDFLWHWL QD VHOLPD XJODYQRP ]JUDGH QHNDGDãQMLKPHNWHED QHGRYROMQDPDWHULMDOQDLWHKQLþNDRSUHPOMHQRVWWHPDQMDN QDVWDYQRJNDGUD8SUNRVWRPHQDVWDYDXãNRODPDMHRGUåDYDQDSULOLþQRUHGRYQRLX] VYHSRWHãNRüH]DWRYULMHPHGRVWDNYDOLWHWQR.RQFHP RSüLQVNHYODVWLGRQRVH RGOXNX R L]JUDGQML ãNROVNLK ]JUDGD X 6PROXüRM âLNXOMDPD .RNVDUL .DODMHYX L $7.6127N I2EUD]ORåHQMHX]VXPDUQLPMHVHþQLL]YMHãWDM]DGHFHPEDU /XNDYDF MDQXDU $7.6127N I3RGDFL]DRWYDUDQMHãNROD/XNDYDFDSULO =ERJQHSRYROMQLKXVORYD]DUDGãNRODMHUDGLODVYHJDQHNROLNRPMHVHFLWHMH]DWYRUHQD3ROD]QLFL RYHãNROHVYRMHGDOMHãNRORYDQMHQDVWDYLOLVXX/XNDYFX3XUDþLüXLOL3ROMLFX2YDãNRODMHSRQRYR SRþHOD VD UDGRP JRGLQH7DGD MH QDVWDYD RGUåDYDQD X ]JUDGL PHNWHED âNROVNH ãNROD SUHUDVWD X þHWYHURUD]UHGQX ,VWH JRGLQH RWYRUHQD MH ãNROD X VXVMHGQRP VHOX %LNRGåH =ERJ QHGRYROMQRJLQHXVORYQRJSURVWRUQRJNDSDFLWHWDRG GR JRGLQHMHJUDÿHQDQRYD]JUDGD RVQRYQHãNROHX3URNRVRYLüLPD,DNRMHQRYLREMHNDWELRVNURPDQVDGYLMHXþLRQLFHLVWDQRYLPD]D SURVYMHWQHUDGQLNHãNRODMHJUDÿHQDVNRURþHWLULJRGLQH2YRMHELOR]ERJWRJDãWRVXPMHãWDQLRYD GYD VHOD ãNROX JUDGLOL XJODYQRP VDPL GREURYROMQLP UDGRP L YODVWLWLP VUHGVWYLPD *UXSD DXWRUD 0RQRJUD¿MDPMHVQH]DMHGQLFH3URNRVRYLüL3URNRVRYLüL *UXSDDXWRUD2VQRYQRãNROVWYRX /XNDYFX $7.6127N I3RGDFLRãNROLX3URNRVRYLüLPD/XNDYDFMXQL 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û =DJRUMX6UHGVWYD]DJUDGQMXãNRODRVLJXUDYDODVXSULYUHGQDSUHGX]HüDDQDMYLãH VDPLPMHãWDQLQDVHOMDXNRMLPDVXVHãNROHJUDGLOH 1DMYHüL EURM QRYLK ãNROD RWYRUHQ MH WRNRP JRGLQH 3UYD RWYRUHQD ãNROD X RYRM JRGLQL ELOD MH X 0RGUDFX VYHþDQR RWYRUHQD X IHEUXDUX 5DGRYL X GUXJLP JRUH QDYHGHQLP PMHVWLPD WHNOL VX QHãWR VSRULMLP WHPSRP 'R SRORYLQH JRGLQH QDMPDQMH MH ELOR XUDÿHQR X PMHVWX âLNXOMH JGMH VH NDNR VH QDYRGL ÄVNRUR QLãWD QLMH XUDGLOR RVLP ãWR MH L]YXþHQR QHãWR FLJOD GRN LP MH NJ FHPHQWD XSURSDãWHQR³ 1L X GUXJLP VHOLPD UDGRYL QD ãNROVNLP REMHNWLPD QLVX WHNOL EH] SRWHãNRüD D ]D LVWH MH þHVWR SUR]LYDQ QHGRYROMQL DQJDåPDQ RGERUQLND 2 RYRM SUREOHPDWLFL UDVSUDYOMDQR MH QD VMHGQLFDPD ORNDOQH YODVWL ,VWLFDQR MH GD QDURGåHOLGDJUDGLãNROHDOLUXNRYRGLRFLLQHNLRGERUQLFLWRQHüHWHGDMH]DYODGDOD SVLKR]DGDVHãNRODXRSüHQHPRåHL]JUDGLWL3RUHGVYHJDSRVWRMDRMHLSUREOHPV SUHGX]HüHPÄ7HKQLND³NRMHMHSUHPDQHNLPL]YMHãWDMLPDSULYDWQLFLPDSURGDYDOR FLJOXSRMHIWLQLMRMDJUDÿHYLQVNLPãNROVNLPRGERULPDSRVNXSOMRMFLMHQL 6YHRYR MH XVSRUDYDOR RWYDUDQMH QRYLK ãNROD QR QDGDVYH QDYHGHQL SUREOHPL VX UHODWLYQR XVSMHãQRSUHYD]LÿHQL 3RUHG QDYHGHQLK SRWHãNRüD GR NUDMD JRGLQH L]JUDÿHQH VX QRYH ]JUDGH]DãNROHX%DELFDPD'HYHWDNX3URNRVRYLüLPD50L3ROMLFX518LVWRYULMHPH L]JUDÿHQDMHLSRWSXQRRSUHPOMHQDSUYDRVPRJRGLãQMDãNRODX/XNDYFX,QDþHRYD ãNRODMHSRþHODVDUDGRPMRã JRGLQHDOLMHWHNNUDMHP JRGLQHXVHOLODX QRYRL]JUDÿHQHSURVWRULMH=DL]JUDGQMX]JUDGHXWURãHQRMH PLOLRQDGLQDUDNRMHVX REH]EMHGLOLUDGQLNROHNWLYLLVDPLPMHãWDQLJUDGD/XNDYFD53 $SURSRRYRJDWUHEDLVWDüLGDMHXSURXþDYDQRPSHULRGXX/XNDYFXVYRMUDG REQRYLORL'MHþLMH]DEDYLãWHREGDQLãWHNRMHEDãWLQLWUDGLFLMXOXNDYDþNRJREGDQLãWD L]YUHPHQDDXVWURXJDUVNHXSUDYH,VWRWDNRRG GR JRGLQHX/XNDYFX UDGL'MHþLMLGRPRGQRVQR'RPUDWQHVLURþDGL55 $7.62/XI=DSLVQLNVDSUYHVMHGQLFH2SãWLQVNRJRGERUDJUDGVNHRSãWLQH/XNDYDF/XNDYDF GHFHPEDU $7.62/XI=DSLVQLNVDSHWHUHGRYQHVMHGQLFH1DURGQRJRGERUDJUDGVNHRSãWLQH/XNDYDF /XNDYDFPDM $7.62/XI=DSLVQLNVDãHVWHUHGRYQHVMHGQLFHQDURGQRJRGERUDJUDGVNHRSãWLQH/XNDYDF /XNDYDFMXOL $7.62/XI=DSLVQLNVDVMHGQLFHQDURGQRJRGERUDJUDGVNHRSãWLQH/XNDYDF/XNDYDF QRYHPEDU 50 )URQWVORERGHEU 7X]ODRNWREDU 51 )URQWVORERGHEU7X]ODIHEUXDU âNRODMHVYHþDQRRWYRUHQDQRYHPEUD JRGLQHGRNMHQDVWDYDXQRYRM]JUDGLSRþHOD QRYHPEUDLVWHJRGLQH=DL]JUDGQMXRYHãNROHQDM]DVOXåQLMDVXOXNDYDþNDSUHGX]HüD )DEULNDVRGHL 7HKQLNDDOLLPQRJLGUXJLJUDÿDQL/XNDYFDýHWHUGHVHWJRGLQDRVQRYQHãNROHX/XNDYFX 53 )URQWVORERGHEU7X]ODIHEUXDU 5MHãHQMHPEURGIHEUXDUD 0LQLVWDUVWYRSURVYMHWH15%L+MHGRQLMHORRGOXNX GD VH X /XNDYFX RWYRUL 'MHþLML YUWLü]DEDYLãWH VD MHGQLP RGMHOMHQMHP7RNRP JRGLQH RVLP X /XNDYFXQDWHULWRULML2NUXJD7X]ODSRVWRMDODVXMRãVDPRWULREGDQLãWDLWR X7X]OL%UþNRPL%LMHOMLQL $7. 2.127N GRN 5MHãHQMH 0LQLVWDUVWYD SURVYMHWH 15 %L+ 6DUDMHYR IHEUXDU 55 2VREOMHRYRJGREDþLQLOLVX 'XEUDYLü+DPGLMD XSUDYQLNGRPDûHULPDJLü+DVQLMD GRPDüLFD Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine âNROVNHSULOLNHLXVORYLUDGDXOXNDYDþNLPãNRODPD 2EXKYDW XþHQLND RVQRYQRãNROVNRP QDVWDYRP X UD]GREOMX JRGLQHELRMH]DGRYROMDYDMXüL1RYHãNROHVXLVSXQMDYDOHVYHNXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQH DNWLYQRVWL SRVWDYOMHQH RG VWUDQH QDGOHåQLK LQVWLWXFLMD YODVWL D X FLOMX QDURGQRJ SURVYMHüLYDQMDLNXOWXUQRJX]GL]DQMD1RXVORYLUDGDQLVXELOLQD]DYLGQRPQLYRX 7RMHELORQDURþLWRL]UDåHQRXSUYLPSRVWUDWQLPJRGLQDPDDOLX]QDGOMXGVNHQDSRUH JUDÿDQDXþLWHOMDLYODVWLPQRJRMHXUDÿHQRGDVHLVWRSRSUDYL8QDVWDYNXGRQRVLPR VWDQMHXSRMHGLQLPOXNDYDþNLPãNRODPD 1DURGQDRVQRYQDãNRODX3ROMLFX 2EMHNDW ãNROVNH ]JUDGH X 3ROMLFX VDJUDÿHQ MH JRGLQH âNROD MH UDVSRODJDOD VD GYLMH XþLRQLFH RG NRMLK MH MHGQD ELOD VNRUR SD QHXSRWUHEOMLYD 8þLRQLFH VX ELOH SRYUãLQH SR P 3RUHG XþLRQLFD ãNROD MH UDVSRODJDOD VD ]ERUQLFRPNXSDWLORPVDVYODþLRQLFRPWHXþLWHOMVNLPVWDQRP8]ãNROVNX]JUDGX QDOD]LORVHGYRULãWHSRYUãLQHRGP0DWHULMDOQDRSUHPOMHQRVWãNROHELODMHQD YHRPDQLVNRPQLYRXQHGRVWDMDOHVXNOXSHLYHüLQDGUXJRJLQYHQWDUD]DQRUPDOQR L]YRÿHQMHQDVWDYH *RGLQH RYD ãNROD MH EURMDOD GYD RGMHOMHQMD V NRMLPD MH UDGLR VDPR MHGDQQDVWDYQLN0HKPHGDOLMD2VPDQRYLü8SUYRPRGMHOMHQMXVXELOLXþHQLFLSUYRJ UD]UHGDQMLKþDN 'UXJRMHRGMHOMHQMHVDVWDYOMHQRRGXþHQLND,,,,,L,9UD]UHGD DEURMDORMHVYHJDXþHQLND8L]YMHãWDMLPDNRMLVXGROD]LOLL]RYHãNROHGR612D /XNDYDF R UDGX X ãNROL VH JRYRULOR YUOR SRKYDOQR %XGXüL GD MH QDVWDYQLN ELR VWUXþDQLREUD]RYDQWRLQLMHQHPRJXüHDOLLPDMXüLXYLGXGDMHGDQQDVWDYQLNUDGLVD XþHQLNDWRVHGLMHORPPRåHGRYHVWLXSLWDQMH5DGXþHQLNDMHWDNRÿHUSRKYDOMHQ 1DYRÿHQRMHGDVHXþHQLFLPHÿXVREQROLMHSRRGQRVHSRQDãDMXGDSRãWXMXDXWRULWHW QDVWDYQLNDGDVXUD]YLOLRVMHüDMSDWULRWL]PDLOMXEDYSUHPDGRPRYLQL =D RGUåDYDQMH ãNROH L]GYDMDQD VX L VUHGVWYD L] 6UHVNRJ QDURGQRJ RGERUD X /XNDYFX D NDVQLMH X 7X]OL 6UHGVWYD VX LVSODüLYDQD SR NYDUWDOLPD 8 WUHüHP NYDUWDOX ]D JRGLQX ]D RYX ãNROX X 3ROMLFX LVSODüHQR MH GLQDUD ,VWL L]QRVLVSODüLYDQMH]DYHüLQXVHRVNLKãNROD7X]ODQVNRJVUH]D YDVSLWDþLFH )HKLPRYLü=HNLMD3DãLü+RPLPLFDĈXULü0LUDL=DPERQL0DULMD8GRPXMHMRãELOR ]DSRVOHQRSRPRüQLKUDGQLND ãQDMGHULFDGYLMHYHãHULFHWULNXKDULFHEROQLþDUNDVREDULFHL SRVOXåLWHOMD'MHFDNRMDVXELODVPMHãWHQDXRYRMXVWDQRYLELODVXSUHWHåQRVLURþDGL]3RGULQMDLGUXJLK NUDMHYD,VWRþQH%RVQH8GRPXMHUHGRYQRSURYRÿHQNXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQLUDGDSLWRPFLGRPDSRKDÿDOL VXORNDOQXRVQRYQXãNROX$7.2.127NGRN6SLVDNRVREOMDGMHþLMHJGRPD/XNDYDF /XNDYDFRNWREDU $7.2.127NGRNEU =DSLVQLNRSUHJOHGXãNROHX3ROMLFX3ROMLFH DXJXVW Isto. $7. 6127 N I 1DORJ ]D LVSODWX ,,, .YDUWDOD ]D L]GUåDYDQMH RVQRYQLK ãNROD VUH]D WX]ODQVNRJ7X]ODDXJXVW 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û 1D NUDMX ãNROVNH 2VQRYQX ãNROX X 3ROMLFX SRKDÿDOR MH XNXSQR XþHQLND6DRGOLþQLPXVSMHKRPãNROVNXJRGLQXMH]DYUãLORVDPRXþHQLND YUORGREULKMHELORDGREULKXþHQLND1HRFLMHQMHQLKLQHGRYROMQLKELORMH XþHQLND 3UHPDSRGDFLPDVNUDMD JRGLQHXRYRMãNROLVXUDGLODGYDSURVYMHWQD UDGQLND %UDWLVODY 3DULYDQRYLü L (GLWD ýHUQL 'RFQLMH MH QD UDGX X ãNROL ELR DQJDåRYDQLXþLWHOM6DOLK$YGLü 2QR ãWR MH ELOR RVQRYQL SUREOHP V NRMLP VH ERULR ãNROVNL RGERU RYH ãNROH SHGHVHWLK JRGLQD VWROMHüD MHVWH QHGRYROMQL NDSDFLWHW L ORãD PDWHULMDOQD RSUHPOMHQRVW6LWXDFLMDXãNROLMHELODYHRPDORãDWHXLVWRMQLMHELORQLYRGH]DSLüH 9RGDVHGRQRVLODVDREOLåQMHJL]YRUDNRMLMHSDNELRQHXUHÿHQLQH]DãWLüHQâNROVNH JRGLQH XþLWHOM 6DOLK $YGLü SUHNR âNROVNRJ RGERUD L URGLWHOMD XVSLR MH XUHGLWL RYDM L]YRU D PMHVQL VWRODU MH QD ED]L GREURYROMQRJ UDGD L]YUãLR RSUDYNX ãNROVNHVWRODULMH 1DURGQDRVQRYQDãNROD/XNDYDF7XUVNL 2YDMQD]LY]DãNROXELRMHXXSRWUHELXSRVWUDWQRPSHULRGXLNRULãWHQMHX ]YDQLþQRMGRNXPHQWDFLMLRYHãNROHâNRODX/XNDYDF0MHVWX /XNDYDF7XUVNL MH MHGQDRGWULQDMVWDULMHãNROHRWYRUHQHQDSRGUXþMX/XNDYFD âNROVND ]JUDGD MH VDJUDÿHQD MRã JRGLQH 6KRGQR WRPH ELODMHX WURãQRPVWDQMXWHVXQDQMRMELOHQHRSKRGQHRSUDYNHâNRODMHLPDODGYLMHXþLRQLFH -HGQXYHüXVDSRYUãLQRPRGPWHPDQMXSRYUãLQHRGP8]XþLRQLFH VXVHQDOD]LOHL]ERUQLFHDXSRWNURYOMX]JUDGHELRMHGYRVREQLXþLWHOMVNLVWDQ âNROD MH JRGLQH LPDOD GYD RGMHOMHQMD D QDVWDYX VX L]YRGLOD GYD SURVYMHWQD UDGQLND EUDþQL SDU 0XVWDID L +LED -DKLü 8 SUYRP RGMHOMHQMX ELR MH XþHQLN,L,,UD]UHGDWH2VQRYQRJWHþDMDGRNMHGUXJRRGMHOMHQMHSRKDÿDOR XþHQLND ,,, L ,9 UD]UHGD 3UYR RGMHOMHQMH YRGLOD MH XþLWHOMLFD +LED -DKLü D GUXJR XþLWHOMXSUDYLWHOM ãNROH 0XVWDID -DKLü 1DVWDYQL VDGUåDML WRNRP ãNROVNH JRGLQHXVSMHãQRVXVDYODGDQL3RVHEQDSDåQMDSRVYHüHQDMHVDYODGDYDQMXWHKQLNH þLWDQMD L SLVDQMD UDþXQVNLK RSHUDFLMD L ]DGDWDND L] åLYRWD XþHQLND SMHYDQMX L WMHOHVQRPYDVSLWDQMXFUWDQMXLOLMHSRPSLVDQMX 3RUHGUHGRYQRJUDGDXãNROLQDVWDYQLFLRYHãNROHVXELOLDNWLYQLXNXOWXUQR SURVYMHWQRP åLYRWX /XNDYFD 2GUåDYDOL VX SUHGDYDQMD YRGLOL WHþDMHYH þLWDODþNH $7.6127N I,]YMHãWDMRVWDQMXRVQRYQRJãNROVWYDQDNUDMXãNROVNHJRGLQH7X]OD MXOL $7.2%127GRN6SLVDNXþLWHOMD612D7X]OD7X]ODQRYHPEDU *DXWRUD2VQRYQRãNROVWYRX/XNDYFX 9LãH YLGL X 6HPLU +DGåLPXVLü 0HGLKD .DKULü .XOWXUQRXPMHWQLþNR VWYDUDODãWYR X /XNDYDF 0MHVWX .8' 5XGDU =DYRG ]D ]DãWLWX L NRULãWHQMH NXOWXUQRKLVWRULMVNRJ L SULURGQRJ QDVOLMHÿD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD/XNDYDF $7.2.127NGRN =DSLVQLNRSUHJOHGXãNROH/XNDYDF7XUVNL/XNDYDF MXOL Isto. Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine JUXSH]LGQHQRYLQHLVOLþQR0XVWDIDL+LED-DKLüELOLVXþODQRYLGUXãWYD3UHSRURG DSRUHGVYHJDWRJDXþLWHOM0XVWDIDMHYRGLR6UHVNXSþHODUVNX]DGUXJXX/XNDYFX .DRLXGUXJLPãNRODPDNUR]UD]QHQDVWDYQHVDGUåDMHDSRVHEQRRQHL] KLVWRULMHUD]YLMDQDMHWDNR]YDQDÄQDFLRQDOQDVWUDQDYDVSLWDQMD³8MHGQRPL]YMHãWDMX VH QDYRGL ÄGMHFD VX YDVSLWDQD X GXKX QDURGQRJ SDWULRWL]PD WH QDMYHüRM OMXEDYL SUHPD RWDGåELQL L -XJRVODYHQVNRM DUPLML 0UåQMD SUHPD RNXSDWRUX L QDURGQLP L]GDMLFDPDL]D]YDQDMHXQDMYHüRMPMHULNRGXþHQLND³ 3ULORJ1DURGQDRVQRYQDãNROD/XNDYDF7XUVNLQDVWDYDXRYRMãNROVNRM]JUDGLRGYLMDODVH XSHULRGX JRGLQH 1D NUDMX ãNROVNH JRGLQH RYX ãNROX MH SRKDÿDOR XþHQLND âNROVNX JRGLQX MH VD RGOLþQLP XVSMHKRP ]DYUãLOR XþHQLND YUORGREULK MH ELOR DGREULKþDNXþHQLND2YDãNRODELOMHåLLXþHQLNHVGRYROMQLPXVSMHKRP QMLK GRNMH XþHQLNDELORXNDWHJRULMLQHRFMHQMHQLKLXþHQLNDVQHGRYROMQLP XVSMHKRP 1DGXåQRVWLXRYRMãNROLNUDMHP JRGLQHELODVXWULSURVYMHWQDUDGQLND +LED-DKLü0LUKXQLVD.XUWRYLüL=GHQND.XULOLü âNRODMHL]JRGLQHXJRGLQXLPDODVYHYLãHXSLVDQLKXþHQLNDYLãHRGMHOMHQMD DSURVWRUVHQLMHSRYHüDYDR=ERJWRJDMHQDVWDYDQHNROLNRSXWDELODRUJDQL]RYDQD NUR]WULVPMHQH,VWRWDNRRYDãNROD ãNROVNHJRGLQHSRVWDMHSHWRUD]UHGQD Isto. $7.6127N I,]YMHãWDMRVWDQMXRVQRYQRJãNROVWYDQDNUDMXãNJRGLQH7X]ODMXOL $7.2%127GRN6SLVDNXþLWHOMD612D7X]OD7X]ODQRYHPEDU 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û DOL VH ]ERJ QHGRYROMQLK SURVWRUQLK NDSDFLWHWD SHWL UD]UHG XNLGD YHü VOLMHGHüH JRGLQH 1DURGQD2VQRYQDãNRODX6PROXüL 2VQRYQR ãNROVWYR X 6PROXüL LPD GXJX WUDGLFLMX EXGXüL GD MH ãNROD X RYRPHPMHVWXVDJUDÿHQDMRã JRGLQH8SUDYRRYDãNRODMHELODSUYDSURVYMHWQD XVWDQRYD NRMD MH NRQFHP VHSWHPEUD JRGLQH ]DSRþHOD UDG QD VORERGQRM WHULWRULML1DNRQRVORERÿHQMDEULJXRãNROLSUHX]HRMH0MHVQLQDURGQLRGERUNRMLMH XVYRMHSULRULWHWQH]DGDWNHXYUVWLRREH]EMHÿHQMHXVORYD]DQRUPDOQLUDGãNROH âNROVND]JUDGD2VQRYQHãNROHX6PROXüLELODMHMHGQDRGULMHWNLKNRMHVX SULOLþQRVDþXYDQHRGUDWQRJUD]DUDQMDDRVLP]JUDGHVDþXYDQMHLLQYHQWDUãNROH âNRODMHUDVSRODJDODVDGYLMHXþLRQLFHYHOLþLQHPLPDXãNROLMHELRLVWDQ ]D QDVWDYQLNH (NVWHULMHU ãNROH VDþLQMDYDR MH ÿDþNL L XþLWHOMVNL YUW SRYUãLQH P 1DVWDYDXRYRMãNROL JRGLQHRGYLMDODVHXGYDRGMHOMHQMDDQDVWDYXVX L]YRGLOLXþLWHOML9LORWLMHL0LUMDQD.RþRYLü3UYRRGMHOMHQMHSRKDÿDORMHXþHQLND ,UD]UHGD'UXJRRGMHOMHQMHELORMHVDVWDYOMHQRRGXþHQLND,,,,,L,9UD]UHGD 8L]YMHãWDMLPDNRMLVXL]RYHãNROHVWL]DOLXQDGOHåQHLQVWDQFHYODVWLKYDOLVHUDG XþLWHOMVNRJ SDUD .RþRYLü 1DJODãDYD VH GD VX RYL QDVWDYQLFL YMHãWR VSURYHOL VYH QDVWDYQLPSURJUDPRPSURSLVDQRJUDGLYRGDXQDVWDYLNRULVWHRþLJOHGQDVUHGVWYD ÄSULQFLS GMHþLMH VDPRUDGQMH³ L VOLþQR 3RUHG WRJD RYL QDVWDYQLFL ELOL VX þODQRYL GUXãWYD Ä3URVYMHWD³ RUJDQL]RYDOL VX SUHGDYDQMD ]D JUDÿDQH 6PROXüH IRUPLUDOL þLWDRQLFX X RVQRYQRM ãNROL YRGLOL DQDOIDEHWVNH WHþDMHYH RUJDQL]RYDOL SULUHGEH L GUXJHNXOWXUQRSURVYMHWQHVDGUåDMH7DNRÿHUNDRLNRGGUXJLKãNRODLRYGMHVHKYDOL GLVFLSOLQD GUXJDUVWYR XþHQLND QMLKRY RGQRV SUHPD 123X SDWULRWL]DP SUHPD GUåDYLYODVWLWHEUDWVWYXLMHGLQVWYX âNROVNH RYXãNROXMHSRKDÿDORXþHQLNDRGþHJDPXãNRJ LåHQVNRJSROD1DUHGQHãNROVNH RYXãNROXMHSRKDÿDORXþHQLND 6RGOLþQLPXVSMHKRPRYXãNROVNXJRGLQXMH]DYUãLORXþHQLNDãWRMHVRE]LURP QDEURMXþHQLNDLXVSMHKSRGUXJLPãNRODPD]QDWDQSR]LWLYDQUH]XOWDW9UORGREULK XþHQLND ELOR MH GREULK GRYROMQLK QHGRYROMQLK L QHRFLMHQMHQLK XþHQLND âWR VH WLþH QDVWDYQRJ NDGUD X RYRM ãNROL NUDMHP JRGLQH RYGMH UDGH 0LORUDG 0DUNRYLü L =GHQNR ĈXUNRYLü 3URPMHQD X QDVWDYL RYH SURVYMHWQH *DXWRUD2VQRYQRãNROVWYRX/XNDYFX Isto $7.2.127NGRN =DSLVQLNRSUHJOHGXãNROHX6PROXüRM6PROXüDMXOL Isto $7.6127N I3RGDFLRãNRODPD/XNDYDFGHFHPEDU $7.6127N I,]YMHãWDMRVWDQMXRVQRYQRJãNROVWYDQDNUDMXãNROVNHJRGLQH7X]OD MXOL $7.2%127GRN6SLVDNXþLWHOMD612D7X]OD7X]ODQRYHPEDU Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine XVWDQRYH L]YUãHQD MH X ãNROVNRM JRGLQL NDGD MH IRUPLUDQ 9 UD]UHG WH VOLMHGHüH ãNROVNHJRGLQHNDGDMHIRUPLUDQ9,UD]UHG Gradska osnovna škola u Lukavcu 2YD ãNROD EDãWLQL WUDGLFLMX ãNROVNRJ RGMHOMHQMD QD WDGDãQMHP VUSVNR KUYDWVNRP MH]LNX IRUPLUDQRJ JRGLQH SUL 3ULYDWQRM QMHPDþNRM ãNROL X /XNDYDF )DEULFL .DR VDPRVWDOQD XVWDQRYD RYD ãNROD GMHOXMH RG JRGLQH NDGDMHXNLQXWRWDNR]YDQRQMHPDþNRRGMHOMHQMHRYHãNROH6YRMUDGQDRVORERÿHQRM WHULWRULMLãNRODMH]DSRþHODMRãXRNWREUX JRGLQH1DNRQUDWDãNRODQRVLQD]LY 1DURGQDRVQRYQDãNROD/XNDYDF)DEULND/XNDYDF7YRUQLFD +LVWRULMVNL UD]YRM RYH OXNDYDþNH ãNROH X UD]GREOMX JRGLQH PRåHVHSRGLMHOLWLQDGYDPDQMDSHULRGDLWR SUYLSHULRG GR JRGLQH NDGD ãNRODUDGLNDRþHWYHURJRGLãQMDWHGUXJLSHULRG RG GR JRGLQH NDGDVH ãNRODRVQLYDNDRSUYDRVPRJRGLãQMDãNRODX/XNDYFXLRNROLQLJUDGLQRYLãNROVNL REMHNDWL]DGRYROMDYDMXVYLPDWHULMDOQRWHKQLþNLXYMHWL]DUDGãNROH 5DGãNROH JRGLQH 3RVWUDWQLUDGRYDãNRODQDVWDYOMDXVYRMRMVWDURM]JUDGLYODVQLãWYR)DEULNH VRGH/XNDYDFâNRODMHEURMDODþHWLULXþLRQLFHRGSRP,VWDMHUDVSRODJDOD VDGYRULãWHPSRYUãLQHRGPDLPDODMHLYRGRYRGLHOHNWULþQRRVYMHWOMHQMH 1DVWDYDXãNROVNRM JRGLQLRGYLMDODVHXWULRGLMHOMHQMDRG,GR,,, UD]UHGD1DVWDYXVXL]YRGLODGYDSURVYMHWQDUDGQLNDXþLWHOMLFH 'XãDQND7DEDNRYLü L0DULMD.UVHN1DYHGHQHãNROVNHJRGLQHãNROXVXSRKDÿDODXþHQLNDRGþHJD MH ãNROVNX JRGLQX XVSMHãQR ]DYUãLOR QMLK 6OLMHGHüH ãNROVNH JRGLQH EURMXþHQLNDMHSRUDVWDR]DYLãHRGWULSXWDWDNRGDMHLVWXSRKDÿDORXþHQLND 1DVWDYDMHWDGDL]YRÿHQDXþHWLULRGMHOMHQMDRG,GR,9UD]UHGD3UYRRGMHOMHQMHVX þLQLOLXþHQLFL,DUD]UHGDQMLK'UXJRRGMHOMHQMHMHELORVDVWDYOMHQRRG XþHQLND ,EUD]UHGD7UHüHRGMHOMHQMHSRKDÿDOLVXXþHQLFL,,UD]UHGDXNXSQRSROD]QLND WH þHWYUWR RGMHOMHQMH NRMH MH ELOR NRPELQRYDQR RG XþHQLND ,,, L ,9 UD]UHGD 1DVWDYX VX L]YRGLOD WUL QDVWDYQLND XþLWHOM 9DVLOLMH *XUHQNR WH XþLWHOMLFH 0DULMD .UVHNL'XãDQND7DEDNRYLü 8 GDOMHP SHULRGX GR JRGLQH X RYRM ãNROL QDVWDYX L]YRGH VOLMHGHüL QDVWDYQLFL ,EURL=ODWD*UþLü9DVLOLMH*XUHQNRL0DULMD.UVHN ãNROVND *L]HOD 0DWHãNRYLü 6WDQNR 1HQH]Lü 9DVLOLMH *XUHQNR /MHUND .RQRU ãNROVND *L]HOD 0DWHãNRYLü -RYDQND 7DWLü 0LODQ %DNLü 9DVLOLMH *XUHQNR ãNROVND 6WRMDQND2VWRMLü0LORYDQ$ãDQLQ*L]HOD0DWHãNRYLüLSRQRYR 0DULMD.UVHN $7. 2.127 N GRN =DSLVQLN V SUHJOHGD VWDQMD X 1DURGQRM RVQRYQRM ãNROL /XNDYDF)DEULND/XNDYDFMXOL *DXWRUD2VQRYQRãNROVWYRX/XNDYFX $7.2.127NGRN 1DYHGHQL]DSLVQLN/XNDYDFMXOL 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û âNROVNDJRGLQD Upisano Od toga Završilo Od toga åHQVNRJSROD åHQVNRJSROD 311 105 55 51 7DEHOD6WDWLVWLNDVYUãHQLND*UDGVNHRVQRYQHãNROHX/XNDYFX JRGLQH .DRLXGUXJLPãNRODPDLRYGMHMHXQDVWDYLVWDYOMDQDSRVWURIQDL]XþDYDQMH VDGUåDMDL]125DUD]YLMDQMHEUDWVWYDLMHGLQVWYDSDWULRWL]PDGUXJDUVWYDGLVFLSOLQH L DXWRULWHWD QDVWDYQLND 5DGQLFL RYH ãNROH ELOL VX DNWLYQL þODQRYL NXOWXUQH VFHQH JUDGD /XNDYFD 9RGLOL VX DQDOIDEHWVNH WHþDMHYH SUHGDYDQMD NUXåRNH þLWDODþNH JUXSH]LGQHQRYLQH]DMHGQRVXþHQLFLPDXþHVWYRYDOLXUDGXNXOWXUQLKGUXãWDYDL VOLþQR %URMSROD]QLNDRYHãNROHELRMHXVWDOQRPSRUDVWXDQDMYLãHXþHQLNDãNROD MHEURMDOD ãNROVNHJRGLQH7DGDVXVHYHüSUDYLOLSURMHNWL]DSURãLUHQMHRYH ãNROHSDMH3ODQVNDNRPLVLMD612D7X]OD]DSRþHODDNWLYQRVWLQDL]JUDGQMLQRYH ãNROVNH]JUDGH]DRVPRJRGLãQMHãNRORYDQMH3RþHWNRP JRGLQHELORMHL]JUDÿHQR SUL]HPOMHDOL]ERJQHSRYROMQRJWHUHQDXUEDQLVWLþNHQHXVDJODãHQRVWLL]JUDÿHQLGLR ãNROHVHUXãLWHPDWHULMDOELYDXVWXSOMHQ]DL]JUDGQMXãNRODXâLNXOMDPDL6PROXüL 5DGãNROH JRGLQH âNROVNH JRGLQH ãNROD ]DSRþLQMH UDG NDR RVPRJRGLãQMD 3UYR MH IRUPLUDQSHWLUD]UHGXNRMLVXXSLVDQLVYLRGOLþQLLYUORGREULVYUãHQLFL,9UD]UHGD RVQRYQLKãNRODXUHMRQXRG3HWURYRJ6HODGR%XNLQMD'DNOHRYDãNRODMHL]DãOD L]RNYLUDOXNDYDþNRJSRGUXþMDLSRGVYRMNURYSULPLODLSROD]QLNHL]ãLUHRNROLQH 7X]ODQVNDJLPQD]LMDMHLVSLVLYDODVYHXþHQLNH,,UD]UHGDNRMLLPDMXVWDOQXDGUHVXX /XNDYFXWHLKXSXüLYDODXQRYRIRUPLUDQL9,UD]UHGOXNDYDþNHãNROH =DGLUHNWRUDRYHXVWDQRYHSRVWDYOMHQMH0LODQ%DNLüGRNMH]DQDVWDYQLND LPHQRYDQDVYUãHQLFD9LãHJLPQD]LMHX7X]OL(OL]DEHWD-XULü2VWDOLQDVWDYQLNDGDU þLQLOL VX XþLWHOML RYH ãNROH 0DULMD .UVHN 6WRMDQND 2VWRMLü /MXELFD 6LQÿHOLü L 'XãDQND%DQRYDF 3UYLQDVWDYQLNVD]DYUãHQRP9LãRPSHGDJRãNRPãNRORPNRML VH ]DSRVOLR X RYRM ãNROL MH /MXELFD %RJGDQRYLü QDVWDYQLFD KLVWRULMH L JHRJUD¿MH 7DEHODNRQVWUXLVDQDSUHPDSRGDFLPD /MHWRSLVRVQRYQHãNROHÄ9MHNRVODY7XQMLü³/XNDYDFX * DXWRUD2VQRYQRãNROVWYRX/XNDYFX ýHWHUGHVHWJRGLQDRVQRYQHãNROHX/XNDYFX Isto $7.2%127GRN6SLVDNXþLWHOMD6UHVNRJQDURGQRJRGERUDX7X]OL7X]ODQRYHPEDU Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine GRãOD JRGLQH7DNRMHRYXãNROXNDQRYRPRVPRJRGLãQMHPNRQFHSWXYRGLR SUHWHåQRåHQVNLQDVWDYQLNDGDU )RUPLUDQMHRVPRJRGLãQMHãNROHLPDORMH]D/XNDYDFYLãHVWUXNL]QDþDMNDNR ]DVDPHVWDQRYQLNHWDNRL]DSULYUHGXLORNDOQX]DMHGQLFXXRSüH'RRWYDUDQMDRYH ãNROH GMHFD L] /XNDYFD VX SR ]DYUãHQRM RVQRYQRM ãNROL UDQLP MXWDUQMLP YR]RP RGOD]LODX7X]OXNDNRELVWLJODQDQDVWDYXXWDPRãQMRMJLPQD]LML 7DNRÿHURGÄQRYH³ãNROHVXLPDODNRULVWLSULYUHGQDSUHGX]HüDEXGXüLGD VXVHVWUXþQMDFLNRMLVXLPDOLãNROVNXGMHFXWHåHRGOXþLYDOLQDUDGLåLYRWXVUHGLQDPD EH]DGHNYDWQHãNROVNHXVWDQRYH,VWRWDNRUDGQLFLNRMLVXåHOMHOLGDVWHNQXRVQRYQH FUWHREUD]RYDQMDEH]YHüLKL]GDWDNDLSRWHãNRüDPRJOLVXSROD]LWLYHþHUQMXQDVWDYX XRYRMãNROL 2G JRGLQH ]D XSUDYQLND ãNROH SRVWDYOMHQ MH ĈRUÿH 2VWRMLü XþLWHOM L VUHVNL ãNROVNL LQVSHNWRU X 7X]OL ,VWH JRGLQH SRþLQMX DNWLYQRVWL ND UMHãDYDQMX ãNROVNRJSURVWRUDRGQRVQRL]JUDGQMDQRYHãNROVNH]JUDGH2EMHNDWMHL]JUDÿHQGR QRYHPEUD JRGLQHWHMHQRYHPEUDRGUåDQRVYHþDQRRWYDUDQMHQRYHãNROH 3ULORJ*UDGVNDRVQRYQDãNRODX/XNDYFXQDVWDYDXRYRMãNROVNRM]JUDGLRGYLMDODVH XSHULRGX JRGLQH )RWRJUD¿MDSUHX]HWDL] 6HGDPGHVHWJRGLQD)DEULNHVRGH /XNDYDF)6/,QIRUPDFLMH/XNDYDF =DDQJDåRYDQMHQDRYRPSURMHNWXDOLLSRWSXQRPXUHÿHQMXãNROHGR JRGLQH ]DVOXåDQ MH âNROVNL RGERU GLUHNWRU L QDVWDYQLFL ãNROH 8 ãWDPSL MH RYDM ãNROVNL RGERU RNDUDNWHULVDQ NDR QDMDNWLYQLML ãNROVNL RGERU X 7X]ODQVNRP VUH]X 7UHED QDJODVLWL GD MH YHOLNL GLR ¿QDQVLMVNH NRQVWUXNFLMH ]D QRYL ãNROVNL REMHNDW *DXWRUD2VQRYQRãNROVWYRX/XNDYFX 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û VQRVLOD)DEULNDVRGH/XNDYDFDQDSRVHRYDIDEULND JRGLQHSRVWDMHSRNURYLWHOM JUDGVNH ãNROH )DEULND ãNROL GRGMHOMXMH GLQDUD L PDWHULMDO ]D RGUåDYDQMH ]JUDGHLLQYHQWDUD2GRYHGRQDFLMHXSUDYDãNROHVUHÿXMHVWRODULMXUDVYMHWXDãWRMH SRVHEQR]DQLPOMLYRNXSXMHUDGLRDSDUDW%LRMHWRSUYLUDGLRDSDUDWXOXNDYDþNLPL RNROQLPãNRODPD 3UYDJHQHUDFLMDVYUãHQLKXþHQLND9,,,UD]UHGDL]OD]L JRGLQH%LODMH WRSUYDRVPRJRGLãQMDãNRODQDRSüLQL/XNDYDFLMHGQDRGSUYLKXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL 2YD SURVYMHWQD XVWDQRYD ]DYUãLOD MH ãNROVNX JRGLQX VD QDVWDYQLNDLXþHQLND 2VLP UHGRYQH QDVWDYH ãNROH XþHVWYXMX X RUJDQL]RYDQRP UDGX QD RSLVPHQMDYDQMX VWDQRYQLãWYD NUR] DQDOIDEHWVNH L GUXJH WHþDMHYH âNROD SRVWDMH FHQWDUNDNRREUD]RYQRJWDNRLNXOWXUQRJåLYRWD.XOWXUQDIXQNFLMDãNROHVHQDURþLWR LVWLþHXVHRVNLPVUHGLQDPDJGMHVXSURVYMHWQLUDGQLFLELOLJODYQLQRVLRFLNXOWXUQRJ åLYRWDVHOD 'RNUDMD JRGLQHRVMHWDQMHELRSRUDVWREXKYDWDGMHFHRVQRYQRãNROVNLP REUD]RYDQMHPLVYHYHüLREXKYDWåHQVNHSRSXODFLMHNDNRRVQRYQLPREUD]RYDQMHP XãNRODPDWDNRLDQDOIDEHWVNLPWHþDMHYLPD6WRJDMHLEURMSLVPHQRJVWDQRYQLãWYD QD SRGUXþMX /XNDYFD SRYHüDQ ]D SUHNR RSLVPHQMHQLK NDQGLGDWD 0HÿXWLP SURFHQDWQHSLVPHQRJVWDQRYQLãWYDMHLGDOMHELRYLVRNLL]QRVLRMH 2EUD]RYDQMHVWUXþQRJUDGQLþNRJNDGUD 1DNRQ 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD XVOLMHGLR MH SURFHV REQRYH L UHYLWDOL]DFLMH SRVWRMHüH SULYUHGQH VWUXNWXUH DOL L L]JUDGQMD L XVDYUãDYDQMH QRYLK SURL]YRGQLK NDSDFLWHWD=DVYHWRQHRSKRGQRMHELORLPDWLVWUXþDQUDGQLþNLNDGDU8VUHGLQDPD NDR ãWR MH /XNDYDF GR JRGLQH QLMH ELOR YLãLK VWUXþQLK RGQRVQR VUHGQMLK ãNRODDLQGXVWULMVNL/XNDYDF]DKWMHYDRMHREUD]RYDQLVWUXþDQUDGQLþNLNDGDU 5DGQLþNHãNROHâNROHXþHQLNDXSULYUHGL -HGDQ RG QDþLQD GD VH ULMHãL SLWDQMH VWUXþQLK UDGQLþNLK NDGURYD ELOR MH REUD]RYDQMH X VWUXþQLP UDGQLþNLP ãNRODPD LOL RGUåDYDQMH UDGQLþNLK NXUVHYD 1D WHULWRULML 7X]ODQVNRJ RNUXJD X SRþHWNX MH SRVWRMDOR RVDP VWUXþQLK SURGXåQLK ãNROD SULWYRUQLFL6RGHX/XNDYFXSULUXGQLNXX%XNLQMXSULUXGQLNXLSLODQLX äLYLQLFDPD X 7X]OL *UDGDþFX %UþNRP %LMHOMLQL L %RVDQVNRP âDPFX 7R VX )URQWVORERGHEU7X]ODIHEUXDU ýHWHUGHVHWJRGLQDRVQRYQHãNROHX/XNDYFX, *DXWRUD2VQRYQRãNROVWYRX/XNDYFX 2 RSLVPHQMDYDQMX VWDQRYQLãWYD /XNDYFD JRGLQH YLGL X 6HPLU +DGåLPXVLü $QDOIDEHWVNLWHþDMHYLLRSLVPHQMDYDQMHVWDQRYQLãWYDQDSRGUXþMX/XNDYFD JRGLQH%DãWLQD VMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQHýDVRSLV]DEDãWLQXNXOWXUQRKLVWRULMVNRLSULURGQRQDVOLMHÿH=DYRG]D]DãWLWXL NRULãWHQMHNXOWXUQRKLVWRULMVNRJLSULURGQRJQDVOLMHÿD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD7X]OD 6HDG 6HOLPRYLü 6HQDLG +DGåLü7X]ODQVNL NUDM 'HPRJUDIVNH L VRFLMDOQH SURPMHQH 7X]OD Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine WDNR]YDQHÄâNROHXþHQLNDXSULYUHGL³ â83 %URMSROD]QLNDRYLKãNRODX%RVQLL +HUFHJRYLQLNUHWDRVHRG JRGLQHSUHNR XþHQLND GR XþHQLND JRGLQH 1HSRVUHGQR SR RVORERÿHQMX /XNDYFD 2EODVQL 122 ]D ,VWRþQX %RVQX LPHQRYDR MH SUYX SULYUHPHQX XSUDYX )DEULNH D ]DWUDåHQD MH GHPRELOL]DFLMD L] YRMVNH SRMHGLQLK VWUXþQLK UDGQLND NRML VX XSXüHQL QD UDG QD UHYLWDOL]DFML IDEULNH 8SRUHGR V RYLP SUYD JHQHUDFLMD ãHJUWD L] /XNDYFD L RNROLQH SRþHOD MH GD VH REXþDYD]DUDGXIDEULþNLPUDGLRQLFDPDLXYHþHUQMRMâHJUWVNRMãNROL,VWXMHMRã SULMH UDWD RVQRYDOD )DEULND VRGH XSUDYR ]D ãNRORYDQMH VYRMLK PODGLK NDGURYD 7RNRP L JRGLQHL])DEULNHVRGHVHREUD]XMXSUYLUDGQLFLQDNXUVHYLPDL ãNRODPDXVNUDüHQRPWUDMDQMX]DSULYUHGQHUXNRYRGLRFH 8 SUYLP SRUDWQLP JRGLQDPD X RUJDQL]DFLML *HQHUDOQH GLUHNFLMH 6DYH]QH KHPLMVNHLQGXVWULMHX/XNDYFXVHRGUåDYDLMHGQRJRGLãQMLUDGQLþNLNXUVVWHQRJUD¿MH LGDNWLORJUD¿MH 3UHNUHWQLFDXRUJDQL]LUDQMXUDGQLþNRJVLVWHPDREUD]RYDQMDX/XNDYFXMHVWH JRGLQD NDGD X RNYLUX âNROH XþHQLND X SULYUHGL ]DSRþLQMH RVSRVREOMDYDQMH NYDOL¿NRYDQLK UDGQLND RGQRVQR ]DQDWOLMD UD]QLK SUR¿OD âNROD MH GMHORYDOD X VNORSXL]DSRWUHEH)DEULNHVRGHX/XNDYFX8RYRMãNROLREUD]RYDQLVXNDGURYL VOLMHGHüLK VWUXþQLK XVPMHUHQMD PHWDOQD VWUXND LQVWDODWHUL HOHNWURWHKQLþND VWUXND GUYRSUHUDÿLYDþND VWUXND VWUXND NRåH L JXPH JUDÿHYLQVND WUJRYDþND L WHNVWLOQD VWUXND SRJOHGDWLWDEHOX 3UHPDãNROVNRPGQHYQLNXL]RYHãNROHXWYUGLOLVPRGD MHQDVWDYDRGUåDYDQDSULOLþQRUHGRYQRRGSRQHGMHOMNDGRVXERWHGRþDVRYDQD GDQ3URXþDYDQLVXSUHGPHWLNDRãWRVX QDURGQLMH]LNPDWHPDWLND¿]LNDKHPLMD KHPLMVNDWHKQRORJLMDKLVWRULMDJHRJUD¿MDKLJLMHQDIDEULNDFLMDVRGHLVOLþQR7UHED LVWDüLGDVXELOHþHVWHVLWXDFLMHNDGDMHXUXEULNH]DXSLVQDVWDYQLKþDVRYDXSLVLYDQR Ä1LMH SULVXVWYRYR QLNR³ ÄýDV QLMH RGUåDQ³ Ä1LMH ELOR QDVWDYQLND³ Ä1LMH QLNR GRãR³ L VOLþQR 1H SULVXVWYRYDQMH QDVWDYL SRQHNDG MH SUDYGDQR DQJDåRYDQMHP QD UHGRYQLPSRVORYLPDXVDPRMIDEULFL *RGLQH IRUPLUDQD MH SUYD UHGRYQD LQGXVWULMVND +HPLMVND ãNROD )DEULNH VRGH X /XNDYFX âNROD MH LPDOD L GREUR XUHÿHQ L RSUHPOMHQ LQWHUQDW ]D VPMHãWDM XþHQLND 1DYHGHQD UDGQLþND ãNROD MH L]YHOD VDPR MHGQX JHQHUDFLMX SRWUHEQLK VWUXþQLK NDGURYD MHU MH SRþHWNRP WUHüH JRGLQH UDGD GRãOR GR QMHQRJ XNLGDQMD 5DG X RYLP ãNRODPD RGUåDYDR VH X SURVWRULMDPD *UDGVNH RVQRYQH ãNROH /XNDYDF )DEULND D QDVWDYD X ãNROVNRM JRGLQL RGYLMDOD VH X WHUPLQLPD RGGR VDWLGRNVHRG KGR KRGUåDYDODUHGRYQDQDVWDYDXRYRM RVPRJRGLãQMRM ãNROL .DVQLMH RG GR K X ãNROL VX RGUåDYDQL WHþDMHYL ]D RSLVPHQMDYDQMHL9HþHUQMDUDGQLþNDãNROD 7UHEDQDSRPHQXWLGDVXRVLPUDGQLþNLK 6WDWLVWLþNLJRGLãQMDN 6DUDMHYR *UXSDDXWRUD*UDGNRPXQD/XNDYDF $7.IRQG 7YRUQLFD6RGHÄ6ROYD\³/XNDYDF GDOMH 766/X I âNROVNLGQHYQLN/XNDYDF ýHWHUGHVHWJRGLQDRVQRYQHãNROHX/XNDYFX 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û ãNROD]DSRWUHEH)DEULNHVRGHX/XNDYFXSRVWRMDOHLGUXJHUDGQLþNHãNROH,VWHVX GMHORYDOH RG SRþHWND WLK JRGLQD D JRGLQH UDGLOH VX X JUDÿHYLQVNRP SUHGX]HüXÄ7HKQLND³.RNVDULL5XGQLNX/XNDYDF7HJRGLQH]DMHGQRVDãNRORPX RNYLUX)DEULNHVRGHEURMDOHVXSROD]QLND Broj 5EU Struka, zanimanje, usmjerenje polaznika 0HWDOQDVWUXNDNRYDþYDULRF 13 0HWDOQDVWUXNDEUDYDUPDãLQVNLEUDYDU 0HWDOQDVWUXNDDODWQLþDUPHWDORVWUXJDU 0HWDOQDVWUXNDNDUDQÿLMD/LPDU 0HWDOQDVWUXNDSUHFL]QLPHKDQLþDU 3 0HWDOQDVWUXNDDXWRPHKDQLþDU 3 ,QVWDODWHUOMHYRPRQWHU (OHNWURWHKQLþNDVWXNDLQVWDODWHULLPHKDQLþDUL 11 'UYRSUHUDÿLYDþNDVWUXNDVWRODU 'UYRSUHUDÿLYDþNDVWUXNDVWRODUPRGHODU 1 'UYRSUHUDÿLYDþNDVWUXNDNRODU 6WUXNDNRåHLJXPHREXüDU 1 6WUXNDNRåHLJXPHUHPHQDU 3ROMRSULYUHGQDVWUXNDYUWODU *UDÿHYLQVNDVWUXND]LGDU *UDÿHYLQVNDVWUXNDOLþLODFVOLNDU *UDÿHYLQVNDVWUXNDWHVDU 3 *UDÿHYLQVNDVWUXNDNURYRSRNULYDþ 1 7UJRYDþNDVWUXNDSULYUHGQLSRPRüQLN]DSUHKUDPEHQXUREX 7UJRYDþNDVWUXNDSULYUHGQLSRPRüQLN]DWHNVWLOQXUREX 3 7HNVWLOQDVWUXNDNURMDþ UKUPNO 132 7DEHOD3ROD]QLFLãNROHXþHQLNDXSULYUHGL)DEULNHVRGH/XNDYDFXSHULRGX JRGLQH $7. IRQG 2NUXåQRJ NRPLWHWD 6DYH]D NRPXQLVWD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH /XNDYDF GDOMH 2.6.%L+/X NIEU=DSLVQLNYRÿHQQDSURãLUHQRMVMHGQLFLRSãWLQVNRJNRPLWHWD/XNDYDF IHEUXDU 7DEHODMHNRQVWUXLVDQDQDRVQRYXSRGDWDNDL] $7.766/XI8þHQLFLXSULYUHGLHYLGHQFLMH /XNDYDF Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine ZDNOMXþDN %RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDMHL]'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDL]DãODVYHOLNLPOMXGVNLP JXELFLPD UD]RUHQRP LQIUDVWUXNWXURP LQGXVWULMRP L VWDPEHQLP IRQGRP 9HOLNL EURM ãNROVNLK ]JUDGD MH SRWSXQR LOL GMHOLPLþQR XQLãWHQ 2G SULMH VODE REXKYDW GMHFHRVQRYQLPREUD]RYDQMHPMHWRNRPUDWDGRGDWQRRVODEOMHQLOLJDQLMHQLELOR 1HSLVPHQRVW NRMD MH L X SHULRGX L]PHÿX GYD VYMHWVND UDWD ELOD ]QDWQR L]UDåHQD WRNRPUDWDMHSRYHüDQDSDMH JRGLQHX]HODSUHNRVWDQRYQLãWYD 1HSLVPHQRVWMHELODSRVHEQRYHOLNDQDVHOXLWRPHÿXåHQVNRPSRSXODFLMRP 1HNLRGUD]ORJD]DWDNYRVWDQMHVXQHUD]YLMHQDãNROVNDPUHåDPDQMDNVYLMHVWLR ]QDþDMX REUD]RYDQMD L SDWULMDUKDOQL SRURGLþQL RGQRVL WH ]DX]HWRVW VWDQRYQLãWYD UDGRYLPDQDSROMRSULYUHGQLPVHRVNLPJD]GLQVWYLPD 3HULRG NRML MH SUHGVWDYOMHQ X RYRP UDGX MH SHULRG REQRYH L 3UYRJ SHWRJRGLãQMHJSODQDRGQRVQRUD]GREOMHRG JRGLQHGR3RSLVDVWDQRYQLãWYDX %RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLL] JRGLQH 8/XNDYFXVHREQDYOMDODLQIUDVWUXNWXUDXVSRVWDYOMDVHåHOMH]QLþNLSXWQLþNL LWHUHWQLVDREUDüDMQDSUX]L'RERM/XNDYDF7X]ODREQDYOMDVH)DEULNDVRGH5XGQLN OLJQLWD L JUDGL .RNVQRKHPLMVNL NRPELQDW 8 LVWR YULMHPH VH REQDYOMDMX VWDUH *UDGVNDãNRODX/XNDYFX'RERãQLFD'RQMD*QRMQLFD3ROMLFHL3XUDþLü LJUDGH QRYH ãNROVNH ]JUDGH X 3URNRVRYLüLPD 'HYHWDNX %LVWDUFX 'RQMHP %RNDYLüLPD 'RERãQLFL6UHGQMRML*RUQMRM%HUNRYLFL.UXãHYLFL%DELFDPD-DUXãNDPD*RUQMLP 3ROMLFX5RVXOMDPD%ULMHVQLFL0LOLQRP6HOXL6WXSDULPD ,SDN XVORYL UDGD X REQRYOMHQLP ãNRODPD QLVX ELOL ]DGRYROMDYDMXüL QHGRVWDMDOR MH ãNROVNRJ LQYHQWDUD QDVWDYQLK VUHGVWDYD L SRPDJDOD 7DNRÿHU QRYH ãNROVNH ]JUDGH VX þHVWR UHODWLYQR VSRUR JUDÿHQH D SRMHGLQD PMHVWD VX ELOD SUHSXãWHQDGDVDPDL]QDÿXVUHGVWYDLQDSUDYHQRYLãNROVNLREMHNDW .UR] YHüL REXKYDW GMHFH RVQRYQLP REUD]RYDQMHP QDVWRMDR VH ]DXVWDYLWL GDOMLSDGSLVPHQRVWLGRNVHNUR]RUJDQL]RYDQMHDQDOIDEHWVNLKWHþDMHYDVPDQMLYDR EURMQHSLVPHQLKRGUDVOLKVWDQRYQLND1DUDYQREH]SLVPHQLKOMXGLQLMHELORPRJXüH XüL X SURFHV REQRYH L 3UYRJ SHWRJRGLãQMHJ SODQD WH MH VWRJD ELR YHüL LQWHUHV YODVWLGDãWRSULMHLãWRODNãHGRÿHGRQRYRJNDGUDNRMHJüHXNOMXþLWLXSULYUHGQHL GUXãWYHQRSROLWLþNHWRNRYH )RUPLUDQMH RVPRJRGLãQMH ãNROH RG UDQLMH þHWYHURJRGLãQMH *UDGVNH ãNROH ãNROVNH JRGLQH LPDORMH]D/XNDYDFYLãHVWUXNL]QDþDMNDNR]DVDPH XþHQLNH WDNR L ]D SULYUHGX L ORNDOQX ]DMHGQLFX XRSüH 3UYD JHQHUDFLMD VYUãHQLK XþHQLND 9,,, UD]UHGD L]OD]L JRGLQH %LOD MH WR SUYD RVPRJRGLãQMD ãNROD QD RSüLQL/XNDYDFLMHGQDRGSUYLKXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQL /XNDYDþNH ãNROH X RYRP SHULRGX ]DSRþLQMX LQWHQ]LYQX VDUDGQMX VD SULYUHGQLP RUJDQL]DFLMDPD L UDGQLP NROHNWLYLPD 3RVHEQD MH XORJD )DEULNH VRGH /XNDYDF NRMD ¿QDQVLMVNL L PDWHULMDOQR SRPDåH UDG ãNROD D RVLP WRJD L VDPD ELYD QRVLODF L RUJDQL]DWRU ãNROVNLK DNWLYQRVWL 8 SLWDQMX MH ]DþHWDN XVPMHUHQRJ VUHGQMRãNROVNRJ REUD]RYDQMD RGQRVQR ãNRORYDQMH L XVDYUãDYDQMH VWUXþQRJ UDGQLþNRJNDGUDIDEULNH 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û Summary %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD FDPH RXW RI WKH 6HFRQG :RUOG :DU ZLWK JUHDW KXPDQ ORVVHV GHYDVWDWHG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LQGXVWU\ DQG KRXVLQJ $ ODUJH QXPEHU RI VFKRRO EXLOGLQJV KDYH EHHQ FRPSOHWHO\ RU SDUWLDOO\ GHVWUR\HG 6LQFH WKH HDUO\ FKLOGKRRG FRYHUDJH RI HOHPHQWDU\ HGXFDWLRQ ZDV ZHDNHQHG LQ WKH FRXUVH RI WKH ZDURUZDVQRWWKHUH,OOLWHUDF\ZKLFKZDVVLJQL¿FDQWO\SURQRXQFHGGXULQJWKHZDU EHWZHHQ WKH WZR ZRUOG ZDUV LQFUHDVHGGXULQJ WKH ZDU DQG LQ LW WRRN RYHU RIWKHSRSXODWLRQ ,OOQHVV ZDV SDUWLFXODUO\ KLJK LQ WKH FRXQWU\VLGH DPRQJ WKH IHPDOH SRSXODWLRQ6RPHRIWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKLVDUHWKHXQGHUGHYHORSHGVFKRROQHWZRUND ODFNRIDZDUHQHVVRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIHGXFDWLRQDQGSDWULDUFKDOIDPLO\UHODWLRQV DQGWKHRFFXSDQF\RIWKHSRSXODWLRQE\ZRUNVRQDJULFXOWXUDOUXUDOIDUPV 7KHSHULRGZHSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVSDSHULVWKHSHULRGRI5HFRQVWUXFWLRQDQG WKH)LUVW)LYH Školstvo u Lukavcu u periodu 1945-1953. godine ZKLFK ¿QDQFLDOO\ DQG PDWHULDOO\ KHOSV WKH ZRUN RI VFKRROV DQG EHVLGHV LW LWVHOI LVWKHEHDUHUDQGRUJDQL]HURIVFKRRODFWLYLWLHV,WZDVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDWDUJHWHG VHFRQGDU\VFKRROHGXFDWLRQWKDWLVWKHHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJRIWKHSURIHVVLRQDO ZRUNHUVRIWKHIDFWRU\ 3URIGU.DGULMD+2'ä,û 3UHJOHGQLUDG (NRQRPVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL 32/,7,ý.$675$'$1-$352)(625$6$/,+$%85(.$ 70-tih GODINA 352â/2*672/-(û$ $SVWUDNW 6DOLK %XUHN MH MHGDQ RG QDMXJOHGQLMLK HNRQRPLVWD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHSURIHVRULQRVLODFHNRQRPVNHPLVOLWX]ODQVNRJSRGUXþMDRGNUDMDLK GRSRþHWNDLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüD=ERJNULWLþNLKSULVWXSDSUHPDSDUWLMVNRP YRÿHQMX 7X]ODQVNRJ ED]HQD L UD]YLMDQMX VXSURVWDYOMHQLK HNRQRPVNLK NRQFHSFLMD UD]YRMDKHPLMVNHLQGXVWULMHX7X]OLRãWURSROLWLþNLGLVNUHGLWLUDQLXNORQMHQL]MDYQRJ åLYRWD 3ROLWLþNL NRQVWUXLUDQLP SROLFLMVNLP RSWXåEDPD VYUVWDQ X W]Y 7X]ODQVNX JUXSX NRMD VH VUHGLQRP LK JRGLQD QDãOD X VUHGLãWX QDMYHüH SROLWLþNH DIHUH X VRFLMDOLVWLþNRP YUHPHQX JUDGD 7X]OH L %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X FMHOLQL %XUHN MH ELRQDMEOLåLVDUDGQLN3DãDJH0DQGåLüDKHURMDUHYROXFLMHLQDM]QDþDMQLMHSROLWLþNH OLþQRVWL 7X]OH WRJ YUHPHQD SURJODãHQRJ YRÿRP W]Y 7X]ODQVNH JUXSH 8 VWUXNWXUL PRQWLUDQH SROLWLþNH L SROLFLMVNRVXGVNH LQNULPLQDFLMH 3DãDJH 0DQGåLüD L W]Y 7X]ODQVNHJUXSHVDGUåDQDVXEXNYDOQRVYDLGHRORãNDLSROLWLþNDQHSULMDWHOMVWYDNRMD VXXWRPPRPHQWXHJ]LVWLUDODVSUDPVRFLMDOL]PDLVRFLMDOLVWLþNRJVDPRXSUDYOMDQMD X-XJRVODYLML3UHSOHWHQRVWVXGELQD6DOLKD%XUHNDL3DãDJH0DQGåLüDL]DMHGQLþND SROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDXþLQLüHGDVXQMLKRYHELRJUD¿MHJRWRYRQHRGYRMLYH3UHVXGRP 2NUXåQRJ VXGD X 7X]OL RVXÿHQ QD ãHVW JRGLQD URELMDQMD X =HQLFL 1DNRQ L]ODVNDL]]DWYRUD SRQRYRVHNDRQDXþQLVDUDGQLN(NRQRPVNRJLQVWLWXWDX 7X]OLSRVYHüXMHXQDSUHÿHQMXHNRQRPVNRJUD]YRMDWX]ODQVNRJSRGUXþMD .OMXþQH ULMHþL 6DOLK %XUHN 3DãDJD 0DQGåLü W]Y Ä7X]ODQVND JUXSD³ 6DYH]NRPXQLVWD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSROLWLþNLREUDþXQL 32/,7,&$/&21'(01$7,2162)352)(66256$/,+%85(. DURING 1970s $EVWUDFW 6DOLK%XUHNLVRQHRIWKHPRVWUHVSHFWHGHFRQRPLVWVLQ% +D SURIHVVRUDQGHFRQRPLFWKLQNHURIWKH7X]ODUHJLRQIURPWKHODWHVWRWKHHDUO\ V'XHWRFULWLFDODSSURDFKHVWRWKHSDUW\OHDGHUVKLSRIWKH7X]ODEDVLQDQG WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHFRQWUDGLFWHGHFRQRPLFFRQFHSWVRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH FKHPLFDOLQGXVWU\LQ7X]ODLWLVVWURQJO\SROLWLFDOO\GLVFUHGLWHGDQGUHPRYHGIURP SXEOLFOLIH3ROLWLFDOO\GHVLJQHGSROLFHDFFXVDWLRQVDUHFODVVL¿HGDVVRFDOOHG7X]OD JURXSZKLFKLQWKHPLG VZDVDWWKHFHQWHURIWKHELJJHVWSROLWLFDODৼDLULQWKH 3ROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDSURIHVRUDSDOLKDBXUHNDWLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüD VRFLDOLVWWLPHVRI7X]ODDQG%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDDVDZKROH%XUHNZDVWKHFORVHVW DVVRFLDWHRI3DVKDJD0DQG]LFWKHKHURRIWKHUHYROXWLRQDQGWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW SROLWLFDO¿JXUHRI7X]ODRIWKDWWLPHSURFODLPHGWKHOHDGHURIWKHVRFDOOHG7X]OD *URXS,QWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHDVVHPEOHGSROLWLFDODQGSROLFHMXGLFLDOLQFULPLQDWLRQ RI3DVDJD0DQG]LFDQG7X]ODJURXSFRQVLVWHGOLWHUDOO\RIDOOLGHRORJLFDODQGSROLWLFDO KRVWLOLWLHVWKDWH[LVWHGDWWKHWLPHDJDLQVWVRFLDOLVPDQGVRFLDOLVWVHOIJRYHUQPHQWLQ .H\ ZRUGV 6DOLK %XUHN 3DãDJD 0DQGåLü ³7X]OD *URXS´ $OOLDQFH RI &RPPXQLVWVRI% +SROLWLFDOFRQGHPQDWLRQV Uvod 7RNRPSUYHSRORYLQHWLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüD7X]ODMHSUHåLYOMDYDOD RORYQH JRGLQH VYRMH VRFLMDOLVWLþNH KLVWRULMH 8 WRP VX YUHPHQX GR XVLMDQMD LQWHQ]LYLUDQL VXNREL YL]LMD SULYUHGQRJ UD]YRMD 7X]ODQVNRJ ED]HQD X þLMHP VUHGLãWX MH ELOD KHPLMVND LQGXVWULMD D SRNUHQXWD VX L QHND GR WDGD SUHãXüLYDQD SLWDQMD SDUWL]DQVNRJ XVWDQND X RYLP NUDMHYLPD ]DUDG NRMLK MH ÄUHYROXFLMD SRMHOD VYRMX GMHFX³ 1D WLP SLWDQMLPD VX VH UD]YLMDOL GXJRJRGLãQML SROLWLþNL REUDþXQL NRML VX NXOPLQLUDOL KDSãHQMLPD L RVXGDPD QD GXJRJRGLãQMH URELMDQMH DNWHUD W]Y 7X]ODQVNHJUXSHWRNRPSUYHSRORYLQH JRGLQH0MHUHQRGXELQRPLQNUHGLELOQH LQNULPLQDFLMHÄJUXSH³NDRLEURMHP]DKYDüHQLKDNWHUDRYDDIHUDMHQDMYHüDX%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQHWRNRPXNXSQRJVRFLMDOLVWLþNRJYUHPHQD ,QNULPLQLVDQRP VWUDQRP MH R]QDþHQD JUXSD XJOHGQLK 7X]ODND NRMX VX RGUHGDþLQLOLXþHVQLFL125DþDNSUYRERUFLDQHNLRGQMLKVXLYLVRNLWX]ODQVNL LQWHOHNWXDOFL 3DãDJD 0DQGåLü KHURM UHYROXFLMH L QDM]QDþDMQLMD SROLWLþND OLþQRVW 7X]OHWRJYUHPHQDL6DOLK%XUHN WX]ODQVNL SURIHVRULMHGDQRGWDGDQDMXJOHGQLMLK ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLK HNRQRPLVWD JODYQL VX LQNULPLQLVDQL DNWHUL RYH SROLWLþNH DIHUH16YDVXÿHQMDÄJUXSL³RGLJUDYDODVXVHSRLVWRYUVQRPVFHQDULMX SDUWLMVNHRVXGH 9LãHNDRNRODWHUDOQDãWHWDQHJRNDRVWYDUQLYLQRYQLFLELORNDNYHQHSULMDWHOMVNHSROLWLþNHDNWLYQRVWL SULSLVDQH 7X]ODQVNRM JUXSL VWUDGDOL VX MRã 7HX¿N 6HOLPRYLü ± %XÿRQL SUYRERUDF ELYãL PLQLVWDU XQXWUDãQMLKSRVORYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXPRPHQWXKDSãHQMDMHGDQRGGLUHNWRUD-377X%HRJUDGX +DOLG ýRNLü XJOHGQL LQåHQMHU ãXPDUVWYD XþHVQLN 125D ELYãL ]DPMHQLN 3UHGVMHGQLND7X]ODQVNRJ VUH]DXKDSãHQVDPMHVWDJHQHUDOQRJGLUHNWRUDâXPVNRLQGXVWULMVNRJSUHGX]HüDXäLYLQLFDPD $KPHG 'HOLEHJRYLüSUYRERUDFXKDSãHQNDRSHQ]LRQHUÄ6RODQH³JGMHMHELRQDIXQNFLMLMHGQRJRGSRPRüQLND GLUHNWRUD )DGLOýRNLüSUHGUDWQLSUDYQLNXþHVQLN125DXKDSãHQNDRSHQ]LRQHU6RFLMDOQRJ]DYRGD X7X]OL 6HQLKD +RGåLü XKDSãHQD VD PMHVWD QDVWDYQLFH MHGQH RVQRYQH ãNROH X7X]OL 6YL SRWLþX L] XJOHGQLK WX]ODQVNLK SRURGLFD D SULGUXåHQ LP MH L MHGDQ %HRJUDÿDQLQ 'XãDQ *ODPRþDQLQ 3HOH SUYRERUDFXKDSãHQNDRSHQ]LRQHU-377 3URIGU.DGULMD+2'ä,û NRMH WUDMX RG SRþHWND WLK JRGLQD SUHQLMHWH VX X SROLFLMVNH LVWUDJH L RSWXåQLFX 2NUXåQLVXGX7X]OLMHEH]SRJRYRUQRLSRYROMLWXåLRFDSULKYDWLRRSWXåQLFXMDYQRVW MHLVNOMXþHQD±SULVXVWYRVHREH]EMHÿLYDORVDPRX]VSHFLMDOQHSURSXVQLFH QDQHNHRG VYMHGRNDQDVWUDQLRSWXåQLFHDXNXSQRMHL]YHGHQRLVDVOXãDQRVYMHGRNDYUãHQL VXSROLWLþNLSULWLVFLGDWHUHWHRSWXåHQH3UHVXGDMHGRQLMHWDSURPWQRSURFHVVXÿHQMD WUDMDRMHVDPRGDQDåDOEHVNRURGDQLVXQLUD]PDWUDQH3ROLWLþNLSURVNULELUDQDL RãWURVXGVNLSURFHVXLUDQDÄ7X]ODQVNDJUXSD³YH]DQD]DYULMHPHEXUQLKSROLWLþNLK REUDþXQDX7X]OLWLKJRGLQDRVWDODMHQHLVSULþDQDSULþD3ULþDQDVDSXQRHPRFLMD L RSDVDQD GXJLP ]LGRP ãXWQMH X] SRYUHPHQH L UD]OLþLWH LQWHUSUHWDFLMH X ULMHWNLP DNDGHPVNLP NUXJRYLPD =DKWMHYL GD VH þLWDY SURFHV UHNRQVWUXLãH XþLQL QMHJRYD QDXþQDLSUDYQDUHYDORUL]DFLMDLL]YUãLNRQDþQDUHKDELOLWDFLMDVYLKLOLSRMHGLQDþQLK DNWHUDXRYRPVOXþDMXQLNDGDQLVXRVWYDUHQL .RMH6DOLK%XUHN" 6DOLK %XUHN SURIHVRU HNRQRPLMH MHGDQ RG QDM]QDþDMQLMLK HNRQRPLVWD VYRJ YUHPHQD X WX]ODQVNRP NUDMX SUYL GRNWRU HNRQRPLMH X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL %XUHN MH VYHVWUDQL HNRQRPVNL VWUXþQMDN DXWRU EURMQLK HNRQRPVNLKUDGRYDLVWXGLMDRHNRQRPVNRPUD]YRMX7X]OHLVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQH WHXVSMHãQLUXGDUVNLPHQDGåHUXUXGQLFLPD.UHND/XNDYDFL%DQRYLüL=DYULMHPH QMHJRYRJ GLUHNWRYDQMD ,QVWLWXW ]D UXGDUVND L KHPLMVNRWHKQRORãND LVWUDåLYDQMD X 7X]OL SUHUDVWDR X MHGDQ RG QDUHVSHNWDELOQLMLK LVWUDåLYDþNLK FHQWDUD ]D UXGDUVWYR L KHPLMXQD%DONDQX 3R]DYUãHQRM7UJRYDþNRMDNDGHPLML JRGLQHXNOMXþXMHVHX1238 ]DYUãQLPRSHUDFLMDPD]DRVORERÿHQMH]HPOMHELRSULGRGDWSULãWDEVNLPMHGLQLFDPD X %HRJUDGX NRMH VX NRRUGLQLUDOH UDG VD VRYMHWVNRP$UPLMRP NDR SUHYRGLODF ]D UXVNLMH]LN1DNRQUDWDRVWDRX%HRJUDGXJGMHMH]DYUãLR(NRQRPVNLIDNXOWHW JRGLQH1DNUDMXVWXGLMDXSR]QDR3DãDJX0DQGåLüDNRMLMHNDRYLVRNLUHSXEOLþNL IXQNFLRQHU JRGLQHSRVMHWLREHRJUDGVNLXQLYHU]LWHWWUDåHüLGDVHVYLERVDQVNL VWXGHQWLQDNRQGLSORPLUDQMDYUDWHX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXLSRPRJQXQMHQXREQRYX LUD]YRM =DSRYUDWDNX7X]OX%XUHNXMHELRSUHVXGDQXSUDYRWDM0DQGåLüHYSR]LY =D YULMHPH VYRJ SURIHVLRQDOQRJ DQJDåPDQD NRMHJ MH QDMYHüLP GLMHORP REDYOMDR X 7X]OL L 6DUDMHYX %XUHN MH ELR VWDOQR YH]DQ ]D 3DãDJX 0DQGåLüD %XUHN MH ELR EOLVNL SULMDWHOM L QDMEOLåL VDUDGQLN 3DãDJH 0DQGåLüD SUHPD NRMHP MH JDMLR QHL]PMHUQR SRãWRYDQMH L GLYOMHQMH 9LVRND UD]OLND X JRGLQDPD 0DQGåLü URÿHQ %XUHN JRGLQH UD]YLüHPHÿXQMLPDRQXYUVWXSRãWRYDQMDNRMXYULMHGQL VLQLPDSUHPDSRVYHüHQRPRFXPODÿLSUHPDVWDULMHPDXWRULWHWXDOLLSRãWRYDQMH LXYDåDYDQMHVWDULMHJSUHPDUDVNRãQRPHNRQRPVNRP]QDQMXPODÿHJ3UHSOHWHQRVW QMLKRYLK VXGELQD L ]DMHGQLþND SROLWLþND VWUDGDQMD XþLQLüH GD VX QMLKRYH ELRJUD¿MH JRWRYR QHRGYRMLYH ,PHQRYDQMH 3DãDJH 0DQGåLüD ]D SUHGVMHGQLND 7X]ODQVNRJ 3ROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDSURIHVRUDSDOLKDBXUHNDWLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüD VUH]D JRGLQH SURIHVLRQDOQR JD MH MRã YLãH ]EOLåLR 0DQGåLüX %XUHN MH ]DSRþHR V UDGRP X 5XGQLNX Ä.UHND³ D 3DãDJD MH X SULRULWHWX VYRJ PDQGDWD XSUDYOMDQMD6UH]RP7X]ODLPDRXSUDYRUXGQLNHUXGDUHLSURL]YRGQMXXJOMD6UH]MH XWRYULMHPHSULEOLåQRREXKYDWDRSURVWRUUHJLMHVMHYHURLVWRþQD%RVQDWMREXKYDWDR MHSUHNRRSãWLQD6YLNRMLVXSR]QDYDOL3DãDJX0DQGåLüDVYMHGRþHRQMHJRYRM YHOLNRM]DLQWHUHVRYDQRVWL]DSUREOHPDWLNXUXGDUVWYDLSULVQRPRGQRVXVDUXGDULPD QMLKRYLPVXGELQDPDLSRãWRYDQMXSUHPDQMLKRYRMEXUQRMUHYROXFLRQDUQRMSURãORVWL 8RþLYãL %XUHNRYH VWUXþQH L PRUDOQH NYDOLWHWH 3DãDJD 0DQGåLü JD JRGLQH SUHGODåH]DQDþHOQLND]DSULYUHGXX6UH]XSDVH%XUHNSUHVHOLRL]/XNDYFDJGMHMH REDYOMDRGXåQRVWXSUDYLWHOMD5XGQLNDÄ/XNDYDF³X7X]OX3R]QDQVWYRLSRWLFDML]D UXGDUVNXSUREOHPDWLNXNRMHPXMHUD]YLMDR3DãDJD0DQGåLüELüHLWHNDNRXSXWQL]D %XUHNRYXSURIHVLRQDOQXSRVYHüHQRVWWHPDPDWX]ODQVNRJUXGDUVWYD .DR GLUHNWRU 5XGQLND PUNRJ XJOMD Ä7LWR³ %DQRYLüL SRVWDYOMHQ JRGLQH %XUHN ]QDþDMQR XQDSUHÿXMH SRVORYDQMH UXGQLND 8] UXGQLN OLJQLWD L] 9HOHQMD 6ORYHQLMD EDQRYLüNL UXGQLN ELYD XYUãWHQ X MXJRVORYHQVNH ÄUXGQLNH VD QDMYHüLP SRVOLMHUDWQLP XVSRQRP X SURL]YRGQML L VWDQGDUGX³ 8 ]QDN YHOLNRJ GUXãWYHQRJ SUL]QDQMD RYD GYD UXGQLND SUHGVWDYOMDMX MXJRVORYHQVNR UXGDUVWYR QD SUYRPDMVNRMSDUDGLX%HRJUDGX JRGLQH %XUHN SUYL XYRGL SUDNVX VWLSHQGLUDQMD XþHQLND L VWXGHQDWD L GLUHNWQR GRSULQRVX VWYDUDQMX SUYH PDVRYQLMH GRPDüH WHKQLþNH LQWHOLJHQFLMH X WX]ODQVNRP ED]HQX8%DQRYLüLPD%XUHNQLMHSRVYHüHQVDPRSRVORYDQMXUXGQLNDLSURL]YRGQML PUNRJ XJOMD QHJR MH ]DVOXåDQ ]D HNRQRPVNL UD]YRM L XUEDQL]DFLMX RYH RSãWLQH 1MHJRYRPRGOXNRPUXGQLN¿QDQVLUDL]JUDGQMXEDQRYLüNLKXOLFDL]JUDGQMXVWDGLRQD L]JUDGQMX IRQWDQH X FHQWUX RSãWLQH L SRGL]DQMH ]JUDGH 5DGQLþNRJ GRPD NRMD SRVWDMHVUHGLãWHNXOWXUQLK]ELYDQMDXRSãWLQL0HÿXWLPWDGDãQMDSROLWLþNDYUKXãND X 6DUDMHYX QLMH EODJRQDNORQR JOHGDOD QD RYH %XUHNRYH GRSULQRVH XQDSUHÿHQMX XUEDQLWHWD %DQRYLüD WUHWLUDMXüL LK NDR UDVLSQLãWYR SD %XUHN Ä]DUDÿXMH³ SUYH QHJDWLYQHSROLWLþNHSRHQH1MHJRYLPYHüWDGDIRUPLUDQLPSROLWLþNLPSURWLYQLFLPD üH NDVQLMD QHVUHüD X EDQRYLþNRP UXGQLNX SRVOXåLWL GD ]DXVWDYH QMHJRYX WHN ]DSRþHWXSROLWLþNXNDULMHUX1DLPHQDNRQL]ERUD]DþODQD6UHVNRJNRPLWHWD6DYH]D NRPXQLVWD JRGLQHYHüQDVOMHGHüLPL]ERULPD %XUHNüHELWLL]RVWDYOMHQ VDVSLVNDSUHGORåHQLKNRPXQLVWD]D6UHVNLNRPLWHW6. 1DNRQ%DQRYLüD%XUHNüHSURIHVLRQDOQXNDULMHUXQDVWDYLWLX6DUDMHYXJGMH RG JRGLQHREQDãDIXQNFLMXþODQD(NRQRPVNRJYLMHüD5HSXEOLþNHVNXSãWLQHL VHNUHWDUD5HSXEOLþNHVNXSãWLQH]DYULMHPHGRNMH'åHPDO%LMHGLüELRSUHGVMHGQLN RYH 6NXSãWLQH$NDGHPVNX NDULMHUX L]YRGLR MH NDR SURIHVRU SROLWLþNH HNRQRPLMH L HNRQRPLNH UXGDUVWYD QD 7HKQRORãNRP L 5XGDUVNRP IDNXOWHWX X 7X]OL L 9LãRM HNRQRPRQVNRNRPHUFLMDOQRMãNROLX%UþNRP (NRQRPVNHSULORJHMHREMDYOMLYDRX %LOWHQX'UXãWYDHNRQRPLVWD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNRMLL]OD]LRG JRGLQHSDVYH GR JRGLQHNDGDSUHUDVWDXSR]QDWLERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLHNRQRPVNLþDVRSLV Ä(NRQRPVNDJOHGLãWD³NRMHJMHL]GDYDOR'UXãWYRHNRQRPLVWD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 8 WRP YUHPHQX VDPR MH PDOL EURM HNRQRPLVWD DNWLYDQ QD WHRULMVNRLVWUDåLYDþNRM 3URIGU.DGULMD+2'ä,û UDYQL%XUHNMHNDRXJOHGQLERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLHNRQRPLVWDELRþODQ,]GDYDþNRJ VDYMHWDRYRJþDVRSLVDRGQMHJRYRJRVQLYDQMD JRGLQHSDVYHGRVYRJKDSãHQMD SRþHWNRP JRGLQH 8 SUYRP EURMX Ä(NRQRPVNRJ JODVQLND³ X UDVSUDYL R SHUVSHNWLYDPD UD]YRMD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH %XUHN GLVNXWXMH R HNRQRPVNRP ]DRVWDMDQMX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X RNYLUX MXJRVORYHQVNH )HGHUDFLMH -HGDQ MH RG SUYLK ERVDQVNLK HNRQRPLVWD NRML MH XND]LYDR QD SUHOLYDQMH GRKRWND X SULPDUQRM UDVSRGMHOL L] %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X UD]YLMHQH GLMHORYH -XJRVODYLMH 1D SRþHWNX WLKJRGLQD%XUHNMHXVDUDMHYVNRPþDVRSLVXÄ3UHJOHG³DUJXPHQWLURHNRQRPVNH SUHGQRVWLMXJRVORYHQVNRJVDPRXSUDYOMDQMD %XUHN MH SUHGYRGLR L]UDGH VWUDWHJLMD HNRQRPVNRJ L KHPLMVNRJ UD]YRMD 7X]OH L WX]ODQVNRJ ED]HQD 'RND]LYDR MH SRJUHãQRVW HNRQRPVNRJ YRÿHQMD7X]OH SUHGVWDYOMDMXüLSUYHNDONXODFLMHPDWHULMDOQLKãWHWDRGWRQMHQMD7X]OH8VXNREXVD ORNDOQLPLUHSXEOLþNLPSROLWLþNLPYUKRPXãDRMHNDRGLUHNWRU,QVWLWXWD]DUXGDUVND L KHPLMVNRWHKQRORãND LVWUDåLYDQMD X 7X]OL ]ERJ UD]YLMDQMD ]YDQLþQRM SROLWLFL VXSURVWDYOMHQLK SULYUHGQLK NRQFHSFLMD UD]YRMD 7X]OH 6XSURVWDYOMHQH HNRQRPVNH NRQFHSFLMHRUD]YRMX7X]OHLåXVWUHHNRQRPVNHGHEDWHNRMHMHYRGLRVDWX]ODQVNLP SROLWLþNLP L GUåDYQRDGPLQLVWUDWLYQLP YUKRP ELüH UD]OR]L ]ERJ NRMLK MH SUYR LVNOMXþHQ L] 6DYH]D NRPXQLVWD L VPMHQMHQ VD PMHVWD GLUHNWRUD ,QVWLWXWD D SRWRPQHNROLNRJRGLQDNDVQLMH XYUãWHQX3DãDJLQXÄJUXSX³ 8 SROLWLþNL NRQVWUXLUDQLP RSWXåEDPD RVXÿHQ MH SUYR QD VHGDP D SRWRP QD ãHVW JRGLQD URELMDQMD X ]HQLþNRP ]DWYRUX ,DNR MH XVYRMLP QDXþQLP UDGRYLPDLSUHGDYDQMLPDLVWLFDRHNRQRPVNHSUHGQRVWLVDPRXSUDYOMDQMDXSUHGPHW LQNULPLQDFLMH XSLVDQR PX MH GD MH L]YRGLR NULWLNH HNRQRPLMH VDPRXSUDYOMDQMD L ãLULR SURSDJDQGX R SUHGQRVWLPD VRYMHWVNRJ VLVWHPD ]DWLP GD MH ãLULR QDFLRQDOQX QHWUSHOMLYRVWLWYUGLRGDX-XJRVODYLMLQHPDÄVORERGHLERUEHPLãOMHQMD³2SWXåEH VX IRUPLUDQH EH] LMHGQRJ PDWHULMDOQRJ GRND]D WM VDPR QD RVQRYX L]QXÿHQLK VYMHGRþHQMDQMHJRYLKSULMDWHOMDLSR]QDQLND 1DNRQ L]ODVND L] ]DWYRUD VUHGLQRP SRQRYR VH NDR YLãL QDXþQL VDYMHWQLN (NRQRPVNRJ LQVWLWXWD X 7X]OL SRVYHüXMH QDXþQRLVWUDåLYDþNRP UDGX L XQDSUHÿHQMX HNRQRPVNRJ UD]YRMD 7X]OH L VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH QD (NRQRPVNRP LQVWLWXWXX7X]OLJGMHüHLQDNRQSHQ]LRQLVDQMDRVWDWLDNWLYDQVYHGRJRGLQH =DãWRMHVWUDGDR6DOLK%XUHN" 8 VYLK SURWHNOLK JRWRYR SHGHVHW JRGLQD RVWDOR MH QHUD]MDãQMHQR SLWDQMH ]DãWR VX VH GRMXþHUDãQML SROLWLþNL GUXJRYL WDNR VLORYLWR RNUHQXOL SURWLY 3DãDJH 0DQGåLüDL6DOLKD%XUHND"=DãWRWROLNRSDUWLMVNHNULWLNHLRPDORYDåDYDQMDNRMLVX RGYHOL X VPUW SROLWLþNL QDM]QDþDMQLMHJ 7X]ODND VRFLMDOLVWLþNRJ YUHPHQD QDURGQRJ KHURMD 3DãDJX 0DQGåLüD L NRPH L X NRMH VYUKH MH XRSãWH WUHEDOR SROLWLþNR NRQVWUXLVDQMH L WDNR JUXED RVXGD L GXJRJRGLãQMH URELMDQMH GU 6DOLKD %XUHND 7X MHLQHL]EMHåQRSLWDQMH±]DãWRMHSULþDR3DãDJL0DQGåLüDL6DOLKX%XUHNXRVWDOD 3ROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDSURIHVRUDSDOLKDBXUHNDWLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüD ]DWRPQMHQD þDN L X QDãH YULMHPH OLEHUDOQLMHJ SRVWNRPXQLVWLþNRJ GUXãWYHQRJ SRUHWND" -HGLQL GRND]QL DUJXPHQW ]D ÄQHSULMDWHOMVWYR³ RYH ÄJUXSH³ 2NUXåQL VXG X 7X]OLMHQDOD]LRXÄQMLKRYLPVDVWDQFLPDLVMHGHOMNDPDXVWDQRYLPDYLNHQGLFDPD ORYLãWLPD KRWHOLPD QD NRMLPD VX VH SULSDGQLFL RYH JUXSH GRJRYDUDOL L DQDOL]LUDOL SUDNWLþQRVYDDNWXHOQDSLWDQMDUD]YRMDQDãHJGUXãWYDLL]YODþLOL]DNOMXþNH]DUDG³ .ULYLþQLPGMHOLPDVXGDNOHSURJODãDYDQHSULþHQDSULYDWQLPGUXåHQMLPD3RMHGLQFL VYUVWDQL X ÄJUXSX³ VX R]QDþHQL GUåDYQLP QHSULMDWHOMLPD L QDFLRQDOLVWLPD ]D SULYDWQHÄUD]JRYRUH³LÄ]DNOMXþNH³QHNLRGQMLKXPDQMHYLãHSULSLWRPVWDQMX,] VYLKL]YMHãWDMDR6'%RYVNRPLVOMHÿLYDQMXVYMHGRNDNRMLVXSULVXVWYRYDOLRYLP UD]JRYRULPDX]SULãOXãNLYDQHUD]JRYRUHWHOHIRQLPDVXMHGLQLGRND]QLPDWHULMDOL1H PRåHVHL]YXüLUD]XPDQ]DNOMXþDNRQLNDNYLPQMLKRYLPÄ]DNOMXþFLPD³DSRJRWRYR GDSRVWRMLELORNDNDYSLVDQLWUDJÄ]DNOMXþDND³RYHÄJUXSH³0XKDPHG ,EUDKLPRYLü SUHGVMHGQLN2NUXåQRJVXGDX7X]OLVDJOHGDYãLDSVXUGQRVWGRND]DSROLFLMVNHLVWUDJH UHSXEOLþNRJPLQLVWUDXQXWUDãQMLKSRVORYD0DWH$QGULüDX]HRMHERORYDQMHLL]X]HR VHRGYRÿHQMDGDOMHJVXGVNRJSURFHVD 6YL ÄVSDVLRFL³ VRFLMDOLVWLþNRJ VLVWHPD RG ÄQHSULMDWHOMVWYD³ 0DQGåLüD L ÄJUXSH³VXXWRLPHVHELãLURNRRWYRULOLYUDWDOLþQRJSROLWLþNRJQDSUHGRYDQMDãWR MH WLSLþQL VWDQGDUG NDULMHULVWLþNRJ SRQDãDQMD ELURNUDWL]LUDQLK SROLWLþNLK VWUXNWXUD 8 LGHRORJLMVNRP ]DQRVX RYDNYRJ ÄEUDQMHQMD³ MXJRVORYHQVNRJ VRFLMDOL]PD RG 0DQGåLüD L ÄJUXSH³ VHP ORNDOQLK L UHSXEOLþNLK SDUWLMVNLK L LVWUDåQRSROLFLMVNLK GXåQRVQLND XþHVWYRYDR MH L MDNR YHOLNL EURM ÄRELþQRJ³ SDUWLMVNRJ þODQVWYD L JUDÿDQD1DSRVOMHGQMHPVDVWDQNX2SãWLQVNRJNRPLWHWD6.7X]ODIHEUXDUD JRGLQH QD NRPH MH X NRQDþQLFL ]DRNUXåHQ SUR¿O QHSULMDWHOMVWYD ÄJUXSH³ +DVDQ 'HUYLãEHJRYLü L]QRVL WLSLþQR LGHRORJL]LUDQR NRQVWUXLUDQX L]MDYX PHGLMLPD GD MH RVXGX ÄDQWLVRFLMDOLVWLþNRJ L DQWLVDPRXSUDYQRJ QHSULMDWHOMVNRJ GMHORYDQMD³ RYH ÄJUXSH³L]UHNORþODQRYD6DYH]DNRPXQLVWD7X]ODâLURNRSDUWLMVNRþODQVWYR X]SULWLVNHþODQRYD2SãWLQVNRJNRPLWHWDMHRVXGHL]UD]LORWHNQDNRQãWRMHÄJUXSD³ RVXÿHQD X MXQX .DNR MH SDUWLMVND GLVFLSOLQD SULURGQL LVKRG SROLWLþNR ELURNUDWVNHKLMHUDUKLMVNHRYLVQRVWLQLåHSR]LFLRQLUDQLKþODQRYDSURLVWHNOHL]VWUDKD LLOL NDULMHULVWLþNLK SREXGD L LQWHUHVD YHüLQD RYDNYLK SRMHGLQDFD VWDYOMDOD VH QD VWUDQXSRGUåDYDQMDDSULRUQHDNVLRPDWLþQRVWLSDUWLMVNLKLQIRUPDFLMDLSUDYRYMHUQRVWL VWDYRYDSROLWLþNLKVWUXNWXUD3RWYUÿXMHVHSRNR]QDNRMLSXWGDMHÄ]DUREOMHQLXP´ IHQRPHQRORJLMDVYLMHVWLNRMDVHEHD¿UPLUDSULND]XMXüL³QHSRVWRMHüHSRVWRMHüLP´D SRVWRMHüHSURJODãDYDMXüL¿NWLYQLP ,DNRMHVDP%XUHNVPDWUDRGDMHQMHJRYRKDSãHQMH IHEUXDU XVOLMHGLOR ÄXFLOMXUXãHQMD3DãDJH0DQGåLüD³LPDVHRVQRYDWYUGLWLGDMH%XUHN]DSUDYR]ERJ VYRMLKHNRQRPVNLKNRQFHSFLMDNRMHVXXPQRJRPHELOHXVXSURWQRVWLVD]YDQLþQLP VWDYRYLPD GUåDYQLK RUJDQD þDN L SULMH 0DQGåLüD ELR NOMXþQD PHWD ]D SROLWLþNL RGVWUHO7RGRND]XMHþLQMHQLFDGDüH%XUHNSUYLRGRYHÄJUXSH³SUHWUSMHWLSROLWLþNL XGDU±ELWLLVNOMXþHQL]6DYH]DNRPXQLVWD JRGLQHWULJRGLQHSULMHSROLWLþNRJL SROLFLMVNRJXGDUDQD0DQGåLüDLRVWDOHþODQRYHW]Y7X]ODQVNHJUXSH 3URIGU.DGULMD+2'ä,û 'U%XUHNMHMHGDQRGQDMUDQLMLKERVDQVNLKHNRQRPVNLKNULWLþDUDÄPDND]D FLMHQD³ SUHNR NRMLK VH SUHOLYDR GRKRGDN L] %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH -Rã JRGLQHRQXND]XMHQDSRVOMHGLFHGHSUHVLUDQLKFLMHQDED]QRVLURYLQVNLKSURL]YRGD NRMHVXYRGLOHSUHOLYDQMXGRKRWNDL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXUD]YLMHQHUHJLRQHQD MXJRVORYHQVNRP WUåLãWX 0HÿX ULMHWNLPD MH X VRFLMDOLVWLþNRM HNRQRPVNRM PLVOL %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNRML]DMHGQRVDSURIHVRURPWHKQRORJLMH6WMHSDQRP,YLüHP± QDSULPMHUXKHPLMVNHLQGXVWULMHSURJUDPVNLSURMLFLUD]DRNUXåLYDQMHVDPRVWDOQRJ LQGXVWULMVNRJUD]YRMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQDSULPMHUX7X]ODQVNRJED]HQD 1DVXSURW WRPH IXQNFLRQLUDQMH SULYUHGD UHSXEOLND RQGDãQMH 6)5- RGUåDYDQR MH ]DMHGQLþNRP HNRQRPVNRP SROLWLNRP QD QLYRX MHGLQVWYHQRJ MXJRVORYHQVNRJWUåLãWD5HåLPNRULãWHQMDVROL±NOMXþQRJSURL]YRGQRJLQSXWD]DYLãH LQGXVWULMVNLKJUDQD RGKHPLMVNHGRSUHKUDPEHQH XMXJRVORYHQVNLPUHSXEOLNDPD QDODJDR MH VDVYLP GUXJDþLMX SURMHNWQX RSUHGMHOMHQRVW LQGXVWULMH VROL X 7X]OL =DGXåHQRWLMHORLVSUHG6,9D8GUXåHQMHSURL]YRÿDþDLSRWURãDþDVROLQDVDYH]QRP QLYRXVWUXNWXULUDORMHUHSURGXNFLRQLODQDFSUHUDGHVROLVHPX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL na þHWLUL MXJRVORYHQVNH UHSXEOLNH 6ORYHQLMX +UYDWVNX 6UELMX L 0DNHGRQLMX RGUHÿXMXüLUHSXEOLþNHORNDFLMXUHSURGXNFLRQLKNDULND SRVORYQLKVLVWHPD XRYRP ODQFX 8 WDNYRP UDVSRUHGX %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD MH SULSDOD XORJD SURL]YRÿDþD VLURYLQD SURL]YRGQMH VROL GRN VH QMHQD SUHUDGD X] RQX X 7X]OL SURYRGLOD L X VSRPHQXWLP UHSXEOLNDPD 3R SURUDþXQX VDUDGQLND (NRQRPVNRJ LQVWLWXWD X 6DUDMHYX X XNXSQR UDVSRGLMHOMHQRM YULMHGQRVWL SURL]YRGQMH SRMHGLQLK VHNWRUD X GUXJHUHSXEOLNHSRVHEQRMHLVWDNQXWRPMHVWRVHNWRUDKHPLMVNHLQGXVWULMH 2WXGDLSXQRVNURPQLML GR]YROMHQL NDSDFLWHWSUHUDGHVROLX7X]ODQVNRPED]HQXRG RQRJNRMLVXQD,QVWLWXWX]DKHPLMVNDLUXGDUVNRWHKQRORãNDLVWUDåLYDQMDSURJUDPVNL SURMLFLUDOLGU6DOLK%XUHNLGU6WMHSDQ,YLü6YLRQLNRMLVXSRGUåDYDOLSURJUDPVNL NRQFHSWSRWSXQHSUHUDGHVROLXNDOFLUDQXVRGXX7X]OL WDGDXYLGXSURMHNWD)DEULNH NDOFLQLUDQHVRGHX%XNLQMXLþLWDYRJQL]DGRSXQVNLKSURMHNDWDSURL]YRGQMHGUXJLK LQSXWD ]D NDOFLUDQX VRGX NRMH MH L]UDGLR ,QVWLWXW ELOL VX XãXWNDQL LOL QD RYDM LOL RQDM QDþLQ XGDOMHQL VD GRWDGDãQMLK IXQNFLMD X SUHGX]HüX Ä5XGQLN VROL L VRODQH³ 6PDMO7UERQMD L7HKQRORãNRPIDNXOWHWXL,QVWLWXWX GU6DOLK%XUHNMHVPMHQMHQVD PMHVWD GLUHNWRUD ,QVWLWXWD D ]ERJ SROLWLþNH QHSRGREQRVWL SUHSULMHþHQ PX MH L]ERU ]DUHGRYQRJSURIHVRUD GRNSURIHVRUX6WMHSDQX,YLüXQDNRQ QLMHREQRYOMHQ PDQGDW GHNDQD QD 7HKQRORãNRP IDNXOWHWX 1D PMHVWR GLUHNWRUD Ä5XGQLND VROL L VRODQD³XPMHVWR6PDLOD7UERQMHGRãDRMH+D]LP+DVLüNRMLMHGRVOMHGQRSURYHR SROLWLNXSRGMHOHUDGDQDMXJRVORYHQVNRPWUåLãWXSURL]YRGQMHLSUHUDGHVROL8SXWH LSRGUãND+DVLüXGROD]LOHVXGLUHNWQRRG0LODQND5HQRYLFHSUHGVMHGQLND,]YUãQRJ YLMHüD9ODGH 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NDVQLMHJ SUHGVMHGQLND 3UHGVMHGQLãWYD 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH L SUHGVMHGQLND 3UHGVMHGQLãWYD &HQWUDOQRJ NRPLWHWD 6.- 7YUGRJODYRVWGDEUDQLNRQFHSWSRWSXQHSUHUDGHVROLXNDOFLUDQXVRGXX7X]OLLGD GRVOMHGQREUDQLSURMHNWQHWHKQRORãNHLHNRQRPVNHQDOD]HRWRPHNRMHVXL]YRGLOL PQRJREURMQL VWUXþQMDFL ,QVWLWXWD GU 6DOLK %XUHN üH VNXSR SODWLWL %LüH WR JODYQL 6WXGLMD 5HJLRQDOL]DFLMDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL(NRQRPVNLLQVWLWXW6DUDMHYR 3ROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDSURIHVRUDSDOLKDBXUHNDWLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüD UD]ORJ GD EXGH XYUãWHQ NDR NOMXþQL þODQ 3DãDJLQH ÄJUXSH³ L RGURELMD SXQLK ãHVW JRGLQDX]HQLþNRP]DWYRUX 7UHED GRGDWL L GD MH GU 6DOLK %XUHN SUYL SUREOHPDWL]LUDR HNRQRPVNR ]DRVWDMDQMH7X]OH L L]YUãLR SUYH SURUDþXQH HNRORãNRJ GHYDVWLUDQMD X RYRP JUDGX GLUHNWQHLLQGLUHNWQHãWHWHXVOMHGHNVSORDWDFLMHVROLNRMHMHRE]QDQLR JRGLQH 1DUDYQRGDMHWRELRXGDUQDJUDGVNXLUHJLRQDOQXSDUWLMVNXLGUåDYQXQRPHQNODWXUX NRMRM VH LQGLUHNWQR SULJRYDUDOR GD YRGL SRJUHãQX ORNDOQX HNRQRPVNX L XUEDQX SROLWLNX%LRMHWRGRYROMDQUD]ORJGDNDNRMHYHüQDSRPHQXWRGU%XUHNSUYLRGW]Y 7X]ODQVNHJUXSHSRQHVHWHUHWSROLWLþNHRGPD]GH1DNRQRãWULKSDUWLMVNLKNULWLNDQD 2SãWLQVNRPNRPLWHWXLVNOMXþHQMHL]6DYH]DNRPXQLVWD JRGLQH=DSRMHGLQFH XSDUWLMVNRMQHPLORVWLWRMHXNRQWHNVWXRQGDãQMHJYUHPHQDSRGUD]XPMHYDOR]QDWQR VXåDYDQMHSURVWRUDMDYQRJGMHORYDQMD,]PHÿXRVWDORJ%XUHNXMHWDGDXQDVWDYQR QDXþQRP VWDWXVX YDQUHGQRJ SURIHVRUD SUHSULMHþHQ QH VDPR L]ERU X UHGRYQRJ SURIHVRUDQD7HKQRORãNRPIDNXOWHWX JRGLQH3YHüXRSãWHLGDOMLDQJDåPDQQD 7HKQRORãNRPL5XGDUVNRPIDNXOWHWXX7X]OL8VNUDüXMHPXVHLSROLWLþNDSRGUãND ]DRVWDQDNQDPMHVWXGLUHNWRUD,QVWLWXWDVDNRMHJMHVPMHQMHQVHGDPGDQDQDNRQ LVNOMXþHQMD L] 6DYH]D NRPXQLVWD 'U %XUHN WDGD RGOD]L L] 7X]OH L ]DSRãOMDYD VH NDR SURIHVRU QD 9LãRM HNRQRPVNRNRPHUFLMDOQRM ãNROL 9(.â X %UþNRP JGMH NDR MHGLQL GRNWRU HNRQRPVNLK QDXND SRþLQMH SULSUHPDWL SUHUDVWDQMH 9(.âD X (NRQRPVNLIDNXOWHWJGMHRVWDMHVYHGRKDSãHQMH JRGLQH 'XERNH UD]OLNH NRMH MH 3DãDJLQD ÄJUXSD³ X ãLUHP NUXJX LVSROMDYDOD X VXGDUX VYRMLK YLÿHQMD L SURMHNWRYDQMD ORNDOQLK SULYUHGQLK NRQFHSFLMD X 7X]OL VD ]YDQLþQLP ORNDOQLP DOL L UHSXEOLþNLP SROLWLþNLP HVWDEOLãPHQWRP 6XSURVWDYOMHQH NRQFHSFLMH ORNDOQRJ HNRQRPVNRJ UD]YRMD HWDEOLUDQH VX SUHYDVKRGQR X UD]YRMX KHPLMVNH LQGXVWULMH IDEULNH Ä6RGD³ L Ä6RODQH³ L HOHNWURHQHUJHWVNRJ VHNWRUD WM UXGQLND Ä.UHND%DQRYLüL³ L RGQRVD UXGQLND VD 7HUPRHOHNWUDQRP Ä7X]OD³ WH SUREOHPD WRQMHQMD JUDGD 3UHYDVKRGQX SROLWLþNX SR]RUQRVW L] NRMH üH SROLWLþNH VWUXNWXUH YUHPHQRP QDSUDYLWL VOXþDM W]Y 7X]ODQVNH JUXSH GRELOD MH QDPMHUD L]JUDGQMH)DEULNHVRGHÄ7X]OD³X%XNLQMX,GHMXNRMXMH3DãDJD0DQGåLüL]QMHGULR NUDMHP SHGHVHWLK JRGLQD XþYUVWLüH GU 6DOLK %XUHN L 6PDLO 7UERQMD 7UERQMD MH WDGDELRGLUHNWRUSUHGX]HüDÄ5XGQLNVROLLVRODQH³NRMHMHWUHEDORGDEXGHQRVLODF LQYHVWLFLMH3UHGSURMHNWQDWHKQRORãNDLVWUDåLYDQMDXUDGLRMHGU6WMHSDQ,YLüQDXþQL VDUDGQLN,QVWLWXWDLSURIHVRU7HKQRORãNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OL)DEULNDVRGHX%XNLQMX MHWUHEDODþLQLWLSRþHWQXLNOMXþQXNDULNXXSURMHNWRYDQMXUD]YRMDKHPLMVNHLQGXVWULMH WX]ODQVNRJED]HQDQDED]LGRPDüLKLQSXWD GRPDüLKVLURYLQDLGRPDüLKNDGURYD 3RSURIHVRUX,YLüX]QDþDML]JUDGQMH)DEULNHVRGHX7X]OLMHãWDYLãHÄEUåLLEROML SXWMDþDQMDKHPLMVNHLQGXVWULMHX65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH³7DNRÿHUYDåDQUD]ORJ ]DORFLUDQMH)DEULNHVRGHX7X]OLMHREH]EMHÿHQMHQDNQDGH]DVDQDFLMXSRVOMHGLFD WRQMHQMD 7X]OH X]URNRYDQLK QHNRQWUROLVDQRP HNVSORDWDFLMRP VROL NRMD MH YHü ]QDþDMQRXJURåDYDODMH]JURJUDGD=DUHDOL]DFLMXELWQRGUXJDþLMHJNRQFHSWD,]YUãQRJ 8 WR GRED VDVWDYQL GLR L]YMHãWDMD R QDVWDYQRQDXþQLP L]ERULPD QD XQLYHU]LWHWLPD ELOD MH ÄPRUDOQRSROLWLþNDSRGREQRVW³'U%XUHNMHL]ERUXYDQUHGQRJSURIHVRUDQD7HKQRORãNRPIDNXOWHWX LPDRXSHULRGX JRGLQD 3URIGU.DGULMD+2'ä,û YLMHüD9ODGH65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHELRMH]DGXåHQ+D]LP+DVLüGLUHNWRUÄ6RGD VR³NRPELQDWD1RYLNRQFHSWMHSURPRYLUDRUD]YRMPDORWRQDåQHKHPLMVNHLQGXVWULMH NRMD VH YLãH RVODQMDOD QD XYR]QH VLURYLQD ÄRVOREDÿDMXüL³ ]QDWQX NROLþLQX VROL ]D ¿QDOQHSUHUDGHXGUXJLPUHSXEOLNDPD3URMHNDWL]UDGHRYRJSURJUDPDSUHGYRGLRMH SURIGU6YHWR]DU3ULELþHYLü *HQH]DSDUWLMVNLKLSROLFLMVNLKRSWXåEL 1DURþLWX RGERMQRVW SUHPD 3DãDJL 0DQGåLüX L 6DOLKX %XUHNX SRND]DOL VX SRMHGLQFLL]WDGDãQMHWX]ODQVNHSROLWLþNHYUKXãNHQDMLVWXUHQLMLVXELOL(VDG+RUR]Lü (UR]LMH6ODYRMND-DQNRYLü/MXER-XURãHYLüL3UHGUDJ-RYDQRYLü9HRPDYHOLNLEURM OMXGLSRPMHVQLPLRUJDQL]DFLMDPD6DYH]DNRPXQLVWDXSUHGX]HüLPDLGUXãWYHQLP LQVWLWXFLMDPDMHELRXNOMXþHQXL]ULFDQMHSROLWLþNLKLXRSãWHMDYQLKRVXGDLåLJRVDQMH OLþQRVWL3DãDJH0DQGåLüDL6DOLKD%XUHND8VWLJPDWL]LUDQMXQMLKRYLKOLþQRVWLDOL LRVWDOLKL]ÄJUXSH³QDURþLWRVXVHX]þODQRYH2SãWLQVNRJNRPLWHWD6.7X]ODQD ORNDOQRP QLYRX LVWLFDOH SDUWLMVNH L VLQGLNDOQH VWUXNWXUH X Ä.UHNL³ L SRMHGLQFL QD ,QVWLWXWX ]D UXGDUVND L KHPLMVNRWHKQRORãND LVWUDåLYDQMD QD ,QVWLWXWX VX ]DSUDYR SRVWRMDOH GYLMH JUXSH MHGQD MH GUåDOD VWUDQX GU %XUHND GUXJD MH SRPRJQXWD LQVWUXNFLMDPDL]2SãWLQVNRJNRPLWHWDELODRãWURSURWLYGU%XUHND 0QRJLRGQMLK VXNDVQLMHRVWYDULOLYLVRNHSROLWLþNHLDNDGHPVNHNDULMHUHDXWLFDMQHNLKRGQMLKL GDQDV MH YHOLNL 8SUDYR WD þLQMHQLFD XOD]L X PHULWXP UD]XPMHYDQMD ]DãWR WROLNH JRGLQH ãXWQMH L RJUDÿLYDQMD RG 3DãDJH 0DQGåLüD GU 6DOLKD %XUHND X QMLKRYRM URGQRM7X]OLþLMRMVXSROLWLþNRMLSULYUHGQRMD¿UPDFLMLSRVYHWLOLþLWDYVYRMåLYRW .RQDþQL REUDþXQ 3DUWLMH VD 3DãDJRP L ÄJUXSRP³ RãWUR MH QDMDYLR 0DWR $QGULü PLQLVWDU UHSXEOLþNH SROLFLMH QD VMHGQLFL &. 6. %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X IHEUXDUX JRGLQH NDGD VH SUYL SXW ]YDQLþQR VDRSãWDYD MDYQRVWL SRVWRMDQMH ÄQHSULMDWHOMVNHJUXSHX7X]OL³þLMHMH]JURVDþLQMDYDMX3DãDJD0DQGåLü6DOLK %XUHN L7HX¿N 6HOLPRYLü %XÿRQL$QGULü VDRSãWDYD GD VH UDGL R ÄGUVNLP QHSULMDWHOMLPD NRMLSRNXãDYDMXGDVHRUJDQL]XMXXQDSDGXQD8VWDYRPXWYUÿHQLSRUHGDN³3ULSLVXMH LPVHRQRãWRRQLQLXVQXQHELPRJOLSRPLVOLWLSURVWDOMLQLVWLþNDLQDFLRQDOLVWLþND JOHGDQMDQDMXJRVORYHQVNRGUXãWYR 1DMEOLåL 0DQGåLüHY VDUDGQLN GU 6DOLK %XUHN MH X PRQWLUDQRP SURFHVX V L]UHåLUDQLP L]MDYDPD VYMHGRND RSWXåHQ GD MH X VYRP VWDQX L VWDQX 0DQGåLüD WRNRP JRGLQH ãLULR QHSULMDWHOMVNX SURSDJDQGX WLPH ãWR MH XND]LYDR GD HNRQRPVNH VODERVWL MXJRVORYHQVNRJ VRFLMDOL]PD SURLVWLþX L] VDPRXSUDYOMDQMD ]DWLP GD MH NULWLNRYDR VWDQMH SUH]DGXåHQRVWL ]HPOMH NRUXSFLMX L YLVRNX LQÀDFLMX WH GD MH SUHIHULUDR FHQWUDOLVWLþNL VRYMHWVNL VLVWHP SODQLUDQMD9UKRYQL VXG %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHJDMH JRGLQHRVXGLRQDJRGLQD]DWYRUDX.D]QHQRSRSUDYQRP GRPX X =HQLFL 'D VWYDU SHUYHUWLUDQH SUHVXGH EXGH RþLWLMD GRND] VX %XUHNRYL 3UHPD2SWXåQLFL2NUXåQRJ-DYQRJWXåLODãWD7X]ODRG JRGLQHL3UHVXGL2NUXåQRJL 9UKRYQRJVXGD NRMLMHRGOXþLYDRSR%XUHNRYRMåDOEL JRGLQH 3ROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDSURIHVRUDSDOLKDBXUHNDWLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüD REMDYOMHQLQDXþQLUDGRYLNRMLVDVYLPVXSURWQRRGRSWXåEHHODERULUDMXUDFLRQDOQRVWL HNRQRPLMHVDPRXSUDYOMDQMD L]PHÿXRVWDOLKREMDYOMHQLKXVDUDMHYVNLPþDVRSLVLPD (NRQRPVNLJODVQLN i 3UHJOHGWHEHRJUDGVNRPOLVWX%RUED Burekove ocjene zapostavljanja ekonomskog razvoja Tuzle i Bosne i Hercegovine 7X]OD MH ãH]GHVHWLK L VHGDPGHVHWLK JRGLQD ]DRVWDMDOD X HNRQRPVNRP UD]YRMX]DRVWDOLPRSãWLQDPDVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQH3UHFL]QDVD]QDQMDRWRPHGDMH XSUDYRGU6DOLK%XUHN3UYHQDOD]HVYRJLVWUDåLYDQMDRHNRQRPVNRPUD]YRMX7X]OH GU %XUHN MH VDRSãWLR QD Ä5HJLRQDOQRP VDYMHWRYDQMX R SULYUHGQRP L GUXãWYHQRP UD]YRMXVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQH³RGUåDQRPX7X]OLXMDQXDUX JRGLQH3UHPD XRQRGREDMHGLQVWYHQRMSUHFL]QRL]YHGHQRMHNRQRPVNRMDQDOL]LGU%XUHNDRYDM JUDGMHSRJRÿHQGYRVWUXNLPKHQGLNHSRP 5 3UYRLSRUHGNRQFHQWULVDQHLQGXVWULMH7X]OXXSHULRGX JRGLQH RELOMHåDYD DSVROXWQR L UHODWLYQR ]DRVWDMDQMH ]D RVWDOLP RSãWLQDPD VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH SRUDVWXQDURGQRJGRKRWNDVWRMLQDPMHVWXRGXNXSQRRSãWLQDXRYRP GLMHOX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 8VSRUHQLMLUDVWQDURGQRJGRKRWNDXRGQRVXQD7X]OX LPDOHVXVDPRþHWLULRSãWLQH âHNRYLüL/XNDYDF8JOMHYLNL%DQRYLüL7HQGHQFLMX RSDGDQMD XGMHOD QDURGQRJ GRKRWND X XNXSQRP QDURGQRP GRKRWNX RVDPQDHVW RSãWLQD GU %XUHN SUHGVWDYOMD SRUHÿHQMHP JRGLQH X NRMRM MH RYR XþHãüH L]QRVLORL JRGLQHXNRMRMRYRXþHãüHRSDGDQD 'UXJR ãWHWDPD QDQHVHQLP 7X]OL HNVSORDWDFLMRP VROL VWDQMH VHSWHPEDU JRGLQH RNRMLPGU%XUHNSLãHNDRRÄSRVYHQHSULMDWQRMþLQMHQLFL³ 5LMHþMHR RJURPQRMãWHWLQDGUXãWYHQRPERJDWVWYXJUDGD7X]OHDNRMXX]URNXMHHNVSORDWDFLMD VROLLVSRGJUDGDâWHWDWDNRX]UNRYDQDL]QRVLODMHNUDMHPVHSWHPEUD JRGLQH RNRPLOLRQDGLQDUD$ERMDWLVHGDXEXGXüHQHEXGHLYHüDVRE]LURPQDQDþLQ LLQWHQ]LYQRVWHNVSORDWDFLMHVROLXJURåHQRVWQHNLKYHüLKREMHNDWDXJUDGXNDRLQD LQÀDFLMX þLMH VX SRVOMHGLFH X 7X]OL XSUDYR ]ERJ VSRPHQXWLK ãWHWD QHJDWLYQLMH RG XRELþDMHQLKSRVOMHGLFD 3UHFL]QRVW%XUHNRYRJSURUDþXQDRãWHWDPDXþLQMHQLPHNVSORDWDFLMRPVROL X7X]OLSRND]XMHQMHJRYVOLMHGHüLQDOD] $ãWDWR]QDþL]D7X]OXPRåHVHQDMEROMH QD]ULMHWLL]þLQMHQLFHGDVHRELPX]URNRYDQLKDQHQDGRNQDÿHQLKãWHWDYHüSULEOLåLR RELPXQDURGQRJGRKRWNDNRMLMHRVWYDUHQUHFLPR JRGLQH-HU JRGLQH QDURGQL GRKRGDN RVWYDUHQ QD SRGUXþMX RSãWLQH 7X]OD L]QRVL PLOLRQD GLQDUD X þHPX GRKRGDN LQGXVWULMH L]QRVL PLOLRQD GLQDUD 3UHPD WRPH ãWHWD QD GUXãWYHQRP ERJDWVWYX JUDGD 7X]OH PDOWHQH SULEOLåQD MH GYRJRGLãQMHP XNXSQRP QDURGQRPGRKRWNXNRJDRVWYDUXMHXNXSQDLQGXVWULMDX7X]OL 3UHSLVSULORJDGLVNXVLMH6DOLKD%XUHNDQDÄ5HJLRQDOQRPVDYMHWRYDQMXRSULYUHGQRPLGUXãWYHQRP UD]YRMXVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQH³7X]ODMDQXDU $UKLY(NRQRPVNRJLQVWLWXWDX7X]OL GDOMH 6DOLK%XUHN3UHSLVSULORJDGLVNXVLMH 6DOLK%XUHN3UHSLVSULORJDGLVNXVLMH Isto 3URIGU.DGULMD+2'ä,û 1DNRQRYLKQDOD]DGU%XUHNSURQLFOMLYR]DNOMXþXMHGDÄ7X]ODQHPDRQDM HNRQRPVNLSRWHQFLMDONRMLVHLVND]XMHXRELþDMHQRPVWDWLVWLþNRPPHWRGRORJLMRP³WH GDMHÄWDMSRWHQFLDOQHRSKRGQRNRULJRYDWLYLVLQRPãWHWHNRMHX]URNXMHHNVSORDWDFLMD VROL³QDNRQþHJDEL7X]ODÄVDVYLPVLJXUQRELODQDMHGQRPRGSRVOMHGQMLKPMHVWDSR LQWHQ]LWHWXVYRJUD]YRMDXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQL³ %XGXüLGDMHVMHYHURLVWRþQD%RVQDÄSR]QDWDSRVYRPSULURGQRPERJDWVWYX DQDURþLWRSRQHNLPDWUDNWLYQLPPLQHUDOQLPVLURYLQDPD³SLãHRQWRMH]DRVWDMDQMH VMHYHURVWRþQH %RVQH Ä]DLVWD ]DþXÿXMXüH³ , VDGD VOLMHGL QMHJRY KUDEUL NRPHQWDU NRML QH VUHüHPR QL NRG MHGQRJ GUXJRJ LVWUDåLYDþD GUXãWYHQRHNRQRPVNH ]ELOMH X ]HPOMLNRMLüHGRNUDMDX]QHPLULWLYLVRNHSDUWLMVNHNDGURYH]DGXåHQH]DJUDG7X]OX LPDNURUHJLMXVMHYHURLVWRþQD%RVQD=DORNDOQHSDUWLMVNHGXåQRVQLNHELRMHQDURþLWR ]DEULQMDYDMXüL VOLMHGHüL %XUHNRY VWDY ,DNR SULURGQR ERJDWVWYR QLMH X]URþQLN ]DRVWDMDQMDVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQHVPDWUDPGDVXX]URFL]DRVWDMDQMDLSDNORFLUDQLX VDPRMUHJLML2QLOHåHYLãHPDQMHXQDPD±XNDGURYLPDRYHUHJLMH=ERJWRJDVPR ]DVOXåLOLLNULWLNXMHUVPRVYRMLPUDGRPGRSULQLMHOLQHVDPRXVSRUHQLMHPUD]YRMX UHJLMHQRL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXFMHOLQL %XUHNRYR SUHNRUDYDQMH ÄQDV NRML VPR ]DVOXåLOL NULWLNX³ GLUHNWQRVH RGQRVL QD SDUWLMVNX QRPHQNODWXUX NRMD MH X RVQRYL GUåDOD NRQFH XSUDYOMDQMD X ]HPOML 'U %XUHN LVWRYUHPHQR SUHMXGLFLUD RGJRYRU NRML EL QDVWRMDR RSUDYGDWL RYR ]DRVWDMDQMH QHGRVWDWNRP RGQRVQR VPDQMHQLP SULWLFDQMHP LQYHVWLFLMD X PDNURUHJLRQ VMHYHURLVWRþQD %RVQD 1HNR üH PRåGD UHüL QHPD UD]YRMD EH] LQYHVWLFLMDDLQYHVWLFLMHVXSRVOMHGQMLKJRGLQD]DRVWDMDOHXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQL RGQRVQR L]QRVLOHVX VYHJD RG SURVMHNDLQYHVWLFLRQHSRWURãQMHSRVWDQRYQLNX X%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL7DþQRMHWRDOLMHWDþQRLQHãWRGUXJR'DQDVVHVPDWUDGD ]QDQMHLRUJDQL]DFLMDLPDMXYHüL]QDþDM]DUD]YRMRGUDVSRORåLYRJNDSLWDOD.DSLWDO MHSRNUHWOMLYLSRSUDYLOXRQMHWDPRJGMHMHL]QDQMH=QDQMHVWYDUDLORFLUDNDSLWDO± ]QDQMHJDLRGUåDYD'DNOHSRPHQLNDGURYLQDURþLWRUXNRYRGHüLþLQHXVNRJUORX QDãHPUD]YRMXLEH]XNODQMDQMDWRJJUODQHPDYHOLNLKXVSMHKD 1DUDYQRGDMHRYDM%XUHNRYUHIHUDWLDNRQLMHQLNRJDSHUVRQDOQRSUR]LYDR]DGDWR HNRQRPVNR]DRVWDMDQMHLHNRORãNRGHYDVWLUDQMH7X]OHSRJDÿDRJUDGVNXLUHJLRQDOQX SDUWLMVNX QRPHQNODWXUX L QMHQR QDPMHãWDQMH SRGREQLK ]D SULYUHGQH UXNRYRGLRFH 6OLMHGL QMHJRYR GR NUDMD UD]JROLüHQMH SUDNVH SRVWDYOMDQMD SRGREQLK UXNRYRGLODFD 9HüVPR X GUXJRM JRGLQL UHDOL]DFLMH 3HWRJRGLãQMHJ SODQD UD]YRMD EH] SODQRYD L SURJUDPDDLPDLWDNYLKþLMHSRQDãDQMHRGXGDUDRGQRUPLWUåLãQRSODQVNHSULYUHGH 6YHWR]DEULQMDYDDLXSR]RUDYDGDXQDãHPSRLPDQMXSDLUDGXPQRJRãWRãWDWUHED SURPLMHQLWLQDEROMH 8SULPMHGEHQD]DSXãWHQRVWSULYUHGQRJUD]YRMD7X]OHLQMHQLK SULYUHGQLKLQDXþQLKLQVWLWXFLMDNRMHGU%XUHNVWDYOMDQDGXãXORNDOQRPSROLWLþNRP UXNRYRGVWYXVSDGDMXLRQHNRMHVHRGQRVHQDUDG,QVWLWXWD]DUXGDUVNDLKHPLMVNR WHKQRORãND LVWUDåLYDQMD NRMLP %XUHN WDGD UXNRYRGL )RUPLUDQ SRþHWNRP WLK JRGLQD,QVWLWXWMH]DKYDOMXMXüLXSUDYRGU%XUHNXUD]YLRWLPRGEOL]XVWUXþQMDND SRVYHüHQLK RSVHåQLP WHKQRHNRQRPVNLP L UXGDUVNLP LVWUDåLYDQMLPD QD SRGUXþMX Isto 6DOLK%XUHN3UHSLVSULORJDGLVNXVLMH 3ROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDSURIHVRUDSDOLKDBXUHNDWLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH DOL L YDQ QMH ]QDþDMQD LVWUDåLYDQMD UDÿHQD VX ]D SRWUHEH UXGDUVNLK NRSRYD X +UYDWVNRM L 6UELML 1DURþLWD IRNXVLUDQRVW MH QD UXGDUVNLP L KHPLMVNLP WHKQRORJLMDPD HNVSORDWDFLML L SUHUDGL PLQHUDOQLK VLURYLQD QD SRGUXþMX VMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQHRþHPXMHGU%XUHNWDNRÿHUSLVDR10 0HÿXWLPSROLWLþNLLGUåDYQL]YDQLþQLFLQHPDMXVOXKD]DWX]ODQVNL,QVWLWXW L þHVWR LVWUDåLYDþNH SRVORYH ]D NRMH MH XSUDYR RYDM ,QVWLWXW QDMNRPSHWHWQLML þDN L QD VDPRP SRGUXþMX VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH XVPMHUDYD GUXJLP LVWUDåLYDþNLP LQVWLWXFLMDPD 9RGDMH SUHOLOD þDãX XSUDYR X YUHPHQX NDGD VH SROLWLþNH VWUXNWXUH MRãXYLMHNQH]YDQLþQRLYDQRþLMXMDYQRVWLUD]UDþXQDYDMXVD3DãDJRP0DQGåLüHP LSRþLQMXSUR]LYDWLVNXSLQXQMHJRYLKVDUDGQLNDXNRMRMMHVYDNDNRQDMLVWXUHQLMLGU 6DOLK%XUHN6RE]LURPGDMHGU%XUHNGLUHNWRU,QVWLWXWD]DUXGDUVNDLKHPLMVNR WHKQRORãNDLVWUDåLYDQMDD,QVWLWXWIXQNFLRQLUDNDRMHGQDRGQDMXVSMHãQLMLKWX]ODQVNLK LQVWLWXFLMD SROLWLþNH VWUXNWXUH SRþLQMX YRGLWL QHNX YUVWX WLKRJ RWSRUD SUHPD ,QVWLWXWX7RVHQDURþLWRYLGLQDSULPMHUX5XGQLNDÄ.UHND³NRMLSRGGLUHNWLYDPD SROLWLþNLKPRüQLNDDSVWLQLUDRGQDXþQLKXVOXJD,QVWLWXWD'U%XUHNVHQHPLULVD RYRP VLWXDFLMRP L L]QRVL RYH SUREOHPH V ,QVWLWXWRP X MDYQRVW SRþHWNRP JRGLQH%XUHNWRPSULOLNRPLVWXUDþDNLPRJXüQRVWGDVHXVOMHGDVSVWLQHQFLMHSUHPD ,QVWLWXWX WX]ODQVNL ,QVWLWXW SUHVHOL X 6DUDMHYR JGMH MH YHü LPDR VYRM LVWUDåLYDþNL ]DYRG =DYRG]DUXGDUVWYRX6DUDMHYXMHELRXVDVWDYXWX]ODQVNRJLQVWLWXWD ,QIRUPDFLMXRWRPHSUYLSUHQRVL)URQWVORERGH /MXGLX,QVWLWXWXWYUGHGD JRGLãQMH ]D QDXþQRLVWUDåLYDþNL UDG SUHGX]HüD GDMX þHWLUL SXWD YLãH QHJR ãWR MH SURãORJRGLãQML XNXSQL ELODQV QMLKRYLK ]DYRGD ,SDN PQRJL SRVORYL RGOD]H YDQ SRGUXþMDGRYROMQRMHQDSRPHQXWLGDVXYUDWD7LWRYLKUXGQLNDJRWRYR]DWYRUHQD ]D,QVWLWXW2WXGDLRULMHQWDFLMDQDVDUDGQMXVPQRJLPGUXJLPSUHGX]HüLPDSUHWHåQR YDQ WX]ODQVNRJ UHJLRQD 5DGL VH R DUDQåPDQX VD VDUDMHYVNLP µ(QHUJRLQYHVWRP¶ R SHWRJRGLãQMRM VDUDGQML þLMD EL XNXSQD YULMHGQRVW L]QRVLOD PLOLRQD GLQDUD³ SDMHÄGRNWRU6DOLK%XUHNGLUHNWRU,QVWLWXWDVDVYLPR]ELOMQRL]QLRUD]PLãOMDQMHR SUHVHOMHQMX,QVWLWXWDX6DUDMHYR11 9UDüDMXüLVHQDRYDMSUREOHPQDSRPHQXWRP5HJLRQDOQRPVDYMHWRYDQMXR SULYUHGQRPLGUXãWYHQRPUD]YRMXVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQHSRþHWNRP JRGLQHGU %XUHNSRQRYRVNUHüHSDåQMXQDWLKLRWSRUWX]ODQVNLKLUHSXEOLþNLKSROLWLþNLKVQDJD SUHPD ,QVWLWXWX ELOR EL QRUPDOQR RþHNLYDWL V RE]LURP QD ORNDFLMX ,QVWLWXWD V RE]LURP QD þLQMHQLFX GD VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL QHGRVWDMX VWUXþQMDFL SRJRWRYX NUHDWLYQL X SUHGKRGQRP GLMHOX L]ODJDQMD GU %XUHN NRQVWDWXMH GD QD SRGUXþMX VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH WDGD QHGRVWDMH VWUXþQMDND ± .+ GD ,QVWLWXW XSUDYR QD SRGUXþMX VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH LPD SXQH UXNH SRVOD D RQ JD HWR QHPD8 QDVWDYNXGU%XUHNXND]XMHQDDSVXUGQXVLWXDFLMXMRãXYLMHNQHVKYDWDMXüLGDRQD GROD]LRGEORNDGHNRMX,QVWLWXWXSUDYHWDGDãQMHSROLWLþNHVWUXNWXUH .DUDNWHULVWLþQR MH QDSRPHQXWL GD XVOXJH ,QVWLWXWD QDMYLãH NRULVWL µ(QHUJRLQYHVW¶ 1SU X 10 9LGL 6DOLK%XUHN3URL]YRGQMDLSURGXNWLYQRVWERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLKXJOMHQRNRSD(NRQRPVNL JODVQLN6DUDMHYR EU 11 ,QVWLWXWJXUDL±NXND)URQWVORERGHEUPDUW 6DOLK%XUHN3UHSLVSULORJDGLVNXVLMH 3URIGU.DGULMD+2'ä,û SURãORJRGLãQMRM UHDOL]DFLML RGQRVL VH QD JRGLQX XþHãüH µ(QHUJRLQYHVWD¶ L]QRVLDãWRMH]QDWQRL]QDGXþHãüDGUXJLK8YMHUHQLVPRGDSRVORYQDVSRQD ,QVWLWXWDVDÄ(QHUJRLQYHVWRP³QLMH]DVQRYDQDQDVHQWLPHQWDOQRVWLµ(QHUJRLQYHVWD¶ MHUVHQWLPHQWDOQRVWLQHPDNRG¿UPLNRMHSRVOXMXXXVORYLPDVYMHWVNHNRQNXUHQFLMH 7RMHVSRQD]DVQRYDQDQDWHåQMLµ(QHUJRLQYHVWD¶GDXVYRPXNXSQRPUDGXLPDãWR YHüX ]DVWXSOMHQRVW VWUXþQRJ UDGD QDXþQRLVWUDåLYDþNRJ UDGD D WR L MHVWH RQR ãWR MHQDMJODYQLMH±RQRãWRL]RVWDMHNRGPQRJLKNRMLXLVWUDåLYDþNRPUDGXYLGHVDPR WURãNRYHDQHYLGHLGRKRGDN 'U%XUHN]DSUDYRDOXGLUDQDþLQMHQLFXGDMH,QVWLWXWLVNOMXþHQL]QDXþQR LVWUDåLYDþNLKSURJUDPVNLKSULVWXSDWYRUQLFHJOLQLFHX=YRUQLNX NDSDFLWHWD WRQDJRGLãQMH LÄ(QHUJRLQYHVWRYLK³SURJUDPDL]JUDGQMHKHPLMVNRJNRPSOHNVDQD SRGUXþMX WX]ODQVNRJ ED]HQD 3RVHEQR VH %XUHNRYD DOX]LMD RGQRVLOD QD SURJUDP Ä(QHUJRLQYHVWD³ 1DLPH QHNROLNR JRGLQD UDQLMH SROLWLþNL ]YDQLþQLFL L] 6DYH]D NRPXQLVWD X 6DUDMHYX VX Ä(QHUJRLQYHVWX³ GDOL NRQFHVLMX ]D KHPLMVNRWHKQRORãND LVWUDåLYDQMDX7X]OL,DNRVXSROLWLþNHVWUXNWXUHQDVWRMDOH]DRELüL,QVWLWXWXSRUQLP ]DODJDQMHP 3DãDJH 0DQGåLüD LVWUDåLYDþNRSURMHNWQL SRVDR MH GRGLMHOMHQ ,QVWLWXWX X7X]OX ,QVWLWXW MH VDþLQLR RSVHåQL SURJUDP L]JUDGQMH QRYH WYRUQLFH VRGH SUHPD PHÿXQDURGQLP HNRQRPVNLP L HNRORãNLP VWDQGDUGLPD 3RVHEQR WUHED QDJODVLWL GD MH RYLP SURJUDPRP SUYL SXW X VMHYHURLVWRþQRM %RVQL SUHGYLÿHQD HNRORãND ]DãWLWDSULJUDGQMLQHNRJSURL]YRGQRJSUHGX]HüD7RMH]QDþLORGDVHIDEULNDVRGH SURMHNWXMHNDRHNRORãNLþLVWDWMEH]W]YÄELMHORJPRUD³ YDQMVNLKRWSDGQLKWYDUL -RãXYLMHNSROLWLþNLDNWLYDQ GDNOHSULMHSROLWLþNRJUD]UDþXQDYDQMDVQMLP 0DQGåLü MHSRVWDYLRLNDPHQWHPHOMDF]DRYXWYRUQLFX0HÿXWLPL]JUDGQMDRYDNYHWYRUQLFH MH]DXVWDYOMHQDVDÄYLãLKLQVWDQFL³ .DVQLMHMHQDLVWRMORNDFLMLVDJUDÿHQDGDQDãQMDWYRUQLFDGHWHUGåHQDWDÄ'LWD³ D SLWDQMH WDORåLãWD ÄELMHORJ PRUD³ X /XNDYFX MH GR GDQDV RVWDOR RWYRUHQLP 5DGL VHRNDWDVWURIDOQLPSURPDãDMLPDORNDOQHSDUWLMVNHHOLWHQDNRMHMH3DãDJD0DQGåLü VWDOQR XND]LYDR 6LQKURQL]RYDQRVW LVWRYUVQH NULWLNH 0DQGåLüD L GU %XUHND QLMH VOXþDMQD MHU MH ]DVQRYDQD QD MHGLQVWYHQRM QDXþQRM RVQRYL ,QVWLWXWD ]D UXGDUVND L KHPLMVNRWHKQRORãND LVWUDåLYDQMD 2GJRYRU 3DUWLMH XVOLMHGLüH NRML PMHVHF NDVQLMH SDUWLMVNRPNULWLNRP%XUHNXX2VQRYQRMRUJDQL]DFLML6DYH]DNRPXQLVWD,QVWLWXWDD ]QDWQRRãWULMHNRMXJRGLQXSRVOLMH%LüHYH]DQ]DNXOPLQDFLMX0DQGåLüHYRJVXNRED VD3DUWLMRPDNRMHMHNREQR]DYUãLORSR%XUHND 87X]OLVXVHGXJRRVMHüDOHSRVOMHGLFHRGNRMLKVXQHNHLGDQDVDNWXHOQH PQRJLKQHULMHãHQLKSULYUHGQLKSUREOHPDXSUDYRL]WRJSHULRGDDQDNRMHVXSDUWLMVNL ÄQHSRGREQL³ 3DãDJD 0DQGåLü L GU 6DOLK %XUHN YHü WDGD XND]LYDOL 3UYHQVWYHQR VH UDGL R QMLKRYRM NRQFHSFLML UD]YRMD KHPLMVNH LQGXVWULMH ]DVQRYDQH QD GRPDüLP VLURYLQDPD NRMH VX ELOH X VXSURWQRVWL VD VDYH]QLP NRQFHSFLMDPD LQWHJULUDQMD HNRQRPLMH 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X MHGLQVWYHQR MXJRVORYHQVNR WUåLãWH %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQDMHXMXJRVORYHQVNRMSRGMHOLUDGDSULSDODXORJDQRVLRFDED]QHLQGXVWULMH ±WMRVORQFDVLURYLQD XJOMDþHOLNDLVROL ]DRVWDOHUHSXEOLNHþHPXVXVH0DQGåLü L %XUHN LQGLUHNWQR SURWLYLOL SUDYHüL SURJUDPH LQGXVWULMVNRJ UD]YRMD WX]ODQVNRJ ED]HQDQDED]LVROLLXJOMDSRGUD]XPMHYDMXüL]DRNUXåLYDQMHVLURYLQVNRJL¿QDOQRJ 3ROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDSURIHVRUDSDOLKDBXUHNDWLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüD WHKQRORãNRJ NUXJD RYLK SUR]YRGD QD SRGUXþMX WX]ODQVNRJ ED]HQD L QD WRM RVQRYL MDþDQMH GRPDüHJ NDGUD L QDXþQH LQGXVWULMVNH PLVOL 6 WLP X YH]L VX L QMLKRYD JOHGDQMDQDHNRQRPVNHLVRFLMDOQHSRVOMHGLFHWRQMHQMDXWX]ODQVNRMJUDGVNRMMH]JUL L WLP SRYRGRP XSXüHQH LQLFLMDWLYH ]D IRUPLUDQMH )RQGD ]D WRQMHQMH JUDGD ]DWLP RGQRVHUXGQLNDXJOMDL7HUPRHOHNWUDQHÄ7X]OD³JGMHVH3DãDJD]DODJDR]DQMLKRYX LQWHJUDFLMXHNRORãNDUMHãHQMDKHPLMVNRJNRPSOHNVDWX]ODQVNRJED]HQDXNOMXþXMXüL WUHWPDQ ÄELMHORJ PRUD³ X /XNDYFX RWYDUDQMH 7HKQRORãNRJ IDNXOWHWD PDVRYQR VWLSHQGLUDQMHVWXGHQDWDLXþHQLNDUXGDUVNHLWHKQRORãNHVWUXNHLWG +DSãHQMDLSRGL]DQMHRSWXåQLFH 2 KDSãHQMLPD IHEUXDUD JRGLQH X SUYL PDK VH QLMH JRYRULOR +DSãHQMDVXL]YHGHQDJRWRYRNRQVSLUDWLYQREH]RþLMXMDYQRVWL2EMDYOMHQMDMHWHN YUORãWXUDLQIRUPDFLMDXREOLNXQHDXWRUL]RYDQRJVDRSãWHQMDGDMHX7X]OLSRKDSãHQD ÄQHSULMDWHOMVND JUXSD³ DOL EH] QDYRÿHQMD LPHQD XKDSãHQLK 'YD PMHVHFD SRVOLMH SULWYDUDQMDRSWXåQLFXMH2NUXåQRPVXGXX7X]OLSRGQLR]DPMHQLNMDYQRJWXåLRFD 1XULMD +DGåLü 2SWXåQLFD MH ]DYHGHQD SRG EURM .7 L GDWLUD RG DSULOD JRGLQH 6DGUåDQD MH QD VWUDQLFL JXVWR NXFDQRJ WHNVWD D ]DSULPOMHQD MH X 2NUXåQRP VXGX MXQD JRGLQH =D VYH RSWXåHQH RSWXåQLFD VH SUHPD WDGDãQMHP =DNRQX R NULYLþQRP SRVWXSNX WHPHOMLOD QD NULYLþQLP GMHOLPD ÄQHSULMDWHOMVNH SURSDJDQGH³ ÄL]D]LYDQMD QDFLRQDOQH QHWUSHOMLYRVWL³ L ÄSRYUHGH XJOHGDGUåDYHLQMHQLKSUHGVWDYQLND³ 6DOLK %XUHN MH RSWXåHQ ]D GMHOR QHSULMDWHOMVNH SURSDJDQGH ± L] þODQD VWDY L]D]LYDQMH QHWUSHOMLYRVWL L UD]GRUD PHÿX QDURGLPD L QDURGQRVWLPD -XJRVODYLMHLSRYUHGDXJOHGDGUåDYHQMHQLKRUJDQDLSUHGVWDYQLND±L]þODQD .ULYLþQRJ ]DNRQLND %XUHN VH WHUHWL GD MH ÄX WRNX JRGLQH X YLãH QDYUDWD X VYRPVWDQXX7X]OLLX6DUDMHYXXVWDQX3DãDJH0DQGåLüDSUHGYLãHOLFDQHJLUDR VLVWHP VDPRSUDYOMDQMD LVWLþXüL GD VODERVWL X MXJRVORYHQVNRM SULYUHGL SUR]LOD]H L] VDPRXSUDYOMDQMDJRYRUHüLGDX-XJRVODYLMLPQRJHVWYDULQHLGXGREUR³ ,QGLNDWLYQRMHGD2SWXåQLFDQLMHSRQXGLODQLWLMHGDQPDWHULMDOQLGRND]NRMLP EL WHUHWLOD RSWXåHQH þODQRYH W]Y7X]ODQVNH JUXSH =D VYH RSWXåHQH RSWXåQLFD se L]YRGLODLVNOMXþLYRL]L]MDYDVYMHGRNDVDGUXåHQMDQDNXüQLPVLMHODPDLNDIDQVNLP VMHGHOMNDPD D NRMH MH 6OXåED GUåDYQH EH]EMHGQRVWL ± &HQWDU 7X]OD XåXUEDQR X]LPDODXMDQXDUXLIHEUXDUX JRGLQH,DNRVXþODQRP=DNRQDR NULYLþQRP SRVWXSNX -XJRVODYLMH LPDOL REDYH]X GD X LVWUDåQRP SRVWXSNX RVXPQMLþHQLPD REUD]ORåH]DNRMDVHGMHODWHUHWHXRSWXåQLFLLVWUDåLWHOMLWRQLVXXþLQLOLSDXSUYR YULMHPH RVXPQMLþHQL VD VSLVND 7X]ODQVNH JUXSH QLVX ]QDOL ]D UD]ORJH QMLKRYRJ OLãDYDQMDVORERGH2VXPQMLþHQLPDMHXVWRELODXVNUDüHQDVWUXþQDSRPRüEUDQLRFD ]DVYRYULMHPHLVWUDJHNDRLNRQWDNWLUDQMHVDSRURGLFDPD13 13 2YH SRYUHGH SUDYQRJ SRVWXSND SURWLY RVXPQMLþHQLK X DIHUL 7X]ODQVND JUXSD QDYRGL GU 6DOLK %XUHNXVYRMRMGRSXQLåDOEH9UKRYQRPVXGX6DUDMHYRVHSWHPEUD QD3UHVXGX2NUXåQRJVXGD X7X]OL 3URIGU.DGULMD+2'ä,û =D SRWSXQR UD]XPLMHYDQMH SROLWLþNH SULURGH PRQWLUDQRVWL þLWDYRJ SURFHVD SURWLY3DãDJHLW]Y7X]ODQVNHJUXSHVHPSRWSXQRJRGVXVWYDPDWHULMDOQLKGRND]D R LQNULPLQDFLML RSWXåHQLK RGQRVQR IRUPLUDQMD RSWXåEH LVNOMXþLYR QD WHPHOMX LVND]D VYMHGRND MDNR ELWQD MH L IRUPDOQD VWUDQD GLULJRYDQRVWL þLWDYRJ SURFHVD 6DJOHGDYDPRMHNUR]GYLMHþLQMHQLFH3UYRMSRNRMRMNDNRþHWYUWVWROMHüDNDVQLMH L]QRVH GU 6DOLK %XUHN L 6XOHMPDQ .RQMKRGåü Ä.RPLWHW 6DYH]D NRPXQLVWD XSXüXMH GLUHNWLYX DGYRNDWVNRM NRPRUL X 7X]OL RGQRVQR DGYRNDWLPD GD VH QH SULKYDWDMXRGEUDQHRSWXåHQLK RRYRPHL]MDYXGDRDGYRNDW,EUR+UXVWHPRYLüþLMX MHVWUXþQXSRPRüEUDQLRFD%XUHN]YDQLþQRWUDåLR]DYULMHPHLVWUDJH ³,GUXJRM NRMD RWNULYD GD VH SR RSWXåHQH RSWHUHüXMXüL LVND]L VYMHGRND ]D DQWLVDPRXSUDYQD L QDFLRQDOLVWLþND GMHORYDQMD YHü QDOD]H X SROLFLMVNRP L]YMHãWDMX PLQLVWUD 0DWH $QGULüDSRGQLMHWRPQDVMHGQLFL&.6.%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRGIHEUXDUD JRGLQH ãWR QHGYRVPLVOHQR XSXüXMH GD VX NOMXþQL VYMHGRFL ELOL LQVWUXLVDQL R WRPH NDNR üH VYMHGRþLWL D QHNL RG QMLK VX QDSURVWR VDPR þLWDOL QDSLVDQH LP L]MDYH 6YMHGRþHQMDQDEURMDQLKVYMHGRNDVXGDYDQDNUDMHPIHEUXDUD JRGLQHX6OXåEL GUåDYQH EH]EMHGQRVWL &HQWDU 7X]OD GDNOH SROD PMHVHFD NDVQLMH RG IRUPXODFLMD LQNULPLQLVDQLK UDGQML RSWXåHQLK GDWLK QD VSRPHQXWRM VMHGQLFL &. 6. %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 6XÿHQMH MH WUDMDOR SR EOLFSRVWXSNX =DSRþHOR MH D ]DYUãLOR MXQD JRGLQH GDNOH XNOMXþXMXüL L QHUDGQH GDQH VDPR GDQD LDNR RYDNYL SURFHVL XRELþDMHQR WUDMX PMHVHFLPD SD L JRGLQDPD 3UHVXGD 9LMHüH RNUXåQRJ VXGD X 7X]OL NRPH MH SUHGVMHGDYDOD VXWNLQMD )HWLMD 3DãLü D VXGLMH SRURWQLFL ELOL $QGULMD%LODQGåLMDL'UDJXWLQ-RYLüMHSURþLWDQDXSULVXVWYXRSWXåHQLKLQMLKRYLK EUDQLODFDMXQDQDNRQþHJDVXRSWXåHQLSROLFLMVNLPYR]LOLPDRGYHGHQLXVDPLFH WX]ODQVNRJ ]DWYRUD D RG VXWUDGDQ VX RVXÿHQLFL UD]YH]HQL SR ]DWYRULPD X =HQLFL )RþL L 6ODYRQVNRP %URGX JGMH üH RGVOXåLWL L]UHþHQH ND]QH 6XGVND SUHVXGD MH X GR]LUDQRP QRYLQVNRP L]YMHãWDMX SLVDQRP X 6'% MDYQRVWL ELWL REMDYOMHQD X 2VORERÿHQMXMXOD JRGLQH 3UHVXGRP 9LMHüD RNUXåQRJ VXGD X 7X]OL GU 6DOLK %XUHN MH RVXÿHQQD VHGDPDNDVQLMHPXMHND]QDSUHLQDþHQDQDãHVWJRGLQDURELMDQMDX=HQLFL%XUHN MH SURJODãHQ NULYLP ãWR MH X WX L WX SUHG WLP L WLP WDG L WDGD UHNDR ÄGD X 6)5- LRUJDQLPDYODVWLLPDQHSULMDWHOMDGDQHSULMDWHOMVDWLKSR]LFLMDXWLþHQDGUXãWYHQH WRNRYHLSULOLNHNRGQDVGDMHXQDãRM]HPOMLWHãNDHNRQRPVNDVLWXDFLMDGDVHX MXJRVORYHQVNRM SULYUHGL L HNRQRPLFL QH SLWDMX VWUXþQMDFL YHü SROLWLþDUL L GUXJD OLFD NRMD VH QH UD]XPLMX X SULYUHGX L HNRQRPLNX GD MH ]ERJ WRJD -XJRVODYLMD SUH]DGXåHQD X LQRVWUDQVWYX GD X SULYUHGL YODGDMX DQDUKLMD L MDYDãOXN GD QHPD GRYROMQRSODQLUDQMDGDWUåLãQDSULYUHGDNDNYDMHX-XJRVODYLMLYRGLXDQDUKLMXGD -XJRVODYLMXRSWHUHüXMXSRWUDåLYDQMDSUHPDQHUD]YLMHQLP]HPOMDPDGDX-XJRVODYLML QHPD VORERGH PLãOMHQMD L ERUEH PLãOMHQMD GD MH )UDQMR +HUOMHYLü X YULMHPH GRN VH QDOD]LR QD IXQNFLML QDþHOQLND ãWDED 72 ]DGXåLR %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH³ VXG QD RVQRYX WRJD ]DNOMXþXMH GD MH JRYRULR ]ORQDPMHUQR L QHLVWLQLWR SULND]LYDR 6DOLK %XUHN L 6XOHMPDQ .RQMKRGåLü %LOMHãND R +DOLGX ýRNLüX X 7UL VWROMHüD SRURGLFH ýRNLü 0HGåOLV,VODPVNH]DMHGQLFH7X]OD 3ROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDSURIHVRUDSDOLKDBXUHNDWLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüD GUXãWYHQRSROLWLþNHSULOLNHX]HPOMLþLPHMHSRþLQLRGMHORQHSULMDWHOMVNHSURSDJDQGH L]þODQD.=VWDYLãLUHQMHQDFLRQDOL]PDSRþODQX VWDY 8 SULVMHüDQMLPD ]DWYRUVNLK GDQD 6DOLK %XUHN MH QRVLR QHNROLNR VOLND NRãPDUDNRMHJDQLVXQDSXãWDOHGRNUDMDåLYRWD3UYDMHRQDGDVHX]DWYRUVNRMVREL VD]DWYRUHQLNDSRVXGD]DREDYOMDQMHQXåGHWRNRPQRüLNLEODNDNRVXMH]YDOL QDOD]LOD WLN X] QMHJRY NUHYHW SD VH PRåH VDPR ]DPLVOLWL SRQLåHQMH NRMH MH QRüX GRåLYOMDR'UXJDVHWLþHSULVMHüDQMDEDKDWRVWLSROLFLMVNLKÄRUJDQD³SUHPDQMHJRYRM VXSUX]LSUHPHWDþLQDPDVWDQDRGX]LPDQMDSRURGLþQLKVOLNDSRVPUWQLFDURGLWHOMDL UXNRSLVD1DMJRUHPXMHSDORRGX]LPDQMH]DYUãHQRJUXNRSLVXGåEHQLND(NRQRPLND UXGDUVWYD NRML MH SURIHVRU QDSLVDR ]D SRWUHEH 5XGDUVNRJ IDNXOWHWD X 7X]OL D SRVYHWLRVYRPXUXGDUVNRMQHVUHüLVPUWQRQDVWUDGDORPEUDWX6DGLNX .RQWUDYHU]HVXGVNHRSWXåEHSURWLYGU%XUHND 3RVHEQRLQGLNDWLYDQGLRSUHVXGHSRGYHGHQSRGNULYLþQRGMHORQHSULMDWHOMVNH SURSDJDQGHL]þOVW.ULYLþQRJ]DNRQLNDMHRQDMNRMLJRYRULRHNRQRPVNLP VWDYRYLPD SURIHVRUD %XUHND 2YDM GLR MH SDUDGLJPDWLþDQ SULPMHU SROLWLþNL PRWLYLUDQRJ VXGVNRJ SURFHVD L NDULNDWXUDOQRJ SURYRÿHQMD PHWRGD GRND]LYDQMD L XWYUÿLYDQMDGMHODLNULYLFH 6 MHGQH VWUDQH LPDPR SRWSXQR RGVXVWYR PDWHULMDOQLK GRND]D GRND]L ]D %XUHNRYH DQWLVDPRXSUDYQH VWDYRYH L NULWLNH HNRQRPVNH SROLWLNH VRFLMDOLVWLþNH -XJRVODYLMH GROD]H LVNOMXþLYR RG LVND]D VYMHGRND L WR VYMHGRND L] ]DWYRUHQRJ SRURGLþQRJ SURVWRUD QHMDVQLK L]YXþHQLK L] VMHüDQMD QHVLJXUQLK þHVWR L NRQWUDGLNWRUQLKPHÿXVRERP6YMHGRþHQMDRSWXåXMXGU%XUHND]DVWDYRYHRWRPH GD ãLULSULþXGDVODERVWVRFLMDOL]PDSURLVWLþHL]VDPRXSUDYOMDQMD SUHIHULUDFHQWUDOLVWLþNLVLVWHPSODQLUDQMD6665D JRYRULRHNRQRPVNRMNUL]L WHãNDHNRQRPVNDVLWXDFLMD WYUGLGDVHXMXJRVORYHQVNRMSULYUHGLQHSLWDMXVWUXþQMDFLYHüSROLWLþDUL -XJRVODYLMDMHSUH]DGXåHQDDSRPDåHVLURPDãQH]HPOMH XSULYUHGLYODGDMXDQDUKLMDLMDYDãOXNWMQHPDGRYROMQRSODQLUDQMD X-XJRVODYLMLEXMDLQÀDFLMD zaVOLMHJDQMH]HPOMLãWDX7X]OLRGJRYRUQLVXORNDOQLSROLWLþDUL ýDN L GD MH L]QRVLR ÄVYRMH VWDYRYH³ NRMH MH ÄNULWL]HUVNL L]QRVLR X VYRP VWDQXXUD]OLþLWLPSULOLNDPDSUHGYLãHOMXGL³ VWU 53 3UHVXGH WRVDPRSRVHEL RSHWQHPDRQRþLPHSUDYQLFLNRQVWUXLUDMXNULYLþQLPRWLYLNULYLþQXSRVOMHGLFXMHU LWDGDãQML.ULYLþQL=DNRQQHSR]QDMHÄVWDYRYH³NRMLQHPRJXELWLUDGQMDL]YUãHQRJ NULYLþQRJGMHODSDþDNQLELORNRMHJGUXJRJHOHPHQWDNULYLþQRJ]DNRQD 6 GUXJH VWUDQH %XUHNRYL MDVQR RGUHÿHQL VWDYRYL L]UHþHQL X MDYQRP SURVWRUXNRMLVXVDVYLPVXSURWQLRQLPXLVND]LPDRQLKNRMLVYMHGRþHSURWLYQMHJDD UDGLVHRQMHJRYLPSUHGDYDQMLPDVWXGHQWLPDLOLMRãSUHFL]QLMHXQMHJRYRPSLVDQRP 3URIGU.DGULMD+2'ä,û QDXþQRP RSXVX QH VDPR GD VH QH X]LPDMX X RE]LU QHJR VH X SHUYHUWLUDQRP SULVWXSX VXGD RYL VWDYRYL SURI %XUHND SULND]XMX PLPLNULMVNLP ± NDULMHULVWLþNLP 'DNOHRSWXåEDLSUHVXGDVXXQDSULMHGNRQVWUXLUDQLLNULYLþQRSUDYQRNRQWUDGLNWRUQL MDYQRL]UHþHQLVWDYRYLþODQFLLVWXGLMHGU%XUHNDQLVXYDOLGQLNDRGRND]DLVND]L VYMHGRND GDWL X SRORYLþQLP SULVMHüDQMLPD VX YDOLGQL 1H VDPR SUDYQD DQWLORJLND YHüLNUDMQMDL]QHYMHUHQRVWHWLþNLKSULQFLSDVYDNHOMXGVNRVWL 1HNROLNR UHþHQLFD R GRND]LPD PDWHULMDOQH SULURGH %XUHNRYL VWDYRYL R VDPRXSUDYOMDQMX L HNRQRPVNRM SROLWLFL REMDYOMHQL X þODQFLPD X VDUDMHYVNRP Ä3UHJOHGX³WRNRP JRGLQH%XUHNRYDQDXþQRIXQGLUDQDHNRQRPVNDPLVDRX QMHJRYLPMDYQRREMDYOMHQLPUDGRYLPDVHWHPHOMLQDQHNROLNRNDUDNWHULVWLþQLKWHPD 3UYR RSDGDQMH VWRSH MXJRVORYHQVNRJ HNRQRPVNRJ UDVWD L VSRUR ]DSRãOMDYDQMH SUHWSRVWDYOMD QXåQRVW SURYRÿHQMD PDNURHNRQRPVNH VWDELOL]DFLMH SR SULQFLSX NRPELQRYDQMD DGPLQLVWUDWLYQLK L VDPRXSUDYQLK RGOXND 8YRÿHQMH X PHKDQL]DPVWDELOL]DFLMHVDPRXSUDYQLKRGOXND]DNRMHVHGU%XUHN]DODåHMDVQR JRYRULGDGU%XUHNVWRMLQDSR]LFLMDPDVDPRXSUDYOMDQMDX-XJRVODYLMLSDRWSDGDMX RSWXåEH GD MH NULYLR VDPRXSUDYOMDQMH ]D HNRQRPVNL QHXVSMHK VRFLMDOLVWLþNH -XJRVODYLMH 7DNRÿHU þRYMHN NRML UD]YLMD WH]H R PDNURHNRQRPVNRM VWDELOL]DFLML QDSURVWRQHPRåHELWLXIXQNFLMLGHIHWL]PDLÄãLUHQMDSULþD³RGXELQLHNRQRPVNH NUL]H ãWR PX VH X SUHVXGL RGUHÿXMH D SULMH WRJD X LVND]LPD QHNLK VYMHGRND VSRþLWDYD 'UXJR GU %XUHN VH L]ULþLWR RSUHGMHOMXMH ]D ÄSRãWLYDQMH HNRQRPVNLK ]DNRQLWRVWL³ ýRYMHN NRML VH ]DODåH HNRQRPVNH ]DNRQLWRVWL QH PRåH ELWL ]D FHQWUDOL]RYDQL VLVWHP MHU MH GMHORYDQMHSRãWRYDQMH HNRQRPVNLK ]DNRQLWRVWL RGQRV SRQXGH L SRWUDåQMH RELOMHåMH WUåLãQH HNRQRPLMH 'U %XUHN NDåH GD VH QD HNRQRPVNLP ]DNRQLWRVWLPD ]DVQLYD UREQD SURL]YRGQMD ãWR MH VDPR GUXJL L]UD] ]D WUåLãQX HNRQRPLMX ,]UD] WUåLãQD HNRQRPLMD MH WDGD ELR LQNULPLVDQ SD GU %XUHN XSRWUHEOMDYD VLQRQLP ± UREQD SURL]YRGQMD 8 ãLUHP WHRULMVNRP GLVNXUVX VDPRXSUDYOMDQMHMHREOLNXNRPHGMHOXMHHNRQRPLMDÄWUåLãQRJVRFLMDOL]PD³ þXYHQL HNRQRPLVW%UDQNR+RUYDWMHLPDRWH]XRVDPRXSUDYOMDQMXNDRNYD]LWUåLãWX 7UHüH GU %XUHN VH ]DODåH ]D GRVOMHGQX UDVSRGMHOX SUHPD UDGX ãWR MH VXSURWQR FHQWUDOLVWLþNRP VLVWHPX 6665D NRML VH ED]LUD QD PHKDQL]PX YHüH LOL PDQMHXUDYQLORYNH ýHWYUWR SR GU %XUHNX GRKRGDN SUHGVWDYOMD RVQRYQL PRWLY SULYUHÿLYDQMD VDPRXSUDYQH SULYUHGH L þLQL VYRMHYUVWDQ GUXãWYHQRHNRQRPVNL RGQRV VYRMVWYHQ VDPRXSUDYQRPVRFLMDOL]PX 3HWR GU %XUHN WHRULMVNL IXQGLUD RSUDYGDQRVW RVQLYDQMD RVQRYQLK RUJDQL]DFLMD XGUXåHQRJ UDGD DUJXPHQWLPD YHüH UHQWDELOQRVWL X PDQMLP SUHGX]HüLPD2YXWH]XSRWYUÿXMHVYRMLPLVWUDåLYDQMLPDMXJRVORYHQVNHSULYUHGHX SHULRGX JRGLQHSRND]XMXüLGDMHQHWRSURGXNWSR]DSRVOHQLPQDMYHüLX PDQMLPSUHGX]HüLPD GRUDGQLND âHVWRXGUXåLYDQMHUDGDLVUHGVWDYDGUXãWYHQHUHSURGXNFLMHXNRQFHSWX52± SXWMHSRGU%XUHNX]DREX]GDYDQMHDQDUKLMH]DVNODGQLMHSODQLUDQMHLSURJUDPLUDQMH UDGDLUD]YRMDX]XYDåDYDQMHHNRQRPVNLK]DNRQLWRVWL 3ROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDSURIHVRUDSDOLKDBXUHNDWLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüD , VHGPR X %XUHNRYLP UDGRYLPD VH REUDÿXMH LQÀDWRUQL UDVW GRKRWND D QMHJRYD NULWLND MH XVPMHUHQD QD L]YRUH LQÀDFLMH L RQH VXEMHNWH NRML VYRMLP GMHORYDQMHPSRVSMHãXMXLQÀDFLMX 0QRJLP %XUHNRYLP HNRQRPVNLP VWDYRYLPD GDWR MH ]D SUDYR QD 6DYMHWRYDQMXMXJRVORYHQVNLKHNRQRPLVWDX'XEURYQLNX IHEUXDU NDGD VHUDVSUDYOMDORR.RQFHSFLMLGXJRURþQRJUD]YRMD-XJRVODYLMHGR JRGLQHGDNOH EDãXGDQHQMHJRYRJKDSãHQMDX7X]OL 8PMHVWR]DNOMXþND 2EMHNWLYQDLFMHORYLWDKLVWRUL]DFLMD3DãDJH0DQGåLüDLGU6DOLKD%XUHNDDOL LRVWDOLKL]W]Y7X]ODQVNHJUXSHVDVWDYQLMHGLRGRVWL]DQMDWUDQ]LFLRQHSUDYGHNDR PHKDQL]PD]DXWYUÿLYDQMHLVWLQHRSRVWXSDQMLPDSUHPDSURãOLPNUãHQMLPDOMXGVNLK SUDYDXGUXãWYLPDXWUDQ]LFLML6YMHVQLVYRMLKQHHWLþQLKSROLWLþNLKSRQDãDQMDPQRJL RQGDãQMLSDUWLMVNLLGUåDYQLIXQNFLRQHULVXXWDODVXGHPRNUDWL]DFLMH WLKJRGLQD WUJDOLNRPSOHWQHVWUDQLFHL]SDUWLMVNLKL]YMHãWDMDLVFHQRJUDIVNLK]DSLVQLNDNDNREL ]DPHOLVYRMWUDJGHQXQFLMDWRUDSROLWLþNLLSUDYQRQHYLQLKOMXGL 7UDQ]LFLRQDSUDYGDMHSRYH]DQDLVDSLWDQMHPKLVWRULMVNHUHKDELOLWDFLMHRYLK OMXGL NRMD QLMH XVPMHUHQD QD UHYL]LRQL]DP ]D REUDþXQ V QHSRåHOMQRP SURãORãüX MHU3DãDJD0DQGåLüLDNWHUL7X]ODQVNHJUXSHQLVXLGHRORãNLSURWLYQLFLVRFLMDOL]PD YHü QMHJRYL SRVYHüHQL SULSDGQLFL 2QL VX åUWYH PRQWLUDQRJ SROLWLþNRJ L VXGVNRJ SURFHVDRGVWUDQHRGUHÿHQHORNDOQHLUHSXEOLþNHQRPHQNODWXUHLNDRWDNYLSRWUDåXMX SRVWXSDNSXQHKLVWRULMVNHYDORUL]DFLMHL]DVOXåHQHWUDQ]LFLRQHSUDYGH Summary 2EMHFWLYH DQG FRPSOHWH KLVWRU\ RI 3DVDJD 0DQG]LF DQG 'U 6DOLK %XUHN DVZHOODVRWKHUVIURPWKHVRFDOOHG7X]OD*URXSLVDQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIDFKLHYLQJ WUDQVLWLRQDO MXVWLFH DV D PHFKDQLVP IRU HVWDEOLVKLQJ WKH WUXWK DERXW WKH DFWLRQV WRZDUGV SDVW KXPDQ ULJKWV YLRODWLRQV LQ WUDQVLWLRQ VRFLHWLHV $ZDUH RI WKHLU XQHWKLFDOSROLWLFDOEHKDYLRUPDQ\RIWKHSDUW\DQGVWDWHR൶FLDOVLQWKH VWHDU GRZQFRPSOHWHSDJHVIURPSDUW\UHSRUWVDQGVFHQRJUDSKLFUHFRUGVLQWKHZDNHRI GHPRFUDWL]DWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR FKDQJH WKHLU WUDFH RI GHQXQFLDWRUV RI SROLWLFDOO\ DQG OHJDOO\ LQQRFHQW SHRSOH7UDQVLWLRQDO MXVWLFH LV DOVR UHODWHG WR WKH TXHVWLRQ RI WKH KLVWRULFDO UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI WKHVH SHRSOH ZKLFK LV QRW GLUHFWHG DW UHYLVLRQLVP IRU WKHVHWWOHPHQWRIDQXQGHVLUDEOHSDVWVLQFH3DVDJD0DQG]LFDQGWKH7X]ODJURXS¶V PHPEHUVZHUHQRWLGHRORJLFDORSSRQHQWVRIVRFLDOLVPEXWKLVGHGLFDWHGPHPEHUV 7KH\DUHYLFWLPVRIWKHPRXQWHGSROLWLFDODQGMXGLFLDOSURFHVVE\DFHUWDLQORFDO DQG UHSXEOLFDQ QRPHQFODWXUH DQG DV VXFK UHTXLUH D SURFHVV RI IXOO KLVWRULFDO YDORUL]DWLRQDQGGHVHUYHGWUDQVLWLRQDOMXVWLFH 0UVF2PHU=8/,û ,]YRUQLQDXþQLUDG $UKLY7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD DISOLUCIJA SFRJ I OBNOVA NEZAVISNOSTI BOSNE I +(5&(*29,1(1$675$1,&$0$/,67$Ä26/2%2Ĉ(1-(³ $SVWUDNW $XWRU VH EDYL X UDGX LVWUDåLYDQMHP L SURXþDYDQMHP SURFHVD GLVROXFLMHELYãH6)5-WHREQRYRPQH]DYLVQRVWL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNUR]VWUDQLFH GQHYQRJOLVWD2VORERÿHQMH1DLPH]QDþDMQHKLVWRULMVNHL]YRUHELWQH]DSURXþDYDQMH KLVWRULMVNLK SURFHVD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL SUHGVWDYOMD OLVW 2VORERÿHQMH NRML MH VYDNRGQHYQR SUDWLR L GRQRVLR YLMHVWL YH]DQH ]D SURFHV GLVROXFLMH 6)5- WH REQRYXQH]DYLVQRVWL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH6WRJDMHFLOMUDGDGDVHNUR]QDYHGHQX ãWDPSX LVWUDåL DWPRVIHUD L DPELMHQW X NRMLPD VX VH GHãDYDOH SURPMHQH NDNR MH WR GRåLYOMDYDQR X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL NDNR MH UHDJRYDOD WDGDãQMD VWUDQD DOL L GRPDüD SROLWLþND L GUXJD MDYQRVW 1D WDM QDþLQ åHOL VH GDWL MHGQD NRPSOHWQLMD VOLND VYDNRGQHYLFH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL X WLP VXGERQRVQLP WUHQXFLPD QMHQH KLOMDGXJRGLãQMHRSVWRMQRVWLLSRVHEQRVWL .OMXþQH ULMHþL 'LVROXFLMD 6)5- %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD REQRYD QH]DYLVQRVWL2VORERÿHQMH ',662/87,212)<8*26/$9,$$1'7+(5(1(:$/2)%261,$ $1'+(5=(*29,1$¶6,1'(3(1'(1&(217+(3$*(62) Ä26/2%2Ĉ(1-(³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isolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ .H\ ZRUGV 'LVVROXWLRQ 6)5< %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD UHQHZDO RI LQGHSHQGHQFH2VORERGMHQMH Uvod +LOMDGXJRGLãQMH SRVWRMDQMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SUDüHQR MH VWDOQRP ERUERP]DRSVWRMQRVWXVWDOQRPQHSULMDWHOMVNRPRNUXåHQMXNRMHMHLPDOR]DFLOM RVYDMDQMHQMHQLKWHULWRULMD1DNRQJXELWNDQH]DYLVQRVWLVUHGQMRYMHNRYQHERVDQVNH GUåDYH JRGLQH SURVWRU GDQDãQMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH LQNRUSRULUDQ MH X VDVWDY2VPDQVNRJFDUVWYDD]DWLP$XVWUR8JDUVNHPRQDUKLMH3UYRGHFHPEDUVNLP DNWRP JRGLQH%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDMHXãODXVDVWDY.UDOMHYLQH6+6NDVQLMH -XJRVODYLMH X NRMRM RG VDPRJ SRþHWND VQRVL SRVOMHGLFH KHJHPRQLVWLþNH SROLWLNH 6UELMH D NRMD VH LVSROMDYD NUR] QDMEUXWDOQLMH REOLNH QDVLOMD SUHPD ERãQMDþNRP VWDQRYQLãWYX 2EQRYRP GUåDYQRVWL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH QRYHPEUD JRGLQH %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD XOD]L X QRYX ID]X ERUEH ]D VYRMX SRVHEQRVW L VDPRELWQRVW ,DNR MH SURVWRU %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NUR] KLVWRULMX ELR L RVWDR SRVHEDQLQHGMHOMLYVYHSULVXWQDMHWHQGHQFLMDQHJLUDQMDQMHQHSRVHEQRVWLDXQMRM QDURþLWR %RãQMDND 1HJLUDQMH SRVHEQRVWL %RãQMDND WH QMLKRYRJ QDFLRQDOQRJ HWQLþNRJKLVWRULMVNRJLNXOWXUQRJLGHQWLWHWDVPLãOMHQRMHUDÿHQRXVYUKXRVWYDUHQMD YHOLNRGUåDYQLKSURMHNDWDLDVSLUDFLMDQDWHULWRULM%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH .UDMHP ãH]GHVHWLK L SRþHWNRP VHGDPGHVHWLK JRGLQD ]DKWMHYL ]D SURPMHQDPD X SROLWLþNRP VLVWHPX L UHGH¿QLUDQMHP RGQRVD X MXJRVORYHQVNRM IHGHUDFLML QDURþLWR VX SRVWDOL L]UDåHQL 1D WHPHOMX WLK GHPRNUDWVNLK ]DKWMHYD L NUHWDQMDGRãORMHGRNRQDþQRJQDFLRQDOQRJSUL]QDQMD%RãQMDND1DYHGHQHSURPMHQH L]D]YDOH VX YHOLNL RWSRU KHJHPRQLVWLþNLK YHOLNRVUSVNLK FHQWUDOLVWLþNLK VQDJD 8VYDMDQMHP8VWDYQLKDPDQGPDQDL] JRGLQHDQDURþLWRGRQRãHQMHP8VWDYD JRGLQHGRãORMHGRL]UDåHQLMHJQDSDGDSRVWRMHüLKVQDJDYHOLNRVUSVNHLGHMH NRMLVXRWYRUHQRDWDNRYDOLQDQDYHGHQL8VWDYVDJODYQLPFLOMHPXYRÿHQMDVUSVNH KHJHPRQLMHX-XJRVODYLML.DGDLPWRQLMHSRãOR]DUXNRPRGVUHGLQHRVDPGHVHWLK JRGLQD DJUHVLYQLMH VH QDVWXSD VD SURYRÿHQMHP LGHMH R VWYDUDQMX YHOLNH 6UELMH 1DLPH NUDMQML FLOM 6ORERGDQD 0LORãHYLüD ELR MH XVSRVWDYD VUSVNH YODVWL X FLMHORM GUåDYL .DGD VX VH 6ORYHQLMD L +UYDWVND VXSURVWDYLOH RYRP FLOMX RGOXþLYãL GD VH L]GYRMH6UELMDL6ORERGDQ0LORãHYLüVXSUHãOLQDUHDOL]DFLMXDOWHUQDWLYQHVWUDWHJLMH 7DMUH]HUYQLSODQVYRGLRVHQDWRGDVHRNXSHVYL6UELNRMLVXåLYMHOLXSHWRGãHVW UHSXEOLNDXMHGQXGUåDYX3RVOLMHQHXVSMHKDX6ORYHQLML6UELMDQDVWXSDUDGLNDOQLMHX +UYDWVNRMJGMHQDVWRMLX]VYHVUGQXSRPRü-1$L]GYRMLWLVUSVNDSRGUXþMDL]RNYLUD OHJDOQLK KUYDWVNLK YODVWL 8 %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL VH RWLãOR þDN L GDOMH ± QDVWRMDOR VHXVSRVWDYLWLVUSVNXGUåDYXQDGYLMHWUHüLQHWHULWRULMD7DNDYSRVWXSDNRWYRUHQRMH YRGLR GLVROXFLML -XJRVODYLMH WH VX 6UELMD D QDURþLWR QMHQ SUHGVMHGQLN ELOL JODYQL SRNUHWDþLUXãHQMD-XJRVODYLMH 0UVF2PHU=8/,û 'DNOH VQDåHQMH QDFLRQDOQLK SRNUHWD VHGDPGHVHWLK JRGLQD GYDGHVHWRJ VWROMHüD L QMLKRYD UHD¿UPDFLMD X NDVQLMRM ID]L SRSULPDMX VYH L]UDåHQLMH KHJHPRQLVWLþNH DVSLUDFLMH QD UDþXQ GUXJLK MXJRVORYHQVNLK UHSXEOLND 7D LGHMD RJOHGDODVHQDURþLWRXSULPMHQLQDMEUXWDOQLMLKSRVWXSDNDNRMLVXSUHGYLÿDOLQHJLUDQMH QDFLRQDOQRJLGHQWLWHWDLNUãHQMHVYLKREOLNDOMXGVNLKSUDYD1DWLPRVQRYDPD%RVQL L+HUFHJRYLQLMHELODQDPMHQMHQDVXGELQD-XJRVODYLMH ]DVWXSDMXüLSUDYRQDWHULWRULMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SR QDFLRQDOQRP NOMXþX RGQRVQR UD]ELMDQMH QD KUYDWVNL L VUSVNLGLR =QDþDMQR MH QDSRPHQXWL GD VX 6UELMD L 0LORãHYLü VYRM QDFLRQDOL]DP XVPMHULOL SULMH VYHJD SUHPD 6ORYHQLML LDNR WDPR QLMH ELOR VUSVNRJ QDFLRQDOQRJ HOHPHQWD X ]QDþDMQLMRM PMHUL 0HÿXWLP 6ORYHQLMD MH YHü RG NUDMD RVDPGHVHWLK JRGLQD;;VWROMHüD]DVWXSDODLGHMXGHPRNUDWVNHGHFHQWUDOL]LUDQH-XJRVODYLMHNRMX 0LORãHYLüQLMHSULKYDWDR1MHJRYQHXVSLRSRNXãDMVPMHQHVORYHQDþNHYODGH JRGLQHQDVWDYOMHQMHHNRQRPVNLPERMNRWRPNRMHPVH6ORYHQLMDXVSMHãQRRGXSUOD 3RVOLMH 6ORYHQLMH VOLMHGHüL FLOM 0LORãHYLüD ELR MH +UYDWVND 0HÿXWLP GRODVNRP QD YODVW )UDQMH 7XÿPDQD X +UYDWVNRM KUYDWVNL QDFLRQDOL]DP MH VWDR QDVXSURWVUSVNRJãWRMHELODQDMJRUDPRJXüDYHU]LMDLNRPELQDFLMDSR-XJRVODYLMX þLPH VX ãDQVH ]D RGUåDQMH L RSVWDQDN -XJRVODYLMH QD WLP RVQRYDPD GH¿QLWLYQR VUXãHQH3RGVMHWLPRVHGDVXNUR]KLVWRULMXVXNRELYHOLNRKUYDWVNRJLYHOLNRVUSVNRJ QDFLRQDOL]PD ELOH JODYQH GHWHUPLQDQWH L IDNWRUL UD]GRUD 6)5- DOL L UDQLMH .UDOMHYLQH-XJRVODYLMH RQHVXMHRGUHÿLYDOHXVSRVWDYOMDOHDOLLUXãLOH2QRãWRMH SRJXEQR MHVWH QHXPROMLYD KLVWRULMVND þLQMHQLFD GD VH QD SXWX L XGDUX QDYHGHQLK QDFLRQDOL]DPD L VXNRED XYLMHN QDOD]LOD %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD D X QMRM QDURþLWR %RãQMDFL 3RVOLMH VYDNRJ VXNRED WLK QDFLRQDOL]DPD %RãQMDFL VX ELOL GHVHWNRYDQL UDVHOMHQL D WHULWRULMD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH XYLMHN ELOD SUHGPHW WHULWRULMDOQLK SUHWHQ]LMDLDVSLUDFLMD 8 WDNYRM NRQVWHODFLML VQDJD L RGQRVD YHOLNRVUSVNRJ L YHOLNRKUYDWVNRJ QDFLRQDOL]PD ELR MH GRYHGHQ X SLWDQMH QH VDPR SRORåDM -XJRVODYLMH QHJR L VYH L]UDåHQLMH JHQHULUDQMH RWYRUHQLK VXNRED NRML VX SULMHWLOL HVNDODFLML UDWQLK VXNRED YHOLNLKUD]PMHUD8WDNYLPRNROQRVWLPDELORMHLYLãHQHJRVLJXUQRGD-XJRVODYLMD L QMHQH UHSXEOLNH QHüH VDPH QDüL ]DMHGQLþNR UMHãHQMH 6WRJD VH X GHãDYDQMD RNR PRJXüHJRSVWDQND-XJRVODYLMHLSULMHVYHJDPLUQRJUMHãHQMDNUL]HPRUDODXNOMXþLWL WUHüD QHXWUDOQD VWUDQD ROLþHQD X (YURSVNRM ]DMHGQLFL NDVQLMH SRWSRPRJQXWD VYH YHüLP XWLFDMHP 6MHGLQMHQLK $PHULþNLK 'UåDYD 'DNOH VYMHGRN GLVROXFLMH -XJRVODYLMHELOHVXNDNR(YURSVND]DMHGQLFDWDNRL6MHGLQMHQH$PHULþNH'UåDYH 6YMHGRFL NRML VX ELOL GXJRJRGLãQML ³SULMDWHOML´ -XJRVODYLMH 0HÿXWLP JXELWNRP ]QDþDMQRJ VWUDWHãNRJ JHRSROLWLþNRJ IDNWRUD -XJRVODYLMH NDR EDODQVD L]PHÿX 1$72DL9DUãDYVNRJXJRYRUD-XJRVODYLMDYLãHQLMHPRJODLPDWLLVNUHQHVDYH]QLNH XSUHORPQLPWUHQXFLPDQMHQRJELYVWYRYDQMD-XJRVODYLMDMHL]JXELODVYRMXNOMXþQX XORJXLVDPLPWLPHSUHSXãWHQDQDQHPLORVWQDUDVWDMXüLPQDFLRQDOL]PLPDNRMLVX GRGDWQRSRWKUDQMLYDQLL]YDQD6WRJDVX(YURSVND]DMHGQLFDL6MHGLQMHQH$PHULþNH 'UåDYHELOHVYMHGRNUD]DUDQMDXPMHVWRIDNWRUPLUHQMDLVWYDUDQMDQDGHPRNUDWVNLP RVQRYDPDQRYLKGUåDYDQD%DONDQVNRPSROXRWRNX Disolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ 7RNRP JRGLQHGROD]LGRNUL]H3UHGVMHGQLãWYD6)5-X]LVWRYUHPHQR QDPHWDQMHYUKRYQLKVWUXNWXUD-1$VDRYODãWHQMLPDVDPRVWDOQRJGRQRãHQMDRGOXND 1L REQRYD YLãHSDUWLMVNRJ VLVWHPD QLMH PRJOD SRPRüL VWDELOL]DFLML -XJRVODYLMH MHU VX GHVWUXNWLYQH VQDJH ELOH XYHOLNR MDþH RG VQDJD NRMH VX QDVWRMDOH L]QDüL PLUQR UMHãHQMH UD]UMHãHQMD MXJRVORYHQVNH NUL]H 1DNRQ SRNUHQXWLK LQLFLMDWLYD L ]DKWMHYD ]DRVDPRVWDOMHQMH6ORYHQLMHL+UYDWVNHSURFHVGLVROXFLMHMHELRQHPLQRYDQLYLãH QLMH PRJDR ELWL ]DXVWDYOMHQ 3RXþHQL LVNXVWYRP L] UDQLMLK SHULRGD WH QD RVQRYX SRVWRMHüHNRQVWHODFLMHVQDJD%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDMHWDNRÿHUPRUDODNUHQXWLLVWLP SXWHP%LRMHWR³SRþHWDNNUDMD'UXJH-XJRVODYLMH´ Disolucija SFRJ, uzroci i posljedice 7UDQ]LFLMVNH SURPMHQH NRMH VX VH L]PHÿX RVWDORJ RJOHGDOH X SURPMHQL SROLWLþNH VWUXNWXUH YODVWL RGQRVQR XYRÿHQMHP SROLWLþNRJ SOXUDOL]PD RWYRUHQD MH QRYDKLVWRULMVNDHWDSDELYVWYRYDQMDMXåQRVODYHQVNLKQDURGDRNXSOMHQLKXWDGDãQMX VRFLMDOLVWLþNX GUåDYQX ]DMHGQLFX -XJRVODYLMX 7UDQ]LFLMVNH SURPMHQH NRMH VX QD SROLWLþNRP SROMX ]DSRþHOH YLãHVWUDQDþNLP L]ERULPD ]DSHþDWLüH YLãHGHFHQLMVNL SHULRG ]DMHGQLþNRJ ELYVWYRYDQMD MXåQRVODYHQVNLK QDURGD X 6)5- ,DNR VX GHNODUDWLYQRQDYHGHQHSROLWLþNHSURPMHQHGRQLMHOHGHPRNUDWLMXQDURGQLPPDVDPD YULMHPH MH SRND]DOR GD VX LVWH RVORERGLOH WROLNR GXJR VSXWDYDQH YHOLNRVUSVNH L YHOLNRKUYDWVNHQDFLRQDOL]PHNRMLVXQDVWRMDOLGDXGDWLPRNROQRVWLPDRVWYDUHVYRMH KHJHPRQLVWLþNHFLOMHYHDãWRMHQHPLQRYQRPRUDORGRYHVWLGRUDVSDGD6)5- 1H]DGRYROMQDXQXWUDãQMLPXUHÿHQMHP-XJRVODYLMHNRMLMHXYHGHQ8VWDYRP 6)5- JRGLQH6UELMDVHRGVDPRJSRþHWNDSURWLYLODLWUDåLODGDSRNUDMLQHEXGX YLãHLQWHJULUDQHX6UELMX2EMDYOMLYDQMHP0HPRUDQGXPD6USVNHDNDGHPLMHQDXND L] JRGLQHRYDM]DKWMHYMHSURãLUHQVDSRNUDMLQDLQDUHSXEOLNHXNRMLPDVX 6UELELOLYLãH]DVWXSOMHQLXVWUXNWXULVWDQRYQLãWYD2VLP6ORYHQLMHWRVHRGQRVLORQD VYHGUXJHUHSXEOLNHSRVHEQRQD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXL+UYDWVNXUDGLRVWYDULYDQMD YHOLNRVUSVNHSROLWLþNHLGHMH³VYL6UELXMHGQRMGUåDYL´1 6UELMDNRMDVH]ERJVYRMLKKHJHPRQLVWLþNLKFLOMHYDQDMYLãHGHNODUDWLYQR ]DODJDOD ]D RþXYDQMH -XJRVODYLMH SUYD MH SRþHOD VD UXãHQMHP XVWDYQRSUDYQRJ SRUHWND -XJRVODYLMH 1DLPH GRQRãHQMHP 8VWDYD 6UELMH JRGLQH XNLQXW MH XVWDYQLSRORåDM.RVRYDL9RMYRGLQHGYLMXMXJRVORYHQVNLKSRNUDMQDNRMHVXLPDOH LGHQWLþDQ SRORåDM L SUDYD NDR L RVWDOH UHSXEOLNH V UD]OLNRP GD LVWH QLVX LPDOH VWDWXVGUåDYDQDNRMLPRVQRYDPDMH6UELMDLQLFLUDODGLVROXFLMX-XJRVODYLMH8VOMHG RSVWUXNFLMH VXGLMD VUSVNH QDFLRQDOQRVWL 8VWDYQL VXG -XJRVODYLMH X WRNX JRGLQHQLMHXVSLRGRQLMHWLSUHVXGXNRMRPELVHYUDWLRUDQLMLXVWDYQRSUDYQLVWDWXV SRNUDMLQDPD 0LORãHYLü MH WYUGLR GD EUDQL -XJRVODYLMX þDN L GRN MH SOHR SODQRYH GDMHSUHWYRULXGLNWDWXUXVDVUSVNRPGRPLQDFLMom1DNRQ6UELMHVYRMHXVWDYHVX 1 2PHU ,EUDKLPDJLü3ROLWLþNLVLVWHP %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NQMLJD SUYD L]G 0DJLVWUDW 6DUDMHYR GDOMH 2,EUDKLPDJLü3ROLWLþNLVLVWHP :DUHQ=LPPHUPDQ,]YRULMHGQHNDWDVWURIHSUHYHOL 0LOHQD*UDGLãND/MHUND9DMDJLüL0DUMDQ -XUOHND=DJUHE GDOMH :=LPHUPDQ,]YRULMHGQHNDWDVWRIH 0UVF2PHU=8/,û GRQLMHOHL6ORYHQLMD+UYDWVNDL0DNHGRQLMDLSURYHOHUHIHUHQGXPHRUD]GUXåLYDQMX L] -XJRVODYLMH %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD QLMH GRQLMHOD VYRM 8VWDY DOL MH XVYRMLOD NUXFLMDOQHXVWDYQHDPDQGPDQHMXOD JRGLQHLWDNRMHSRUHG&UQH*RUH NRMD MH VOLMHGLOD SROLWLþNX RSFLMX 6UELMH ELOD MHGLQD UHSXEOLND NRMD QLMH GRQLMHOD SRWSXQRQRYLXVWDY3 -XJRVORYHQVND NUL]D MH X SUYL SODQ L]ELOD YHü QDNRQ SUYLK YLãHVWUDQDþNLK L]ERUD RGUåDQLK JRGLQH 8 VYLP UHSXEOLNDPD VX SRELMHGLOH JUDÿDQVNH L QDFLRQDOQHRSFLMHNRMHVXXSRVWRMHüRMNRQVWHODFLMLRGQRVDSULMHVYHJDXRGQRVX QD 6UELMX WUDåLOH YLãH SROLWLþNH DXWRQRPLMH X -XJRVODYLML RGQRVQR QH]DYLVQRVW 1DVXSURWWDNYLPVWDYRYLPDVWRMDODMH6UELMDNRMDMHSRVYDNXFLMHQXKWMHODVDþXYDWL -XJRVODYLMX þLWDM 9HOLNX 6UELMX RS DXWRUD 8YLGMHYãL GD VYH YLãH JXEL XWLFDM 6UELMD MH SUHãOD QD ³SODQ %´ D WR MH LQWHQ]LYQR QDRUXåDYDQMH UD]QLK SDUDYRMQLK IRUPDFLMD X FLOMX GHPRQVWUDFLMH VLOH ]DVWUDåLYDQMDQDURGD WH VWYDUDQMD VYHRSãWHJ KDRVD7DNYRPSROLWLNRPVLOHLSULWLVDND6UELMDMHQDVWRMDODRWXSLWLRãWULFXLGHMHR UD]GUXåLYDQMXLVDPRVWDOQRVWLUHSXEOLND 0HÿXWLP YLãHGHFHQLMVND KHJHPRQLMD 6UELMH L YHOLNRVUSVNLK SROLWLþNLK DOLLLQWHOHNWXDOQLKNUXJRYDNDNRXVRFLMDOLVWLþNRMWDNRLX.UDOMHYLQL-XJRVODYLML VYDNDNR VX RSUHGLMHOLOL SROLWLþNH VQDJH X VYLP UHSXEOLNDPD RVLP &UQH *RUH ]D PLUQR UD]GUXåLYDQMH L IRUPLUDQMH SRVHEQLK GUåDYD 1H XVSMHYãL GD SULVLOL RVWDOH UHSXEOLNH QD ³]DMHGQLþNX GUåDYX´ 6UELMD MH SRNXãDOD GD X] SRPRü -1$ ]DYHGH YDQUHGQR UDWQR VWDQMH X PDUWX JRGLQH 3UHGVMHGQLãWYR -XJRVODYLMH MH WDM SULMHGORJ RGELOR ]DKYDOMXMXüL JODVX ERVDQVNRJ þODQD 3UHGVMHGQLãWYD 7R MH XEU]DORSURFHVVUEL]LUDQMD-1$ XNRMRMVXYHüQDWSRORYLþQRRGQRVQRSUHNR ELOL ]DVWXSOMHQL VUSVNL NDGURYL ]DWLP SRWDMQR DOL L MDYQR QDRUXåDYDQMH VUSVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD X +UYDWVNRM L %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL SULSUHPDMXüL VH ]D YRMQX RSFLMX VWYDUDQMDKRPRJHQH6UELMH 9HOLNRVUSVNDKHJHPRQLVWLþNDSROLWLNDQDNRQQHXVSMHKDX6ORYHQLMLVYRMH RVYDMDþNHSODQRYHSUHQRVLQD+UYDWVNX5DWQHDNWLYQRVWLX6ORYHQLMLDQDURþLWRX +UYDWVNRM DODUPLUDOH VX WDGD MRã XYLMHN DSDWLþQX (YURSVNX ]DMHGQLFX QD SRNXãDM SRVUHGRYDQMD X FLOMX SURQDODVND PLUQRJ UMHãHQMD %LOR MH RþLWR GD üH 6UELMD SULMH LOL NDVQLMH SRNUHQXWL UDWQX PDãLQHULMX L QD SURVWRUX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NRMD MH RGXYLMHN QDURþLWR ELOD ]DLQWHUHVRYDQD ]D SULSDMDQMH LVWH 6UELML 'RN (YURSVND ]DMHGQLFD QHRGOXþQR QDVWRML SURQDüL PLUQR UMHãHQMH MXJRVORYHQVNH NUL]H GRWOH EULWDQVNL %L%L6L SUHQRVL GD EL VH ERUEH PRJOH ODNR SUHQLMHWL L QD WHULWRULMX %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH0DORMHUD]ORJD]DQDGXGDüHVUSVNHSREXQMHQLþNHVQDJH SUHNLQXWLVYRMXRIDQ]LYXGRNVXXSR]LFLMLGDLGDOMHSURãLUXMXSRGUXþMDSRGVYRMRP NRQWURORP8]LPDMXüLXRE]LUYHOLNRVUSVNHFLOMHYHRKUDEUHQHYRMQRPPDãLQHULMRP ELOR MH L YLãH QHJR RþLWR GD 6UELMD QLNDGD QHüH SULKYDWLWL UDVSDG 6)5- 3ODQRYL (YURSVNH]DMHGQLFHVWDOQLUD]JRYRULLSUHJRYRULYRÿHQLPMHVHFLPDEH]NRQNUHWQLK XþLQDNDRVWDYOMDOLVX6UELMLSRWUHEQRYULMHPH]DNRQVROLGDFLMXVQDJDQDWHUHQXNRMH 3 2,EUDKLPDJLü3ROLWLþNLVLVWHP 1RYLXGDUDFQDSXNORM-XJRVODYLML2VORERÿHQMHJRGLQD;/9,,,VHSWHPEDU Disolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ VXDNRQHPLORPRQGDVLORPQDVWRMDOHSURYHVWLXGMHORLGHMXVWYDUDQMDVYUVUSVNLK SURVWRUD Ustavnopravni osnov disolucije jugoslovenskih republika 9HüWRNRP JRGLQHUHSXEOLNHL]VDVWDYDELYãH-XJRVODYLMHSRGX]LPDOH VX RGUHÿHQH NRUDNH X VPLVOX VWYDUDQMD XVORYD ]D MDþDQMH VYRMH VDPRVWDOQRVWL L QH]DYLVQRVWL 7DNR MH +UYDWVNL 6DERU GHFHPEUD JRGLQH XVYRMLR VDVYLP QRYL8VWDYDLX6ORYHQLMLMHSULSUHPDQDPDQGPDQNRMLPVHWDUHSXEOLNDGH¿QLVDOD NDR VDPRVWDOQD GUåDYD 8 RYRP UD]GREOMX GH¿QLVDQMD XVWDYQLK SURPMHQD X MXJRVORYHQVNLP UHSXEOLNDPD L X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL MH XVYRMHQ MXOD JRGLQHDPDQGPDQ;/QD8VWDY65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHL] JRGLQHNRMLPMH GH¿QLVDQQRYLXVWDYQLVWDWXV%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRGQRVLXQMRMNDRLQMHQLRGQRVL SUHPDGUXJLPD5 8VYDMDQMHP XVWDYQLK DPDQGPDQD QD 8VWDY 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH L] JRGLQH VWYRUHQH VX XVWDYQRSUDYQH SUHWSRVWDYNH ]D NDVQLMH RGUHÿHQMH %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSUHPD-XJRVODYLMLDOLLVWDY(YURSVNH]DMHGQLFH8VYDMDQMHP DPDQGPDQD ;/ QD 8VWDY 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH L] JRGLQH %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD VH GH¿QLãH NDR VXYHUHQD GHPRNUDWVND GUåDYD UDYQRSUDYQLK JUDÿDQD QDURGD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ± 0XVOLPDQD 6UED L +UYDWD L SULSDGQLND GUXJLK QDURGD L QDURGQRVWL NRML X QMRM åLYH 2YRP XVWDYQRP RGUHGERP WUDMQR VX GH¿QLVDQL GUåDYQRSUDYQL RGQRVL X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL $PDQGPDQ ;/ üH ELWL MHGDQ RG NUXFLMDOQLK DUJXPHQDWD SULOLNRP GRQRãHQMD RGOXNH W]Y %DGLQWHURYH NRPLVLMH DOL L VWDY L RGOXND 6NXSãWLQH 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH R SURYRÿHQMX UHIHUHQGXPDJUDÿDQD=QDþDMQDYHGHQRJDPDQGPDQDRJOHGDVHXþLQMHQLFLGDVHX QMHPXJRYRULRGUåDYQRPVXYHUHQLWHWX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLWRXVWDYQRPQRUPRP NRMRPVH%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDGH¿QLãHNDR³GHPRNUDWVNDVXYHUHQDGUåDYD´7LPH MHGH¿QLWLYQRLPHÿXQDURGQRSUDYQR%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLSUL]QDWRKLVWRULMVNRSUDYR QD QH]DYLVQRVW þLPH MH VWHNOD SUDYR GD XÿH X SRURGLFX QH]DYLVQLK L VXYHUHQLK GUåDYDRNXSOMHQLKX2UJDQL]DFLML8MHGLQMHQLKQDURGD 8YH]LVDRGUHÿHQMHPVWDWXVD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHMHVWHLSLWDQMHWHULWRULMH ãWRMHGH¿QLVDQRDPDQGPDQRP/;,,NRMLPMHXWYUÿHQRGDMHWHULWRULMD65%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH MHGLQVWYHQD L QHGMHOMLYD D JUDQLFH 5HSXEOLNH PRJX VH PLMHQMDWL RGOXNRP6NXSãWLQHVDPRXVNODGXVDYROMRPJUDÿDQDFLMHOH5HSXEOLNHL]UDåHQRP QMLKRYLP SUHWKRGQLP L]MDãQMDYDQMHP SXWHP UHIHUHQGXPD DNR VH ]D PLMHQMDQMH 5 'åHQDQDýDXãHYLü3UDYQRSROLWLþNLUD]YLWDN%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHGRNXPHQWLVDNRPHQWDULPD 6DUDMHYR GDOMH 'åýDXãHYLü3UDYQRSROLWLþNLUD]YLWDN%L+ 1RYHXVWDYHVXGRQLMHOHL 6UELMDL0DNHGRQLMDGDNOHVYHUHSXEOLNHRVLP&UQH*RUH 'åýDXãHYLü3UDYQRSROLWLþNLUD]YLWDN%L+ . .DVLP , %HJLü %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD RG 9DQFHRYH PLVLMH GR 'D\WRQVNRJ VSRUD]XPD 6DUDMHYR GDOMH .,%HJLü%RVQD =QDþDMQRMHQDSRPHQXWLGDVXL]PHÿXRVWDORJD QDYHGHQLXVWDYQLDPDQGPDQLREH]ELMHGLOLXVWDYQRQRUPDWLYQXRVQRYX]DSUYHYLãHVWUDQDþNHL]ERUH 0UVF2PHU=8/,û L]MDVQL QDMPDQMH GYLMH WUHüLQH XNXSQRJ EURMD ELUDþD 8VWDYQL DPDQGPDQL LPDOL VX SUHVXGQX XORJX RGQRVQR GDOL VX OHJLPLWHW EURMQLP RGOXNDPD OHJDOQLK RUJDQD %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNDNRXRGQRVLPDLVWLKSUHPDJUDÿDQLPDLQDURGLPD%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHGUXJLPGUåDYDPDWDNRLSUHPDPHÿXQDURGQRM]DMHGQLFL2VLPWRJD QD WDNYLP XVWDYQLP QRUPDPD L]QRãHQL VX L EUDQMHQL OHJLWLPQL VWDYRYL L ]DKWMHYL %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQDPHÿXQDURGQLPPLURYQLPSUHJRYRULPDNRMLVXVOLMHGLOL 'DNOH QD WHPHOMLPD 8VWDYD 6)5- L] JRGLQH GRQRãHQMHP QRYLK XVWDYDUHSXEOLNDRGQRVQRXVOXþDMX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXVWDYQLKDPDQGPDQD VWYRUHQH VX XVWDYQRSUDYQH RVQRYH QD VDPRRSUHGMHOMHQMH XNOMXþXMXüL L SUDYR QD RWFMHSOMHQMHãWRMHGH¿QLVDQRLX2VQRYQLPQDþHOLPD8VWDYD6)5-L] JRGLQH Uloga Evropske zajednice u procesu disolucije SFRJ 8ORJX X L]QDODåHQMX PLURYQRJ UMHãHQMD MXJRVORYHQVNH NUL]H SUHX]HOD MH (YURSVND]DMHGQLFDVDXYMHUHQMHPGDüH]D-XJRVODYLMXSURQDüLSROLWLþNRUMHãHQMH NRMLP üH ELWL VYL ]DGRYROMQL L NRMH QHüH QLNRP ELWL QDPHWQXWR .RQIHUHQFLMD R -XJRVODYLML NRMD MH GMHORYDOD SRG SRNURYLWHOMVWYRP (YURSVNH ]DMHGQLFH ]DSRþHOD MHVDUDGRPXVHSWHPEUX JRGLQH.RQIHUHQFLMDR-XJRVODYLMLGRVHJODMHVYRM YUKXQDF X SULMHGORJX SODQD ]D UMHãHQMH NUL]H NRML MH SUH]HQWRYDQ X +DJX RNWREUD JRGLQH SRG QD]LYRP Ä2NYLUL ]D JHQHUDOQR UMHãHQMH MXJRVODYHQVNH krize“. 3UHPD QDYHGHQRP GRNXPHQWX SUHYD]LODåHQMH NUL]H XNOMXþXMH L]PHÿX RVWDORJ VOLMHGHüH SULMHGORJH 6XYHUHQH L QH]DYLVQH UHSXEOLNH VD PHÿXQDURGQLP VXEMHNWLYLWHWRP ]D RQH UHSXEOLNH NRMH WR åHOH 6ORERGQD DVRFLMDFLMD UHSXEOLND VD PHÿXQDURGQLP VXEMHNWLYLWHWRP 8 VNORSX JOREDOQRJ UMHãHQMD SUL]QDYDQMH QH]DYLVQRVWL RQLK UHSXEOLND NRMH WR EXGX åHOMHOH X RNYLUX QMLKRYLK SRVWRMHüLK JUDQLFDRVLPXNROLNRVHQHSRVWLJQHGUXJRMDþLMLVSRUD]XP103RQXÿHQLGRNXPHQW ]DUMHãHQMHNUL]HSULKYDWLOLVXSUHGVMHGQLFLSHW RGãHVW UHSXEOLNDVYLRVLP6UELMH 3RQXÿHQLSULMHGORJQLMHSULKYDWLRSUHGVMHGQLN6UELMHNRMLMHLVWDNDRGDSRQXÿHQD UMHãHQMDNUL]HSUDNWLþQR]QDþHXNLGDQMH-XJRVODYLMH116WRJDMHRQL]PHÿXRVWDORJ WUDåLRDQJDåRYDQMH$UELWUDåQHNRPLVLMH1RYR]DVMHGDQMH.RQIHUHQFLMHRGUåDQH QRYHPEUDWDNRÿHUMHGRåLYLORQHXVSMHKãWRMHXNRQDþQLFLGRYHORGRREUD]RYDQMD $UELWUDåQHNRPLVLMH =QDþDMQR MH SULPLMHWLWL GD MH L 6NXSãWLQD &UQH *RUH QD VMHGQLFL RG RNWREUD JRGLQH]YDQLþQRSURJODVLODVXYHUHQRVW&UQH*RUHWHGLVWDQFLUDQMHRG -1$LGDOMQMLKYRMQLKDNWLYQRVWL&UQRJRUDFDX+HUFHJRYLQLL+UYDWVNRM1DRVQRYX RYHRGOXNHRGQRVQRRYODãWHQMD6NXSãWLQH&UQH*RUHSUHGVMHGQLN0RPLU%XODWRYLü .,%HJLü%RVQD 2PHU,EUDKLPDJLü6USVNRRVSRUDYDQMH%RVQHL%RãQMDNDL]G0DJLVWUDW6DUDMHYR 10 .,%HJLü%RVQD 11 0LORãHYLü]D³SRSUDYNX´HYURSVNRJSODQD2VORERÿHQMHJRGLQD;/9,,,EU RNWREDU 6XYHUHQRVWX]³EODJRVORY´(YURSH2VORERÿHQMHJRGLQD;/9,,,EU RNWREDU Disolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ MH VWDYLR VYRM SRWSLV QD .DULQJWRQRY 6SRUD]XP ]D UMHãHQMH NUL]H 0HÿXWLP %XODWRYLüMHELRL]ORåHQRWYRUHQRMNULWLFLSURVUSVNLKNUXJRYDX&UQRM*RULNRMLVX JDRSWXåLOLGDVHVYUVWDRXLVWLUHGVDRQLPDNRMLVXRGSRþHWNDUXãLOL-XJRVODYLMX13 1DWDNYLPRVQRYDPDLSULWLVFLPDGRüLüHGRSRQRYQRJSULEOLåDYDQMD6UELMHL&UQH *RUH SR SLWDQMX UMHãHQMD MXJRVORYHQVNH NUL]H 6WRJD üH &UQD *RUD ]DMHGQR VD 6UELMRPXORåLWLDPDQGPDQHQDPLURYQLSULMHGORJ.RQIHUHQFLMHR-XJRVODYLML3UYL ]DKWMHY VH RGQRVLR QD WR GD L QDURGL XþHVWYXMX X RGUHÿLYDQMX EXGXüH ]DMHGQLFH D GUXJL SUHPD NRMHP EL EXGXüD IHGHUDFLMD WUHEDOR GD QDVWDYL PHÿXQDURGQR SUDYQL VXEMHNWLYLWHW L NRQWLQXLWHW GRWDGDãQMH 6)5- 0HÿXWLP GHOHJDFLMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH6ORYHQLMH+UYDWVNHL0DNHGRQLMHVXQDYHGHQHDPDQGPDQHRGEDFLOH NDRQHSULKYDWOMLYH1DLPHXNROLNRELVHQDYHGHQLDPDQGPDQLSULKYDWLOLWRELX SUDNVL]QDþLORGDELQDURGLPRJOLXWLFDWLQDJUDQLFHUHSXEOLND EXGXüLKGUåDYD D ]ERJVYHL]UDåHQLMHLGHMHVYHVUSVNRJRNXSOMDQMDXMHGQRMGUåDYLDVDGUXJHVWUDQH þDNLSRVWRMDQMHQHNHNUQMH-XJRVODYLMHQHGDMH]DRVQRYSRPHÿXQDURGQRPSUDYX GDQDVWDYLPHÿXQDURGQRSUDYQLVXEMHNWLYLWHW6WRJDQDSRPHQXWRM.RQIHUHQFLMLRG QRYHPEUD]DKWMHYL6UELMHL&UQH*RUHQLVXGRELOLSRGUãNXRVWDOLKUHSXEOLND 8VOMHGVWDOQLKRGELMDQMDPLURYQLKSUHJRYRUDRGVWUDQH6UELMHXVYRMHQDMH UH]ROXFLMD RG VWUDQH (YURSVNH ]DMHGQLFH QRYHPEUD JRGLQH R XYRÿHQMX VDQNFLMD SURWLY -XJRVODYLMH15 1D WDM QDþLQ (YURSVND ]DMHGQLFD MH QDVWRMDOD GD GRGDWQR SULVLOL 6UELMX QD SUHJRYRUH L PLUQR UMHãDYDQMH NUL]H7R MH ]QDþLOR MHGDQ QRYLSROLWLþNLGLVNXUV(YURSVNH]DMHGQLFHSURWLY6UELMHNRMDMHR]QDþHQDNDRJODYQL NULYDF]DQHXVSMHKPLURYQLKSUHJRYRUD0HÿXWLPNDNRüHVHWRNDVQLMHRELVWLQLWL 6UELMDQLSRGSULWLVNRPHPEDUJDQLMHQDSXVWLODLGHMXVWYDUDQMDVYHVUSVNLKSURVWRUD RGQRVQR9HOLNH6UELMH 6DQNFLMH SURWLY -XJRVODYLMH ]YDQLþQR VX VWXSLOH QD VQDJX QRYHPEUD JRGLQHQDNRQãWRLKMH]YDQLþQRSRWYUGLRXIRUPLVOXåEHQH RGOXNH0LQLVWDUVNLVDYMHW(YURSVNH]DMHGQLFH $UELWUDåQDNRPLVLMDLUDVSDG6)5- 8VOMHG VWDOQRJ SURWLYOMHQMD 6UELMH X L]QDODåHQMX RGJRYDUDMXüLK UMHãHQMD ]D MXJRVORYHQVNX NUL]X WH ]DKWMHYD ]D XVSRVWDYRP DUELWUDåH (YURSVND ]DMHGQLFD VH RGOXþLOD ]D IRUPLUDQMH HNVSHUWQH NRPLVLMH þLMH RGOXNH WUHEDMX ELWL NOMXþQH ]D GDOMQMH DNWLYQRVWL .RQIHUHQFLMH L VWDY (YURSVNH ]DMHGQLFH SUHPD MXJRVORYHQVNRM NUL]L$UELWUDåQDNRPLVLMDVDVWDYOMHQDMHRGSUHGVMHGQLNDXVWDYQLKVXGRYDHYURSVNLK ]HPDOMD âSDQLMD )UDQFXVND 1MHPDþND ,WDOLMD L %HOJLMD 1D þHOR NRPLVLMH LPHQRYDQ MH SUHGVMHGQLN 8VWDYQRJ VXGD )UDQFXVNH 5REHU %DGLQWHU SR NRPH MH NRPLVLMDL GRELOD QD]LY³%DGLQWHURYDNRPLVLMD´RG þLMHJ]DNOMXþNDMH ]DYLVLOD VXGELQD6)5-LNUDMQMLLVKRGUD]UMHãHQMDMXJRVORYHQVNHNUL]H 13 86UELMXLOL(YURSX2VORERÿHQMHEURNWREDU -DVQDSR]LFLMD0DNHGRQLMH2VORERÿHQMHJRGLQD;/9,,,EUQRYHPEDU 15 6DQNFLMHSURWLY-XJRVODYLMH2VORERÿHQMHEURM QRYHPEDU 2GGDQDVVDQNFLMH2VORERÿHQMHEU QRYHPEDU 0UVF2PHU=8/,û $QDOL]LUDMXüLPHPRUDQGXPHLGRNXPHQWHSULVWLJOHRGVWUDQHVYLKUHSXEOLND L3UHGVMHGQLãWYD6)5-X0LãOMHQMX1RRGQRYHPEUD JRGLQH.RPLVLMD L]PHÿXRVWDORJDNRQVWDWXMHVOLMHGHüH XSUNRVþLQMHQLFLãWRMH6)5-GRVDGD]DGUåDOD VYRM PHÿXQDURGQL VXEMHNWLYLWHW SRJRWRYR X PHÿXQDURGQLP RUJDQL]DFLMDPD þHWLUL UHSXEOLNH L]UD]LOH VX YROMX ]D QH]DYLVQRãüX 1DLPH X 6ORYHQLML MH YHü X GHFHPEUX JRGLQHRGUåDQUHIHUHQGXPDGHNODUDFLMDRQH]DYLVQRVWLMXQD JRGLQH NRMD MH VXVSHQGRYDQD QD WUL PMHVHFD D SRWYUÿHQD RNWREUD LVWH JRGLQH8+UYDWVNRMUHIHUHQGXPMHRGUåDQXPDMX JRGLQHD'HNODUDFLMDR QH]DYLVQRVWL MXQD JRGLQH NRMD MH SRWYUÿHQD RNWREUD JRGLQH 8 0DNHGRQLML UHIHUHQGXP MH RGUåDQ X VHSWHPEUX JRGLQH R QH]DYLVQRM L VXYHUHQRM 0DNHGRQLML XQXWDU DVRFLMDFLMH VDYH]D RS DXWRUD MXJRVODYHQVNLK GUåDYD8QDYHGHQRPSHULRGXX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLQLMHRGUåDQUHIHUHQGXPDOL MH5H]ROXFLMRPRVXYHUHQRVWLSULKYDüHQRMRGVWUDQHSDUODPHQWDRNWREUD JRGLQH RVSRUDYDQD RG VWUDQH VUSVNH ]DMHGQLFH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL L]UDåHQD QDPMHUDRQH]DYLVQRVWL 8]LPDMXüLXRE]LUþLQMHQLFHNRMHMHUD]PDWUDOD.RPLVLMDMHNRQVWDWRYDOD L]PHÿX RVWDORJD VOLMHGHüH 6RFLMDOLVWLþND )HGHUDWLYQD 5HSXEOLND -XJRVODYLMD MH X SURFHVX GLVROXFLMH 1DYHGHQR PLãOMHQMH $UELWUDåQH NRPLVLMH MH YLãHVWUXNR ]QDþDMQR 3ULMH VYHJD .RPLVLMD MH SRWYUGLOD VWDYRYH L ]DKWMHYH UHSXEOLND ]D RVDPRVWDOMHQMHPLQH]DYLVQRãüXXVNODGXVDXVWDYQRSUDYQLPRVQRYDPDNRMLPMH SRWYUÿHQR GD MH ULMHþ R GH]LQWHJUDFLML LOL UDVSDGX 6)5- 1DLPH RYLP PLãOMHQMHP MH RSRYUJQXW VWDY 6UELMH GD MH ULMHþ R QHXVWDYQRP GMHORYDQMX RGQRVQR VHFHVLML RWFMHSOMHQMX RG6)5-1DGDOMH0LãOMHQMHP$UELWUDåQHNRPLVLMH6)5-MHSUHVWDOD GDSRVWRMLNDRGUåDYDRGQRVQRNDRPHÿXQDURGQLVXEMHNWDUHSXEOLNHNRMHVXGR WDGDþLQLOHLVWXVXSUDYQRQDVOMHGQLFH6)5-X]LPDMXüLXRE]LUþLQMHQLFXGDVHQLWL MHGQDRGQMLKQLWLJUXSDUHSXEOLNDQHPRJXVPDWUDWLQMHQLPMHGLQLPQDVOMHGQLNRP 7DNRÿHU%DGLQWHURYDNRPLVLMD]DNOMXþXMHGDÄVDYH]QLRUJDQLYLãHQH]DGRYROMDYDMX NULWHULMHNRMHMHGQDIHGHUDWLYQD]DMHGQLFDSRGUD]XPLMHYD³ 8 WRNX PMHVHFD GHFHPEUD (YURSVND ]DMHGQLFD MH DNWLYQR UDGLOD QD SODQX MXJRVORYHQVNHNUL]HDOLLSLWDQMXSUL]QDQMDQRYLKGUåDYD6ORYHQLMHL+UYDWVNH'RN MH1MHPDþNDL]DãODRWYRUHQRVDVWDYRPLRSUHGMHOMHQRãüX]DSUL]QDQMHPQH]DYLVQRVWL 6ORYHQLMH L +UYDWVNH GRWOH MH )UDQFXVND SODVLUDOD MHGQX QRYX GRNWULQX NRMD EL .,%HJLü%RVQD 2GOXNDPD XVYRMHQLP X 6NXSãWLQL 6ORYHQLMD MH GRþHNDOD LVWHN PRUDWRULMD þLPH MH 6ORYHQLMD SRþHODGDIXQNFLRQLãHNDRVDPRVWDOQDGUåDYDXSRQRüL]PHÿXVHGPRJLRVPRJRNWREUD JRGLQH 2GRVPRJRNWREUDQDJUDQLþQDSUHOD]DSUHPD+UYDWVNRMSRþHRMHYDåLWLLVWLUHåLPNDRLSUHPD $XVWULMLL,WDOLML9LGL 'HåHODVHRSUDãWD2VORERÿHQMHJRGLQD;/9,,,EU RNWREDU 3UHGVMHGQLNKUYDWVNHYODGH)UDQMR*UHJXULüQDVMHGQLFL6DERUDRGRVPRJRNWREUD JRGLQH L]MDYLRMHGDRGGDQDVYULMHGHRGOXNH6DERUDSRNRMLPDMH+UYDWVNDVXYHUHQDLVDPRVWDOQDGUåDYD te GDMH+UYDWVNDLVND]DODLRGOXþQRVWRGYDåQRVWLVSRVREQRVWGDWUSLPRLQDMWHåHXGDUFHNDNRELVPR REUDQLOL VORERGX L GHPRNUDFLMX +UYDWVNH 9LGL 0RUDWRULM MH SURãORVW 2VORERÿHQMH EU RNWREDU .,%HJLü%RVQD 7UDåHQMHL]OD]DL]EH]L]OD]D2VORERÿHQMHEUGHFHPEDU Disolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ SRGUD]XPLMHYDOD ÄLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLMX SUL]QDYDQMD QRYLK GUåDYD QD HYURSVNRP NRQWLQHQWX ELOR GD QDVWDMX UDVWDNDQMHP LOL XMHGLQMHQMHP³ (YURSVND ]DMHGQLFD MH GHFHPEUD JRGLQH GRQLMHOD 'HNODUDFLMX R -XJRVODYLML L 'HNODUDFLMX R VPMHUQLFDPD R SUL]QDYDQMX GUåDYD X ,VWRþQRM (YURSL L 6RYMHWVNRP Savezu -XJRVORYHQVNH UHSXEOLNH VX GRELOH URN GR GHFHPEUD ]D GRVWDYX ]DKWMHYD QD (YURSVNLNRQNXUV]DQRYHGUåDYH=QDþDMQRMHSULPLMHWLWLGDMH(YURSVND]DMHGQLFD SRVWDYLOD SUHFL]DQ L KLWDQ URN ]D GRVWDYX ]DKWMHYD NDR L RGUHGQLFX SR NRMRM VH VYH UHSXEOLNH NRMH WR åHOH PRJX REUDWLWL VD ]DKWMHYRP ]D SUL]QDQMH 'HNODUDFLMD MHSURSLVDODLSUHFL]QHXVORYHNRMHUHSXEOLNHX]]DKWMHYPRUDMXGRVWDYLWL,]PHÿX RVWDORJD UHSXEOLNH VX VH PRUDOH RGUHGLWL GD OL SULKYDWDMX REDYH]H VDGUåDQH X GRNXPHQWXRNULWHULMXPLPD]DSUL]QDYDQMHQRYLKGUåDYD]DWLPXVORYHQDYHGHQHX QDFUWX+DãNHNRQYHQFLMHSRVHEQRXGLMHOXNRMLVHRGQRVLQDOMXGVNDSUDYDLSUDYD PDQMLQDLWG 8 VNODGX VD RGUHGEDPD 'HNODUDFLMH ]DKWMHYL UHSXEOLND NRML VX SULVWLJOL GR QD]QDþHQRJ URND SURVOLMHÿHQL VX$UELWUDåQRM NRPLVLML NRMD MH GR MDQXDUD JRGLQHLPDODURNGDLVWHUD]PRWULWHGRVWDYLSUDYQRPLãOMHQMHGDOLUHSXEOLNH NRMHVXXSXWLOH]DKWMHY]DVOXåXMXVWDWXVQH]DYLVQLKGUåDYD'RRGUHÿHQRJURND]D SUHGDMX ]DKWMHYD RGQRVQR GHFHPEUD ]DKWMHYH VX XSXWLOH þHWLUL UHSXEOLNH L WR 6ORYHQLMD%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD+UYDWVNDL0DNHGRQLMD 8 VNODGX VD UDQLMLP VWDYRYLPD 1MHPDþND MH QH þHNDMXüL ]YDQLþDQ URN ]D SUL]QDQMH QRYLK GUåDYD WR XþLQLOD YHü GHFHPEUD JRGLQH NDGD MH L IRUPDOQR SUL]QDOD 6ORYHQLMX L +UYDWVNX 7LP SXWHP MH QDVWDYLR9DWLNDQNRML MH +UYDWVNXL6ORYHQLMXSUL]QDRMDQXDUD JRGLQH 1DWHPHOMXL]YMHãWDMD$UELWUDåQHNRPLVLMHXVOLMHGLORMHSUL]QDYDQMH6ORYHQLMH L+UYDWVNHMDQXDUDRGVWUDQHGUåDYDþODQLFD(YURSVNH]DMHGQLFHGDELSRWRP XVOLMHGLORSUL]QDQMHRGVWUDQH$XVWULMH%HOJLMH9HOLNH%ULWDQLMH'DQVNH+RODQGLMH âYLFDUVNHL0DOWH 1HL]YMHVQDVXGELQD.RQIHUHQFLMH2VORERÿHQMHEURMGHFHPEDU )UDQFXVNRP SULMHGORJXVHRãWURXVSURWLYLOD9HOLND%ULWDQLMDNRMDMH]DVWXSDODVWDYGDVHSUL]QDQMHQRYLKGUåDYD PRåHREDYOMDWLVDPRRGVOXþDMDGRVOXþDMD 2,EUDKLPDJLü3ROLWLþNLVLVWHP (YURSVNL NRQNXUV ]D QRYH GUåDYH 2VORERÿHQMH EU GHFHPEDU 8þHVQLFL VDPLWDQDVMHGQLFLRGGHFHPEUD JRGLQHL]DãOLVXXVXVUHW*UþNRMDSRYRGRPQMHQLK]DKWMHYD XSXüHQLK (YURSVNRM ]DMHGQLFL SR SLWDQMX SUL]QDYDQMD 0DNHGRQLMH D ãWR üH X NRQDþQLFL XWLFDWL L QD QMHQR QH SUL]QDYDQMHRGVWUDQH(YURSVNH]DMHGQLFHLDNRMHPLQLVWDULQRSRVORYD0DNHGRQLMHXSXWLR SLVPR PLQLVWULPD (=H VMHGQLFD X /LVDERQX RG IHEUXDUD NRMLP MH ]DWUDåLR SUL]QDYDQMH QH]DYLVQRVWL 0DNHGRQLMH WH SRUXþLR GD MH 6NRSOMH VSUHPQR GD SUXåL *UþNRM JDUDQFLMH GD QHPD WHULWRULMDOQH SUHWHQ]LMH´ 9LGL 0DNHGRQLMD MRã EH] SUL]QDQMD 2VORERÿHQMH EU IHEUXDU 0DNHGRQLMDMHIHEUXDUDSUL]QDQMHGRELODRG6ORYHQLMH9LGL 'HåHODSUL]QDOD0DNHGRQLMX 2VORERÿHQMHEU IHEUXDU %ULVHOVNDGHNODUDFLMDR-XJRVODYLML2VORERÿHQMHEUGHFHPEDU 'RVDGDþHWLULSULMDYH2VORERÿHQMHEUGHFHPEDU 3UL]QDQMHL]%RQD2VORERÿHQMHEUGHFHPEDU 9DWLNDQ SUL]QDR +UYDWVNX L 6ORYHQLMX 2VORERÿHQMH EU MDQXDU 8 QRWL R SUL]QDQMX VH LVWLþH GD VH SUL]QDQMH XVORYOMDYD L]ULþLWRP REDYH]RP +UYDWVNH L 6ORYHQLMH GD SRãWXMX IXQGDPHQWDOQDOMXGVNDSUDYD (= SUL]QDR 6ORYHQLMX L +UYDWVNX 2VORERÿHQMH EU MDQXDU 'H¿QLWLYQR 0UVF2PHU=8/,û =QDþDMQR MH SULPLMHWLWL GD MH ,]YMHãWDM %DGLQWHURYH NRPLVLMH SUHSRUXþLR GD VH RVLP 6ORYHQLMH SUL]QD L 0DNHGRQLMD RGQRVQR GD L MHGQD L GUXJD VWHNQX PHÿXQDURGQX QH]DYLVQRVW L SUL]QDQMH RG (YURSVNH ]DMHGQLFH 0HÿXWLP XVOMHG YHWDNRMHJMHXORåLOD*UþNDRGORåHQMDMHRGOXNDRSUL]QDQMX0DNHGRQLMHGRNMHX SRJOHGX+UYDWVNH³GRSXQMHQ´L]YMHãWDM7XÿPDQRYRPL]MDYRPRSUXåDQMXGRGDWQLK JDUDQFLMD VUSVNRM PDQMLQL 1D WDNYLP RVQRYDPD HYURSVND ³GYDQDHVWRULFD´ VX MHGQRJODVQR GRQLMHOD RGOXNX R SUL]QDQMX 6ORYHQLMH L +UYDWVNH30 6 GUXJH VWUDQH %RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDMHXVOMHGL]UDåHQLKQHVODJDQMDRGQRVQRSURWLYOMHQMDSROLWLþNLK SUHGVWDYQLND VUSVNRJ QDURGD ELOD SULPRUDQD GD SUXåL GRGDWQH JDUDQFLMH NDNR EL QMHQDQH]DYLVQRVWLVDPRVWDOQRVWELOHSRWYUÿHQH 9DQXVWDYQR UXãHQMH GUåDYQRSUDYQRJ SRUHWND %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 6$2 L]DFLMDL+$2L]DFLMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH =QDþDMQLMLPXNOMXþLYDQMHPPHÿXQDURGQH]DMHGQLFHXRNYLUX.RQIHUHQFLMH R-XJRVODYLMLXL]QDODåHQMXPLURYQRJUD]UMHãHQMDNUL]HX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLVH RGVWUDQHGLMHODYODGDMXüLKVWUXNWXUDYUãLQMHQDRWYRUHQDXVWDYQRSUDYQDGHVWUXNFLMD ,VWLQDXSRþHWQLPIRUPDPDQDVWRMDORVHSUDYQRLWHULWRULMDOQRUDVWDNDQMHSURYHVWL X RNYLUX YDåHüHJ XVWDYQRSUDYQRJ VLVWHPD DOL NDNR MH YULMHPH RGPLFDOR RYL SURMHNWL VX X YHüHP LOL PDQMHP LQWHQ]LWHWX RGVWXSDOL RG SUDYQRJ VLVWHPD GD EL QDNUDMXXSRWSXQRVWLSRSULPLOLQHVDPRYDQLQVWLWXFLRQDOQXIRUPXQHJR]QDþLOLL RWYRUHQRUXãHQMH8VWDYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH5LMHþMHRGYDYDQXVWDYQDSURMHNWD þLMLVXNUHDWRULELOLVWUXNWXUHYODVWLRGQRVQRSROLWLþNHVWUDQNH 6'6L+'= NRMH VXXQDMYHüHPGLMHOXSDUWLFLSLUDOHXYODVWLXRNYLUXLQVWLWXFLMDVLVWHPD 6NXSãWLQD 3UHGVMHGQLãWYR 9ODGD LWG NRG L]QDODåHQMD RGJRYDUDMXüHJ XVWDYQRSUDYQRJ XVWURMVWYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH'DNOHVMHGQHVWUDQHSRPHQXWHSROLWLþNHVWUDQNH XþHVWYXMX X UDGX OHJLWLPQLK L OHJDOQLK RUJDQD YODVWL D VD GUXJH VWUDQH NRULVWHüL YDQLQVWLWXFLRQDOQH IRUPH ÀDJUDQWQR NUãH YDåHüL XVWDYQRSUDYQL VLVWHP %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ,DNRMHYUHPHQVNLSRVWRMDODQH]QDWQDUD]OLNDL]PHÿXSURMHNWD6$2L]DFLMH L +$2L]DFLMH WUHED SULPLMHWLWL L RGUHÿHQL VWHSHQ VLQKURQL]DFLMH L]PHÿX RYD GYD SURMHNWD SRþHYãL RG LGHMH SUHNR IRUPH SD GR VDPRJ ]DYUãQRJ þLQD L MHGQRJ L GUXJRJSURMHNWD3RþHWDNQDSDGDQDXVWDYQRSUDYQLVLVWHPLWHULWRULMDOQLLQWHJULWHW %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ]DSRþHW MH IRUPLUDQMHP ³=DMHGQLFH RSüLQD %RVDQVNH NUDMLQH´31 2YDNR GREUR VPLãOMHQ SURMHNDW X IRUPL ³'RJRYRUD R XGUXåLYDQMX X SUL]QDQMH +UYDWVNH WDNRÿH MH ELOR XVORYOMHQR GD +UYDWVND SRWYUGL VYRM VWDY SUHPD QDFLRQDOQLP PDQMLQDPDãWRMHQDNUDMXLXþLQMHQR 30 K,%HJLü%RVQD 31 3RVWXSDMXüLSRSULMHGORJX9ODGH65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRRFMHQMLYDQMXXVWDYQRVWLL]DNRQLWRVWL 'RJRYRUDRXGUXåLYDQMXX=DMHGQLFXRSüLQD%RVDQVNDNUDMLQD8VWDYQLVXGMHQDUDVSUDYLRGUåDQRM JRGLQHNRQVWDWRYDRGDSRVWRMHWULYHU]LMHRYRJGRNXPHQWDWHGDVHQH]QDEURMRSüLQD NRMHVX³SULVWXSLOH]DMHGQLFL´1DLPHXUDVSUDYLMHWDMEURMYDULUDRRGGHYHWGRWULGHVHWLVHGDPãWRMH VDPRSRVHELGRYROMQRJRYRULORRR]ELOMQRVWLVDVWDQRYQLãWDOHJDOLWHWDLSUHGODJDþDLQRVLRFDUDVSUDYH LQDUDYQRVDPLKNUHDWRUDQRYH³]DMHGQLFHRSüLQD´K,%HJLü%RVQD Disolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ =DMHGQLFXRSüLQD´QLMHELRGXJRJYLMHNDMHUVHXUHNRUGQRPYUHPHQX³DXWRQRPQD UHJLMD %RVDQVND NUDMLQD´ WUDQVIRUPLUD VHSWHPEUD JRGLQH VUSVND DXWRQRPQDREODVW 2YRüHLQDþHSRVWDWLPRGHO]DVDRL]DFLMXQDMYHüHJGLMHOD%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X YUOR NUDWNRP SHULRGX7UHED LVWDüL GD MH RVLP ³SROLWLþNH YROMH´ YUKXãNH6'6D]DGDOMHNRUDNHXRYRPSURMHNWXSRVWRMDODL³QDXþQDRVQRYD´SRUHG ]QDþDMQRJEHRJUDGVNRJDXWRUVWYDLPHQWRUVWYD 8 FLOMX RVWYDULYDQMD VYRMLK ]DPLVOL L SRWLUDQMD VYDNH SRVHEQRVWL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NDR GUåDYRWYRUQH FMHOLQH YUãHQD MH EMHVRPXþQD VUEL]DFLMD VYHJD L VYDþHJD 3RþHOR VH RG QD]LYD RSüLQD L REODVWL GR QD]LYD JUDGRYD SUHGX]HüD ]GUDYVWYHQLKXVWDQRYDãNROD3ULWRPHVHYRGLORUDþXQDGDVHL]QD]LYDREDYH]QR L]EDFLSULGMHY³ERVDQVNL´6UDþXQDWRMH]DWLUDQRLPHLSRMDP%RVQHLERVDQVWYD33 3URJODãHQMHP ³6$2 .UDMLQD´ NDR L QHSRVUHGQR SULMH WRJD ³6$2 +HUFHJRYLQD´ YHü VX X LPHQX VDGUåDQH NDWHJRULMH NRMH VX ELOH DSVROXWQR VWUDQH XVWDYQRP SRUHWNX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 3ULMH VYHJD X VWUXNWXUL WHULWRULMDOQR SROLWLþNRJ RUJDQL]LUDQMD 5HSXEOLNH QHPD DXWRQRPQH REODVWL QL NDR GUXãWYHQR SROLWLþNH]DMHGQLFHQLWLNDRREOLNDVDUDGQMHLRVWYDULYDQMD]DMHGQLþNLKLQWHUHVDMHU WHULWRULMD5HSXEOLNHSUHGVWDYOMDMHGLQVWYHQRLXWRPVPLVOXQHGMHOMLYRSRGUXþMH6 GUXJHVWUDQHVDPQD]LYMHGLUHNWQRXND]LYDRQDNUãHQMHXVWDYDMHUMHXLVWRPGDW HNVNOX]LYLWHW MHGQRP QDURGX VUSVNRP RSD X RGQRVX QD GUXJH 1DNRQ ³6$2 +HUFHJRYLQH´ L ³6$2 .UDMLQH´ XVOLMHGLOL MH SURJODãHQMH ³6$2 5RPDQLMH´ RNWREUD]DWLP³6$26MHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQH´RNWREUD³6$26MHYHUQH%RVQH´ QRYHPEUDSDVYHGR³6$2%LUDþ´ MDQXDUD L³6USVNHRSãWLQH%LKDü´ MDQXDUD JRGLQH 3URMHNDW VDRL]DFLMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ELR MH VDPR SRþHWQD HWDSD WLKH RNXSDFLMH ]HPOMH L UXãHQMD XVWDYQRSUDYQRJ SRUHWND7RPH X SULORJ JRYRUL L þLQMHQLFDNRQVWLWXLVDQMDW]Y³6NXSãWLQHVUSVNRJQDURGD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH´ RNWREUD JRGLQH35 2VQLYDQMH SDUODPHQWD SUDYGDQR MH WRERåH XJURåHQRãüX VUSVNRJ QDURGD SUHG ³QDPHWQXWRP PXVOLPDQVNRKUYDWVNRP NRDOLFLMRP NRMD ³1DXþQD´L³VWUXþQD´RVQRYDVDRL]DFLMHXRNYLUX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHREH]ELMHÿHQDMHXWDMQRP HODERUDWXUHJLRQDOL]DFLMHUDÿHQRPPLPRSURJUDPD9ODGHSRGQDVORYRP³'HPRJUDIVNRHNRQRPVND DQDOL]D UHJLRQDOQRJ UD]YRMD DORNDFLMH SULURGQLK L GUXJLK UHVXUVD X 5HSXEOLFL ± L XWLFDM WLK IDNWRUD QDUHJLRQDOL]DFLMXLSRORåDMSRMHGLQLKQDURGD±SRVHEQRVUSVNRJ´RGVWUDQH5HSXEOLþNRJ]DYRGD]D GUXãWYHQRSODQLUDQMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHL]VHSWHPEUD JRGLQH9LGL K,%HJLü%RVQD 33 0HKPHGDOLMD%RMLü+LVWRULMD%RVQHL%RãQMDND 9,,;;YLMHN 6DUDMHYR K,%HJLü%RVQD 35 -HGQD RG RGOXND GRQHVHQLK QD SUYRM VMHGQLFL W]Y 6NXSãWLQH VUSVNRJ QDURGD MHVWH L RGOXND R RVWDMDQMX VUSVNRJ QDURGD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X ]DMHGQLþNRM GUåDYL -XJRVODYLML 0HÿXWLP VXãWLQD SRUXNHQDQDMEROMLQDPQDþLQLOXVWUXMHNDNYXVXWR-XJRVODYLMX6UELKWMHOL1DLPHXRGOXFLVHL]PHÿX RVWDORJD NDåH GD VUSVNL QDURG X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL RVWDMH X ]DMHGQLþNRM GUåDYL -XJRVODYLML, sa 6UELMRP&UQRP*RURP 6$2.UDMLQRP6$26ODYRQLMRP%DUDQMRPL=DSDGQLP6UHPRP SRGYXNDR DXWRU WH GUXJLPD NRML VH ]D WDM RVWDQDN L]MDVQH 9LGL *RUDQ ĈXUDQ ,VWRULMVNL L]YRUL L] UD]GREOMD VWYDUDQMD 5HSXEOLNH 6USVNH RNWREDU ± IHEUXDU JRGLQH *ODVQLN 8GUXåHQMD DUKLYVNLKUDGQLND5HSXEOLNH 6USVNH%DQMDOXND 2YDNYD³]DMHGQLþND-XJRVODYLMD´SUHGVWDYOMD RþLWR RNXSOMDQMH VYLK 6UED X MHGQX GUåDYX WR MHVW9HOLNX KRPRJHQX 6UELMX ãWR MH ELR NUDMQML FLOM QDFLRQDOLVWLþNLKLKHJHPRQLVWLþNLKDVSLUDFLMD6UELMHL6ORERGDQD0LORãHYLüD 0UVF2PHU=8/,û SULMHWL GD XJUR]L YLWDOQH LQWHUHVH VUSVNRJ QDURGD GD XJUR]L QMHJRY QDFLRQDOQL RSVWDQDNX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL´9DQXVWDYQRUXãHQMHGUåDYH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH VHRGLJUDORXSUDYRXGYRUDQL6NXSãWLQH65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNRMDMHNDRQDMYLãL ]DNRQRGDYQL RUJDQ ]DGXåHQD ]D XUHÿHQMH GUåDYH QD XVWDYQRM L ]DNRQVNRM RVQRYL 'DNOH NRULVWHüL SURVWRUH OHJDOQLK LQVWLWXFLMD UDGLOR VH QD UXãHQMX LVWLK ãWR MH ELR VYRMHYUVWDQDSVXUG.RQVWLWXLVDQMHW]YVNXSãWLQHMHQHVDPRQHSR]QDWRXXVWDYQR SUDYQRP VLVWHPX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH QHJR L XRSüH X UD]QRYUVQLP REOLFLPD DVRFLMDFLMDVDSUH¿NVRPMDYQRSUDYQRJNDUDNWHUD 1DUHGQL NRUDN X SURMHNWX VPLãOMHQH XVWDYQRSUDYQH GHVWUXNFLMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHMHELRW]Y³SOHELVFLWVUSVNRJQDURGD´RGUåDQ LQRYHPEUD JRGLQHVDSODYLPOLVWLüLPD]D6UEHLåXWLPOLVWLüLPD]DRVWDOHQDURGHLQDURGQRVWL .RML NUDMQML FLOM VX LPDOL GHVWUXNWLYQH VQDJH NRMH VX DNWLYQR UDGLOH QD UXãHQMX XVWDYQRSUDYQRJSRUHWND%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHYLGOMLYRMHL]SLWDQMDVDåXWLKOLVWLüD QDPLMHQMHQLK 6UELPD 3LWDQMH MH JODVLOR ÄGD OL MH VDJODVDQ VD RGOXNRP 6NXSãWLQH VUSVNRJQDURGDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLRGRNWREUD JRGLQHGDVUSVNLQDURG RVWDQHX]DMHGQLþNRMGUåDYL-XJRVODYLMLVD6UELMRP&UQRP*RURP6$2.UDMLQRP 6$2 6ODYRQLMRP %DUDQMRP L =DSDGQLP 6UHPRP WH GUXJLPD NRML VH ]D RVWDQDN L]MDVQH³'RNRMHPMHUHVHLãORXUD]JUDGQMLGUåDYHDLVWRYUHPHQRNRULVWHüLQMHQH ]YDQLþQHLQVWLWXFLMHGRYROMQRJRYRULLSRGDWDNGDVXSLWDQMDYH]DQD]DW]YSOHELVFLW VDRSãWHQDQDNRQIHUHQFLML]DãWDPSXNRMDMHRGUåDQDXSURVWRULMDPD6NXSãWLQH65 %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHGDNOHX]YDQLþQRMOHJDOQRMLQVWLWXFLML 7UHED LVWDüL GD XVWDYQRSUDYQL VLVWHP %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH D LVWR WDNR L WDGDãQML 8VWDY -XJRVODYLMH QLMH SR]QDYDR XRSüH SRMDP SOHELVFLWD D SRJRWRYR SOHELVFLWD QDFLMH LOL ELOR NDNYRJ GUXJDþLMHJ HWQLþNRJ L]MDãQMDYDQMD QD RYDM QDþLQ 6WRJDMHLSRVDPRMRGOXFL]DSOHELVFLW]DWLP³JODVDþNRPWLMHOX´WHIRUPLSOHELVFLW ]QDþLRÀDJUDQWQRNUãHQMH8VWDYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 2WRPHVHMDVQRL]MDVQLRL 8VWDYQLVXG%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQDJODãDYDMXüLGDÄGDVDPR6NXSãWLQD65%RVQH 3DUDOHOQLSDUODPHQW2VORERÿHQMHEUSHWDNRNWREDU 9LNHQG]DJODVDQMH2VORERÿHQMHEUVULMHGDQRYHPEDU Isto 8WRPVPLVOX9ODGD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHMHQDVMHGQLFLRGQRYHPEUD JRGLQH]DNOMXþLOD GDEXGXüLGDRGOXNXRUDVSLVLYDQMXSOHELVFLWD]D L JRGLQHQLMHGRQLMHOD6NXSãWLQD%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQHNRQVWLWXLVDQDXVNODGXVD8VWDYRP%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLGDQLMHULMHþRUHSXEOLþNRP UHIHUHQGXPX X VPLVOX þO VW =DNRQD R UHIHUHQGXPX RGOXND R UDVSLVLYDQMX WRJ SOHELVFLWD QH REDYH]XMH GUåDYQH UHSXEOLþNH RUJDQH NDR QL RSüLQVNH RUJDQH GD QHSRVUHGQR UDGH QD SURYRÿHQMX SOHELVFLWD9LGL K,%HJLü%RVQD1DYLMHVWLRW]YSOHELVFLWXUHDJRYDORMHL3UHGVMHGQLãWYR%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQHQDVMHGQLFLRGQRYHPEUD JRGLQH7RPSULOLNRP3UHGVMHGQLãWYRMHRFLMHQLOR GDMHWRSROLWLþNLQHSURPLãOMHQLSUDYQRQHXWHPHOMHQþLQNRMLXSROLWLþNLåLYRW5HSXEOLNHPRåHXQLMHWL NRQIX]LMXLQHL]YMHVQRVW9LGL 3ROLWLþNLQHSURPLãOMHQRSUDYQRQHXWHPHOMHQR2VORERÿHQMHEU þHWYUWDNQRYHPEDU 1DRVQRYXRYDNYHUHDNFLMHYLGOMLYRMHXNROLNRMPMHULVXOHJDOQLRUJDQL YODVWL ELOL QHPRüQL SUHG GHVWUXNWLYQLP KHJHPRQLVWLþNLP VQDJDPD 1DLPH SXNR ³QHREDYH]LYDQMH GUåDYQLKLRSüLQVNLKRUJDQD´SRRVQRYXQMLKRYRJXþHãüDQDSURYRÿHQMXSOHELVFLWDGRND]MHVODERVWL VLVWHPDYODVWLMHUELXLROHXUHÿHQLMRMGUåDYLRUJDQL]DWRULYDQXVWDYQRJGMHORYDQMDVQRVLOLVDQNFLMHWH RGJRYDUDOL]DVYRMHYDQXVWDYQRGMHORYDQMH Disolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ L +HUFHJRYLQH PRåH GRQLMHWL RGOXNX R UDVSLVLYDQMX UHSXEOLþNRJ UHIHUHQGXPD³ 0HÿXWLPVDMDVQRLVSUR¿OLVDQLPFLOMHYLPDLQHGYRMEHQRPSRGUãNRPEHRJUDGVNLK SROLWLþNLKLLQWHOHNWXDOQLKNUXJRYDSOHELVFLWMHSURYHGHQ8NROLNRMPMHULVHUDGLOR R VPLãOMHQLP DOL L NRRUGLQLVDQLP DNWLYQRVWLPD VD VUELMDQVNLP L EHRJUDGVNLP NUXJRYLPDVYMHGRþLQMLKRYDVWDOQDSRGUãNDþDNLRWYRUHQD 1DNRQW]YSOHELVFLWDQDVWDYOMHQMHSULWLVDNQDOHJDOQHRUJDQHYODVWL%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHXVPLVOXRSVWUXNFLMHXþHãüD6'6RYLKþODQRYDXUDGX3UHGVMHGQLãWYD 9ODGH L GUXJLK OHJDOQLK L OHJLWLPQLK RUJDQD YODVWL 6 GUXJH VWUDQH SODQVNLP DNWLYQRVWLPDUDGLORVHQDSULSUHPDPD]DGH¿QLWLYQXSRGMHOX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH SURJODãHQMHP W]Y ³5HSXEOLNH VUSVNRJ QDURGD´ 1DLPH QDNRQ UD]PDWUDQMD 'HNODUDFLMH 0LQLVWDUVNRJ VDYMHWD (YURSVNH ]DMHGQLFH W]Y 6NXSãWLQD VUSVNRJ QDURGDMHRGOXþLODGDIRUPLUDQRYXUHSXEOLNXX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL1LRYRJDSXWD QLMH L]RVWDOD GLUHNWQD SRGUãND EHRJUDGVNLK SROLWLþNLK L LQWHOHNWXDOQLK NUXJRYD D VMHGQLFXVXGLUHNWQRSUHQRVLOHWHOHYL]LMHL]1RYRJ6DGDL%HRJUDGD,QVWLWXFLRQDOQR ³]DRNUXåLYDQMH VDRL]DFLMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH´ L]YUãHQR MH SURJODãHQMHP W]Y ³5HSXEOLNH VUSVNRJ QDURGD´ MDQXDUD JRGLQH MHGQRJODVQLP XVYDMDQMHP 'HNODUDFLMHSRNRMRMW]Y5HSXEOLNDÄQDOD]LXVDVWDYXVDYH]QHGUåDYH-XJRVODYLMH NDR QMHQD IHGHUDOQD MHGLQLFD³ 8 NROLNRM PMHUL VX KHJHPRQLVWLþNH DVSLUDFLMH ELOH L]UDåHQH YLGOMLYR MH L] þLQMHQLFH GD VX W]Y UHSXEOLFL RVLP SRGUXþMD VUSVNLK DXWRQRPQLKUHJLMDLREODVWL«SULSRMLOLLJRWRYRVYDGUXJDSRGUXþMDÄQDNRMLPDMH VUSVNLQDURGRVWDRXPDQMLQL]ERJJHQRFLGDNRMLMHQDGQMLPL]YUãHQXWRNXGUXJRJ VYMHWVNRJUDWD³ 1D RYDNYH SURWLYXVWDYQH UDGQMH UHDJRYDOR MH 3UHGVMHGQLãWYR %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHQDVMHGQLFLRGUåDQRMMDQXDUD JRGLQHNDRL9ODGD%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHNRMDMHRGOXNHSRVODQLND6'6DL6USVNRJSRNUHWDREQRYHUD]PDWUDOD QDVMHGQLFLRGUåDQRMMDQXDUD JRGLQH 8 RNWREUX JRGLQH ]DSRþLQMH GRGXãH X RGQRVX QD VDRL]DFLMX QHãWR XVSRUHQLMRPGLQDPLNRPLSURMHNDW³+$2L]DFLMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH´=YDQLþQD QDMDYD RYRJ SURMHNWD XSXüHQD MH RG VWUDQH 6WMHSDQD .OMXMLüD NRMRP SULOLNRP MH LVWDNDR VOLMHGHüH Ä3RVOLMH VYHJD ãWR VH GRJRGLOR SRGMHOD %RVQH MH MHGLQL L]OD] L PLVOLPGDüH6UELPRUDWLL]GYRMLWLVYRMHWHULWRULMHLVYRMHOMXGH0LüHPRSUHGORåLWL 0XVOLPDQLPDGDXRVWDWNX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRVWDQHPRNDR]DMHGQLFDWHGDVH 'UåDYHXGUåDYL2VORERÿHQMHEUþHWYUWDNQRYHPEDU 7DNR MH SUHGVMHGQLN 1DURGQH VNXSãWLQH 5HSXEOLNH 6UELMH $OHNVDQGDU %DNRþHYLü þHVWLWDR 0RPþLOX.UDMLãQLNXQDXVSMHãQRSURYHGHQRPUHIHUHQGXPX9LGL -HGQRGXãQRÄ=$³2VORERÿHQMHEU þHWYUWDNQRYHPEDU 3ULSUHPDIRUPLUDQMDVUSVNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH2VORERÿHQMHEUQHGMHOMDGHFHPEDU 3URJODãHQD³5HSXEOLNDVUSVNRJQDURGDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL´2VORERÿHQMHEUSHWDN MDQXDU Isto 7RPSULOLNRP3UHGVMHGQLãWYRMHL]PHÿXRVWDORJ]DNOMXþLORda VHUDGLRSURWLYXVWDYQRPDNWXNRML NDRWDNDYQHSURL]YRGLSUDYQHSRVOMHGLFH9ODGD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHMHSUHGORåLOD6NXSãWLQL%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHGDKLWQRUDVSUDYLRYRSLWDQMHQD]DMHGQLþNRMVMHGQLFL9LGL 3URWLYXVWDYQLDNWEH]SUDYQLK SRVOMHGLFD2VORERÿHQMHEUVXERWDMDQXDU 0UVF2PHU=8/,û NRQIHGHUDOQRSULGUXåLPR6ORYHQLMLL+UYDWVNRMLOLGDEXGHPRVDPRVWDOQLSRWSXQR 8NROLNR RQL WR QH SULKYDWH RQGD üHPR L PL WUDåLWL VYRM GLR³ 3URYRÿHQMH X GMHOR SURMHNWD KDRL]DFLMH ]DSRþHOR MH IRUPLUDQMHP ³+UYDWVNH ]DMHGQLFH %RVDQVND 3RVDYLQD´VDRVDPRSüLQDQRYHPEUD JRGLQH9HüQRYHPEUD JRGLQHXVOLMHGLORMHIRUPLUDQMHW]Y³+UYDWVNH]DMHGQLFH+HUFHJ%RVQH´VDWULGHVHW RSüLQD 6D RGUHÿHQLP ]DNDãQMHQMHP MDQXDUD JRGLQH SURJODãHQD MH L ³KUYDWVND ]DMHGQLFD VUHGQMH %RVQH´ VD þHWLUL RSüLQH ,QVWLWXFLRQDOQR ]DRNUXåLYDQMH ³KUYDWVNLK ]DMHGQLFD´ QH]DYLVQR RG SRGUãNH UHIHUHQGXPX NRMX üH LQDþH þHOQLãWYR +'=D QDVWRMDWL NDSLWDOL]LUDWL NDR JODYQL DUJXPHQW X WRERåH QMLKRYRP RþXYDQMX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SURYHGHQR MH X YLGX SURJODãDYDQMD W]Y ³+UYDWVNH]DMHGQLFHUHSXEOLNH+HUFHJ%RVQH´8SUDNVLWRMH]QDþLORVMHGQHVWUDQH ]YDQLþQRMDþDQMHRYODVWLGRWDGDãQMLK³]DMHGQLFD´LSURPRYLVDQMHQMLKRYLK³L]YRUQLK NRPSHWHQFLMD´DVGUXJHVWUDQHWLPHMHXSRWSXQRVWLLSURMHNDW³KDRL]DFLMH%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH´ SRSULPLR L IRUPDOQH L VXãWLQVNH NRPSRQHQWH ´VDRL]DFLMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH´8NRQDþQLFLWRMH]QDþLORGHIDFWRSRVWRMDQMHGYLMHSDUDGUåDYHQD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRPSURVWRUX -DVQRMHGDMHWRELRSXWLQDþLQ]DVWYDUDQMH 9HOLNH+UYDWVNH WH GD VH +'= ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX EDã NDR L .DUDGåLüHYD 6'6UXNRYRGLODVDSR]LFLMHKUYDWVNRJRGQRVQRVUSVNRJQDFLRQDOL]PD 5HDNFLMD QD VWYDUDQMH W]Y =DMHGQLFH KUYDWVNLK RSüLQD ELOR MH VD UD]QLK VWUDQD-HGLQRMHSR]GUDYOMHQDRGVWUDQH.DUDGåLüHYH6'6ãWRMHLUD]XPOMLYRMHU MHRQDXWRPHYLGMHODRODNãDQLXEU]DQSXWGH¿QLWLYQRJSDUþDQMDLXQLãWHQMD%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQHNDRGUåDYH8RYDNRWHãNLPXVORYLPDNDGDVXGHVWUXNWLYQHVQDJH GRåLYLOH VYRMX NXOPLQDFLMX D XVWDYQRSUDYQL SRUHGDN ]HPOMH ELR X ]QDþDMQRM PMHULQDUXãHQELORMHLYLãHQHJRVLJXUQRGDMHQH]DYLVQRVWLVXYHUHQRVW%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHMHGLQLLQDMEROMLSXW 6WMHSDQ.OMXLüMHQDYHGHQXL]MDYXRGQRVQRLQWHUYMXGDRULMHþNRP³1RYRPOLVWX´DREMDYOMHQMHX 2VORERÿHQMXSRGQD]LYRP3RGMHOD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH±MHGLQLL]OD]2VORERÿHQMHEUSHWDN RNWREDU 2YH]DMHGQLFHRSüLQDSRQMLKRYLPRVQLYDþNLPRGOXNDPDVXSROLWLþNHNXOWXUQHJRVSRGDUVWYHQH L SRGUXþQH FMHOLQH ,DNR MH 6WMHSDQ .OMXLü SUHGVMHGQLN +'= %L+ LVWDNDR GD üH W]Y =DMHGQLFH RSüLQD SRãWRYDWL GHPRNUDWVNL L]DEUDQX 9ODGX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH WH GD üH VH SULGUåDYDWL RGOXND 6NXSãWLQH L 3UHGVMHGQLãWYD HYLGHQWQR MH GD MH UXãHQMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ]DSRþHWR RG VWUDQH VUSVNLKQDFLRQDOLVWDVDPRGRGDWQR]DNRPSOLNRYDQRVWYDUDQMHPW]YKUYDWVNLK]DMHGQLFDRSüLQD9LGL 6DPRRUJDQL]LUDQMH3RVDYLQHL+HUFHJ%RVQH2VORERÿHQMHEU VULMHGDQRYHPEDU 7DNR]YDQD³+UYDWVND]DMHGQLFDVUHGQMD%RVQD´XWHPHOMHQDMHX=HQLFLNDRSRGUXþQDSROLWLþND JRVSRGDUVWYHQDLNXOWXUQDFMHOLQD8QMHQVDVWDYXãODVXSRGUXþMDRSüLQD=HQLFDäHSþH=DYLGRYLüL L0DJODM9LGL 8WHPHOMHQD³+UYDWVND]DMHGQLFDVUHGQMD%RVQD´2VORERÿHQMHEUMDQXDU .,%HJLü%RVQD=YDQLþQRW]Y³+UYDWVND]DMHGQLFD+HUFHJ%RVQD´MH SURJODãenaMXOD JRGLQH X *UXGDPDLDNR MH ista i SULMH WRJD]DSUDYRRGSRþHWNDGMHORYDODNDR³SDUDGUåDYDX SXQRPNDSDFLWHWX´ Disolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ 0HPRUDQGXP L 3ODWIRUPD R SRORåDMX L EXGXüHP XUHÿHQMX MXJRVORYHQVNH zajednice 1DNRQYLãHGHFHQLMVNRJELYVWYRYDQMDX]DMHGQLþNRMMXJRVORYHQVNRMGUåDYL NDNR .UDOMHYLQL WDNR L 6)5- NRMX VX %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD D QDURþLWR %RãQMDFL ]GXåQRSULKYDWDOLRWYDUDORVHMHGQRQRYRSRJODYOMHXPLOHQLMVNRMRSVWRMQRVWL%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQH3RNR]QDNRMLSXWVXVH%RVQDDQDURþLWR%RãQMDFLXQMRMSRQRYQR QDOD]LOL QD UDVNUVQLFL SXWHYD RG NRMLK MH MHGDQ ELR QH]DYLVQRVW L VXYHUHQRVW RGQRVQR HYURSVNL SXW D GUXJL QHND ]DMHGQLþND QRYD -XJRVODYLMD NRML MH YRGLR %RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXXQHL]YMHVQRVWLQMHQRGDOMQMHRVSRUDYDQMH,DNRVXXUDQLMLP -XJRVODYLMDPD %RãQMDFL QDMYLãH RVMHWLOL QD VYRMRM NRåL SUHYODVW KHJHPRQLMX L GLNWDWXUXEHRJUDGVNRJUHåLPDRQLSRQRYQR JRGLQHXSR]QDWRPSRPLUOMLYRP WRQX SRGUåDYDMX LGHMX L ]DODJDQMH ]D RSVWDQDN MXJRVORYHQVNH ]DMHGQLFH QDUDYQR SRG RGUHÿHQLP XVORYLPD 2YDNDY VWDY 6NXSãWLQD 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH MH GH¿QLVDODX0HPRUDQGXPX 3LVPRRQDPMHUDPD) i 3ODWIRUPLRSRORåDMX%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHLEXGXüHPXVWURMVWYXMXJRVORYHQVNH]DMHGQLFH5083ODWIRUPLMHL]QHVHQ MDVDQ VWDY SR NRMHP MH 5HSXEOLND %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD ÄGHPRNUDWVND VXYHUHQD GUåDYD UDYQRSUDYQLK JUDÿDQD QDURGD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ± 0XVOLPDQD 6UED L +UYDWD L SULSDGQLND GUXJLK QDURGD L QDURGQRVWL NRML X QMRM åLYH³51 8 3ODWIRUPL VH L]UDåDYD L QDPMHUD RþXYDQMD MXJRVORYHQVNH ]DMHGQLFH QDUDYQR SRG RGUHÿHQLP XVORYLPDNRMLVHRGQRVHQDPHÿXVREQRSUL]QDYDQMHVXYHUHQLWHWDWHQHSRYUHGLYRVWL LQHSURPMHQMLYRVWLJUDQLFD 'DNOH EH] RE]LUD QD GHQDFLRQDOL]DWRUVNX SROLWLNX SUHPD %RãQMDFLPD L VWDOQR QHJLUDQMH QMLKRYRJ QDFLRQDOQRJ LGHQWLWHWD L SRVHEQRVWL %RãQMDFL VX VH RSHWNDRLXUDQLMLPSHULRGLPDQDMYLãH]DODJDOL]DPLUQRUMHãHQMHWHL]QDODåHQMH PRJXüQRVWL]DRSVWDQDN]DMHGQLþNHGUåDYH ,PDMXüL X YLGX GD VX 5HSXEOLND 6UELMD GRQRãHQMHP QRYRJ XVWDYD D UHSXEOLNH 6ORYHQLMD +UYDWVND L 0DNHGRQLMD SOHELVFLWDUQLP L UHIHUHQGXPVNLP RGOXNDPD L NDVQLMLP PMHUDPD ]DVQRYDQLP QD RYLP RGOXNDPD QHSRYUDWQR SURPLMHQLOHNXQVWLWXFLMX-XJRVODYLMHLVWYRULOLQRYRSUDYQRVWDQMHWRMH6NXSãWLQD 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SR]LYDMXüL VH QD RGUHGEH YDåHüHJ$PDQGPDQD /; QD 8VWDYQDVMHGQLFLRGRNWREUD JRGLQHGRQLMHODSRPHQXWL0HPRUDQGXPR QH]DYLVQRVWLL3ODWIRUPXãWRMHGRYHORGRUHDNFLMHYHOLNRVUSVNLKNUXJRYDX%RVQL L+HUFHJRYLQLNRMDMHUH]XOWLUDODGRQRãHQMHPRGOXNHRRVQLYDQMXW]Y³6NXSãWLQH VUSVNRJQDURGDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL´ 8 0HPRUDQGXPX MH QD]QDþHQD RSUHGMHOMHQRVW %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ]D RSVWDQDN MXJRVODYHQVNH ]DMHGQLFH QD QRYLP ]D VYH SULKYDWOMLYLP RVQRYDPD 8 0HPRUDQGXPX MH WDNRÿHU LVWDNQXWR GD ÄV RE]LURP QD QDFLRQDOQL VDVWDY QMHQRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDQHüHSULKYDWLWLQLNDNYRXVWDYQRUMHãHQMHEXGXüH MXJRVORYHQVNH]DMHGQLFHXNRMRMQHELLVWRYUHPHQRELOH6UELMDL+UYDWVND8EXGXüRM LQWHJUDFLML±PDNDNYDRQDELOD%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDWUHEDGDEXGHVD6UELMRPL 50 ³6OXåEHQLOLVW65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH´JRGLQD;/9,,EURMRNWREDU 51 Isto. 0UVF2PHU=8/,û +UYDWVNRP SRYH]DQD QD LVWL QDþLQ³ 7DNRÿHU MH QDJODãHQR GD üH VH %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD]DODJDWL]DQRUPDOQRIXQNFLRQLVDQMHSRVWRMHüLK]DMHGQLþNLKLQVWLWXFLMD DOLGDQMHQLSUHGVWDYQLFLQHüHSULVXVWYRYDWLLVWLPXNROLNRVMHGQLFDPDQHSULVXVWYXMX SUHGVWDYQLFLVYLKUHSXEOLNDLSRNUDMLQD8VXSURWQRPHYHQWXDOQHRGOXNHQDYHGHQLK WLMHODXQHNRPSOHWQRPVDVWDYXQHREDYH]XMX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX=DKYDOMXMXüL RYDNYLP VWDYRYLPD 6NXSãWLQH 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH RPRJXüHQ MH GDOML QDSUHGDN ND RVWYDULYDQMX QH]DYLVQRVWL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 1DLPH X]LPDMXüL X RE]LUYLãHGHFHQLMVNXERUEXYHOLNRKUYDWVNRJLYHOLNRVUSVNRJHOHPHQWDELORMHMDVQR GD+UYDWVNDQLSRNRMXFLMHQXQHüHSRQRYQRXOD]LWLX]DMHGQLþNXGUåDYXVD6UELMRP 2GOXNDRVXYHUHQLWHWX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHGRQHVHQDMHX]RUXRNWREUD QDNRQ YLãH VNXSãWLQVNLK QHXVSMHOLK XVDJODãDYDQMD L SURSDORJ SRNXãDMD SRVODQLND 6'6DGDVHSLWDQMHVWDWXVD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRGJRGLSURVOLMHÿLYDQMHPRYRJ SLWDQMDQD6DYMHW]DPHÿXQDFLRQDOQXUDYQRSUDYQRVWNRMLQLMHELRQLNRQVWLWXLVDQ53 3UL L]MDãQMDYDQMX R 0HPRUDQGXPX RG SRVODQLND X 6NXSãWLQL SRVODQLN þODQRYL6USVNHGHPRNUDWVNHVWUDQNH QHåHOHüLJODVDWL³]D´QDSXVWLOLVX6NXSãWLQX 65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHWHRNWREUD JRGLQHSURWLYXVWDYQRNRQVWLWXLVDOL W]Y 6NXSãWLQX VUSVNRJ QDURGD 2GOXNH 6NXSãWLQH R VXYHUHQLWHWX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHQDLãOHVXQDYHOLNRQHJRGRYDQMHNRGSUHGVWDYQLNDVUSVNRJQDURGDWH QMLKRYRQHSULKYDWDQMHQDYHGHQHRGOXNH ,DNRMH%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDVRE]LURPQDVWUXNWXUXVWDQRYQLãWYDVWRMDODQD SR]LFLMLQH]DRãWUDYDQMDSROLWLþNLKRGQRVDGRSULQRVHüLGHPRNUDWVNLPPHKDQL]PLPD PLUQRJUD]UMHãDYDQMDNUL]HRQDMHRGOXþQR]DVWXSDODVWDYL]QHVHQX0HPRUDQGXPX XSRJOHGXEXGXüHJGH¿QLVDQMD]DMHGQLþNHGUåDYH Zahtjev Bosne i Hercegovine za priznavanje suverenosti i nezavisnosti 8]LPDMXüLXRE]LURGQRV6UELMHSUHPD%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLLHYHQWXDOQRM MXJRVORYHQVNRM IHGHUDFLML ELOR MH MDVQR GD VH 0LORãHYLüHYD -XJRVODYLMD VDPR SLãH -XJRVODYLMD D þLWD VH 6UELMD55 7DNYX ³6UELMX L QMHQX -XJRVODYLMX´ QDMEROMH RVOLNDYD L]MDYD 9DVH ýXEULORYLüD NRML VH Ä]JUDQMDYDMXüL JOHGDR GRNOH VH X WRP YHOLNRVUERYDQMXLGHSULþDRNDNRþLWDYDJUXSDWDNR]YDQLKEHVPUWQLNDJRGLQDPD RNDSDYDQDGPDSDPD%RVQHSRNXãDYDMXüLGDRWNULMHPDNDULNR]LMXVWD]XNRMRP EL VH RG %HRJUDGD GR .DUORYFD PRJOR SUHSHãDþLWL D GD VH SUROD]L LVNOMXþLYR Isto 53 *ODVDQMHPGRVXYHUHQLWHWD2VORERÿHQMHJRGLQD;/9,,,EURNWREDU 'åýDXãHYLü3UDYQRSROLWLþNLUD]YLWDN%L+=QDþDMQRMHQDSRPHQXWLGDVXYHOLNRVUSVNHDOL LYHOLNRKUYDWVNHWHULWRULMDOQHDVSLUDFLMHSUHPD%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLL]YUãLOHÀDJUDQWQRNUãHQMHXVWDYQLK NDWHJRULMDSURJODãHQMHPW]Y³6$2.UDMLQD´L³6$2+HUFHJRYLQD´GDELXEU]RXVOLMHGLORLSURJODãHQMH ³6$2 5RPDQLMH´ RNWREUD ]DWLP ³6$2 6MHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH´ RNWREUD ³6$2 6MHYHUQH %RVQH´QRYHPEUDSDVYHGRSURJODãHQMD³6$2%LUDþ´ MDQXDUD WH³VUSVNHRSãWLQH%LKDü´ MDQXDUD JRGLQH9LGL .,%HJLü%RVQD 55 3LãH-XJRVODYLMDDþLWDVH6UELMD2VORERÿHQMHEURNWREDU Disolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ NUR] VUSVND VHOD L JUDGRYH³ 1HJDWLYQL VWDY 6ORYHQLMH L +UYDWVNH SUHPD SLWDQMX ]DMHGQLþNH GUåDYH MDVQR MH GDYDR GR ]QDQMD GD LVWH LGX SXWHP VDPRVWDOQRVWL %XGXüLGDMH%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDX0HPRUDQGXPXRQH]DYLVQRVWL]DX]HODMDVDQ VWDY SUHPD ]DMHGQLþNRM GUåDYL D YH]DQR ]D +UYDWVNX WR MH X EXGXüQRVWL ]QDþLOR VDPRMHGQRDWRMHVWYDUDQMHSUHWSRVWDYNL]DSUL]QDQMHQH]DYLVQRVWLLVDPRVWDOQRVWL %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 6RE]LURPQDSRVWRMHüHVWDQMHVWYDULXWDGDãQMRM-XJRVODYLMLDRGJRYDUDMXüL QDSRPHQXWH6PMHUQLFH9ODGD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHGRQLMHODMHGHFHPEUD JRGLQH2GOXNXRSUL]QDYDQMXGUåDYQRVWL65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH82GOXFLVH L]UDåDYD åHOMD GD VH %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD SUL]QD ³NDR QH]DYLVQD GUåDYD´ WH GD %RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDSULKYDWDVYHREDYH]HVDGUåDQHX6PMHUQLFDPD]DSUL]QDYDQMH QRYLKGUåDYDX,VWRþQRM(YURSLL6RYMHWVNRPVDYH]X1DGDOMHVHLVWLþHGD%RVQDL +HUFHJRYLQD ³SULKYDWD 1DFUW +DãNH NRQYHQFLMH´ XNOMXþXMXüL L SRJODYOMH NRMH VH RGQRVL QD ]DãWLWX OMXGVNLK SUDYD QDFLRQDOQLK L HWQLþNLK JUXSD 9ODGD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH VH REDYH]XMH ÄGD %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD QHPD QLWL üHNDR QH]DYLVQD GUåDYDLPDWLLNDNYLKWHULWRULMDOQLKSUHWHQ]LMDSUHPDELORNRMRMVXVMHGQRMGUåDYLLGD QHüHYRGLWLQLNDNYHQHSULMDWHOMVNHSURSDJDQGQHDNWLYQRVWLSURWLYELORNRMHVXVMHGQH GUåDYH³ 6WRJD VH REUDüD (YURSVNRM ]DMHGQLFL L QMHQLP þODQLFDPD GD ³SUL]QDMX VXYHUHQLWHWLQH]DYLVQRVW%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH´ %UDQHüLOHJLWLPLWHWRGOXNHL]DKWMHYD]DSUL]QDQMHQH]DYLVQRVWLSUHGVMHGQLN $OLMD,]HWEHJRYLüXSXWLRMHSLVPRORUGX.DULQJWRQXGHFHPEUD JRGLQHD SRYRGRPUHDNFLMHW]Y6NXSãWLQHVUSVNRJQDURGDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLNRMLVXX VYRPSLVPXQDVWRMDOLRVSRULWLOHJLWLPLWHW]DKWMHYD]DSUL]QDQMHQH]DYLVQRVWL%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQH 2GOXNRP R SULKYDWDQMX PHÿXQDURGQLK DNDWD RG MDQXDUD JRGLQH 9ODGD 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SULKYDWLOD MH L REDYH]DOD VH GD üH GRVOMHGQR VSURYRGLWL 3RYHOMX 81D )LQDOQL DNW L] +HOVLQNLMD 3DULãNX SRYHOMX WH 2SãWX GHNODUDFLMX R SUDYLPD þRYMHND 0HÿXQDURGQL SDNW R JUDÿDQVNLP L SROLWLþNLP SUDYLPD L VYH GUXJH PHÿXQDURGQH DNWH NRML JDUDQWLUDMX SUDYD þRYMHND L VORERGH L GD SRãWXMH UDQLMH SUHX]HWH REDYH]H 6)5- QD SODQX UD]RUXåDYDQMD L NRQWUROH QDRUXåDQMD 'DNOHOHJLWLPQD9ODGD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHMH]GXãQRSULKYDWLODVYH XVORYHVDGUåDQHX6PMHUQLFDPDDVYHVDFLOMHPPLUQRJUD]UMHãHQMDMXJRVORYHQVNH NUL]H 8]LPDMXüL X RE]LU VYH SULVWLJOH GRNXPHQWH NRMH MH XSXWLOD 65 %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQDDOLLSLVPDNRMDMHXSXWLRSUHGVMHGQLNQHXVWDYQH6NXSãWLQHVUSVNRJ QDURGD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL $UELWUDåQD NRPLVLMD MH SR QDYHGHQRP ]DKWMHYX IRUPXOLVDOD VYRM VWDY X 0LãOMHQMX 1R RG MDQXDUD JRGLQH 8 WDNYLP 0LUVDG '$ED]RYLü .DGURYVNL UDW ]D %L+ 6DUDMHYR FLWDW SUHX]HW L] SRPHQXWHNQMLJHNRMLMHQDYHGHQXIXVQRWLEURM ³6OXåEHQLOLVW65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH´JRGLQD;/9,,EURMRGGHFHPEUD 3ULMDYD±XVWDYQD2VORERÿHQMHEUGHFHPEDU ³6OXåEHQLOLVW%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH´JRGLQD;/9,,,EUMDQXDUD XSRWSLVX3UHGVMHGQLN 9ODGH65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH-XUH3HOLYDQ 0UVF2PHU=8/,û RNROQRVWLPD $UELWUDåQD NRPLVLMD VPDWUD GD VH ÄL]UDåDYDQMH YROMH VWDQRYQLãWYD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH GD VH 65 %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD NRQVWLWXLãH NDR VXYHUHQD L QH]DYLVQD GUåDYD QH PRåH VPDWUDWL SRWSXQR RVQRYDQLP 7D EL RFMHQD PRJOD GD EXGH SURPLMHQMHQD XNROLNR EL X WRP SRJOHGX 5HSXEOLND NRMD MH IRUPXOLVDOD ]DKWMHY]DSUL]QDQMHSUXåLODJDUDQFLMHHYHQWXDOQRSXWHPUHIHUHQGXPDQDNRMLEL ELOLSR]YDQLGDXþHVWYXMXVYLJUDÿDQL65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHEH]UD]OLNHLSRG PHÿXQDURGQRPNRQWURORP³ 'DNOHGDELREMHNWLYQRLEH]SULVWUDVQRVWLRGJRYRULOD QD]DKWMHY%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH]DSUL]QDQMHPQH]DYLVQRVWL%DGHQWHURYDNRPLVLMD MHXVNODGXVD8VWDYRP65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH]DWUDåLODGRGDWQHJDUDQFLMHXYLGX UHIHUHQGXPDQDNRMRMELVHJUDÿDQL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHL]MDVQLOLRQH]DYLVQRVWL LVXYHUHQRVWL´3UDNWLþQRWRMH]QDþLORGDQD³LVSLW´LGXLVYLGRNXPHQWLLRGOXNH OHJDOQLKLOHJLWLPQLKSUHGVWDYQLNDYODVWLX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL Obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine ,ãþHNXMXüL UH]XOWDWH %DGLQWHURYH NRPLVLMH SR ]DKWMHYX ]D SUL]QDQMH QH]DYLVQRVWL %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD VH VXRþLOD VD JRUXüLP SUREOHPRP QMHQRJ WHULWRULMDOQRJ LQWHJULWHWD 1DLPH MDQXDUD JRGLQH SURJODãHQD MH W]Y ³5HSXEOLND VUSVNRJ QDURGD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL´ 6DPRSURJODãHQD L QHXVWDYQD WYRUHYLQD ELOD MH NUDMQMD SRWYUGD FLOMHYD YHOLNRVUSVNLK WHULWRULMDOQLK DVSLUDFLMD X %RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL7RVHYLGLXVDPRM'HNODUDFLMLNRMDMHWRPSULOLNRPXVYRMHQDD SRNRMRMMHQDYHGHQD5HSXEOLNDVDVWDYQLGLR6DYH]QH-XJRVODYLMH6DPRSURJODãHQD UHSXEOLNDSRWRPNRQFHSWXREXKYDWDSRGUXþMDVUSVNLKDXWRQRPQLKUHJLMDLREODVWLL GUXJLKHWQLþNLKFMHOLQDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL'DDSVXUGEXGHMRãYHüLXSRPHQXWH RNYLUHW]YUHSXEOLNHXNOMXþHQLVXLRQLSURVWRULXNRMLPDMHVUSVNLQDURGXPDQMLQLD ]ERJ³JHQRFLGDNRMLMHQDGQMLPL]YUãHQXWRNX'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWD´2YRMHELOD VDPRNRQDþQDSRWYUGDULMHãHQRVWLYHOLNRVUSVNLKVQDJDGDSRVYDNXFLMHQXRNXSH VUSVNLQDURGXMHGQXGUåDYXWRMHVW9HOLNX6UELMX 8 WDNYLP RNROQRVWLPD %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD MH GRþHNDOD MDQXDU D VD QMLPLX]GUåDQRPLãOMHQMH$UELWUDåQHNRPLVLMH]DSUL]QDQMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHGR GDOMQMHJRGQRVQRSURORQJLUDQMHLVWRJ8L]YMHãWDMX$UELWUDåQHNRPLVLMHXSXüHQRJ ORUGX.DULQJWRQXWUDåHVHGRGDWQHJDUDQFLMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNDNRELLVWDELOD SUL]QDWDRGVWUDQH(YURSVNH]DMHGQLFH1HPRåHVHVPDWUDWLGDMHYROMDVWDQRYQLãWYD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH GD RYD UHSXEOLND SRVWDQH QH]DYLVQD L VXYHUHQD GUåDYD X SRWSXQRVWL HWDEOLUDQD RFLMHQLOD MH$UELWUDåQD NRPLVLMD %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD MH SUHPDPLãOMHQMX.RPLVLMHPRUDODSUXåLWLGRGDWQHJDUDQFLMHWDNRãWRELVH]DKWMHY ]D QH]DYLVQRãüX HYHQWXDOQR IRUPXOLVDR SXWHP UHIHUHQGXPD QD NRML EL L]DãOL VYL JUDÿDQL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHEH]LNDNYHUD]OLNHPHÿXQMLPDLSRGPHÿXQDURGQRP 'åýDXãHYLü3UDYQRSROLWLþNLUD]YLWDN%L+ 3URJODãHQD ³5HSXEOLND VUSVNRJ QDURGD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL´ 2VORERÿHQMH EU MDQXDU 3RJRGEDRUDVSDGX-XJRVODYLMH2VORERÿHQMHEUMDQXDU Disolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ NRQWURORP3R]QDYDMXüLQDFLRQDOQXVWUXNWXUXVWDQRYQLãWYDWHUXNRYRGHüLVHWLPH .RPLVLMD MH QD SULKYDWOMLY QDþLQ GH¿QLVDOD RGUHGQLFX ³EH] LNDNYH UD]OLNH PHÿX QMLPD´ PLVOLVHQDVWDQRYQLãWYRRSDXWRUD ãWR]QDþLGDVHQDUHIHUHQGXPXQHüH YRGLWL UDþXQD R QDFLRQDOQRM SULSDGQRVWL YHü üH VH X]HWL X RE]LU UH]XOWDWL YHüLQH JODVRYDJUDÿDQD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH1DRYDNDYVWDY$UELWUDåQHNRPLVLMHVYDNDNR MH XWLFDOR NRQWLQXLUDQR SURWLYOMHQMH SUHGVWDYQLND VUSVNRJ QDURGD 3OHELVFLW WH SURJODãHQMHW]Y5HSXEOLNHVUSVNRJQDURGDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 1HX]LPDMXüLXRE]LU]YDQLþDQVWDY(YURSVNH]DMHGQLFHEXJDUVNDYODGDMH MDQXDUD JRGLQHSUL]QDOD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXNDRQH]DYLVQXLVXYHUHQX GUåDYX 2VLP %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH %XJDUVND MH SUL]QDOD 6ORYHQLMX +UYDWVNX L 0DNHGRQLMX =YDQLþQR SUL]QDQMH XVOLMHGLOR MH SRWRP L RG 7XUVNH IHEUXDUD NRMD MH WDNRÿHU SUL]QDOD QH]DYLVQRVW NDNR 6ORYHQLMH L +UYDWVNH WDNR L %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHL0DNHGRQLMH3UL]QDYDQMHPþHWLULMXJRVORYHQVNHUHSXEOLNHÄ7XUVND MHSUDNWLþQRQH]YDQLþQRSUL]QDODRQRãWRVXQMHQLNRPHQWDWRULLSROLWLþDULSRRGDYQR WYUGLOLGD-XJRVODYLMDRGOD]LXKLVWRULMX³ 1D WUDJX ]DKWMHYD %DGLQWHURYH NRPLVLMH 6NXSãWLQD 65 %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHQDNRQGYRGQHYQRJ]DVMHGDQMDGRQLMHODMHMDQXDUD JRGLQH 2GOXNX R UDVSLVLYDQMX UHIHUHQGXPD 1D RYRP ]DVMHGDQMX 6NXSãWLQD MH GRQLMHOD L 2GOXNXRSRYODþHQMXSUHGVWDYQLND%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHL]VYLKVDYH]QLKGUåDYQLK RUJDQDLLQVWLWXFLMDNDRãWRVX6NXSãWLQD6)5-6DYH]QRL]YUãQRYLMHüHLWG7RMH SUDNWLþQR]QDþLORLGH¿QLWLYQLNRUDNXUDVNLGXXVWDYQRSUDYQLKYH]DL]PHÿX%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQHLRVWDWNDWDGDãQMH-XJRVODYLMH5HIHUHQGXPMH]DND]DQ]D IHEUXDU LPDUW JRGLQHDUHIHUHQGXPVNRSLWDQMHMHJODVLOR ÄMHVWHOL]DVXYHUHQXL QH]DYLVQX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXGUåDYXUDYQRSUDYQLKQDURGD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH ±0XVOLPDQD6UEDL+UYDWDLSULSDGQLNDGUXJLKQDURGDNRMLXQMRMåLYH³ 3URWLY QDYHGHQLK RGOXND L UHIHUHQGXPD ELOL VX SRVODQLFL 6'6D NRML VX GYDGDQDSRVOLMHVNXSãWLQVNRJ]DVMHGDQMDMDQXDUDL]QLMHOLVWDYRQHSULKYDWDQMX QDYHGHQLK RGOXND L UHIHUHQGXPD ,DNR VX QD WHUHQX ELOH SULVXWQH VYRMHYUVQH RSVWUXNFLMH QDURþLWR QD SURVWRUX RSüLQD JGMH MH ELOD SURYHGHQD ³VDRL]DFLMD´ UHIHUHQGXPMHLSDNRGUåDQ 3UHPD ]YDQLþQLP UH]XOWDWLPD 5HSXEOLþNH L]ERUQH NRPLVLMH RG XNXSQRJ EURMD JODVDþD QD UHIHUHQGXP MH L]DãOR L JODVDOR JUDÿDQD VD SUDYRP JODVD RGQRVQR 2G XNXSQRJ EURMD YDåHüLK JODVDþNLK OLVWLüD ³=$´MHELOR JODVDþDLOL 3URWLYVDPRVWDOQHLQH]DYLVQH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHJODVDORMHJODVDþDLOL 1HYDåHüLKJODVDþNLKOLVWLüDELORMH RGQRVQR 0HÿXQDURGQR SUL]QDQMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH XVOLMHGLOR MH QD VMHGQLFL 6DYMHWDPLQLVWDUD(YURSVNH]DMHGQLFHDSULOD JRGLQHVWLPGDVHSUL]QDQMH 2GOXNDEXJDUVNHYODGHX6DUDMHYX2VORERÿHQMHEUMDQXDU 7XUVNDSUL]QDODL%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX2VORERÿHQMHEUIHEUXDUD “6OXåEHQLOLVW65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH´EURGMDQXDUD 5HIHUHQGXP IHEUXDUD iPDUWD2VORERÿHQMHEUMDQXDU ,]DãORSRVWRELUDþD2VORERÿHQMHPDUW 0UVF2PHU=8/,û SRþHORUDþXQDWLRGDSULODãWRMHSRVOMHGLFDGLSORPDWVNRJSULJRYRUDL]%HRJUDGD ]ERJ NRLQFLGHQFLMH VD DSULORP JRGLQH NDGD MH GRãOR GR UD]ELMDQMD .UDOMHYLQH -XJRVODYLMH 0HÿXQDURGQRSUDYQLP SUL]QDQMHP %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD MHLIRUPDOQRSUHVWDODELWLXVDVWDYX6)5-SRWYUÿHQDMHQMHQDVXYHUHQRVWWHQMHQ WHULWRULMDOQL LQWHJULWHW L SROLWLþND QH]DYLVQRVW %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD MH SUL]QDWD NDR VXYHUHQD GUåDYD VD VYLP HOHPHQWLPD PHÿXQDURGQRJ L GUåDYQRSUDYQRJ VXEMHNWLYLWHWD 7LPH MH RQD SRVWDOD VDPRVWDOQL L QH]DYLVQL PHÿXQDURGQL VXEMHNW 2GPDK SRWRP XVOLMHGLOR MH SUL]QDQMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH RG VWUDQH 6MHGLQMHQLK $PHULþNLK'UåDYD1RUYHãNH5HSXEOLNH+UYDWVNHWHGUXJLK]HPDOMD 8 VNODGX VD RGOXNRP R SUL]QDQMX VXYHUHQLWHWD L QH]DYLVQRVWL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 3UHGVMHGQLãWYR %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH MH QD VMHGQLFL RG DSULOD JRGLQH GRQLMHOR 2GOXNX R SURPMHQL QD]LYD GUåDYH X ³5HSXEOLND %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD´ 1DWLPRVQRYDPD5HSXEOLND%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDMHQDVWDYLODVYRM NRQWLQXLWHW NDR FMHORYLWD VXYHUHQD L QH]DYLVQD GUåDYD NRMD MH VYRMX QH]DYLVQRVW REQRYLODQDNRQ JRGLQD1DRVQRYDPDPHÿXQDURGQRJSUL]QDQMDQH]DYLVQRVWL %RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDMHSULPOMHQDXþODQVWYR2UJDQL]DFLMH8MHGLQMHQLKQDFLMD PDMD JRGLQH 1DNRQ PHÿXQDURGQRJ SUL]QDQMD QRYLK QH]DYLVQLK HYURSVNLK GUåDYD ]DYUãHQMHSURFHVGLVROXFLMH6)5-6UELMDL&UQD*RUDVXWDGDIRUPLUDOHQRYXGUåDYX ³6DYH]QX5HSXEOLNX-XJRVODYLMX´LDSULODXVYRMLOHQRYL8VWDY6WRJD$UELWUDåQD NRPLVLMDX0LãOMHQMX1RRGMXOD JRGLQHNRQVWDWXMHGDMHSURFHVGLVROXFLMH 6)5- QD NRML VH SR]LYD X 0LãOMHQMX 1o RG QRYHPEUD JRGLQH VDGD ]DYUãHQLGD6)5-YLãHQHSRVWRML80LãOMHQMX1RRGMXOD JRGLQH $UELWUDåQDNRPLVLMDMHXWYUGLODGDWXPHVXNFHVLMH]DQRYHQH]DYLVQHGUåDYHNDGD GUåDYQDLPRYLQDDNWLYDLUD]OLþLWDSUDYDDUKLYDGXJRYLLUD]OLþLWHREDYH]HELYãH 6)5-SUHOD]HQDGUåDYHQDVOMHGQLFH =DNOMXþDN 'LVROXFLMD6)5-UH]XOWDWMHYHOLNRVUSVNLK DOLLYHOLNRKUYDWVNLK SURMHNDWD NRMHVX]DNUDMQMLUH]XOWDWLPDOHSUHNUDMDQMHUHSXEOLþNLKJUDQLFDWHVWYDUDQMHQRYH GUåDYHXNRMRMELSUHYODVWLPDOL6UELQDãWHWXGUXJLKQDURGD3URMHNDW9HOLNH6UELMH X LGHML YHOLNRVUSVNLK SROLWLþNLK DOL L LQWHOHNWXDOQLK NUXJRYD GRåLYLR MH VYRMX HNVSDQ]LMX NUDMHP GHYHGHVHWLK JRGLQD GYDGHVHWRJ VWROMHüD 7DM SRNUHW MH VWDOQR (YURSVND]DMHGQLFDSUL]QDOD%RVQX)URQW6ORERGHJRGLQD;/,;EU DSULOD ³6OXåEHQLOLVW5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH³JRGLQD,EU DSULO 'åýDXãHYLü3UDYQRSROLWLþNLUD]YLWDN%L+ 2 ,EUDKLPDJLü 3ROLWLþNL VLVWHP 8 VNODGX VD L]QHVHQLP PLãOMHQMHP GDWXPL VXNFHVLMH VX VOLMHGHüL RVPL RNWREDU JRGLQH ]D 5HSXEOLNX +UYDWVNX L 5HSXEOLNX 6ORYHQLMX ]DWLP QRYHPEDU JRGLQH X VOXþDMX %LYãH -XJRVORYHQVNH 5HSXEOLNH 0DNHGRQLMH ãHVWL PDUW JRGLQH ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX L DSULO JRGLQH X VOXþDMX 6DYH]QH 5HSXEOLNH -XJRLVODYLMH 6UELMDL&UQD*RUD Disolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ SRMDþDYDRQDFLRQDOQHNRQÀLNWHLYRGLRNUL]XNDXEU]DQRPUDVSDGX-XJRVODYLMHL UDWX]DVWYDUDQMHYHOLNRVUSVNHGUåDYH 'D VX LVNRULãWHQH SUHGQRVWL GHPRNUDWL]DFLMH NRMH MH GRQLR VORP NRPXQLVWLþNRJVLVWHPDSRGXVORYRPGDVXVYLSROLWLþNLIDNWRULVOLMHGLOLXPMHUHQX QDFLRQDOQX SROLWLNX GLVROXFLMD -XJRVODYLMH EL WHNOD X VDVYLP GUXJRP VPMHUX 0HÿXWLPWDMXVORYMHQHVWDRSURPMHQRPVUELMDQVNHSROLWLNH JRGLQHSREMHGRP UDGLNDOQH IUDNFLMH X VUSVNRM SDUWLML NRMX MH SHUVRQDOL]RYDR 6ORERGDQ 0LORãHYLü 3REMHGDQDFLRQDOLVWLþNLKLKHJHPRQLVWLþNLKQDGXPMHUHQLPLUHIRUPVNLPVQDJDPDX 6UELMLSUDNWLþQRMH]QDþLODRGEDFLYDQMHGHPRNUDWVNRJGRJRYRUDREXGXüHPVWDWXVX MXJRVORYHQVNHIHGHUDFLMH 0LORãHYLüHY NRQFHSW MHGLQVWYD L ]DMHGQLþNH -XJRVODYLMH SRþLYDR MH QD VUSVNRPQDFLRQDOL]PX7DNDYNRQFHSWQLMHSRGUD]XPLMHYDRQLNDNYXWROHUDQFLMX]D GHPRNUDWLMRPQLWLELORNDNYRPDSRVHEQRUDYRSUDYQRPUDVSRGMHORPPRüL6WRJD MHELRQHSULKYDWOMLYRVWDOLPUHSXEOLNDPDLQDURGLPDNRMLVXVH]DODJDOL]DLVWLQVNR MHGLQVWYR L GHPRNUDWLMX WH MH VWRJD QHPLQRYQR PRUDR LPDWL UD]DUDMXüL HIHNDW QD -XJRVODYLMX 7DNDY RGQRV VUSVNLK SROLWLþNLK L LQWHOHNWXDOQLK HOLWD QHPLQRYQR MH YRGLR GH¿QLWLYQRP UDVSDGX MXJRVORYHQVNH IHGHUDFLMH 3URMHNDW 9HOLNH 6UELMH MH SURãDR NUR] QHNROLNR ID]D RG SODQLUDQMD SURYRÿHQMD L QHJLUDQMD 3ODQLUDQMH UHDOL]DFLMH YHOLNRVUSVNLK LGHMD SRGUD]XPLMHYDOR MH QHRSKRGQX ED]X NRMD VH VYRGLOD QD VUEL]LUDQMH VYLK NOMXþQLK RUJDQD L LQVWLWXFLMD WDGDãQMH -XJRVODYLMH NRML MH QDURþLWR ELR L]UDåHQ X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 3RþHYãL RG XSUDYQLK L SUDYRVXGQLK VWUXNWXUD WDGDãQMH -1$ SUHNR VUHGVWDYD MDYQRJ LQIRUPLVDQMD 083D 6OXåEH GUåDYQH EH]EMHGQRVWLLWG1DWDMQDþLQMHVWYDUDQDED]D]DUHDOL]DFLMX]DPLãOMHQLKFLOMHYD 1DURþLWR ]QDþDMQR PMHVWR ]DX]LPDOD MH -1$ EH] NRMH 0LORãHYLü QH EL VPLR QL SRNXãDWLQLWLELXVSLRQDMHGDQWDNDYEUXWDODQQDþLQUD]ELWLMHGLQVWYR-XJRVODYLMH 3ULSUHPD MH XNOMXþLYDOD L LQGRNWULQDFLMX VUSVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD X +UYDWVNRML%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL QDFLRQDOLVWLþNRPLGHMRPR9HOLNRM6UELML]DWLP GXJXJRGLãQMRP REDYMHãWDMQRP L YRMQRP RSVHUYDFLMRP 3ULSUHPD MH XNOMXþLYDOD L SDUDOL]XUDGDLRGOXþLYDQMDVYLKOHJDOQLKLOHJLWLPQLKGUåDYQLKRUJDQDLLQVWLWXFLMD LSULYUHGH]DWLPSULPMHQXPHWRGD]DVWUDãLYDQMDQDURGDýDNLX6ORYHQLMLXNRMRM VUSVNL QDURG QLMH LPDR ]QDþDMQLMH EURMþDQR XþHãüH QDVWRMDOR VH RUJDQL]RYDQMHP GHPRQVWUDFLMD L SRSXODUQLP ³GHãDYDQMLPD QDURGD´ L]YUãLWL SULWLVDN QD OHJLWLPQH SUHGVWDYQLNHYODVWLSDþDNLSRNXãDMQMLKRYRJUXãHQMDVDYODVWL 0HÿXWLP VYH QDYHGHQH PMHUH QLVX XURGLOH SORGRP MHU MH LSDN GRãOR GR RWSRUDXVPLVOXMDþDQMDLGHMDRVDPRVWDOQRVWLLQH]DYLVQRVWLUHSXEOLND1DWDMQDþLQ MHYHOLNRVUSVNLKHJHPRQL]DPSULVWXSLRUDGLNDOQLMLPPMHUDPDNRMHVXVHVYRGLOHQD RWYRUHQXDJUHVLMXSULMHVYHJDQD6ORYHQLMX+UYDWVNXGDELX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL RQDSRSULPLODQDMVXURYLMHREOLNH =QDþDMQLMLP XNOMXþLYDQMHP PHÿXQDURGQH ]DMHGQLFH X UMHãDYDQMH NUL]H SRYHüXWYUÿHQRPSODQXYHOLNRVUSVNLSROLWLþNLHVWDEOLãPHQWQHJLUDVYRMXNULYLFX WH NULYLFX VYDOMXMH QD ³GLVLGHQWQH´ UHSXEOLNH NRMH ³VHFHVLRQLVWLþNLP´ PHWRGDPD 0UVF2PHU=8/,û QDVWRMH UD]RULWL -XJRVODYLMX 'DNOH X VYRMRM ]DGQMRM ID]L QHJLUDQMH NULYLFH MH VYHSULVXWQR D QHJLUDQMHMH L GDQDV ]DVWXSOMHQRNRG QDFLRQDOLVWLþNLKYHOLNRVUSVNLK SROLWLþNLKDOLLLQWHOHNWXDOQLKNUXJRYD 9HOLNRVUSVNL KHJHPRQL]DP QDURþLWR MH GRãDR GR L]UDåDMD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 7DM NRQFHSW MH XVPMHUHQ GLUHNWQR QD XJURåDYDQMH VXYHUHQLWHWD L WHULWRULMDOQRJ LQWHJULWHWD WH GLVNULPLQLUDQMH QHVUSVNLK QDURGD L SRWSXQL NRODSV ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRJ GUXãWYD SULYUHGH L OHJLWLPQLK RUJDQD YODVWL 'D MH UHDOL]DFLMDVYHVUSVNLKSODQRYDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLLPDODQDMVXURYLMLPHWRGDOL LHSLORJGRYROMQRJRYRULXSULORJþLQMHQLFLXNROLNRMPMHULMHXQXWUDãQMLHOHPHQW ROLþHQXVUSVNLPQDFLRQDOLVWLPDGRSULQLRSRNXãDMXUD]JUDGQMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 1DLPH WDM HOHPHQW PRJDR MH GD SURYHGH VYH QHRSKRGQH ID]H UHDOL]DFLMH SODQD RG ]DVWUDåLYDQMD QDURGD SDUDOL]H GUåDYQLK RUJDQD RSVWUXLUDQMD ]QDþDMQLK RGOXND OHJDOQLKLOHJLWLPQLKRUJDQDYODVWL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH6WRJDMH6ORYHQLMDGDOHNR ODNãH L MHGQRVWDYQLMH ULMHãLOD SLWDQMH VYRMH VDPRVWDOQRVWL MHU MH RQD ELOD MHGLQD MXJRVORYHQVNDUHSXEOLNDXNRMRMVUSVNLQDURGEURMQRQLMHþLQLR]QDþDMDQHOHPHQW =DWRMH6ORYHQLMDLPRJODSUYDGD³L]D]RYH´0LORãHYLüDLMHGLQVWYR-XJRVODYLMH 8QDWRþVYLPSUREOHPLPDLRSVWUXNFLMDPDSLWDQMHGLVROXFLMHMHGQRPNDGD MH SRNUHQXWR YLãH QLMH PRJOR ELWL ]DXVWDYOMHQR 8 WLP GUDPDWLþQLP YUHPHQLPD SLWDQMH NRQDþQRJ UDVSDGD -XJRVODYLMH L QMHQRJ QHVWDQND ELOR MH VDPR SLWDQMH YUHPHQD NRMH MH X 6ORYHQLML L +UYDWVNRM XJODYQRP ]DYLVLOR RG VWDYD (YURSVNH ]DMHGQLFHGRNMHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLWDMSURFHVELRQHãWRWHåLX]LPDMXüLXRE]LU QDFLRQDOQXVWUXNWXUXVWDQRYQLãWYD1DLPH%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDMHSRWRPRVQRYX ELODXVWYDUL³-XJRVODYLMDXPDORP´ãWRMHXVSRUDYDORLRWHåDYDORSXWSUL]QDQMDQMHQH QH]DYLVQRVWLLVDPRVWDOQRVWL .DGDVHVYMHWVNDLHYURSVNDMDYQRVWXYMHULODGDMHGLVROXFLMDQHPLQRYQRVW SUHRVWDOR MH VDPR QMHQR YHUL¿FLUDQMH þLPH MH -XJRVODYLMD QHVWDOD VD SROLWLþNH NDUWH (YURSH 6WDY PHÿXQDURGQH ]DMHGQLFH GD VH UHSXEOLNH ELYãH 6)5- SUL]QDMX X QMLKRYLP KLVWRULMVNLP JUDQLFDPD MH ELR VDVYLP RSUDYGDQ 'D PHÿXQDURGQD ]DMHGQLFDQLMHSUL]QDODQH]DYLVQRVWUHSXEOLNDDSRVHEQR%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRQH EL SRVWDOH XQXWUDãQMH SLWDQMH -XJRVODYLMH NDR ãWR MH WR ELOR QSU .RVRYR X 6UELML 0HÿXQDURGQLPSUL]QDQMHPRPRJXüHQRMHSUDYRQDRGEUDQX 1DWHPHOMLPDUD]GUXåHQH-XJRVODYLMHQMHQHUDQLMHUHSXEOLNHPHÿXNRMLPD L%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDVXQDNRQYLãHRGVHGDPGHFHQLMD]DMHGQLþNRJELYVWYRYDQMD X UDQLMLP ³-XJRVODYLMDPD´ NUHQXOH VYRMLP VRSVWYHQLP SRVHEQLP HYURSVNLP SXWHYLPD Summary 7KH GLVVROXWLRQ RI WKH 6)5< LV WKH UHVXOW RI *UHDWHU 6HUELDQ EXW DOVR &URDWLDQ SURMHFWVZKLFKXOWLPDWHO\KDGWKHJRDORIUHPRYLQJWKHUHSXEOLFVDQG WKHFUHDWLRQRIDQHZVWDWHLQZKLFK6HUEVZRXOGGRPLQDWHDWWKHH[SHQVHRIRWKHU Disolucija SFRJ i obnova nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine na stranicama lista „OVORERÿHQMH³ QDWLRQV7KHSURMHFWRI*UHDWHU6HUELDLQWKHLGHDRI*UHDWHU6HUELD¶VSROLWLFDOEXW DOVRLQWHOOHFWXDOFLUFOHVH[SHULHQFHGLWVH[SDQVLRQLQWKHODWH ¶VRIWKHWZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\7KLVPRYHPHQWKDVFRQVLVWHQWO\LQWHQVL¿HGQDWLRQDOFRQÀLFWVDQGOHGWRWKH FULVLVWKHUDSLGGLVLQWHJUDWLRQRI 0UVF2PHU=8/,û WKDWLQ%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDLWZRXOGWDNHRQWKHPRVWFUXHOIRUPV %\ PRUH VLJQL¿FDQW LQYROYHPHQW RI WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRPPXQLW\ LQ UHVROYLQJ WKHFULVLVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHDOUHDG\HVWDEOLVKHGSODQWKH*UHDWHU6HUELDQSROLWLFDO HVWDEOLVKPHQWGHQLHVLWVJXLOWDQGOHDGVWKHEODPHWR³GLVVLGHQW´UHSXEOLFVZKLFK E\ VHFHVVLRQLVW PHWKRGV DUH WU\LQJ WR GHVWUR\ 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,û 3UHJOHGQLUDG 'UVF,]HW+$'ä,û 8QLYHU]LWHWX7X]OL 32/,7,ý.(35,/,.(1$32'58ý-878=/$16.(5(*,-( PRED AGRESIJU NA REPUBLIKU BOSNU I HERCEGOVINU $SVWUDNW 3ROLWLþNH SULOLNH VX UH]XOWDW GMHORYDQMD SROLWLþNLK IDNWRUD VWUXNWXUD PRüL QD MHGQRP SURVWRUX 8 RYRP UDGX SRVPDWUDPR SROLWLþNH SULOLNH QD MHGQRM UHJLML ± PDQMHP SURVWRUX NRML MH ]DKYDüHQ SROLWLþNLP VXNREOMDYDQMLPD SROLWLNDPD ãLUHJ UHJLRQD 7DþQLMH UDG SUHGVWDYOMD SROLWLþNH RSFLMH JHQHUDWRUH SROLWLþNLKSULOLNDQDWX]ODQVNRMUHJLMLGRSRþHWNDDJUHVLMHQD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX DSULOD JRGLQH .OMXþQH ULMHþL 3ROLWLþNH SULOLNH VUSVND SROLWLND KUYDWVND SROLWLND SURERVDQVNDSROLWLNDWX]ODQVNDUHJLMD POLITICAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE TUZLA REGION BEFORE AGRESIA IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1992-1995. $EVWUDFW 3ROLWLFDOFLUFXPVWDQFHVDUHWKHUHVXOWRIWKHDFWLRQRISROLWLFDO IDFWRUVWKHSRZHUVWUXFWXUHVLQRQHVSDFH,QWKLVSDSHUZHORRNDWWKHSROLWLFDO VLWXDWLRQLQRQHUHJLRQDVPDOOHUDUHDWKDWLVDৼHFWHGE\SROLWLFDOFRQÀLFWVLQWKH ZLGHU UHJLRQ 0RUH SUHFLVHO\ WKH SDSHU SUHVHQWV SROLWLFDO RSWLRQV JHQHUDWRUV RI SROLWLFDOFLUFXPVWDQFHVLQWKH7X]ODUHJLRQXQWLOWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHDJJUHVVLRQRQ %RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDLQ$SULO .H\ ZRUGV 3ROLWLFDO VLWXDWLRQ 6HUELDQ SROLWLFV &URDWLDQ SROLWLFV SURERVDQSROLWLFV7X]ODUHJLRQ Uvod 1DNRQ XVSMHKD YHOLNRVUSVNH SROLWLNH SR SLWDQMX 6ORYHQLMH QMHQRJ LVNOMXþHQMD L] MXJRVORYHQVNH IHGHUDFLMH L RVDPRVWDOMHQMD XVWYDUL QHPMHãDQMH VORYHQDþNH HOLWH SUHPD YHOLNRVUSVNLP FLOMHYLPD QD UHG MH GRãOD +UYDWVND 5DWQL FLOMHYLX+UYDWVNRMELOLVXYLãHVWUXNLDQDM]QDþDMQLMLVXVYHVUSVNDPRELOL]DFLMDVD FLOMHPVWYDUDQMDXVSMHãQLKUDWQLKSRGYLJDL]DX]LPDQMDSURVWRUDSRGYRMQXNRQWUROX 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûGUVF,]HW+$'ä,û RG VWUDQH -1$ NRMD XVSRVWDYOMD QRYH JUDQLFH VYLK 6UED X MHGQRM GUåDYL VD YLãH VUSVNLK GUåDYD D NDVQLMHXMHGLQMHQHX MHGQX GUåDYX 6WYDUQL FLOMMH ELR VWDYOMDQMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X RNUXåHQMH 5$0 X NRMHP ERãQMDþNL QDURG QH PRåH RSVWDWL WDþQLMH SODQVNL JD XQLãWLWL L]YUãLWL JHQRFLG L SURWMHUDW GD SURVWRU %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH]DXYLMHNSRVWDQHVUSVNLåLYRWQLSURVWRU7X]ODQVNDUHJLMDVDQDMYHüRP NRQFHQWUDFLMRP ERãQMDþNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL ELOD MH YHRPD LQWHUHVDQWQDLYDåQD]DRYDNDYVUSVNLSURMHNW Srpska politika i aktivnosti prije agresije na Bosnu i Hercegovinu 6UELMDQVND SROLWLND1 NRG UDVSDGD 6)5- ELOD MH RULMHQWLVDQD QD UHDOL]DFLMX SURMHNWDÄVYL6UELXMHGQRMGUåDYL³2YDMSURMHNWVWDURNRJRGLQDMHXYLMHNLPDR VYRMHSULVWDOLFHLUHDOL]DWRUHXSRMHGLQLPLVWRULMVNLPID]DPD6USVNLNOXE SROLWLþDUL 6$18 FUNYD XPMHWQLFL LQWHOHNWXDOFL JHQHUDOL L -1$ L]ERURP 0LORãHYLüD NDR YRÿHSURMHNWDXåXUEDQRMHNUHQXRXQMHJRYXUHDOL]DFLMX 5HDOL]DFLMDSURMHNWDMHLPDODVOMHGHüXSXWDQMX 1D SLWDQMX .RVRYD RMDþDWL VUSVNL QDFLRQDOL]DP L GH¿QLVDWL SULVWDOLFH D ]DWLPXNORQLWLSURWLYQLNH .DGURYVNL SUHX]HWL PHGLMH L QD WDM QDþLQ NUHLUDWL MDYQR PLMHQMH SRGUãNX SURMHNWXLYRÿL 8 DXWRQRPQLP SRNUDMLQDPD 9RMYRGLQD.RVRYR L 5HSXEOLFL &UQRM *RUL LQVWDOLUDWLUXNRYRGVWYDNRMDSRGUåDYDMXSURMHNWLYRÿX ,]PMHQRPXVWDYD6UELMHLXVWDYDDXWRQRPQLKSRNUDMLQDRPRJXüLWLSROLWLþNR GMHORYDQMH 8NORQLWL PRJXüH SURWLYQLNH QMLKRYR GMHORYDQMH SUHNR LQVWLWXFLMD QD NRMH QLMHRVWYDUHQSRWSXQLXWLFDM6WLPFLOMHPMHL]D]YDQUDVSDG6.-EORNLUDQ UDG3UHGVMHGQLãWYD6)5-VWYDUDQLXVORYL]DGUåDYQLXGDUL]OD]DN6ORYHQLMH L] 6)5- GRJRYRURP .XþDQD L 0LORãHYLüD X] PHÿXVREQR SRGUåDYDQMH 1D RYDM QDþLQ 6UELMD MH REH]EMHGLOD PLQLPXP þHWLUL RG VHGDP JODVRYD X 3UHGVMHGQLãWYX 6)5- ãWR MH ELOR GRYROMQR GD *HQHUDOãWDE SULKYDWL WDNYH RGOXNH; =D UHDOL]DFLMX SODQD 5$0 L]YUãHQH VX SROLWLþNH HNRQRPVNH L YRMQH SULSUHPH 3ROLWLþNH SULSUHPH VX LãOH SUHNR 6'6D L 632D ]D VWYDUDQMH VUSVNLK DXWRQRPQLK REODVWL VUSVNLK UHSXEOLND SOHELVFLWD SRGUãNH UDWX X +UYDWVNRM 7UDJDQMH ]D SULVWDOLFDPD SRGUãNH 6)5- IRUPLUDQMH 6.3- SRGUãNDJUDÿDQVNLKXGUXåHQMD ORJRUVNHYDWUHSRNUHWL]DPLU 'RJRYRURP X .DUDÿRUÿHYX REH]EMHÿHQD MH SRGUãND 7XÿPDQX L +'=X QD XQLãWHQMX %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNUR]SURMHNDW+=+% 9LãHRVUELMDQVNRMSROLWLFLXUDGX 6HDG2PHUEHJRYLü,]HW+DGåLü6UELMDQVNDSROLWLND LSULSUHPH ]D DJUHVLMXQD%RVQX L+HUFHJRYLQX$UKLYVNDSUDNVDEUNQMLJD7X]OD %RULVODY-RYLü3RVOHGQMLGDQL6)5-3ROLWLND%HRJUDG GDOMH %-RYLü3RVOHGQMLGDQL 6)5- 3ROLWLþNHSULOLNHQDSRGUXþMXWX]ODQVNHUHJLMHSUHGDJUHVLMXQD5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX (NRQRPVNH SULSUHPH VX LãOH X SUDYFX REH]EMHÿLYDQMD ¿QDQVLMVNLK VUHGVWDYD UDVSLVLYDQMH ]DMPD ]D 6UELMX SUHXVPMHUDYDQMD FDULQD L GUXJLK SRUH]DVDUDþXQDIHGHUDFLMHXSDGXSODWQLVLVWHPXUXãDYDQMHLSOMDþNDQMH YHOLNLKSULYUHGQLKVLVWHPDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL]DEUDQDL]YR]DX%RVQXL +HUFHJRYLQXSUHKUDPEUHQLKUREDLSUHX]LPDQMH1DURGQHEDQNH-XJRVODYLMH 9RMQHSULSUHPH]DDJUHVLMXYRÿHQHVXSUHNR*HQHUDOãWDED266)5-6OXåEH GUåDYQHEH]EMHGQRVWL6UELMHL.26DDRGYLMDOHVXVHRGSULSUHPHREXNH QDRUXåDYDQMD L IRUPLUDQMD MHGLQLFD SUHNR 6'6D UD]PMHãWDQMD -1$ L] 6ORYHQLMHL+UYDWVNHQDSURVWRUH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLWLKDRNXSDFLMDRG VWUDQH-1$UD]RUXåDQMH72%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH]DVWUDãLYDQMHSULMHWQMH XELVWYDLGUXJHSURYRNDFLMHSUHPDRQLPDNRMLQHSRGUåDYDMXSURMHNW =DGRYROMVWYR SULSUHPDPD ]D EU]X UHDOL]DFLMX SURMHNWD QDMEROMH RVOLNDYD L]MDYD .DUDGåLüD ³=D GYDWUL GDQD 6DUDMHYR üH QHVWDWL L ELüH SHW VWRWLQD KLOMDGDPUWYLK=DPMHVHFGDQDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLüHQHVWDWL0XVOLPDQL ´8³VDPRSDUGDQD6DUDMHYRüHQHVWDWLLELüHPUWYLKXMHGQRP PMHVHFX0XVOLPDQLüHELWLXQLãWHQLX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL´ 3ULSUHPH X SROLWLþNRP YUKX 6UELMH L 6)5- ]D ³SULVDMHGLQMHQMH %RVQH 0DWLFL´ YUãH VH QHSRVUHGQR SRVOLMH 7LWRYH VPUWL 8 SULSUHPH VUSVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLVHQDMGLUHNWQLMHXNOMXþXMH*HQHUDOãWDE RUXåDQLK VQDJD 6)5- 6OXåED GUåDYQH EH]EMHGQRVWL 6UELMH GUåDYQR L SROLWLþNR UXNRYRGVWYR 6UELMH L &UQH *RUH JRWRYR VYH SROLWLþNH SDUWLMH 6USVND SUDYRVODYQD FUNYD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL ¿OR]R¿ SROLWLþDUL L NQMLåHYQLFLVUSVNHQDFLRQDOQRVWLL]6UELMH&UQH*RUHL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 3ULSUHPH ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLK 6UED ELOH VX WHPHOMLWH L VYHREXKYDWQH 9UãHQH VXQDSROLWLþNRPHNRQRPVNRPLYRMQRPSODQX3 âWRVHWLþHSROLWLþNLKSULSUHPDRQHVXSROD]LOHRGSROLWLþNRJYUKD6UELMHL SUHNR6'6D%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHûRVLüLRVWDOLDNDGHPLFL6$18HGXNRYDOLVX UXNRYRGVWYR 6'6D 2YH SULSUHPH VX YUãHQH SRG L]JRYRULPD GD 6UELPD SULMHWL RSDVQRVW RG JHQRFLGD RG +UYDWD L PXVOLPDQVNRJ IXQGDPHQWDOL]PD GD VX 6UEL L]DEUDQ ³QHEHVNL QDURG´ QHND SRJLQH GYD PLOLRQD 6UED DOL GD VH NRQDþQR ULMHãL VUSVNRSLWDQMHWHGD6UELWUHEDMXGDåLYHXMHGQRMGUåDYL 6'6L632SRþLQMXGD³UD]YDOMXMX´XVWDYQLSRUHGDN%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH IRUPLUDMXüL VUSVNH DXWRQRPQH REODVWL 6$2 ,VWRYUHPHQR VD VWYDUDQMHP 6$2 VWYDUDMXVHVUSVNLRUJDQLYODVWLLXVSRVWDYOMDQRYRGUXãWYHQRXUHÿHQMH2YLPþLQRP GLUHNWQR VH XJURåDYD WHULWRULMDOQD FMHOLQD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH D FLOM MH GD VH WL GLMHORYLSULNOMXþHYHOLNRM6UELML2UJDQL]RYDQMHPVUSVNRJSOHELVFLWDLIRUPLUDQMHP 3DUODPHQWD 6USVNH 5HSXEOLNH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL NUXQLãH VH WD SROLWLþND DNWLYQRVW .OXE SRVODQLND 6'6 L 632 RVQLYDMX W]Y 6NXSãWLQX VUSVNRJ QDURGDX %RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLRNWREUD JRGLQH2YD6NXSãWLQD³OHJDOL]XMH´SROLWLþNH RGOXNH L SURSLVH 6'6D NDR ãWR VX 2GOXND 6NXSãWLQH VUSVNRJ QDURGD RG JRGLQH YHUL¿NDFLMD SURJODãHQLK W]Y VUSVNLK DXWRQRPQLK REODVWL X %RVQL L +DVDQ (IHQGLü .RMH EUDQLR %RVQX³2NR´ 6DUDMHYR 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûGUVF,]HW+$'ä,û +HUFHJRYLQL ³DXWRQRPQDUHJLMD.UDMLQD´³6$2+HUFHJRYLQD´³6$25RPDQLMVNR ELUþDQVND´³6$26HPEHULMD´L³6$26MHYHUQD%RVQD´WH2GOXNXW]Y6NXSãWLQH VUSVNRJQDURGDRRVWDMDQMXVUSVNRJQDURGDX]DMHGQLþNRMGUåDYL-XJRVODYLML (NRQRPVNH SULSUHPH 6UELMH LãOH VX X SUDYFX REH]EMHÿLYDQMD GRYROMQLK ¿QDQVLMVNLKVUHGVWDYDNUR]DNFLMX]DMDP]D6UELMXXL]QRVXRGGLQDUDX L]QRVXGHYL]QHSURWLYYULMHGQRVWLRG86$GRODUDDRNWREUD SUDNWLþQRXYHODMHFDULQHQDUREXL]VYLKUHSXEOLNDQDNRQãWRMHYHüJRGLQXGDQD ERMNRWRYDODVORYHQDþNXUREX6NXSãWLQD6UELMHMHGRQLMHODRGOXNXNRMRP]DGUåDYD SRUH]DQDSURPHW]D¿QDQVLUDQMHYODVLWLKSRWUHEDLDNRQHVPLMH]DGUåDWLYLãH RGLXSDGXSODWQLVLVWHP)HGHUDFLMH52YDMXSDGMHL]D]YDRåHVWRNHUHDNFLMH X6)5-³2GPDKVDPWHOHIRQRPQD]YDR0LORãHYLüDLRSWXåLRJD]DSOMDþNXNRMX MH RQ QDUDYQR SRULFDR ODåXüL NDNR QHPD SRMPD R WRPH L GD üH LVSLWDWL VWYDU 2GJRYRULRVDPPXGDVHX6UELMLQLãWDPDNDNREH]QDþDMQRELORQHPRåHXUDGLWL EH]QMHJRYRJ]QDQMDDQDURþLWRQH³SOMDþND´WLKUD]PMHUD=DWUDåLRVDPGDRGPDK SRQLãWL WX RGOXNX ãWR MH L ³REHüDR´ SRG XYMHWRP GD MH LVWLQLWD ,VWRJ GDQD VDP VD]YDRVMHGQLFXYODGHLREDYH]DR1%-GDL]YUãLSRYUDWQRYFD.ROLNRVHVMHüDP XURNXRGGYDGRWULWMHGQDYUDüHQRMHPLOLMDUGLGLQDUD7R]QDþLGDMHRVWDOR PLOLMDUGLGLQDUDLOLPLOLMDUGD'(0³³,]VYHGRþHQMD5DGHWD0DUNRYLüDSUHG 7ULEXQDORPYLGLVHGDMH0LORãHYLüNRULVWLRVUHGVWYDNRMDSULSDGDMXEXGåHWX FDULQH NDRVRSVWYHQLGåHSL]NRJDMHJRWRYLQRPLVSODüLYDRNRJDMHKWHRNROLNRMHKWHR VSLVL7ULEXQDODXSUHGPHWX0LORãHYLü ³ 1DM]QDþDMQLMD SROLWLþNRHNRQRPVND DNWLYQRVW 0LORãHYLüHYH SROLWLNH ELOD MH VYDNDNR SUHX]LPDQMH 6DYMHWD JXYHUQHUD 1DURGQH %DQNH -XJRVODYLMH 6DYMHW JXYHUQHUD1%-MHGRQRVLRRGOXNXRSULPDUQLPHPLVLMDPDNDRLVOXþDMHYLPDNDGD VXVHRQHNRULVWLOH]D¿QDQFLUDQMHGH¿FLWDVDYH]QRJEXGåHWD=DGRQRãHQMHRGOXNH R SULPDUQLP HPLVLMDPD ELOD MH SRWUHEQD VDJODVQRVW 6DYMHWD JXYHUQHUD 0LORãHYLü QLMHLPDRXWMHFDMDQDRGOXNHNRMHMH6DYMHWJXYHUQHUDGRQRVLR L JRGLQH 7R VH SURPLMHQLOR X GUXJRM SRORYLQL JRGLQH 0LORãHYLü MH LPDR YODVWLWH OMXGHX6DYMHWXJXYHUQHUD6DYMHWJXYHUQHUDMHWDGDIXQNFLRQLUDRQDLVWLQDþLQNDR LNUQMH3UHGVMHGQLãWYR6)5-MHUVXJXYHUQHULQDURGQLKEDQDNDUHSXEOLNDQDSXVWLOL 6DYMHW 1%- MH WUHEDOD IXQNFLRQLUDWL NDR QH]DYLVQD XVWDQRYD DOL MH NUDMHP JRGLQH XYHOLNR ELOD SRG 0LORãHYLüHYLP QDG]RURP 1D RYDM QDþLQ SULPDUQLP =DNRQ R ]DMPX ]D SULYUHGQL UD]YRM X 6RFLMDOLVWLþNRM 5HSXEOLFL 6UELML ³6O JODVQLNX 656´ EU L 6NXSãWLQD 6UELMH MH JRGLQH L]YUãLOD XSDG X SODWQL VLVWHP 6)5- ]DGXåLOD VH NRG 1DURGQHEDQNH6UELMH]DYLãHRGPLOLMDUGLDPHULþNLKGRODUD %-RYLü3RVOMHGQLGDQL6)5- QDHQJOHVNRP 6UÿD 3RSRYLü 5DVSDG -XJRVODYLMH 2QL VH NDR RWFHSOMXMX D PL LP NDR QH GDPR GDOMH 6 3RSRYLü5DVSDG-XJRVODYLMH 6DYMHWJXYHUQHUDMHSRVWRMDRSULMHUDVSDGD6)5-6DVWRMDRVHRGJXYHUQHUDQDURGQLKEDQDNDVYLK ãHVWUHSXEOLNDLGYLMHDXWRQRPQHSRNUDMLQH6DYMHWJXYHUQHUDIXQNFLRQLUDRMHLVWRNDRL3UHGVMHGQLãWYR 6)5- ± QHNH RGOXNH VX VH GRQRVLOH QD RVQRYX YHüLQVNLK JODVRYD GRN MH ]D GUXJH ELOD SRWUHEQD VXJODVQRVWVYLKSUHGVWDYQLND 9LGLVYMHGRþHQMH$QWH0DUNRYLüDXSUHGPHWX0LORãHYLü 7XåLWHOMSURWLY6ORERGDQD0LORãHYLüD ,77 3ROLWLþNHSULOLNHQDSRGUXþMXWX]ODQVNHUHJLMHSUHGDJUHVLMXQD5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX HPLVLMDPDQRYFDL]YUãHQDMHQHYLÿHQDSOMDþNDVDYMHVQLKãWHGOMLYLKJUDÿDQD%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHLLQVWLWXFLMDNRMLVXLPDOLQDUDþXQLPDEDQDNDQRYþDQDVUHGVWYDNDRL VYLKGUXJLKJUDÿDQDX6UELML&UQRM*RULL0DNHGRQLML'UXJLPUMHþLPDVRSVWYHQLP QRYFHP¿QDQVLUDOLVX0LORãHYLüHYHNUYDYHUDWQHSRKRGH 2UH]XOWDWLPDSULPDUQLKHPLVLMDQRYFD'UDJRã,YDQRYLüLVWLþH ³1HVXPQMLYR GDMHQDM]DPDãQLMLSOMDþNDãNLSRKRGQDVRSVWYHQLQDURGYODVWL]YHOD JRGLQH SODQLUDQLPSRGVWLFDQMHPLQÀDFLMH6YHMHWRVPLãOMHQRGDELVH¿QDQVLUDRQDVWDYDN UDWD]QDþLGUåDYQLKL]GDWDNDEH]MDYQHNRQWUROH'LQDUMHREH]YUHÿLYDQL]GDQDX GDQ8GUXJRMSRORYLQLJRGLQHLQÀDFLMDMHSUHãODXJDORSLUDMXüLWHPSRL]D]LYDMXüL UD]RUQXSXVWRã.UDMHPGHFHPEUD MHGQDQHPDþNDPDUNDQDFUQRPWUåLãWX YUHGHODMHELOLRQGLQDUD8MDQXDUX JRGLQHNDGDMHWRQMRMRGJRYDUDORGUåDYD MH PRQHWDUQRP UHIRUPRP ]DXVWDYLOD RYDM LQÀDFLRQL WDMIXQ NRML MH YHü GRVWLJDR IDQWDVWLþQLKPLOLRQDSRVWR³10 (NRQRPVNHSULSUHPHLDNWLYQRVWLVHXVPMHUDYDMXQDUD]DUDQMHHNRQRPVNRJ VLVWHPD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL GHVWDELOL]DFLMRP L SOMDþNRP YHOLNLK SULYUHGQLK VLVWHPD “âLSDGD(QHUJRLQYHVWD8QLVD3UHWLVD´LGUXJLK=DEUDQDL]YR]DL]6UELMH SUHKUDPEHQLK DUWLNDOD X %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX L]X]LPDQMHP GHYL]D L] EDQDND X %RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLLQMLKRYRSUHQRãHQMHX1DURGQXEDQNX-XJRVODYLMHDVWDOQLP ãWDPSDQMHPQRYFDX%HRJUDGXYUãL VHRUJDQL]LUDQLXOLþQLRWNXSGHYL]DRGJUDÿDQD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NRMH ]DYUãDYDMX X %HRJUDGX ãWR þLQL YUKXQDF HNRQRPVNRJ RVLURPDãHQMDJUDÿDQD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHDLXVSMHãQLK¿QDQVLMVNLKSULSUHPD]D UDWX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 6DGUåDMLRELPSULSUHPD]DDJUHVLMXQD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXQDMEROMHVHYLGL NUR] YRMQR RUJDQL]LUDQMH L QDRUXåDYDQMH VUSVNRJ VWDQRYQLVWYD 1DUHGERP 6'6D %RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQH VHQDODåH IRUPLUDQMHNRPDQGQLKPMHVWD XVSRVWDYOMDQMHSXQHERUEHQHJRWRYRVWL IRUPLUDQMHMHGLQLFD]DIURQWLRGUHÿLYDQMHQMLKRYLK]DPMHQD SUHYRÿHQMHVYLKOMXGLPODÿLKRGJRGLQDL]FLYLOQH]DãWLWHXWHULWRULMDOQX RGEUDQXDSRWþLQMDYDQMHWHULWRULMDOQHRGEUDQHNRUSXVLPD-1$ UDVSXãWDQMH SDUDYRMQLK IRUPDFLMD DNR SRVWRMH L QMLKRYR SUHYRÿHQMH X WHULWRULMDOQX RGEUDQX 3RVWRMHSRGDFLRIRUPLUDQMXSDUDYRMQLKþHWQLþNLKMHGLQLFDMRã JRGLQH 7H JRGLQH IRUPLUDQL VX 2GUHG .DUDÿRUÿH X 1HYHVLQMX 2GUHG 6WRMDQ .RYDþHYLü X*DFNX ýHWQLþNLURPDQLMVNLRGUHGLYLãHVDPRVWDOQLKþHWDQD3DODPD2]UHQVNL RGUHGXRSüLQL 7X]ODGREURYROMDþNHMHGLQLFHQDSRGUXþMX%RVDQVNHNUDMLQHLWG11 *HQHUDOãWDE RUXåDQLK VQDJD 6)5- MH QDRUXåDR WHULWRULMDOQX RGEUDQX GREURYROMDþNH MHGLQLFH 0LQLVWDUVWYD XQXWUDãQMLK SRVORYD W]Y 6USVNH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ãWR XNXSQR þLQL RNR SULSDGQLND 6YDNDNR RYD 10 3UHX]HWRL] 63RSRYLü 5DVSDG-XJRVODYLMH 11 9RMQRSROLWLþNL LQIRUPDWRU ,]GDQMH YRMQRSROLWLþNL QRYLQVNL FHQWDU IHEUXDU JRGLQH 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûGUVF,]HW+$'ä,û DNWLYQRVW LãOD MH X VSUH]L VD DNWLYLVWLPD 6'6D L QD WDM QDþLQ VX MDþDOL XSRULãWH VWUDQNHXVUSVNRPQDURGX 2YD DNWLYQRVW GRELMD SRWSXQX VOLNX DNR VH XNRPSRQXMH UD]RUXåDQMH WHULWRULMDOQH RGEUDQH65%RVQHL+HUFJRYLQHLVWDYOMDQMHWRJQDRUXåDQMDXPDJDFLQH -1$QD þXYDQMHPDMD JRGLQH 2YLPþLQRPVXUD]RUXåDQLJUDÿDQLLQDURGL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH D NDVQLMLP DNWLYQRVWLPD MH QDRUXåDQ L YRMQR RUJDQL]RYDQ VDPRMHGDQQDURG 1HSRVUHGQR XRþL DJUHVLMH QD %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX QD QMHQRP WHULWRULMX ELRMHNRQFHQWULVDQRJURPDQYRMQLSRWHQFLMDORUJDQL]RYDQXVOMHGHüLPNRUSXVLPD -1$ 7X]ODQVNL6DUDMHYVNL%DQMDOXþNL%LKDüNLL0DULERUVNLWHGMHORYL.QLQVNRJ =DJUHEDþNRJ 5LMHþNRJ 3RGJRULþNRJ L 8åLþNRJ NDR L RGUHÿHQH YRMQRSRPRUVNH REODVWL 1MLKRYL HIHNWLYL ELOL VX ³3UHNR QDRUXåDQLK YRMQLND VWDUMHãLQD L SLWRPDFD WHQNRYD RNORSQLKWUDQVSRUWHUDLGUXJLKERUEHQLKYR]LOD ]DWLP QHNROLNRKLOMDGDUD]OLþLWLKDUWLOMHULMVNLKVUHGVWDYD]DSRGUãNX RGUHÿHQLEURMERUEHQLK DYLRQDLKHOLNRSWHUDWHGUXJHWHKQLNHNDRLRJURPQHNROLþLQHUDWQLKUH]HUYL7DNR MHRGXNXSQRVHGDPQDHVWNRUSXVD-1$QDWHULWRULML%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHGMHOLPLþQR LOLXFMHOLQLELORVWDFLRQLUDQRMHGDQDHVW132YLPYRMQLPSRWHQFLMDOLPDWUHEDSULGRGDWL L GUXJH UD]QH VSHFLMDOQR REXþHQH VUSVNH RUXåDQH IRUPDFLMH IRUPLUDQH SR RGOXFL YRMQRJLSROLWLþNRJYRÿVWYD6)5-RGQRVQR6UELMHL&UQH*RUH Hrvatska politika i aktivnosti pred agresiju na Bosnu i Hercegovinu +UYDWVNDSROLWLNDLLQWHUHV]DSULSDMDQMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLOLGLMHORYD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH +UYDWVNRM VWDUD MH YLãH RG JRGLQD 3RGMHORP %RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQHL]PHÿX+UYDWVNHL6UELMHSRGRJRYRUXL] JRGLQHQDRVQRYX 6SRUD]XPD &YHWNRYLü0DþHN NDR L VWYDUDQMH 1'+ DSULOD JRGLQH X þLML VDVWDYMHXãODL%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDSRVWRMDOHVXKLVWRULMVNHRVQRYH]D³UHDOQRVW´ SROLWLNHQHNLKKUYDWVNLKSROLWLþNLKNUXJRYDSUHPD%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLQDNUDMX VWROMHüD 3UYHQVWYHQL FLOM KUYDWVNH SROLWLNH ELR MH SULMH VYHJD VWYDUDQMH VORERGQH +UYDWVNHWMQMHQRL]GYDMDQMHL]-XJRVODYLMH6RE]LURPQDSUREOHPVUSVNLKLQWHUHVD X+UYDWVNRM .QLQVNHNUDMLQH6ODYRQLMHLGUXJLKWHULWRULMD QDMMHGQRVWDYQLMDIRUPXOD VDPRVWDOQH+UYDWVNHDSRPRJXüQRVWLLYHOLNH+UYDWVNHELODMHSUHODPDQMHVUSVNLK LKUYDWVNLKLQWHUHVDSUHNRWHULWRULMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH3ROLWLND+'=DX%RVQLL +HUFHJRYLQLXSHULRGXIRUPLUDQMD JRGLQHGRUHIHUHQGXPD L JRGLQHLPDODMHVOLMHGHüHNDUDNWHULVWLNH 8 SHULRGX RVQLYDQMD VWUDQNH SROLWLND +'=D ELOD MH ]D VXYHUHQX %RVQX L+HUFHJRYLQX7RMHSHULRGNDGDMHQDþHOX+'=DELR'DYRU3HULQRYLü 6PMHQD 3HULQRYLüD L GRYRÿHQMH 6WMHSDQD .OMXLüD ]D SUHGVMHGQLND 1DUHÿHQMH*HQHUDOãWDEDRUXåDQiKVQDJD6)5- VWU SRYEU RG JRGLQH 13 6PDLOýHNLü$JUHVLMDQD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXLJHQRFLGQDG%RãQMDFLPD 6DUDMHYR Ä0ROLP YDV MD QLVDP RYGMH GRYHGHQ ]DWR ãWR VDP þLVW +UYDW QHJR VDP GRYHGHQ ãWR MH 3ROLWLþNHSULOLNHQDSRGUXþMXWX]ODQVNHUHJLMHSUHGDJUHVLMXQD5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX VWUDQNH MH SRWþLQMDYDQMH +'=D %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH +'=X +UYDWVNH WM VSURYRÿHQMH SROLWLNH L] =DJUHED NRMD MH X SRMHGLQLP YUHPHQVNLP LQWHUYDOLPD LPDOD UD]OLþLWD JOHGLãWD +'=H %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SRVWDMH VDPRUHDOL]DWRUSROLWLNH=DJUHEDSUHPD%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLDNDUDNWHULãH MH þHVWR PLMHQMDQMH NDGURYD SD L SUYLK OMXGL VWUDQNH XNROLNR VH ]D QMLK RFLMHQLGDVHSURWLYHWRMSROLWLFLLOLMHQLVXVSRVREQLUHDOL]RYDWL 3RVOLMH VXVUHWD 7XÿPDQD L 0LORãHYLüD X .DUDÿRUÿHYX JRGLQH SROLWLND+'=DSUHPD%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLVHPLMHQMDVDFLOMHPVWYDUDQMD KUYDWVNH ]DMHGQLFH L SULSDMDQMD WH WHULWRULMH +UYDWVNRM NDR L SRGUãND SURMHNWXGDVHGUXJLGLMHORYL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSULSRMH6UELML 6WYDUDQMHP +UYDWVNH ]DMHGQLFH +HUFHJ%RVQH L SUDNWLþQR VH SRND]XMX VWYDUQLSROLWLþNLFLOMHYL+'=D6OLþQR6'6XVWYRULOLVX³]DNRQVNHRNYLUH´ ]D RGFMHSOMHQMH GLMHOD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNH WHULWRULMH 3ULPMHUD UDGL QD VDVWDQNX W]Y NUL]QLK ãWDERYD ³+HUFHJRYDþNH UHJLRQDOQH ]DMHGQLFH´ L ³7UDYQLþNH UHJLRQDOQH ]DMHGQLFH´ RGUåDQRJ X *UXGDPD JRGLQHXVYRMHQMHSRUHGRVWDOLKL]DNOMXþDNGD³KUYDWVNLQDURGX%RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL PRUD NRQDþQR SRYHVWL RGOXþQX DNWLYQX SROLWLNX NRMD WUHED GRYHVWLGRUHDOL]DFLMHYMHNRYQRJVQD±³]DMHGQLþNHKUYDWVNHGUåDYH´'DEL WDM³SRYLMHVQLFLOM´ELRUHDOL]RYDQSUHGVWDYQLFLRYLKUHJLRQDOQLK]DMHGQLFD ³XVYRMLOL VX VWDY´ GD VH SULVWXSL IRUPLUDQMX L REMDYOMLYDQMX SUDYQLK L SROLWLþNLK DNDWD ]D SURJODãHQMH KUYDWVNH GUåDYH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL SURYRÿHQMHP UHIHUHQGXPD ]D SULNOMXþHQMH 5HSXEOLFL +UYDWVNRM X QMHQLP HWQLþNLPLSRYLMHVQLP VDGDPRJXüLP JUDQLFDPD´15 3ROLWLþNHSULOLNHXWX]ODQVNRMUHJLML $NWLYQRVWL6'6DQDIRUPLUDQMXGREURYROMDþNLKMHGLQLFD]DSRGUãNX-1$X UDWXVD+UYDWVNRPNDRLSULSUHPH]DDJUHVLMXQD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXLRSVWUXNFLMD YODVWL X RSüLQVNLP RUJDQLPD ELOL VX RVQRYQL UD]OR]L XGDOMDYDQMD RYH VWUDQNH RG DNWLYQRVWL RVWDOLK SROLWLþNLK SDUWLMD 6WDOQH SRMHGLQDþQH SURYRNDFLMH DNWLYLVWD RYH VWUDQNHSUHPDGUXJLPQDURGLPDLQLFLUDOHVXDNWLYQRVWLVXSURWVWDYOMDQMDLRVXGHWH SROLWLNH 3UYR RNXSOMDQMH JUDÿDQD VD ]DKWMHYRP YRMQRJ RUJDQL]RYDQMD L QDEDYNH RUXåMD GHVLOR VH X .DOHVLML PDMD JRGLQH 1D WDM GDQ DNWLYLVWL 6'6D .DOHVLMD VX QD MDUERO LVSUHG UREQH NXüH X .DOHVLML SRVWDYLOL VUSVNX ]DVWDYX XRþL ĈXUÿHYGDQD=D%RãQMDNHDLGUXJHJUDÿDQH.DOHVLMH³]DVWDYDMHELODþHWQLþNDL QMHQRSRVWDYOMDQMHMHLPDOR]DFLOMGDVHRSüLQD.DOHVLMDRELOMHåLNDRVUSVNDRSüLQD RFLMHQMHQRRGQRVQR L]DEUDQVDPMHUPRJXGD SRYHGHPERUEX]DKUYDWVNHLQWHUHVH³6WMHSDQ.OMXLü 2VORERÿHQMHRNWREDU JRGLQH 15 2GOXNDÄ+HUFHJRYDþNH UHJLRQDOQH ]DMHGQLFH³ LÄ7UDYQLþNH UHJLRQDOQH ]DMHGQLFH³ RIRUPLUDQMX ³+UYDWVNH GUåDYH´ 1 $UKiY ,QVWLWXWD ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH ]ORþLQD SURWLY þRYMHþQRVWL L PHÿXQDURGQRJ SUDYD X 6DUDMHYX 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûGUVF,]HW+$'ä,û RGQRVQR GD VH L]YUãL SURYRFLUDQMH L L]D]RYH UHDNFLMD NRG QHVUSVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD .DOHVLMH1D]DKWMHYSUHGVWDYQLNDYODVWL.DOHVLMHGDVH]DVWDYDVNLQHMHUSRSUDYLOX QDWDMMDUEROVDPRUREQDNXüDPRåHSRVWDYLWLVYRMH]DVWDYHLQLNRGUXJLUHDJLUDORVH SULMHWQMRPGDQLNR]DVWDYXQHVPLMHVNLQXWLLGDVHWDMþLQPRåHGRJRGLWLXSUROLYHQRM NUYL7RYHþHXSURVWRULMDPD6'$NDRLXSURVWRULMDPDPMHVQLK]DMHGQLFDXRSüLQL .DOHVLMDRGUåDQLVXVNXSRYLJUDÿDQDQDNRMLPDVHLVWRYUHPHQRYUãLORLSULNXSOMDQMH QRYFD ]D QDEDYNX RUXåMD 2GUHÿHQL SUHGVWDYQLFL JUDÿDQD ELOL VX ]DGXåHQL QH VDPR ]D QDEDYNX QDRUXåDQMD YHü L ]D YRMQX RUJDQL]DFLMX ]DãWLWH JUDÿDQD 1D RYLPVDVWDQFLPDVXSRUHGSUREOHPDLVWLFDQMD]DVWDYHL]QHVHQLLSRGDFLRYRMQRP RUJDQL]RYDQMX 6UED X .DOHVLML 2]UHQX 0DMHYLFL L GUXJLP PMHVWLPD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL2SüLQVNLSUHGVWDYQLFLYODVWLL]UHGD6'$VXGDOLSRGUãNX]DNOMXþFLPD VDVDVWDQNDNDRLJDUDQFLMXGDORNDOQDSROLFLMDQHüHRGX]LPDWLQDEDYOMHQRRUXåMHD SUXåLWüHVHL]DãWLWDOLFLPDNRMDVHEXGXEDYLODRYLPSRVORYLPD 3UYX RUJDQL]RYDQX DNFLMX DNWLYLVWL 6'$ L]YHOL VX SRþHWNRP MXOD JRGLQH VSUMHþDYDQMHP PRELOL]DFLMH UH]HUYQRJ VDVWDYD -1$ X RSüLQDPD .DOHVLMD äLYLQLFH %DQRYLüL L 7X]OD 3RVOLMH RGUHÿHQLK SULWLVDND RG VWUDQH -1$ QD þHOQLNH RSüLQD PRELOL]DFLMD MH L]YUãHQD 1HNROLNR KLOMDGD UH]HUYLVWD WUHEDOR MH XSXWLWL QD UDWLãWHX+UYDWVNX $NWLYLVWL 6'$ RUJDQL]XMX ERMNRW QD WDM QDþLQ ãWR SRUHG DHURGURPD 'XEUDYHRNXSOMDMXRNRJUDÿDQDäLYLQLFD.DOHVLMHLGUXJLKRSüLQDVDFLOMHP GDVHVSULMHþLRGOD]DNUH]HUYLVWDX+UYDWVNX2YDDNFLMDMHXSRWSXQRVWLXVSMHODD DNWLYLVWLVXVHLVWRYHþHXEDFLOLPHÿXUH]HUYLVWHL]7X]OHRNXSOMHQHXEULJDGL9HOMND %UDMLüD ORFLUDQRM X 9XNRYLMDPD L L]D]YDOL VX WDNRÿHU SREXQX NRMD VH ]DYUãDYD SRODJDQMHP RUXåMD X SDUNX LVSUHG 2SüLQH 7X]OD VD MDVQRP SRUXNRPGDRQLQH åHOHLüLSUHNR6DYHL8QHGDVHERUH]DQHþLMHLQWHUHVHLGDåHOHRVWDWLQDVYRMRM WHULWRULML6'3MHRãWURXVWDRSURWLYVORYHQDþNRJLKUYDWVNRJUXNRYRGVWYDSRGUåDR MHYRMQXXORJX-1$LRGOXþQRVHXVSURWLYLRSREXQLORNDOQLKUH]HUYLVWDNDRLRGOXFL 3DUODPHQWD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHRSRYODþHQMXERVDQVNLKUHJUXWDL]-1$L]GUXJLK UHSXEOLND 6'3 MH DSHORYDR QD JUDÿDQH 7X]OH GD EUDQH %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX L -XJRVODYLMX 5DW X 6ORYHQLML D NDVQLMH X +UYDWVNRM X SRWSXQRVWL MH RWNULR XORJX -1$ NDRDUPLMHVUSVNRJQDURGDXRVWYDULYDQMXYHOLNRVUSVNLKFLOMHYD=ERJWRJDYRMQLFL L VWDUMHãLQH ERãQMDþNH L KUYDWVNH QDFLRQDOQRVWL SRþLQMX QDSXãWDWL QMHQH UHGRYH QH åHOHüLGDXþHVWYXMXXWRPUDWX *UDÿDQL VD RGXãHYOMHQMHP SULKYDWDMX RGOXNX 3UHGVMHGQLãWYD 5HSXEOLNH %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNRMRPVH]DEUDQMXMHRGOD]DNUHJUXWDL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH X-1$GRNRQDQHREXVWDYLUDWSURWLY+UYDWVNH-1$RYRSURJODãDYDQH]DNRQLWLP DNWRPLSULMHWLKDSãHQMHPOHJDOQRL]DEUDQLKRUJDQDYODVWL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHDOL 3UHGVMHGQLãWYRXVWUDMDYDXVYRMRMRGOXFL 2UJDQL]DWRUL DNFLMH VX +DUL] 5HGåLü $KPR +DGåLü $OLMD 0XPLQRYLü 6DOLK 0DONLü ,]HW +DGåLü D DNFLMX XLPH&HQWUDOH6'$ MHRGREULR2VPDQ%UND3UYLDi MHGLQLSXWVXJUDÿDQL SR]YDQi X] SRPRü ]YXþQLND VD PXQDUD GD VH RNXSH SUHG DHURGURPRP i VSULMHþH RGOD]DN VYRMLK VLQRYD QDUDWLãWHX+UYDWVNX 9LGL )URQWVORERGHRG 3ROLWLþNHSULOLNHQDSRGUXþMXWX]ODQVNHUHJLMHSUHGDJUHVLMXQD5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX 2YRMRGOXFL3UHGVMHGQLãWYD6RFLMDOLVWLþNH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH VXSURWVWDYLOR VH QHOHJLWLPQR 3UHGVMHGQLãWYR 6)5- SURJODãDYDMXüL MH QHREDYH]XMXüRPWHSURJODãDYDRSüXPRELOL]DFLMXQDWHULWRULML%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH ,VWRYUHPHQR QDUHÿXMH UHSXEOLþNLP ãWDERYLPD WHULWRULMDOQH RGEUDQH GD XNLQX MHGLQLFH WHULWRULMDOQH RGEUDQH PMHVQLK ]DMHGQLFD L UDGQLK RUJDQL]DFLMD D GD RSüLQDPDRVWDYHPDQHYDUVNHMHGLQLFHNDRãWRVXRGUHGLLEULJDGHDOLGDLKVWDYH SRGNRPDQGX*HQHUDOãWDED6)5-DXSUDYDPDYRMQLKRNUXJDQDUHÿXMHGDSUHX]PX YRMQXNDUWRWHNXRGRSüLQVNLKVHNUHWDULMDWDQDURGQHRGEUDQH 2YRP RGOXNRP 3UHGVMHGQLãWYR 6)5- MH L]YUãLOR SRWSXQX SRODUL]DFLMX L SRGMHOXX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLQD • 3ROLWLþNH VQDJH NRMH SRGUåDYDMX 3UHGVMHGQLãWYR 6)5- -1$ 6'6 632 L RVWDOHSURVUSVNHRUJDQL]DFLMHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLL • 3ROLWLþNHVQDJHNRMHVHVXSURWVWDYOMDMXRGOXFL3UHGVMHGQLãWYD6)5-LUDWXX +UYDWVNRMVXSUYHQVWYHQR6'$L+'=X%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL 8YHüLQLRSüLQDQDWX]ODQVNRMUHJLMLRYDRGOXND3UHGVMHGQLãWYD6)5-QLMH SULKYDüHQD D RUJDQL]RYDQLP DNFLMDPD RNXSOMDQMD QDURGD LVSUHG VHNUHWDULMDWD QDURGQHRGEUDQHVSULMHþHQRMHL]X]LPDQMHNDUWRWHND 2SüLQH VD YHüLQVNLP PXVOLPDQVNLP L KUYDWVNLP VWDQRYQLãWYRP VX SRGUåDYDOH3UHGVMHGQLãWYRL9ODGX65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHDRSüLQHVDYHüLQVNLP 6WMHSDQ0HVLüWUHEDRMHPDMD DXWRPDWVNLSRVWDWLSUHGVMHGQLN3UHGVMHGQLãWYD6)5-DOL MHVUSVNLþODQ %RULVDY-RYLü]DWUDåLRJODVDQMH5H]XOWDWJODVDQMDELRMHQHULMHãHQ MHUVX+UYDWVND 6ORYHQLMD%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDL0DNHGRQLMDJODVDOH]D0HVLüDD6UELMD9RMYRGLQD.RVRYRL&UQD *RUD SURWLY 1DYRGQR MH þDN L ãHI *HQHUDOãWDED -1$ %ODJRMH$GåLü ELR QH]DGRYROMDQ WLP VUSVNLP PDQHYURPL]MDYLYãL ³2YRMHODNUGLMD7UHEDORMHSR8VWDYX«´3UHGVMHGQLãWYRMH]ERJWLKUD]PLULFD SRVWDOR SDUDOL]LUDQR 7HN QDNRQ SULWLVND HXURSVNH GLSORPDFLMH 6WMHSDQ 0HVLü NRQDþQR L]DEUDQ]DSUHGVMHGQLND1RXPHÿXYUHPHQXMHYHüSRþHRUDWX6ORYHQLMLDLX+UYDWVNRMVHVSUHPDR VXNRE 1DNRQ +UYDWVNRJ SURJODãHQMD QHRYLVQRVWL 0HVLü MH GDR RVWDYNX QD GXåQRVW SUHGVMHGQLND QDJODVLYãLWLPHGD6)5-YLãHOHJLWLPQRQHSRVWRML/HJLWPQR3UHGVMHGQLãWYR6)5-MHVDRVDPþODQRYD OHJLWLPQRL]DEUDQLKãWRXGUXJRMSRORYLFL QLMHELORWDNYR2GDXJXVWD UXNRYRGHüXXORJX 3UHGVMHGQLãWYD6)5-REDYOMDODMHQHIRUPDOQDVNXSLQDþHOQLND6UELMH&UQH*RUHLJHQHUDOD-1$NRMD MHSURFMHQMLYDODVWDQMHLSUHGODJDODRGOXNH.DGLMHYLüHYSULMHGORJGDVHRVQXMHSRVHEDQ©VWUXþQLãWDE RGOMXGLªQLMHSULKYDüHQ'RNUDMD RYDVNXSLQDVHVDVWDODQDMPDQMHSXWD1DQMH]LQLP VDVWDQFLPDUDVSUDYOMDQRMHLRGOXþLYDRRVYLPSLWDQMLPDUDWDNRMDVXLQDþHXQDGOHåQRVWL3UHGVMHGQLãWYD 6)5-RGQRVQR9UKRYQHNRPDQGH3RþHWNRPRNWREUD NDGDMH3UHGVMHGQLãWYR6)5-RVWDORVDPR QDþODQRYLPDL]6UELMHVSRNUDMLQDPDL&UQH*RUHSRQRYQRMHSRþHORIXQNFLRQLUDQMH3UHGVMHGQLãWYD VWLPGDJDRVWDOHUHSXEOLNHDLPHÿXQDURGQD]DMHGQLFDQLVXSUL]QDYDOH2GWDGDMH-1$LGHIDFWR ELODYRMQDVLOD6UELMHL6UEDXRVWDWNX-XJRVODYLMHãWRMHXPDMX SRVWDODLGHMXUH9LãHRRYRPH YLGX %-RYLü3RVOHGQMLGDQL6)5- L 0LFKDHO/LEDO 1MHPDþNDSROLWLNDLMXJRVODYHQVNDNUL]D *ROGHQPDUNHWLQJ7HKQLþNDNQMLJD=DJUHE '0DULMDQ6ORP7LWRYHDUPLMH -1$LUDVSDG-XJRVODYLMH 62PHUEHJRYLü+7XELü Kalesija- SULSUHPH i RGEUDQD RG DJUHVLMH 3DSLURJUD¿ND 7RMãLüL 7R VX VOLMHGHüH RSüLQH UHJLMH .DOHVLMD 9ODVHQLFD 6UHEUHQLFD äLYLQLFH %UDWXQDF RSüLQD 6UHEUHQLN MH VSDOLOD VYRMX GRNXPHQWDFLMXD %DQRYLüLL 7X]OD VXMHGMHOLPLþQRL]PMHVWLOL 0 RYRP GUDPDWLþQRP GRJDÿDMX X %UDWXQFX YLGMHWL X NQML]L 1LMD]D 0DãLüD OVWLQD R %UDWXQFX DJUHVLMD JHQRFLG LRVORERGLODþND ERUED ³'HQWXV´%UDWXQDF O L GDOMH 10DãLü ,VWLQDR%UDWXQFX 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûGUVF,]HW+$'ä,û VUSVNLP VWDQRYQLãWYRP VX SRGUåDYDOH RGOXNX 3UHGVMHGQLãWYD 6)5- -1$ SRþLQMH VWUDãDQSULWLVDNQDSUHGVWDYQLNHRSüLQVNLKYODVWLNRMLMHQHSRGUåDYDMX 6LJXUQL X VYRMX VXSHULRUQRVW VUSVNL HNVWUHPLVWL L]D]LYDMX QL] SURYRNDFLMD X RSüLQDPD UHJLMH þLPH VH SRJRUãDYD SROLWLþNREH]EMHGRQRVQD VLWXDFLMD 6'$ VXRþHQD VD VWDOQLP SRJRUãDQMHP SROLWLþNREH]EMHGRQRVQH VLWXDFLMH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL X 6DUDMHYX RUJDQL]XMH VNXS VNRUR VYLK UHOHYDQWQLK OLþQRVWL PXVOLPDQVNRJQDURGDXELYãRM-XJRVODYLMLNRMLRGOXþXMXGDVHREUD]XMH6DYMHW ]DQDFLRQDOQXRGEUDQXPXVOLPDQVNRJQDURGD)RUPLUDQMHPRYRJ6DYMHWDRGVHGDP þODQRYD RWSRþHR MH RUJDQL]RYDQ UDG QD SULSUHPL RUXåDQRJ RWSRUD SURWLY DJUHVLMH NRMDVHSULEOLåDYDOD .UDMHP RNWREUD JRGLQH &HQWUDOD 6'$ L *ODYQL ãWDE 3DWULRWVNH OLJH X 6DUDMHYX QD WHULWRULML VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH ãDOMX NRRUGLQDWRUD 6DNLED 0DKPXWRYLüD ]YDQRJ ³$GQDQ´ VD ]DGDWNRP GD L]YUãL SULSUHPH QD RUJDQL]DFLML 5HJLRQDOQRJãWDED3DWULRWVNHOLJH]DVMHYHURLVWRþQX%RVQX8QRYHPEUXPMHVHFX LVWH JRGLQH QD VDVWDQNX X 7X]OL X SURVWRULMDPD 6'$ MH IRUPLUDQ 5HJLRQDOQL ãWDE3DWULRWVNHOLJH]DVMHYHURLVWRþQX%RVQXNRMLVHVDVWRMDRRGGYDGLMHODLWR RG SROLWLþNRJ L YRMQRJ 1D LVWL QDþLQ VX IRUPLUDQL L RSüLQVNL ãWDERYL 3DWULRWVNH OLJH 8ORJD SROLWLþNRJ GLMHOD ãWDED 3DWULRWVNH OLJH RJOHGDR VH X VWYDUDQMX ãLURNRJ SROLWLþNRJIURQWDQDFLOMHYLPDSROLWLþNHSODWIRUPHWMVWYDUDQMHVXYHUHQH5HSXEOLNH %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHNDRQH]DYLVQHPHÿXQDURGQRSUL]QDWHGUåDYH 3ROLWLþNX SODWIRUPX MH WUHEDOR UD]YLMDWL NRG VYLK JUDÿDQD EH] RE]LUD QD QDFLRQDOQXLVWUDQDþNXSULSDGQRVWVDNUDMQMLPFLOMHPGDVHRVWYDULSULVWDQDNJUDÿDQD GD VH NUR] YRMQX RUJDQL]DFLMX L]YUãL ]DãWLWD L RþXYDQMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 1RUPDOQRRYDDNWLYQRVWVHODNRUHDOL]LUDODNRG0XVOLPDQDLVDVYLPPDORJEURMD JUDÿDQD L] UHGD GUXJLK QDURGD 6UEL QLVX VPMHOL SRGUåDWL RYX SODWIRUPX ]ERJ .DUDGåLüHYRJ QDUHÿHQMD GD VH SUHPD WDNYLPD EXGH QHPLORVUGDQ 8 QDUHÿHQMX 5DGRYDQD .DUDGåLüD NRMH MH L]GDWR JRGLQH ]DKWLMHYD VH IRUPLUDQMH SULMHNLKVXGRYD]DHOLPLQLVDQMHL]UHGRYD6'6DXVWDãRLGQLKLGUXJLKPXVOLPDQVNLK HOHPHQDWD NRML RPHWDMX XVSRVWDYOMDQMH SUDYHGQH YODVWL X VYHVUSVNLP ]HPOMDPD 3ULMHWQMLVXXJODYQRPL]ORåHQL0XVOLPDQLi +UYDWLNRMLVXVHQDOD]LOLQDþHOXRSüLQD7DNRVXX NRPDQGX.RUSXVD SR]LYDQL SUHGVMHGQLFL RSüLQDäLYLQLFH .DOHVLMD %UþNR%DQRYLüL JGMHLPMHEH] LNDNYRJ GLSORPDWVNRJ SULVWXSDXSXüHQDSULMHWQMDi PRJXüDOLNYLGDFLMD]ERJDQWLDUPLMVNHNDPSDQMHi QHSRãWLYDQMD SURSLVD3UHGVMHGQLãWYDGUåDYH X NRMRM åLYH 6DVWDQDNMH RGUåDQ1 JRGLQH X 'RPX PiOLFLMH X 6DUDMHYX 6DVWDQNXMHSULVXVWYRYDOR þODQRYD 6D WX]ODQVNH UHJLMH ELOL VX SULVXWQL +D]LP 5DQþLü 'åHYDG 7RVXQEHJRYLü $OLMD 0XPLQRYLü 6HDG -DPDNRVPDQRYLü 6DOLK .XOHQRYLü 7DULN $UDSþLü 6HDG +DVDQKRGåLü O]HW +DGåLü +DUL] 5HGåLü 2VPR )RUþDNRYLü,EUDQ 0XVWD¿ü +DPHG (IHQGLü 0HKPHG .DYD]EDãLü 0LUVDG .DYD]EDãLü (QYHU âDULü 2VPDQ ýXþDN .DVLP $YGLü 0LUVDG .XNLü +DVDQ +DGåLü 2VPDQ 6LQDQRYLü 6DOLP 2NDQRYLü 7DULN 5HãLGEHJRYLü (MXE +RGåLü $GHP +DGåLü 0XVWDID 5DPLü,EUDKLP5DPLü5XåGLMD0XVLü$VLP-X]EDãLüi GUXJL 'RNXPHQWL *ODYQRJRGERUD 6'$VYHVNDEU '3³'(6´6DUDMHYRDXJXVWD 5HJLRQDOQLRGERU6'$MHLPHQRYDRãWDEXNRMHPVXELOL 6DOLK .XOHQRYLü0HKPHG .DYD]EDãLü +DUL] 5HGåLü 0XVWDID 5DPLü O]HW +DGåLü i GUXJL X YRMQRP ãWDEX 6DNLE 0DKPXWRYLü $OLMD 0XPLQRYLü ,]HW*D]GLü$EGXODK)D]OLü6HDG2PHUEHJRYLü i GUXJL $UKLY6HNUHWDULMDWD]DQDURGQXRGEUDQX%DQRYLüLVSLVEURM 1 RG11DSULOD JRGLQH 3ROLWLþNHSULOLNHQDSRGUXþMXWX]ODQVNHUHJLMHSUHGDJUHVLMXQD5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX 6 RE]LURP GD MH NUL]QL ãWDE ]D 3RGPDMHYLFX SRþHWNRP VHSWHPEUD JRGLQH GRQLRRGOXNXRSUHODVNX6'6DLSDUDYRMQLKMHGLQLFDXUDWQRVWDQMHWRSRWYUÿXMHL IRUPLUDQMHSULMHNLKVXGRYD7R]QDþLGDVXSDUDYRMQHMHGLQLFH6'6DELOHXUDWQRP VWDQMXSULMHQHJRãWRMHIRUPLUDQDLMHGQDMHGLQLFDNRG0XVOLPDQD 3ROLWLþNH SULOLNH QD WX]ODQVNRM UHJLML VX VH VWDOQR XVORåQMDYDOH D SRWYUGX RYRMNRQVWDWDFLMLYLGLPRXVOLMHGHüLPGRJDÿDMLPD JRGLQHJUXSDQDRUXåDQLK6UEDWHURULVWDL]]DVMHGHRNRVDW QDPDJLVWUDOQRPSXWX=YRUQLN%UDWXQDFX]DVHRNX.DMLüLVHOR.UDYLFDRWYRULODMH YDWUXQDSXWQLþNRYR]LOR³/DGD´LQDWDMQDþLQXVPUWLOD'åHPX-XVLüDL]3RGþDXãDL 1HGåDGD+RGåLüDL]+UQþHWHWHåHUDQLOD0HYOXGLQD6LQDQRYLüDL]*ORJRYHL=DLPD 6DONRYLüDL]7RNROMDRSüLQD%UDWXQDF JRGLQH ]ERJ VORåHQRVWL SROLWLþNREH]EMHGRQRVQH VLWXDFLMH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 0LQLVWDUVWYR ]D XQXWUDãQMH SRVORYH GRQLMHOR MH QDUHGEX R PRELOL]DFLMLUH]HUYQRJVDVWDYDPLOLFLMH0LORãHYLü]DKWMHYDRG.DUDGåLüDGDVH6UEL QHRGD]RYXSR]LYX]DPRELOL]DFLMXXUH]HUYQLVDVWDYPLOLFLMH JRGLQH-1$SRNXãDYDQDUHJLMLL]YUãLWLPRELOL]DFLMXUH]HUYLVWD ]D SRSXQX .QLQVNRJ NRUSXVD 3UHGVWDYQLFL RSüLQD 7X]OD /XNDYDF .DOHVLMD äLYLQLFH%DQRYLüL6UHEUHQLNL*UDþDQLFDWRRGELMDMX JRGLQH UH]HUYLVWL -1$ YUDüDMX VH VD UDWLãWD L] +UYDWVNH NXüDPD X 6UELMX SXFDMX SUROD]HüL NUR] 7X]OX SUL þHPX RãWHüXMX GYD DXWREXVD MHGDQ SXWQLþNL DXWRPRELO D ãWR MH SRVHEQR LQWHUHVDQWQR RWYDUDMX SDOMEX L QD PXQDUX-DOVNHGåDPLMHSULþHPXMHRãWHüXMX3RUHGSXFQMDYHUH]HUYLVWLVXJUDÿDQH SR]GUDYOMDOLVDWULSUVWD þHWQLþNLPSR]GUDYRP L JRGLQH RGUåDQ MH SOHELVFLW QD NRML L]OD]H SULSDGQLFL VUSVNRJ QDURGD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL L L]MDãQMDYDMX VH R RVWDQNX X ]DMHGQLþNRM GUåDYLVD6UELMRPL&UQRP*RURP6$2.UDMLQRP6$26ODYRQLMRP%DUDQMRPL =DSDGQLP6UHPRP JRGLQH PLVWHULR]QR QHVWDMH$EGXODK .RYDþHYLü L] 9UDåLüD NRMLMHELRSUHGVMHGQLN0%2X%LMHOMLQLãWRVHVPDWUDSUYLPSROLWLþNLPXELVWYRP MHU MH RYDM DNWLYLVWD PQRJR XUDGLR QD IRUPLUDQMX RSüLQH ýHOLü QDÿHQ MH PUWDY L]PDVDNULUDQRJ WLMHOD JRGLQH 0%2 MH ]D RYR XELVWYR RSWXåLOD 6'6 L .26DNDRPRWLYH]DQMHJRYRXELVWYRQDYHODDNWLYQRVWL.RYDþHYLüDGD%RVQDL +HUFHJRYLQDEXGHQH]DYLVQDLVXYHUHQDGUåDYD JRGLQH HNVSORGLUDOD MH ERPED SRGPHWQXWD SRG DXWRPRELO YRMQRJOLFDX7X]OL JRGLQHRGUåDQRMHVDYMHWRYDQMH3DWULRWVNHOLJHX7RMãiüLPD JRGLQH XELMHQ MH WDNVLVWD 0XKDPHG 0HãDQRYLü X VUSVNRP VHOX %UQMLFD X äLYLQLFDPD =ERJ RYRJ XELVWYD RNXSLR VH YHOLNL EURM JUDÿDQD SUHG RSüLQRP äLYLQLFH WUDåHüL GD VH SURQDÿX XELFH X] ]DKWMHYH GD VH SRGLMHOL RUXåMH D ]DWLP MH L]YUãHQD EORNDGD SXWD 5XGDUL UXGQLND 2SãLUQLMHRRYRPGRJDÿDMXXNQML]L 10DãLü,VWLQDR%UDWXQFX 9LGL SUHVUHWQXWL UD]JRYRUL $OR 5DGRYDQH QH þXMHP WH GREUR KWWSV ZZZE QHWLQIRYHVWL SUHJOHG 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûGUVF,]HW+$'ä,û ³ĈXUÿHYLN´ ]DSRVOHQL UDGQLFL X ³.RQMXKX´ L GUXJLP SUHGX]HüLPD VWXSLOL VX X ãWUDMN =ERJ QDJRPLODQRJ QHSRYMHUHQMD SUHPD -1$ WUDåHQR MHGDVH UH]HUYLVWLRGPDKGLVORFLUDMXL]%UQMLFHL*RUQMLKäLYLQLFDLGUXJLKPMHVWD ãWRMHNRPDQGDWX]ODQVNRJNRUSXVDPRUDODSULKYDWLWL JRGLQH ãWUDMN SROLFLMH X 7X]OL 2YDM ãWUDMN MH MHGDQ RG QDMLQWHUHVDQWQLMLKGRJDÿDMDDQMHJRYDVSHFL¿FQRVWRJOHGDVHXVOLMHGHüHP âWUDMN SROLFLMH MH ELR QHGH¿QLVDQD NDWHJRULMD D SRJRWRYR DNR VH ãWUDMN RUJDQL]XMHVDFLOMHP]DãWLWHQDþHOQLNDVWDQLFHSROLFLMHGDQHEXGHVPLMHQMHQ 8XVORYLPDRUJDQL]RYDQMD083DXWRPSHULRGXLGDYDQMDSRGUãNH6WDQLFL SROLFLMH7X]ODLQDþHOQLNXVWDQLFHXRGQRVXQD083L&6%7X]ODSUHGVWDYOMD UXãHQMHMHGLQVWYHQRJ083D%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHMHGLQHOHJLWLPQHRUXåDQH VQDJH]DRGEUDQX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXWRPPRPHQWX =DKWMHY ]D VPMHQX QDþHOQLND &6%D L ]DEUDQD XODVND X ]JUDGX DNWLYQLP þODQRYLPD 6'$ ]DSRVOHQLP X &6%X JRYRUL R SROLWLþNLP PRWLYLPD RYRJ ãWUDMND XVPMHUHQLP LVNOMXþLYR SURWLY 6'$ ãWR X RVQRYL QDJRYMHãWDYD GD MH RYDM ãWUDMN GMHOR .26D L -1$ X IXQNFLML L]GYDMDQMD RSüLQH7X]OD L] MHGLQVWYHQRJSURVWRUD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLQDVWRMDQMHGDVH7X]ODYHåH]D -XJRVODYLMXD6-%7X]ODVHXNOMXþLX-1$ 3DWULRWVND OLJD MH RGEUDQX RYLK SURVWRUD SODQLUDOD XMHGLQMXMXüL VYH MHGLQLFH &6%DQDUHJLMLXMHGLQVWYHQXNRPDQGX 8RNROQLPRSüLQDPDQDYODVWLMHELOD6'$LRþHNLYDRVHHIHNDWGDRNROQH RSüLQHVWYRUHDQLPR]LWHWSUHPD7X]OLLQDWDMQDþLQMHL]ROXMXNDRSRVHEQX SROLWLþNXRSFLMXLWDNRMHSULEOLåH-XJRVODYLML 6DREMDYOMLYDQMHPUH]XOWDWDUHIHUHQGXPDRQH]DYLVQRVWL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH JGMH VH RNR JUDÿDQD L]MDVQLOR ]D VXYHUHQX L QH]DYLVQX SRþHOD MH QRYLMD KLVWRULMD RYH GUåDYH 1DåDORVW QLNR QLMH PRJDR RþHNLYDWL GD üH RYD GHPRNUDWVND RGOXNDJUDÿDQDWDNREU]RSRNUHQXWLDJUHVRUHLQHSULMDWHOMHRYHGUåDYHQDDJUHVLMX ]ORþLQHLJHQRFLGQDGJUDÿDQLPDRYHGUåDYH6YDNDNRMHGDQRGFLOMHYDMHELRãWR SULMH RWSRþHWL VD SURYRNDFLMDPD L ]ORþLQLPD L WR SUHVWDYLWL VYMHWVNRM MDYQRVWL NDR JUDÿDQVNLUDWLQDWDMQDþLQVSULMHþLWLPHÿXQDURGQRSUL]QDQMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 7DNR X PDUWX SULSDGQLFL 6'6D -1$ L GUXJH SDUDYRMQH MHGLQLFH SRNXãDYDMX QD VYDNLQDþLQLVSURYRFLUDWLVXNREHNRMLüHPLUX]HPOML]DPMHQLWLUDWQLPVWDQMHP 3RVOLMH QHXVSMHOLK PDUWRYVNLK EDULNDGD X 6DUDMHYX L X FLMHORM %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL RG VWUDQH 6'6D L .26D QD NRMH MH RGJRYRUHQR EDULNDGDPD SULSDGQLND3DWULRWVNHOLJHLSDWULRWD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHSUHãORVHQDSRMHGLQDþQH SURYRNDFLMH SR RSüLQDPD 7DNR MH X .DOHVLML PDUWD JRGLQH L]YHGHQ WHURULVWLþNLDNWXELVWYRGYDSROLFDMFDNRMLVXSRNXãDOLGDLQWHUYHQLãX]ERJSXFQMDYH LVSUHG ND¿üD ³0LV³ 3RVOLMH XELVWYD SROLFDMDFD QD GXåQRVWL XELFD 5DGH -DQNRYLü EMHåL X 'XEQLFX JGMH GRELYD ]DãWLWX L SRPRü RG SUHGVMHGQLND 6'6D NRML QH GR]YROMDYD RUJDQLPD EH]EMHGQRVWL GD SULYHGX XELFX D SULKYDWD GD UD]JRYDUD VDPRVDRGUHÿHQLP6UELPDX&6%7X]OD5XNRYRGVWYRRSüLQHMHVDSULSDGQLFLPD 3/ .DOHVLMD EORNLUDOR þLWDYX RSüLQX L JODYQH SXWQH SUDYFH ]DãWLWLOR QDVHOMD D 3ROLWLþNHSULOLNHQDSRGUXþMXWX]ODQVNHUHJLMHSUHGDJUHVLMXQD5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX 6NXSãWLQDRSüLQH.DOHVLMDMHXYHODVWDOQR]DVMHGDQMHSULþHPXMHGRQLMHODRGOXNX R IRUPLUDQMX .UL]QRJ ãWDED ]ERJ VORåHQH SROLWLþNREH]EMHGRQRVQH VLWXDFLMH QD SRGUXþMX RSüLQH .DOHVLMD 6NXSãWLQD MH WDNRÿHU GRQLMHOD YHüL EURM ]DNOMXþDND X IXQNFLMLUDVYMHWOMDYDQMDXELVWYDLIXQNFLRQLVDQMHGUåDYQLKRUJDQDQDRYRMRSüLQL2G ]DNOMXþDNDSRVHEQRL]GYDMDPR 'D VH SRVWRMHüH EDULNDGH QD SXWHYLPD QD SRGUXþMX RSüLQH .DOHVLMD QHüH XNORQLWL VYH GRN VH QH RWNULMH SRþLQLODF LOL SRþLQLRFL RYLK XELVWDYD L LVWL SUHGDMXRUJDQLPDJRQMHQMD =DEUDQMXMH VH GDOML UDG VDGDãQMHP UXNRYRGVWYX 2SüLQVNRJ RGERUD 6'6D .DOHVLMDL]UD]ORJDãWRMHVNORQRHNVWUHPQRWHURULVWLþNLPSRVWXSFLPD 8SXüXMHVHDSHOVUSVNRPQDURGXGDL]DEHUHQRYRUXNRYRGVWYR6'6DQD SRGUXþMXRSüLQH.DOHVLMDDXFLOMXGDOMHJVXåLYRWDVDQDURGLPDQDSRGUXþMX RSüLQH ,]UDåHQR MH QH]DGRYROMVWYR ]ERJ QHH¿NDVQRVWL UD]UMHãDYDQMD XELVWYD L QDþLQDYRÿHQMDDNFLMHRGVWUDQHäXJLü*RUDQDL$QWLü6USND 'D PLQLVWDU 0LQLVWDUVWYD XQXWUDãQMLK SRVORYD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH$OLMD 'HOLPXVWD¿üVDVYRMLPVDUDGQLFLPDLVSHFLMDOQLPRGUHGRP083D%RVQH i +HUFHJRYLQH GRÿH X .DOHVLMX L SUHX]PH XORJX RWNULYDQMD SRþLQLODFD XELVWYDMHUVX GRVDGDãQMLUH]XOWDWL&6%DL]D]YDOLQH]DGRYROMVWYRLUHYROW QDURGDQDSRGUXþMXRSüLQH 'DVHYUDWLQDRUXåDQMH2SüLQVNRPãWDEXWHULWRULMDOQHRGEUDQH.DOHVLMD 2YDMGRJDÿDMMHSRVHEQRLQWHUHVDQWDQ]DWRãWRMHXVYUKXDNFLMHEORNLUDQMD SXWQLK SUDYDFD REH]EMHÿHQMD VHOD L EORNDGH 'XEQLFH SRGLMHOMHQR RUXåMH 083D L]VWDQLFHX.DOHVLML 8RYRMDNFLMLMHXþHVWYRYDORYLãHVWRWLQDQDRUXåDQLKJUDÿDQD RNR NRMLVXQDVYDNLQDþLQRG UD]QLKVXEMHNDWD.26DSRGVWLFDQLQDVXNRE VD6UELPDX'XEQLFLNDRLGDRGELMXSRVOXãQRVWRSüLQVNRPUXNRYRGVWYXLXMHGQR UXNRYRGVWYX 3DWULRWVNH OLJH L 6'$ NDUDNWHULãXüL LK NDR L]GDMQLNH ãWR WROLNR GXJR SUHJRYDUDMXLãWRQLVXGR]YROLOLGDVHL]YUãLRGPD]GDQDGXKYDüHQDGYDOLFDL] JUXSHNRMDMHSXFDODXND¿üX6GUXJHVWUDQH RYDNRRUJDQL]RYDQDDNWLYQRVWMH SRND]DOD-1$GDMH.DOHVLMD³GREUR´QDRUXåDQDL RUJDQL]RYDQDLGDXVDUDGQML VD RVWDOLP RSüLQDPD SUYHQVWYHQR äLYQLFDPD SUHGVWDYOMD SUDYX RSDVQRVW ]D ]DPLãOMHQLSODQDJUHVLMHWMIXQNFLRQLVDQMHNRULGRUD=YRUQLN.DOHVLMDäLYLQLFH 7X]OD'RERM%DQMD /XND.QLQ ãWR MH LPDOR ]D SRVOMHGLFX GD VH NRULGRU ]D .QLQLVSODQLUDSUHNR%UþNRJ30 6RE]LURPGDMHUXNRYRGVWYRRSüLQHLPDORSRG Krizni ãWDE VX þLQLOL +DGåLü ,]HW SUHGVMHGQLN .UL]QRJ ãWDED 6'$ 7RVXQEHJRYLü 'åHYDG]DPMHQLNSUHGVMHGQLND 6'$ 2PHUEHJRYLü 6HDG þODQ±.RPDQGDQWãWDED72 +DGåLü 0XKDPHG þODQ 6'3$YGLEDãLü 5LIHW þODQ 656- D IRUPLUDQ MH 2GOXNRP 6NXSãWLQH RSüLQH .DOHVLMD QDYDQUHGQRM VMHGQLFL JRGLQH 9DQUHGQD VMHGQLFHMH ]DVMHGDODRG JRGLQHGR JRGLQHVYDNLGDQ QDNRMRM MH GRQHVHQR ]DNOMXþDND RG NRMLK VPR QHNH QDYHOL D REMDYOMHQi VX X ³6OXåEHQRP JODVQLNX 2SãWLQH.DOHVLMD´ JRGLQH6MHGQLFLQLVXSULVXVWYRYDOi RGERUQLFL6'6D 30 ,]MDYD SULSDGQLND ,, NRUSXVD D ]DNOMXþDN VX GRQLMHOL QD RVQRYX ]DSOLMHQMHQLK NDUWL i GRNXPHQWDFLMH 3URIGU6HDG20(5%(*29,ûGUVF,]HW+$'ä,û NRQWURORPPXVOLPDQVNRVWDQRYQLãWYRSULSDGQLNH3/DLGDMHMHGLQRLQVLVWLUDOR GD 083 L]YUãL SUHWUHV 'XEQLFH X FLOMX KYDWDQMD XELFH L VWDYOMDQMD SUHG VXG L]EMHJQXWRMHVYDNRPLMHãDQMH -1$XRYDMGRJDÿDMLWLPHRVXMHüHQRVQRYQLFLOM GD.DOHVLMXRNXSLUD-1$ 6OXþDMMH RNRQþDQQDVDVWDQNXRGUåDQRPXSURVWRULMDPD&6%D7X]OD X] SULVXVWYR JHQHUDOD 6DYH -DQNRYLüD PLQLVWUD $OLMH 'HOLPXVWD¿üD VD VDUDGQLFLPD âHPVH 6RIWLüD +D]LPD 5DQþLüD &6% ,]HWD +DGåLüD L 3HWUD -DQNRYLüD3ULKYDüHQLVXVOMHGHüL]DNOMXþFL GDMHGLQLFH083DL]YUãHSUHWUHV'XEQLFH GDVHXNORQHEDULNDGH GDVYHSDUDYRMQHMHGLQLFHQDSXVWHRSüLQX RYGHVHSUYHQVWYHQRPLVOLOR QD MHGLQLFX SRG NRPDQGRP OHJHQGDUQRJ +DMUXGLQD 0HãLüD NRML VH VD GYDGHVHWDN SROLFDMDFD L GUXJLK SULSDGQLND VWDYLR QD UDVSRODJDQMH RSüLQVNRP UXNRYRGVWYX GD VH QDVWDYL ]DMHGQLþNL UDGLWL L YUDüDWL PHÿXVREQRSRYMHUHQMH 6YDNDNRGDMHRYDMGRJDGDMXSRWSXQRVWLSRGLMHOLRJUDÿDQH.DOHVLMHQD RQH]D%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXL]DNRQLWRVWLRQHNRMLVXWRQHJLUDOL8RVWDOLP RSüLQDPDUHJLMH SRVOLþQRPNRQFHSWX6'6SRþLQMHGDXVSRVWDYOMDVYRMXYODVWL NRQWUROXQDGWLP SURVWRURP8RSüLQDPDJGMHMHYHüLQVNRVUSVNRVWDQRYQLãWYR SRþLQMHGDIXQNFLRQLãHVUSVNL083DXRVWDOLPRSüLQDPDSRþLQMXGDVHYUãH SULWLVFLQDRUJDQHYODVWLVD VOLMHGHüLPSROLWLþNLP]DKWMHYLPD VWDQLFDPLOLFLMHGDVHUD]GYRMLQDVUSVNXLPXVOLPDQVNX RSüLQDGDVHSRGLMHOLQDVUSVNXLPXVOLPDQVNX SULYUHGDGDVHSRGLMHOL GDVHL]YUãLPRELOL]DFLMDVUSVNHWHULWRULMDOQHRGEUDQH $OWHUQDWLYD]DRYH]DKWMHYHMHUDW8VYLPSRGULQMVNLPRSüLQDPDUHJLMH L]DEUDQL SUHGVWDYQLFLL]UHGDPXVOLPDQVNRJQDURGDSRVYDNXFLMHQXVXåHOMHOL L]EMHüLUDWWHVX]DWRLSULKYDWDOLXOWLPDWXPH0HÿXWLPUDWVHQLMHPRJDRL]EMHüL 1DLPHXSRUHGRVD SUHJRYRULPDSULSDGQLFL6'6DWHVSHFLMDOQHMHGLQLFHYRMVNHL 083D 6UELMH ÄDUNDQRYFL³ ÄHãHOMHYFL³ L GUXJL SURYRNDFLMDPD L MDNRP SDOMERP SRþLQMXGDSURWMHUXMXVWDQRYQLãWYRL]3RGULQMD =DNOMXþDN 3ROLWLþNLIDNWRULVWUXNWXUH6'6DXORNDOQLPRUJDQLPDYODVWLMHGLQLFH-1$ WH VWUXNWXUH 7HULWRULMDOQH RGEUDQH RSUHGMHOMHQH ]D VSURYRÿHQMH VUSVNH SROLWLNH SURL]YHOHVXQDWX]ODQVNRMUHJLMLWDNYHSROLWLþNHSULOLNHNRMHVHRJOHGDMXNUR] XELVWYDSROLFDMDFDLQHGXåQLKJUDÿDQDQHVUSVNHQDFLRQDOQRVWL PRELOL]DFLMXLSULWLVNHQDJUDÿDQHGDUDWXMXX+UYDWVNRM L]D]LYDQMHVWUDKDNRGJUDÿDQDSXFDQMHSRYMHUVNLPREMHNWLPDGåDPLMDPDL PDWHULMDOQLPGREULPD 3ROLWLþNHSULOLNHQDSRGUXþMXWX]ODQVNHUHJLMHSUHGDJUHVLMXQD5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX YULMHÿDQMH SULMHWQMH LVHOMDYDQMH QHVUSVNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD L L]D]LYDQMH QHSULMDWHOMVWYD QHSRãWLYDQMH8VWDYQRJSRUHWND%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH XUXãDYDQMHMHGLQVWYHQRJ083D%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH UDVSRUHÿLYDQMHYRMQLKVQDJD-1$L]+UYDWVNHQDSRGUXþMHWX]ODQVNHUHJLMH ]DX]LPDQMHLXUHÿHQMHSRORåDMD]DãWRODNãHL]YUãHQMHSODQD5$0 QDRUXåDYDQMHLREXNDNRODERUDFLRQLVWDVQDJDXRUJDQL]DFLML6'6DL SRGUãNDXGUXåHQMLPDLSRMHGLQFLPDNRMLSRGUåDYDMX-XJRVODYLMXL-1$ 3ROLWLþNLIDNWRULRSãWLQVNLKRUJDQDYODVWLRUJDQL]RYDQLRGORNDOQLKVWUXNWXUD 6WUDQNHGHPRNUDWVNHDNFLMH+UYDWVNHGHPRNUDWVNH]DMHGQLFHL6RFLMDOGHPRNUDWVNH SDUWLMHRSUHGLMHOMHQL]DPLUQRGRSVNXSROLWLNXNRMXVXNUHLUDOL3UHGVMHGQLãWYRL9ODGD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH D UHDJXMXüL QD SUHWKRGQR RSLVDQH GRJDÿDMH JHQHULUDOL VX VOMHGHüHSROLWLþNHSULOLNH VSUHþDYDQMH PRELOL]DFLMH UH]HUYQRJ VDVWDYD L UHJUXWD X MHGLQLFH -1$ VD FLOMHP]DXVWDYOMDQMDLQHXþHVWYRYDQMXXUDWXQDVWUDQL6UEDX+UYDWVNRM RþXYDQMH 8VWDYQRJ SRUHWND %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH L PHÿXVREQR YUDüDQMH SRYMHUHQMDPHÿXJUDÿDQHDSUREOHPHUMHãDYDWLUD]JRYRULPDGLMDORJRP RUJDQL]RYDQMH 5HIHUHQGXPD JUDÿDQD QD GHPRNUDWVNL QDþLQ L X VNODGX VD ]DNRQLPD]DOHJLWLPQRL]MDãQMHQMHJUDÿDQDR%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL SDWULRWVNRRUJDQL]RYDQMHJUDÿDQD Summary 7KH SROLWLFDO IDFWRUV RI WKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH 6'6 LQ ORFDO DXWKRULWLHV WKH -1$XQLWVDQGWKH7HUULWRULDO'HIHQVHVWUXFWXUHVFRPPLWWHGWRWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI6HUELDQSROLWLFVKDYHSURGXFHGVXFKSROLWLFDORSSRUWXQLWLHVLQWKH7X]ODUHJLRQ WKURXJK WKHNLOOLQJRISROLFHR൶FHUVDQGLQQRFHQWFLWL]HQVRIQRQ6HUEHWKQLFLW\ PRELOL]DWLRQDQGSUHVVXUHRQFLWL]HQVWR¿JKWLQ&URDWLD FDXVLQJ IHDUV DPRQJ FLWL]HQV VKRRWLQJ GRZQ UHOLJLRXV VLWHV E\ PRVTXHV DQGPDWHULDOJRRGV LQVXOWLQJWKUHDWHQLQJHYLFWLQJQRQ6HUEVDQGSURYRNLQJKRVWLOLW\ 1RQFRPSOLDQFHZLWKWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQDORUGHURI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD WKHFROODSVHRIWKHXQLTXH083RI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD GHSOR\PHQWRI-1$PLOLWDU\IRUFHVWRWKHWHUULWRU\RIWKH7X]ODUHJLRQIURP &URDWLDWDNLQJDQGUHJXODWLQJWKHSRVLWLRQIRUWKHHDVLHUH[HFXWLRQRIWKH 5$0SODQ $UPVDQGWUDLQLQJRIFROODERUDWRUVIRUFHVLQWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH6'6 DQG VXSSRUW WR DVVRFLDWLRQV DQG LQGLYLGXDOV WKDW VXSSRUW 300 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,û ,]YRUQLQDXþQLUDG 0U$PLU+$/,/29,û 8QLYHU]LWHWX7X]OL 0UVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û -82VQRYQDãNRODÄ3D]DU³7X]OD 675$'$1-(%2â1-$.$83527(./205$781$ 32'58ý-868û(6.(823û,1,65(%5(1,&$ $SVWUDNW 6XüHVND MH ¿]LþNRJHRJUDIVND L DQWURSRJHRJUDIVND SUHGLRQD FMHOLQDXVMHYHUR]DSDGQRPGLMHOXRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD8XåHPVPLVOXWRMHSRGUXþMH RPHÿHQR NDQMRQRP ULMHNH =HOHQL -DGDU QD MXJX L GROLQRP ULMHNH %XNRYLFH QD VMHYHUX8ãLUHPVPLVOXSRGUXþMH6XüHVNH]DX]LPDSRGUXþMHL]PHÿXJRUQMHJVOLYD 3RWRþDUVNHULMHNHQDVMHYHUXLSRGUDYDQMVNRJSODWRDQDMXJXâWRVHWLþHJUDQLFH QD]DSDGXWRMHGROLQDULMHNH=HOHQL-DGDUDQDLVWRNXWRMHSRGUXþMHL]YRULãQLK þHOHQNL ULMHNH .D]DQL L .XWOLþNH ULMHNH 1DYHGHQH JUDQLFH UHJLRQLPD 6XüHVNH WUHEDX]HWLXVORYQRMHU]DGH¿QLVDQMHJUDQLFDQHNRJSRGUXþMDWUHEDX]HWLXRE]LU L DQWURSRJHRJUDIVNH RGOLNH SRGUXþMD NDR QD SULPMHUKLVWRULMVNL UD]YRM SRGUXþMD HWQRJHRJUDIVNH L NXOWXUQRJHRJUDIVNH RGOLNH ]DWLP RVMHüDM X]DMDPQH SULSDGQRVWL QHNRPJHRJUDIVNRPSRGUXþMXLGU8VUHGQMHPYLMHNXSRGUXþMH6XüHVNHSULSDGDOR MH åXSL 7UHERWLüL NRMD MH LPDOD ]QDWQR YHüH SRGUXþMH NRMH VH SURVWLUDOR X YHüHP GLMHOXJRUQMHJLVUHGQMHJWRNDULMHNH=HOHQL-DGDU8YDåDYDMXüLNXOWXUQRJHRJUDIVNH HWQRJHRJUDIVNH L KLVWRULMVNH þLQMHQLFH SRGUXþMH 6XüHVNH REXKYDWD VOMHGHüD QDVHOMHQD PMHVWD %RVWDKRYLQH %UDNRYFL %XþLQRYLüL %XþMH .XWX]HUR /LSRYDF 2SHWFL3RGJDM3RGRVRMH6ODWLQD6WDURJODYLFH6XüHVNDLäHGDQMVNR 3RGUXþMH6XüHVNHSULEOLåQHSRYUãLQHNP2REXKYDWDWHULWRULMXWULQDHVW QDVHOMHQLK PMHVWD X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 3UHPD SRSLVX VWDQRYQLãWYD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH JRGLQH QD SRGUXþMX 6XüHVNH åLYMHOR MH GRPDüLQVWDYD SURVMHþQH YHOLþLQH þODQD D XNXSQR VX LPDOD þODQD XJODYQRP ERãQMDþNH QDFLRQDOQRVWL 3UHPD SRGDFLPD SRVOMHGQMHJ SRSLVD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRJVWDQRYQLãWYDJRGLQHQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHåLYMHORMH XNXSQRRVRED åHQVNLK RGNRMLKRVREDERãQMDþNHQDFLRQDOQRVWL åHQVND 8UDGXVXSUH]HQWLUDQHQDMYDåQLMHGHPRJUDIVNHSRVOMHGLFHUDWQLKVWUDGDQMD %RãQMDNDQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFDSRVHEQRWRNRPJHQRFLGDXW]Y Ä6LJXUQRM]RQL816UHEUHQLFD³MXOD JRGLQH 7RNRP DJUHVLMH QD %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX XELMHQR MH RVRED ERãQMDþNH QDFLRQDOQRVWL PHÿX NRMLPD L RVREH åHQVNRJ VSROD SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQD3URVMHþQDVWDURVWXELMHQLKPXãNDUDFDELODMHJRGLQHDL]DRåHQMHQLK PXãNDUDFDRVWDORMHXGRYLFDLGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQD 301 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û 7RNRP JHQRFLGD XELMHQR MH RVRED PHÿX NRMLPD L RVRED åHQVNRJ VSRODSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQD3URVMHþQDVWDURVWXELMHQLKPXãNDUDFDåUWDYD JHQRFLGD ELOD MH JRGLQD ,]D XELMHQLK RåHQMHQLK PXãNDUDFD RVWDOH VX åHQHXGRYLFHLGMHWHWDVLURþHWDSURVMHþQHVWDURVWL JRGLQD 'R GDQDV QD SRGUXþMX 6XüHVNH åLYL PDQMH RG RVRED ERãQMDþNH QDFLRQDOQRVWLDSUHNRRVREDLVHOLORVHL]YDQ%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHYHüLQRPX 6MHGLQMHQH$PHULþNH'UåDYH .OMXþQH ULMHþL: 6XüHVND RSüLQD 6UHEUHQLFD %RãQMDFL SRURGLFH GRPDüLQVWYD åUWYH DJUHVLMH L JHQRFLGD XGRYLFH VLURþDG SURJQDQL UDVHOMHQL SRYUDWQLFL THE SUFFERING OF BOSNIAKS IN THE RECENT WAR IN THE AREA 2)68û(6.$,17+(081,&,3$/,7<2)65(%5(1,&$ Abstract 6XüHVND LV D SK\VLRJHRJUDSKLFDO DQG DQWKURSRJHRJUDSKLFDO DUHDLQWKHQRUWKZHVWHUQSDUWRIWKH6UHEUHQLFDPXQLFLSDOLW\,QWKHQDUURZVHQVH WKLVDUHDLVERUGHUHGE\=HOHQL-DGDUULYHUFDQ\RQLQWKHVRXWKDQGWKHYDOOH\RI WKH%XNRYLFDULYHULQWKHQRUWK,QDEURDGHUVHQVHWKHDUHDRI6XüHVNDLQFOXGHV WKHDUHDEHWZHHQWKHXSSHUEDVLQRIWKH3RWRþDUL5LYHULQWKHQRUWKDQGSODWHDX RI 3RGUDYQMH LQ WKH VRXWK 7KH ZHVWHUQ ERUGHU LV WKH YDOOH\ RI WKH ULYHU =HOHQL -DGDUDQG LQ WKH HDVW LW LV WKH DUHD RI VSULQJV RI WKH .D]DQL ULYHU DQG .XWOLFND ULYHU7KHVH ERXQGDULHV RI WKH 6XüHVND UHJLRQ VKRXOG EH WDNHQ RQ D FRQGLWLRQDO EDVLVEHFDXVHLQWKHGH¿QLQJERXQGDULHVRIDQDUHDVKRXOGDOVREHFRQVLGHUWKH DQWKURSRJHRJUDSKLFDOIHDWXUHVRIWKHDUHDVXFKDVWKHKLVWRULFDOGHYHORSPHQWRI WKH DUHD HWKQRJHRJUDSKLFDO DQG FXOWXUDOJHRJUDSKLFDO IHDWXUHV WKHQ WKH VHQVH RIPXWXDOD৽OLDWLRQWRVRPHJHRJUDSKLFDODUHDHWF,QWKH0LGGOH$JHVDUHDRI 6XüHVNDEHORQJHGWRWKH7UHERWLüLSDULVKZLWKDPXFKODUJHUDUHDZKLFKLQFOXGHG DODUJHSDUWRIWKHXSSHUDQGPLGGOHULYHUÀRZRIWKHULYHU=HOHQL-DGDU7DNLQJLQWR DFFRXQWFXOWXUDOHWKQRJUDSKLFDQGKLVWRULFDOIDFWVWKHJHRJUDSKLFDUHDRI6XüHVND LQFOXGHVWKHIROORZLQJLQKDELWHGSODFHV %RVWDKRYLQH%UDNRYFL%XþLQRYLüL%XþMH .XWX]HUR /LSRYDF 2SHWFL 3RGJDM 3RGRVRMH 6ODWLQD 6WDURJODYLFH 6XüHVND L äHGDQMVNR 7KHDUHDRI6XüHVNDLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\VTXDUHNLORPHWHUVDQGFRYHUVWKH WHUULWRU\RIWKLUWHHQSRSXODWHGSODFHVLQWKHQRUWKZHVWHUQSDUWRIWKHPXQLFLSDOLW\ RI6UHEUHQLFD$FFRUGLQJWRWKHSRSXODWLRQFHQVXVRI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDLQ WKHUHZHUHKRXVHKROGVLQWKHDUHDRI6XüHVNDZLWKDQDYHUDJHVL]HRI PHPEHUVDQGDWRWDOSRSXODWLRQRI PHPEHUVPRVWO\%RVQLDNVHWKQLFLW\ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH ODWHVW FHQVXV RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ RI %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD FRQGXFWHGLQSHRSOH ZRPHQ OLYHGLQ6XFHVVNDRIZKLFK %RVQLDNSHRSOH ZRPHQ 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD 7KHSDSHUSUHVHQWVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWGHPRJUDSKLFFRQVHTXHQFHVRIZDU VXৼHULQJ RI %RVQLDNV LQ WKH DUHD RI 6XüHVND LQ WKH PXQLFLSDOLW\ RI 6UHEUHQLFD SDUWLFXODU\GXULQJWKHJHQRFLGHLQVRFDOOHG³816DIH$UHDRI6UHEUHQLFD´LQ-XO\ 'XULQJWKHDJJUHVVLRQDJDLQVW%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD%RVQLDNZHUH NLOOHGLQFOXGLQJRIWKHIHPDOHRIWKHDYHUDJHDJHRI\HDUV7KHDYHUDJHDJH RINLOOHGPHQZDV\HDUV1XPEHURIWKHZLGRZVZKRVHKXVEDQGVZHUHNLOOHGLV ZLWKFKLOGUHQRUSKDQVZLWKDQDYHUDJHDJHRI\HDUV 'XULQJWKHJHQRFLGH SHRSOHZHUHNLOOHGLQFOXGLQJ ZRPHQZLWKWKH DYHUDJHDJHRI\HDUV7KHDYHUDJHDJHRINLOOHGPHQWKHYLFWLPVRIJHQRFLGH ZDV\HDUV1XPEHURIWKHZLGRZVZKRVHKXVEDQGVZHUHNLOOHGLVZLWK FKLOGUHQRUSKDQVZLWKDQDYHUDJHDJHRI \HDUV 8QWLOWRGD\WKHUHDUHOHVVWKDQ%RVQLDNVOLYLQJLQWKHDUHDRI6XüHVND DQGPRUHWKDQSHRSOHZKRVHOLYLQJRXWVLGH%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDPRVWO\LQ WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD .H\ ZRUGV 6XüHVND PXQLFLSDOLW\ RI 6UHEUHQLFD %RVQLDNV IDPLOLHV YLFWLPV RI DJJUHVVLRQ DQG JHQRFLGH ZLGRZV FKLOGUHQ RUSKDQV H[LOHG SHUVRQV GLVSODFHGSHUVRQVUHWXUQHHV *HRJUDIVNRSRLPDQMHSRGUXþMD6XüHVNH 3RGUXþMH 6XüHVNH X XåHP VPLVOX ]DKYDWD VMHYHUR]DSDGQL GLR RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFDRGQRVQRWHULWRULMXMHGDQDHVWVHRVNLKQDVHOMDNRMDþLQH0MHVQX]DMHGQLFX 6XüHVND 7R VX VOMHGHüD QDVHOMD %RVWDKRYLQH %UDNRYFL %XþLQRYLüL /LSRYDF 2SHWFL 3RGJDM 3RGRVRMH 6ODWLQD 6WDURJODYLFH 6XüHVND L äHGDQMVNR 6OLND 0HÿXWLP XYDåDYDMXüL GUXãWYHQRJHRJUDIVNH IDNWRUH UD]YRMD LVWUDåLYDQRJ GLMHOD SRGUXþMD RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD QHRSKRGQR MH X SRGUXþMH 6XüHVNH XYUVWLWL L GYD QDVHOMD NRMD VH QDOD]H X VDVWDYX 0MHVQH ]DMHGQLFH 3RGUDYQR D WR VX QDVHOMD %XþMH L .XWX]HUR 7DNR GD üH QRYR GH¿QLVDQR SRGUXþMH 6XüHVNH LPDWL WULQDHVW QDVHOMHQLKPMHVWDVXNXSQRPSRYUãLQRPRGNP KHNWDUD DQDRYRM SRYUãLQLSUHPDSRSLVXVWDQRYQLãWYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH JRGLQHåLYMHODMH RVREDRGNRMLKVXRVREHERãQMDþNHQDFLRQDOQRVWL8NXSQRMHELOR GRPDüLQVWDYDXJODYQRPSRURGLþQLKþLMDMHSURVMHþQDYHOLþLQDL]QRVLODþODQ 3RGUXþMH 6XüHVNH WRSRJUDIVNL SRVPDWUDQR RPHÿHQR MH NDQMRQRP ULMHNH =HOHQL -DGDU QD MXJX L GROLQRP %XNRYLþNH ULMHNH QD VMHYHUX 3UHFL]QLMH UHþHQR SRGUXþMH 6XüHVNH ]DX]LPD WHULWRULM L]PHÿX JRUQMHJ VOLYD 3RWRþDUVNH ULMHNH QD VMHYHUXLSRGUDYDQMVNRJSODWRDQDMXJXâWRVHWLþHJUDQLFHQD]DSDGXWRMHGROLQD ULMHNH =HOHQL -DGDU D QD LVWRNX WR MH SRGUXþMH L]YRULãQLK þHOHQNL ULMHNH .D]DQL L .XWOLþNHULMHNH1 1 1XVUHW +RGåLü 5D]YRM VWDQRYQLãWYD L QDVHOMD QD SRGUXþMX 6XüHVNH X RSüLQL 6UHEUHQLFD 8QLYHU]LWHWX7X]OL 0DJLVWDUVNLUDG 7X]OD GDOMH 1+RGåLü5D]YRMVWDQRYQLãWYDLQDVHOMD QDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNH 303 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û 1HRSKRGQR MH QDSRPHQXWL GD MH GDQDãQMH SRGUXþMH 6XüHVNH SULSDGDOR VUHGQMRYMHNRYQRMåXSL7UHERWLüLNRMDMHLPDOD]QDWQRYHüXWHULWRULMXDSURVWLUDODVH XYHüHPGLMHOXGRQMHJLVUHGQMHJWRNDULMHNH=HOHQL-DGDU 3ULORJ3RGUXþMH6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD 9DåQLMHDQWURSRJHRJUDIVNHNDUDNWHULVWLNHSRGUXþMD6XüHVNH 'HPRJUDIVNLUD]YRMVWDQRYQLãWYDSRGUXþMD6XüHVNHRGYLMDRVHXXYMHWLPD VORåHQLK KLVWRULMVNLK SROLWLþNLK HNRQRPVNLK L GUXJLK SULOLND ãWR MH ELWQR XWLFDOR QD SURPMHQH X XNXSQRP EURMX VWDQRYQLND 5DVW XNXSQRJ EURMD VWDQRYQLND RYRJ SRGUXþMD ELR MH SURPMHQOMLYRJD LQWHQ]LWHWD 3URVMHþQD VWRSD XNXSQRJ UDVWD VWDQRYQLND RG GR JRGLQH L]QRVLOD MH RGQRVQR XNXSDQ EURM VWDQRYQLND VH SRYHüDR ]D RVRED =ERJ SURPMHQD X JUDQLFDPD L VPDQMLYDQMD EURMDQDVHOMD VDQD JRGLQHLPDPRPDQMLEURMVWDQRYQLNDQDSRGUXþMX 6XüHVNH]DVWDQRYQLNDLLPDPRQHJDWLYQXVWRSXUDVWDEURMDVWDQRYQLãWYDNRMDMH L]QRVLOD 8QDYHGHQLPSRSLVLPDXVDVWDYXSRGUXþMD6XüHVNHQDYRGLVHQDVHOMD RVLP JRGLQH NDGD VX X VDVWDY 6XüHVNH SRQRYR XNOMXþHQD QDVHOMD 3DOHå L 3RGUDYQR1HJDWLYQXVWRSXXNXSQRJEURMDVWDQRYQLNDLPDPRMRãRG GR JRGLQHNRMDMHL]QRVLOD LRG GR JRGLQHVD DX]URNWRPH VX3UYLL'UXJLVYMHWVNLUDWLQMHJRYHSRVOMHGLFHXSHULRGXRG GR JRGLQH 7DEHOD 3DYDR$QÿHOLü6WXGLMHRWHULWRULMDOQRSROLWLþNRMRUJDQL]DFLMLVUHGQMRYMHNRYQH%RVQHL]GDQMH 6YMHWORVW 6DUDMHYR 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD 8SHULRGXRG GR JRGLQHVWDQRYQLãWYR6XüHVNHVHSRYHüDOR]D VWDQRYQLND LOL ]D RGQRVQR VD QD RVREX 6WDQRYQLãWYR SRGUXþMD 6XüHVNH VH X RYRP SHULRGX SRYHüDOR SR SURVMHþQRM JRGLãQMRM VWRSL RG XRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD 1DRYDNDYWUHQGXNXSQRJNUHWDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYD QDMYHüL XWLFDM VX LPDOH YLVRNH VWRSH SULURGQRJ SULUDãWDMD 8 QDYHGHQRP SHULRGX QDMYHüL SRUDVW VWDQRYQLãWYD LPDOR MH QDVHOMH %XþLQRYLüL JGMH VH VWDQRYQLãWYR SRYHüDOR VD X JRGLQL QD VWDQRYQLND X JRGLQL SR SURVMHþQRM JRGLãQMRM VWRSL D QDMPDQML SRUDVW MH LPDOR QDVHOMH 3RGRVRMH JGMH VH EURM VWDQRYQLND VPDQMLR VD QD RVRED QHJDWLYQD VWRSD SURPMHQH L]QRVLOD MH 7DEHOD 'HPRJUDIVNH SURPMHQH QD SRGUXþMX 6XüHVNH X SHULRGX RG GR JRGLQH PRåHPR QDMEROMH YLGMHWL NUR] SURPMHQH X SRMHGLQLP VWUXNWXUDPD VWDQRYQLãWYDRYRJSRGUXþMD3URPMHQHXVSROQRMVWUXNWXULXXNXSQRPVWDQRYQLãWYX 6XüHVNH X SHULRGX RG GR JRGLQH PRJX VH XRþLWL NUR] NRH¿FLMHQWH PDVNXOLQLWHWD L IHPLQLWHWD .RH¿FLMHQW PDVNXOLQLWHWD X 6XüHVNRM X JRGLQL L]QRVLRMH DX JRGLQL9HüLEURMþDQLUDVWPXãNRJXRGQRVX QDåHQVNRVWDQRYQLãWYRQDRYRPSRGUXþMXNDRLQDQLYRXRSüLQHLFLMHOH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHXYMHWRYDQMHRSüRPSRMDYRPGDVHUDÿDYHüLEURMPXãNHXRGQRVXQD åHQVNXGMHFX 7DEHOD Stanovništvo prema popisima .RH¿FLMHQW .RH¿FLMHQW Godina Ukupno 0XãNDUFL äHQH feminiteta maskuliniteta 7DEHOD2SüLNRH¿FLMHQWIHPLQLWHWDLPDVNXOLQLWHWDQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHSUHPDSRSLVLPD VWDQRYQLãWYD L JRGLQH3 3URPMHQH X GREQRM VWUXNWXUL 6XüHVNH QDML]UDåHQLMH VX X VWUXNWXUL PODGRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD WM RG GR JRGLQD VD X JRGLQL QD X JRGLQL =DELOMHåHQRMHLSRYHüDQMHVWDQRYQLãWYDVWDURJLYLãHJRGLQDVD X JRGLQLQDX JRGLQL3UHPDSRSLVXVWDQRYQLãWYDL] JRGLQH QDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHGREQDVWUXNWXUDMHELODVOMHGHüD PODGRPVWDQRYQLãWYX JRGLQD SULSDGDORMH ]UHORPVWDQRYQLãWYX JRGLQD LVWDURP LYLãHJRGLQD RGXNXSQRJVWDQRYQLãWYD6XüHVNH8 JRGLQLQDPODGR VWDQRYQLãWYRRWSDGDORMHQD]UHORVWDQRYQLãWYRLVWDURVWDQRYQLãWYR ,]QDYHGHQRJPRåHPR]DNOMXþLWLGDXSHULRGXRGJRGLQDWMRG GR JRGLQH QLMH ELOR SURPMHQD WLSRYD GREQH VWUXNWXUH VWDQRYQLãWYD 6XüHVNH WM 3 3RSLVVWDQRYQLãWYD JRGLQH$NWLYQRVWLGMHODWQRVW±UH]XOWDWL]DQDVHOMD.QMLJD;,96=6 %HRJUDG 3RSLV VWDQRYQLãWYD L VWDQRYD JRGLQH 6WDQRYQLãWYR ± GMHODWQRVW ± 5H]XOWDWL SR QDVHOMLPD L RSãWLQDPD .QMLJD ; 6=6 %HRJUDG 3RSLV VWDQRYQLãWYD L VWDQRYD 6WDQRYQLãWYR ± 3ROMRSULYUHGQR VWDQRYQLãWYR ± UH]XOWDWL SR QDVHOMLPD L RSãWLQDPD .QMLJD;,6=6%HRJUDG $NWLYQRVWDQRYQLãWYRX]HPOMLNRMHREDYOMD]DQLPDQMHSUHPD GMHODWQRVWLSRQDVHOMLPD±3RSLV 'RNXPHQWDFLMD)=66DUDMHYR 305 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û SRSXODFLMDRYRJSRGUXþMDSULSDGDODMHPODGRPWLSX 7DEHOD 8SHULRGXRG GR JRGLQHXGREQRMVWUXNWXULVWDQRYQLãWYDXVYLPQDVHOMLPDSRGUXþMD6XüHVNH SUHRYODGDYDORMHPODGRVWDQRYQLãWYRWMVWDQRYQLãWYRRGGR JRGLQD 6XüHVND Godina 1961. 1971. 1981. 1991. Dob svega svega svega svega 351 1.195 52,90 1.568 55,74 1.725 53,35 1.409 42,80 51 155 53 50 940 41,61 1.078 38,33 1351 41,78 1.515 46,04 35 35 L 1 31 QHSR]QDWR 124 5,49 167 5,93 157 4,85 367 11,15 i nepoznato 8NXSQR 100 100 100 100 7DEHOD'REQDVWUXNWXUDVWDQRYQLãWYDSRGUXþMD6XüHVNH L JRGLQH 9HRPD YDåDQ SRND]DWHOM HNRQRPVNRJ UD]YRMD QHNRJ SRGUXþMD MHVWH L VWUXNWXUD VWDQRYQLãWYD SUHPD VHNWRULPD GMHODWQRVWL (NRQRPVNL QHUD]YLMHQD SRGUXþMD LPDMX QDMYHüL XGLR SROMRSULYUHGQRJ X XNXSQRP DNWLYQRP VWDQRYQLãWYX 3RSLV VWDQRYQLãWYD 3RO L VWDURVW UH]XOWDWL ]D QDVHOMD .QMLJD ;, 6=6 3RSLV VWDQRYQLãWYDLVWDQRYD 6WDQRYQLãWYRSROLVWDURVW OGHR 5H]XOWDWLSRQDVHOMLPDLRSãWLQDPD .QMLJD 9,,, 6=6 %HRJUDG 3RSLV VWDQRYQLãWYD GRPDüLQVWDYD L VWDQRYD 5H]XOWDWL ]D VWDQRYQLãWYR GRPDüLQVWYD L VWDQRYH SR QDVHOMLPD .QMLJD RSãWLQD 6UHEUHQLFD WDEHOD 5=66DUDMHYR 6WDWLVWLþNLELOWHQLEURM 6WDQRYQLãWYRSRQDVHOMHQLPPMHVWLPD )=66DUDMHYR 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD ãWRMHVOXþDMLSRGUXþMD6XüHVNH2SüLQD6UHEUHQLFDELODMHPHÿXQDMQHUD]YLMHQLMLP ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP RSüLQDPD GR VUHGLQH WLK JRGLQD VWROMHüD 2VDPGHVHWLK JRGLQD SURãORJ VWROMHüD RWYDUD VH QHNROLNR LQGXVWULMVNLK SRJRQD X NRMLPDVH]DSRãOMDYD]QDþDMDQEURMUDGQRDNWLYQRJVWDQRYQLãWYDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD DOLLRNROQLKRSüLQD3RþHWNRP WLKJRGLQDSURãORJVWROMHüDELORMH]DSRVOHQRRNR RVREDQDSRGUXþMXRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD 3UHPD SRSLVX VWDQRYQLãWYD L] JRGLQH X SULPDUQRP VHNWRUX ELOR MH]DSRVOHQRVHNXQGDUQRP WHUFLMDUQRPLXNYDUWDUQRP DNWLYQRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD 6XüHVNH 3RVOLMH WULGHVHW JRGLQD WM X JRGLQL QD SULPDUQL VHNWRU RWSDGDOR MH DNWLYQRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD VHNXQGDUQL WHUFLMDUQL L NYDUWDUQL RG XNXSQRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD 6XüHVNH 7DEHOD ,] QDYHGHQRJSRSLVDPRåHPR]DNOMXþLWLGDMHSRGUXþMH6XüHVNH L JRGLQH SULSDGDORSUYRPUD]YRMQRPWLSXHNRQRPVNHVWUXNWXUHDX JRGLQLSULSDGDORMH GUXJRPUD]YRMQRPWLSXHNRQRPVNHVWUXNWXUH5 3RGUXþMH 6XüHVND Godina popisa 1961. 1971. 1991. Ukupno svega svega svega XNXSQR 100 100 100 6WDQRYQLãWYR DNWLYQR 100 100 100 SROMRSULYUHGDLULEDUVWYR ãXPDUVWYR VHNWRU YRGRSULYUHGD 1 3ULPDUQL svega 771 84,3 935 86,6 248 31,9 LQGXVWULMDLUXGDUVWYR 30 JUDÿHYLQDUVWYR VHNWRU VDREUDüDMLYH]H 00 6HNXQGDUQL svega 81 8,9 97 9 416 53,5 WUJRYLQDXJRVWLWHOMVWYRL 3 5 15 WXUL]DP ]DQDWVWYRLOLþQHXVOXJH 1 1 10 VWDPEHQRNRPXQDOQH 3 GMHODWQRVWL ¿QDQVLMVNHWHKQLþNHL 7HUFLMDUQLVHNWRU SRVORYQHXVOXJH svega 7 0,7 6 0,6 31 4 1+RGåLü5D]YRMVWDQRYQLãWYDLQDVHOMDQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNH 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û 3RGUXþMH 6XüHVND Godina popisa 1961. 1971. 1991. Ukupno svega svega svega REUD]RYDQMHQDXNDNXOWXUDL LQIRUPDFLMH NXOWXUDLVRFLMDOQDGMHODWQRVW 15 ]GUDYVWYRLVRFLMDOQD]DãWLWD GUXãWYHQRSROLWLþNHL .YDUWDUQLVHNWRU VDPRXSUDYQHLQWHUHVQH 1 1 3 ]DMHGQLFH svega 7 0,8 16 1,5 5 0,7 7DEHOD$NWLYQRVWDQRYQLãWYRSRGUXþMD6XüHVNHSUHPDVHNWRULPDGMHODWQRVWL L JRGLQH*) *) 5D]OLNDL]PHÿXXNXSQRJDNWLYQRJLXNXSQRJVWDQRYQLãWYDSUHPDVHNWRULPDGMHODWQRVWL SUHGVWDYOMDQHSR]QDWXGMHODWQRVW 2EUD]RYQD L HNRQRPVND VWUXNWXUD VWDQRYQLãWYD QHNRJ SRGUXþMD MH X GLQDPLþNRM L SRYUDWQRM VSUH]L WM SRVWRML MDN PHÿXRYLVQL XWLFDM L]PHÿX QMLK 2EUD]RYQD VWUXNWXUD VWDQRYQLãWYD 6XüHVNH UD]YLMDOD VH SRG XWLFDMHP RSüHJ GUXãWYHQRHNRQRPVNRJ UD]YRMD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH D SRVHEQR SRGUXþMD RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 3RGDFL R REUD]RYDQMX XND]XMX GD VH REUD]RYQD VWUXNWXUD 6XüHVNH ]QDþDMQR SRSUDYLOD X SHULRGX RG GR JRGLQH 8GLR QHSLVPHQRJ X XNXSQRPVWDQRYQLãWYXVPDQMLRVH]DYLãHRGGYDSXWDWMVX JRGLQL QD X JRGLQL 7DEHOD 3RþHWNRPWLKJRGLQDSURãORJYLMHNDVDPR MHRVREDLOLRGXNXSQRJVWDQRYQLãWYD6XüHVNHVWDURJLYLãHJRGLQD LPDOR ]DYUãHQX VUHGQMX ãNROX RSüLQD 6UHEUHQLFD D QLWL MHGQD RVRED QLMH LPDOD ]DYUãHQ IDNXOWHW 7ULGHVHW JRGLQD NDVQLMH WM SRþHWNRP WLK JRGLQD VWROMHüDWDMVHRPMHUSURPLMHQLRXNRULVWYHüHJXGMHODRVREDVD]DYUãHQRPVUHGQMRP ãNRORPLIDNXOWHWRP3UHPDSRSLVXVWDQRYQLãWYD JRGLQHQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNH ELOR MH RVRED LOL VD ]DYUãHQRP VUHGQMRP ãNRORP RSüLQD 6UHEUHQLFD D RVRED LOL ]DYUãLOR MH IDNXOWHWH RSüLQD 6UHEUHQLFD ,] QDYHGHQRJ PRåHPR ]DNOMXþLWL GD MH X REUD]RYQRM VWUXNWXUL 6XüHVNH GRãOR GR ]QDþDMQLKSURPMHQDXSREROMãDQMXRSüHREUD]RYQRJQLYRDLNYDOL¿NDFLRQHVWUXNWXUH VWDQRYQLãWYD PHÿXWLP X RGQRVX QD RSüLQX 6UHEUHQLFX RYR SRGUXþMH MH LPDOR 3RSLVVWDQRYQLãWYD JRGLQH$NWLYQRVWLGMHODWQRVW±UH]XOWDWL]DQDVHOMD.QMLJD;,96=6 %HRJUDG 3RSLV VWDQRYQLãWYD L VWDQRYD JRGLQH 6WDQRYQLãWYR ± GMHODWQRVW ± 5H]XOWDWL SR QDVHOMLPD L RSãWLQDPD .QMLJD ; 6=6 %HRJUDG 3RSLV VWDQRYQLãWYD L VWDQRYD 6WDQRYQLãWYR ± 3ROMRSULYUHGQR VWDQRYQLãWYR ± UH]XOWDWL SR QDVHOMLPD L RSãWLQDPD .QMLJD;,6=6%HRJUDG $NWLYQRVWDQRYQLãWYRX]HPOMLNRMHREDYOMD]DQLPDQMHSUHPD GMHODWQRVWLSRQDVHOMLPD±3RSLV 'RNXPHQWDFLMD)=66DUDMHYR 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD QHSRYROMQLMX REUD]RYQX VWUXNWXUX D X RGQRVX QD FLMHOX %RVQX L+HUFHJRYLQX MRã QHSRYROMQLMX 3RGUXþMH 6XüHVND Godina 1961. 1971. 1981. 1991. UdiR svega svega svega svega 8NXSQRVWDQRYQLãWYR 100 100 100 100 6WDQRYQLãWYR XNXSQR VWDURL YLãHJRGLQD QHSLVPHQR 153 5 'RE QHSLVPHQLK 310 L 100 130 QHSR]QDWR 7DEHOD1HSLVPHQRVWDQRYQLãWYRQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHVWDURLYLãHJRGLQDSRGREQLP JUXSDPD L JRGLQH8 9DåQLMHGHPRJUDIVNHSRVOMHGLFHVWUDGDQMD%RãQMDNDSRQDVHOMLPDSRGUXþMD 6XüHVNHWRNRPDJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGDSUH]HQWLUDQHVXXQDUHGQRPGLMHOXRYRJUDGD %RVWDKRYLQH 6HRVNR QDVHOMH %RVWDKRYLQH VPMHãWHQR MH X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX RSüLQH6UHEUHQLFDXJRUQMHPGLMHOXVOLYD%XNRYLþNHULMHNHDRGJUDGVNRJQDVHOMD 6UHEUHQLFDXGDOMHQRMHRNRNLORPHWDUD1DVHOMHMHUD]ELMHQRJWLSDVD]DVHRFLPD %XORJRYLQD'ROLQDL2UQLFDNRMLVXVPMHãWHQLQDUD]OLþLWLPQDGPRUVNLPYLVLQDPD RGGRPHWDUD 3RYUãLQDQDVHOMD%RVWDKRYLQHL]QRVLRNRNPDRGWRJD MH SULYDWQR ]HPOMLãWH XGLR SROMRSULYUHGQRJ X XNXSQRP ]HPOMLãWX L]QRVL D REUDGLYRJ 3URVMHþQD JXVWLQD QDVHOMHQRVWL RYRJ QDVHOMD X JRGLQLL]QRVLODMH VWDQNPãWRMHQHãWRYLãHRGSURVMHþQHJXVWLQHQDVHOMHQRVWL 1+RGåLü5D]YRMVWDQRYQLãWYDLQDVHOMDQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNH 3RSLV VWDQRYQLãWYD âNROVND VSUHPD L SLVPHQRVW UH]XOWDWL ]D QDVHOMD .QMLJD ;,,, 6=6 %HRJUDG 3RSLVVWDQRYQLãWYDLVWDQRYD âNROVNDVSUHPDLSLVPHQRVW UH]XOWDWL ]DQDVHOMD 3RSLVVWDQRYQLãWYDGRPDüLQVWDYDLVWDQRYD 5H]XOWDWL]DVWDQRYQLãWYRGRPDüLQVWYD LVWDQRYHSRQDVHOMLPD.QMLJD 7DEHODRSãWLQD6UHEUHQLFD 5=66DUDMHYR 3RSLV VWDQRYQLãWYD GRPDüLQVWDYD VWDQRYD L JD]GLQVWDYD 5H]XOWDWL ]D VWDQRYQLãWYR GRPDüLQVWYD L VWDQRYHSRQDVHOMLPD)=66DUDMHYR $OLMD6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD8QLYHU]LWHWX7X]OL 'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD 7X]OD GDOMH $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD10 3UYL ]YDQLþDQ SRPHQ QDVHOMD %RVWDKRYLQH SRWLþH RG SRSLVD VWDQRYQLãWYD JRGLQHXYULMHPH$XVWUR8JDUVNHPRQDUKLMH 8NXSDQ GHPRJUDIVNL UD]YRM VWDQRYQLãWYD QDVHOMD %RVWDKRYLQH X SHULRGX JRGLQH ELR MH SR]LWLYDQ D SURPMHQH VX VH RGUD]LOH QD VYH VWUXNWXUH VWDQRYQLãWYD 7DEHOD 'R ]QDþDMQLMLK GHPRJUDIVNLK SURPMHQD X QDVHOMX %RVWDKRYLQH GROD]L XVOMHG HNVWHUQLK UDWQLK IDNWRUD WRNRP DJUHVLMH QD %RVQX L+HUFHJRYLQXNDRLJHQRFLGDXW]YÄ6LJXUQRM]RQL816UHEUHQLFD³MXOD JRGLQH7RNRPWUDMDQMDDJUHVLMHXELMHQRMHXNXSQRRVREDSURVMHþQHVWDURVWL JRGLQHPHÿXNRMLPDLGYLMHRVREHåHQVNRJVSRODDL]DXELMHQLKPXãNDUDFDRVWDORMH XGRYLFDLHURGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQD118]ORþLQXJHQRFLGD XELMHQRMHXNXSQRRVREDSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQDDPHÿXXELMHQLPDELOR MH HUR GMHFH L GYLMH RVREH åHQVNRJ VSROD ,]D XELMHQLK PXãNDUDFD RVWDOR MH XGRYLFDLGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQH'DNOHWRNRPDJUHVLMH LJHQRFLGDXELMHQRMHXNXSQRRVREDL]%RVWDKRYLQDDL]DXELMHQLKRVWDORMH XGRYLFDLHURGMHFHVLURþDGL 'R JRGLQH X QDVHOMH %RVWDKRYLQH YUDWLOR VH LOL VH SULMDYLOR ]D JODVDQMHXNXSQRRVREDDL]YDQ%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHåLYLYLãHRGRVRED XJODYQRP X 6MHGLQMHQLP$PHULþNLP 'UåDYDPD SUHNR RVRED D ]QDWQR PDQMH X$XVWUDOLML'DQVNRM+RODQGLML1MHPDþNRMâYHGVNRMâYLFDUVNRMLWG%OL]X RVRED SULMHUDWQLK VWDQRYQLND %RVWDKRYLQD QDVWDQLOR VH X VOMHGHüLP RSüLQDPD *UDþDQLFD *UDGDþDF ,OLGåD ,OLMDã /XNDYDF 0LOLüL 2ORYR 6DUDMHYR &HQWDU 6UHEUHQLN7UDYQLN7X]OD9ODVHQLFD9RJRãüD=DYLGRYLüLLäLYLQLFH13 %UDNRYFL 6HRVNR QDVHOMH %UDNRYFL VPMHãWHQR MH X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD X SRGQRåMX VMHYHURLVWRþQH SDGLQH 9LGRYRJ %UGD QD RNR PHWDUD QDGPRUVNHYLVLQH2YRQDVHOMHSULSDGD]ELMHQRPWLSXQDVHOMDãWRMHULMHGDNVOXþDM X RSüLQL 6UHEUHQLFD 8 EOL]LQL QDVHOMD SURWLþH PDQML YRGRWRN %UDNRYDþND ULMHND NRMD V *UDQLþNRP ULMHNRP WYRUL %XNRYLþNX ULMHNX GHVQX SULWRNX ULMHNH -DGDU 8 EOL]LQLQDVHOMDSRVWRMLPDOLEURML]YRUDSLWNHYRGHNRMLVOXåH]DYRGRVQDEGLMHYDQMH VWDQRYQLãWYD RYRJ QDVHOMD 3RYUãLQD QDVHOMD %UDNRYFL L]QRVL RNR NP D RG WRJDMHSULYDWQR]HPOMLãWH XGLRSROMRSULYUHGQRJXXNXSQRP]HPOMLãWXL]QRVL DREUDGLYRJ 2SüDJXVWLQDQDVHOMHQRVWL JRGLQHL]QRVLODMH VWDQNPãWRMHQH]QDWQRPDQMHRGJXVWRüHQDVHOMHQRVWLRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD15 10Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD 11 $OLMD 6XOMLü 6WDQRYQLãWYR L QDVHOMD RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD DQWURSRJHRJUDIVND PRQRJUD¿MD .QMLJD SUDYD*HRJUDIVNRGUXãWYR7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD-81DURGQDLXQLYHU]LWHWVNDELEOLRWHNDÄ'HUYLã6XãLü³ 7X]OD7X]OD GDOMH $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD 13 ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD 15 )$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD 310 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD 3UYL]YDQLþDQSRPHQQDVHOMD%UDNRYFLSRWLþHRGSRSLVDVWDQRYQLãWYD JRGLQHXYULMHPH$XVWUR8JDUVNHPRQDUKLMH 7RNRP WLK L WLK JRGLQD VWROMHüD XNXSDQ GUXãWYHQRHNRQRPVNL UD]YRM RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD RGUD]LR VH SR]LWLYQR L QD GHPRJUDIVNH WRNRYH X QDVHOMX %UDNRYFL 7UHQG UDVWD XNXSQRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD ]DGUåDR VH X SHULRGX JRGLQH WR VH RGUD]LOR L QD SURPMHQH X RVWDOLP VWUXNWXUDPD VWDQRYQLãWYD 7DEHOD 8VOLMHG UDWQLK GHMVWDYD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL SRVHEQR QD SRGUXþMX RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD GROD]L GR YHOLNLK GHPRJUDIVNL SURPMHQD X VYLP VWUXNWXUDPD VWDQRYQLãWYDQDVHOMD%UDNRYFLDSRVHEQRXVWUXNWXULYRMQRVSRVREQRJVWDQRYQLãWYD NRMHMHLQDMYLãHVWUDGDORWRNRPDJUHVLMHQD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXNDRLX]ORþLQX JHQRFLGD 7RNRP DJUHVLMH QD QH]DYLVQX L PHÿXQDURGQR SUL]QDWX GUåDYX %RVQXL +HUFHJRYLQXXSHULRGX JRGLQHXELMHQRMHRVREDL]QDVHOMD%UDNRYFL SURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQDPHÿXNRMLPDLMHGQDåHQDDL]DXELMHQLKRåHQMHQLK PXãNDUDFD RVWDOH VX GYLMH XGRYLFH HUR GMHFH VLURþDGL SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQH=QDWQRYHüLEURM%UDNRYþDQDXELMHQMHWRNRP]ORþLQDJHQRFLGDMXOD JRGLQH RVREHPXãNRJVSRODSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQHPHÿXNRMLPDL GMHþDND,]DåUWDYDJHQRFLGDRVWDORMH XGRYLFDLHURGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQH 7RNRP DJUHVLMH L JHQRFLGD XELMHQR MH XNXSQR RVRED L] %UDNRYDFDDL]DXELMHQLKRVWDODMHXGRYLFDLRMHGMHFHVLURþDGL 'RJRGLQHXQDVHOMH%UDNRYFLYUDWLORVHLOLVHSULMDYLOR]DJODVDQMH XNXSQR RVRED SULMHUDWQLK VWDQRYQLND RYRJ QDVHOMD D QHNROLNR RVRED åLYL X VOMHGHüLPVUHEUHQLþNLPQDVHOMLPD %DEXOMLFH3RGJDMJUDG6UHEUHQLFDL6WDURJODYLFH 9LãH RG RVRED L] %UDNRYDFD åLYL L]YDQ %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH XJODYQRP X 6MHGLQMHQLP$PHULþNLP 'UåDYDPD SUHNR RVRED D MHGDQ GLR QDVWDQLR VH X $XVWULML)UDQFXVNRM+RODQGLML,UVNRM1MHPDþNRMâYHGVNRMâYLFDUVNRMLWG 3UHNR SULMHUDWQLK VWDQRYQLND QDVHOMD %UDNRYFL QDVWDQLR VH X VOMHGHüLP ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP RSüLQDPD %DQRYLüL %UDWXQDF %UH]D *UDþDQLFD *UDGDþDF ,OLMDã .DOHVLMD /XNDYDF 6DQVNL 0RVW 6UHEUHQLN 7X]OD 9RJRãüD =DYLGRYLüL=YRUQLNLäLYLQLFH %XþLQRYLüL 6HRVNR QDVHOMH %XþLQRYLüL VPMHãWHQR MH X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD QD UD]YRÿX L]PHÿX %XNRYLþNH L %XþLQRYLüNH ULMHNH RGQRVQR QD MXåQLP SDGLQDPD ]DWDODVDQH ]DUDYQL ]YDQH %UGD 'LMHORYL QDVHOMD QDOD]H VH QD UD]OLþLWLPQDGPRUVNLPYLVLQDPD *DEHOMHQDP%XþLQRYLüLQDPL=DMHOD QDPQDGPRUVNHYLVLQH2YRQDVHOMHNDRLYHüLQDQDVHOMDXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD Isto. ,]YRU Ä%D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD³ 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD 311 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û SULSDGDUD]ELMHQRPWLSX 3RYUãLQDRYRJQDVHOMDL]QRVLRNR NPDRGWRJDMH SULYDWQR ]HPOMLãWH XGLR SROMRSULYUHGQRJ X XNXSQRP ]HPOMLãWX L]QRVL D REUDGLYRJ *XVWRüD QDVHOMHQRVWL QD SRGUXþMX RYRJ QDVHOMD X JRGLQL L]QRVLODMHVWDQNPãWRMHJRWRYRWULSXWDYLãHRGRSüLQVNRJSURVMHND 3UYL ]YDQLþDQ SRPHQ QDVHOMD %XþLQRYLüL SRWLþH RG SRSLVD VWDQRYQLãWYD JRGLQHXYULMHPH$XVWUR8JDUVNHPRQDUKLMH 2SüLGHPRJUDIVNLUD]YRMQDVHOMD%XþLQRYLüLXSHULRGX JRGLQH ELRMHSR]LWLYDQDSURPMHQHVXVHRGUD]LOHQDVYHVWUXNWXUHVWDQRYQLãWYD 7DEHOD $JUHVLMRPQD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXSUHNLGDVHQRUPDODQGHPRJUDIVNLUD]YRMRYRJ QDVHOMDDSRVHEQRPDVRYQLPXELVWYLPDPXãNRJIHUWLOQRJLHNRQRPVNLDNWLYQRJD VWDQRYQLãWYD%XþLQRYLüDWRNRP]ORþLQDJHQRFLGDMXOD JRGLQH 7RNRPWUDMDQMDDJUHVLMHXELMHQRMHXNXSQRRVREDSURVMHþQHVWDURVWL JRGLQDPHÿXNRMLPDLGMHYRMþLFDWHGYLMHåHQHDL]DRåHQMHQLKPXãNDUDFDRVWDOH VXXGRYLFHLHURGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQD8WRNX]ORþLQD JHQRFLGDXELMHQRMHXNXSQRRVREDSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQDPHÿXNRMLPD LWULGMHþDNDDL]DRåHQMHQLKPXãNDUDFDRVWDOHVXåHQHXGRYLFHLHURGMHFH VLURþDGL þHWYHUREH]REDURGLWHOMD SURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQH 'R JRGLQH X QDVHOMH %XþLQRYLüL YUDWLOH VX VH RVREH NRMH VX ELOH SULMHUDWQL VWDQRYQLFL RYRJ QDVHOMD D MRã VHGDP RVRED SULMDYOMHQR MH X VOMHGHüLP VUHEUHQLþNLP QDVHOMLPD *RVWLOM 3HüLãWD 6UHEUHQLFD L 6XüHVND ,]YDQ %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHåLYLYLãHRGRVREDL]%XþLQRYLüDSULMHVYHJDX $XVWULML'DQVNRM )UDQFXVNRM6MHGLQMHQLP$PHULþNLP'UåDYDPDâYLFDUVNRMLWG9LãHRGRVRED SULMHUDWQLKVWDQRYQLND%XþLQRYLüDQDVWDQLORVHXVOMHGHüLPERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP RSüLQDPD %DQRYLüL%UDWXQDF%UH]D*UDþDQLFD*UDGDþDF,OLGåD,OLMDã/XNDYDF 0LOLüL 6DUDMHYR &HQWDU 6DUDMHYR 1RYL *UDG 6DUDMHYR 1RYR 6UHEUHQLN 7X]OD 9LVRNR9RJRãüD=DYLGRYLüL=HQLFDLäLYLQLFH %XþMH 6HRVNR QDVHOMH %XþMH VPMHãWHQR MH X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD RGQRVQR NLORPHWDUD MXJR]DSDGQR RG JUDGD 6UHEUHQLFH =DVHRN 6ODSRYLüL VPMHãWHQ MH QD GHVQRP SULREDOMX ULMHNH =HOHQL -DGDU PQY DVHOR%XþMHQDUD]YRÿXL]PHÿXULMHNH=HOHQRJ-DGUDLSRWRND1LNROLüL PQY NRMLMHGHVQDSULWRNDULMHNH7ROXãH%XþMHMHSODQLQVNRQDVHOMHUD]ELMHQRJ WLSD 3RYUãLQD QDVHOMD %XþMH L]QRVL RNR NP D RG WRJD MH SULYDWQR ]HPOMLãWH XGLR SROMRSULYUHGQRJ X XNXSQRP ]HPOMLãWX L]QRVL D REUDGLYRJ $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD 2SüDJXVWLQDQDVHOMHQRVWLXRYRPQDVHOMXX JRGLQLL]QRVLODMH VWDQNPãWRMH]QDWQRPDQMHRGJXVWRüHQDVHOMHQRVWLXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD 6HOR %XþMH VSRPLQMH VH X WXUVNRP GHIWHUX L] JRGLQH 3UHPD WRP GRNXPHQWX X QDVHOMX VX SRSLVDQH GYLMH PXVOLPDQVNH NXüH VD EDãWLQRP 0DGD SUYHSRWSXQHVWDWLVWLþNHSRGDWNHRVWDQRYQLãWYXLPDPRGR JRGLQHL]YUHPHQD $XVWUR8JDUVNHPRQDUKLMH 8NXSDQ GHPRJUDIVNL UD]YRM QDVHOMD %XþMH X SHULRGX JRGLQH ELRMHSR]LWLYDQDSURPMHQHVXVHRGUD]LOHQDVYHVWUXNWXUHVWDQRYQLãWYD 7DEHOD %RãQMDþNRVWDQRYQLãWYRQDVHOMD%XþMHGRåLYMHORMHVYHUDWQHJROJRWHDJUHVLMHL JHQRFLGD NDR L RVWDOD ERãQMDþND QDVHOMD RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 7RNRP DJUHVLMH QD %RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXLJHQRFLGDMXOD JRGLQHVWUDGDORMHVWDQRYQLãWYRQDVHOMD %XþMH7RNRP DJUHVLMH XELMHQH VX RVREH PXãNRJ VSROD SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQDDL]DRåHQMHQLKPXãNDUDFDRVWDOHVXGYLMHXGRYLFHLGYRMHGMHFHSURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQD 8 ]ORþLQX JHQRFLGD XELMHQR MH RVRED PXãNRJ VSROD SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQD D PHÿX XELMHQLPD VX L GMHþDND ,]D RåHQMHQLK PXãNDUDFDRVWDORMHXGRYLFDLHURGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQHVWDURVWL JRGLQD PHÿX NRMLPD L WURMH GMHFH EH] RED URGLWHOMD 'DNOH WRNRP DJUHVLMH L JHQRFLGD XELMHQRMHXNXSQRRVREDL]%XþMDDL]DXELMHQLKRVWDORMH XGRYLFDLHUR GMHFHVLURþDGL 'RJRGLQHXQDVHOMH%XþMHYUDWLOHVXVHVDPRRVREHDGLRSULMHUDWQLK VWDQRYQLNDRYRJQDVHOMDQDVWDQLRVHXVOMHGHüLPERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLPRSüLQDPD *UDGDþDF,OLMDã/XNDYDF6DSQD6DUDMHYR6WDUL*UDG6UHEUHQLN7X]OD9RJRãüD 9XNRVDYOMH =DYLGRYLüL L äLYLQLFH ,]YDQ %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH åLYL YLãH RG RVREDXJODYQRPX6MHGLQMHQLP$PHULþNLP'UåDYDPDLâYLFDUVNRM .XWX]HUR 6HRVNR QDVHOMH .XWX]HUR VPMHãWHQR MH X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD X SRGQRåMX EUGD KULGL .DN PQY D GLMHORYL QDVHOMD VLWXLUDQL VXQDUD]OLþLWLPQDGPRUVNLPYLVLQDPD RGPHWDUD%LMHOR3ROMHGRPHWDUD ± .XWX]HUR 3RYUãLQD QDVHOMD .XWX]HUR L]QRVL RNR NP D RG WRJD MH SULYDWQR ]HPOMLãWH XGLR SROMRSULYUHGQRJ X XNXSQRP ]HPOMLãWX L]QRVL D REUDGLYRJ 2SüDJXVWLQDQDVHOMHQRVWLXRYRPQDVHOMXX JRGLQLL]QRVLOD MH VWDQNPãWRMHPDQMHRGJXVWRüHQDVHOMHQRVWLXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD30 Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD 2SãLUQL SRSLV %RVDQVNRJ VDQGåDND L] JRGLQH VYHVND ,, 2ULMHQWDOQL LQVWLWXW L %RãQMDþNL LQVWLWXW6DUDMHYR $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD 30Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD 313 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û 3RGUXþMH QDVHOMD .XWX]HUR ELOR MH QDVHOMHQR MRã X VUHGQMHP YLMHNX D YMHURYDWQRLUDQLMH8EOL]LQLQDVHOMDSRVWRMLVUHGQMRYMHNRYQDQHNURSRODVWHüDND31 7DNRÿHUXNDQMRQXULMHNH=HOHQL-DGDUSRVWRMLVUHGQMRYMHNRYQLJUDG.OLþHYDFNRML MH ELR YRMQD XWYUGD 2YDM JUDG ± WYUÿDYD VD UXLQLUDQLP þHWYHURNXWQLP NXODPD VPMHãWHQMHXNDQMRQXULMHNH=HOHQL-DGDUXQHSRVUHGQRMEOL]LQLQDNUDãNRMVWLMHQL NRMXREDYLMDULMHNDVMHYHUR]DSDGQRRGVHOD.XWX]HUD8VUHGQMHPYLMHNXWYUÿDYD MHSULSDGDODåXSL7UHERWLüLDNDVQLMHQDKLML2VDW6RE]LURPGDVHXGHIWHUXL] JRGLQH VSRPLQMX DNLQGåLMH L] .XWX]HUD PLãOMHQMD VPR GD MH RYD WYUÿDYD ELOD X IXQNFLMLX;9,,VWROMHüX2YRQDVHOMHVHVSRPLQMHXWXUVNLPGHIWHULPDL] JRGLQHXNRMLPDVHQDYRGLGDXQDVHOMXLPDPXVOLPDQDVEDãWLQDPD33 8NXSDQGHPRJUDIVNLUD]YRMQDVHOMD.XWX]HURXSHULRGX JRGLQH ELRMHSR]LWLYDQDSURPMHQHVXVHRGUD]LOHQDVYHVWUXNWXUHVWDQRYQLãWYD 7DEHOD 6WDQRYQLãWYR .XWX]HUD NDR L RVWDOLK VUHEUHQLþNLK QDVHOMD QLMH ELOR SRãWHÿHQR UDWQLK VWUDGDQMD 7RNRP DJUHVLMH XELMHQR MH RVRED PXãNRJ VSROD SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQD D L]D XELMHQLK RVWDOR MH XGRYLFD L GMHWHWD VLURþHWDSURVMHþQHVWDURVWL JRGLQD7RNRP]ORþLQDJHQRFLGDXELMHQRMHXNXSQR RVREDL].XWX]HUDSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQHPHÿXNRMLPDLSRGYLMHRVREH åHQVNRJ VSROD RGQRVQR GMHþDND ,]D XELMHQLK RåHQMHQLK PXãNDUDFD RVWDOR MH XGRYLFD L HUR GMHFH VLURþDGL SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQH 'DNOH WRNRP DJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGDXELMHQRMHXNXSQRRVREDL].XWX]HUDDL]DXELMHQLKRVWDOHVX XGRYLFHLGMHWHWDVLURþHWD 'R JRGLQH X QDVHOMH .XWX]HUR YUDWLOR VH RVRED SULMHUDWQLK VWDQRYQLNDDSHWRVREDQDVWDQLORVHXJUDGX6UHEUHQLFLLQDVHOMX8ULVLüL%OL]X RVREDL]RYRJQDVHOMDåLYLXVOMHGHüLPERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLPRSüLQDPD %DQRYLüL 'RERM +DGåLüL ,OLMDã .DNDQM .DOHVLMD /XNDYDF 0LOLüL 6DUDMHYR &HQWDU 6UHEUHQLN7X]OD9RJRãüD=DYLGRYLüLLäLYLQLFH,]YDQ%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHåLYL YLãH RG RVRED SUHNR RVRED X 6MHGLQMHQLP$PHULþNLP 'UåDYDPD D RVWDOL .XWX]HUDQLXGLMDVSRULåLYHX)UDQFXVNRM1MHPDþNRMLâYLFDUVNRM35 /LSRYDF 6HRVNR QDVHOMH /LSRYDF VPMHãWHQR MH X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD X GHVQRP GLMHOX VOLYD ULMHNH =HOHQL -DGDU QD QDGPRUVNRM YLVLQL RG GR PHWDUD 9HüL GLR QDVHOMD VPMHãWHQ MH QD MXJR]DSDGQRM SDGLQL 31 1HNURSRODLPDVWHüND VDQGXNDLVOMHPHQMDND 9LGL âH¿N%HãODJLü6WHüFLNDWDORãNR WRSRJUDIVNLSUHJOHG6DUDMHYR GDOMH â%HãODJLü6WHüFL $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD 33 3UHPD QDYHGHQRP GHIWHUX QD]LY VHOD MH .XWX]HU X VHOX åLYL PXVOLPDQD VD EDãWLQDPD L QHPXVOLPDQVDEDãWLQRP QDYRGHVHLQHSR]QDWHEDãWLQH DVYRMSRVMHGLPDMXLDNLQGåLMH9LGL 2SãLUQLSRSLV%RVDQVNRJVDQGåDNDL]JRGLQH $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD 35 ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD REOLåQMHJEH]LPHQRJEUGD PQY 1DVHOMHSULSDGD]ELMHQRPWLSX3RYUãLQD QDVHOMD /LSRYDF L]QRVL RNR NP D RG WRJD MH SULYDWQR ]HPOMLãWH XGLR SROMRSULYUHGQRJ X XNXSQRP ]HPOMLãWX L]QRVL D REUDGLYRJ 2SüD JXVWLQDQDVHOMHQRVWLX JRGLQLL]QRVLODMH VWDQNPãWRMHL]QDGRSüLQVNRJ SURVMHND 3UYHGHPRJUDIVNHSRGDWNHRRYRPQDVHOMXLPDPRL]YUHPHQDDXVWURXJDUVNH YODVWLX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLWMNUDMHP VWROMHüD1DMYHüLXNXSQLUDVWVWDQRYQLãWYD RYRJQDVHOMDELRMHXSHULRGXSRVOLMH'UXJRJVYMHWVNRJUDWDWMRG GR JRGLQH QDNRQ þHJD GROD]L GR VWDJQDFLMH RGQRVQR VPDQMHQMD EURMD VWDQRYQLND 3URPMHQHXXNXSQRPNUHWDQMXVWDQRYQLãWYD/LSRYFDPRJXVHYLGMHWLXWDEHOLEURM 6WUDGDQMHVWDQRYQLãWYDQDVHOMD/LSRYDFWRNRPSURWHNORJUDWDDSRVHEQRX WRNX ]ORþLQD JHQRFLGD RJOHGD VH X UHODWLYQR YLVRNLP EURMNDPD XELMHQLK 7RNRP DJUHVLMH XELMHQH VX RVREH SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQD D PHÿX XELMHQLPD MH L MHGQD PODÿD åHQD ,]D XELMHQLK RVWDOH VX XGRYLFH L MHGDQ XGRYDF NDR L HUR GMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQH8WRNX]ORþLQDJHQRFLGDXELMHQHVX RVREHL]/LSRYFDSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQHPHÿXNRMLPDVXSRGYLMHRVREH åHQVNRJVSRODRGQRVQRPDOROMHWQHRVREH,]DåUWDYDJHQRFLGDRVWDORMHXGRYLFD LHURGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQHPHÿXNRMLPDLMHGQRGLMHWH EH]REDURGLWHOMD 'DNOHWRNRPDJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGDXELMHQRMHXNXSQRRVREDL] /LSRYFDDL]DXELMHQLKRVWDODMHXGRYLFDLGMHWHWDVLURþHWD 'R JRGLQH X QDVHOMH /LSRYDF YUDWLOR VH RVRED SULMHUDWQLK VWDQRYQLND D YHüL GLR SURJQDQLK SUHNR RVRED QDVWDQLR VH X VOMHGHüLP ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP RSüLQDPD %DQRYLüL ýHOLü *UDþDQLFD ,OLMDã .DOHVLMD /XNDYDF 2ORYR 6DUDMHYR 1RYL *UDG 6UHEUHQLN 7X]OD 9RJRãüD =DYLGRYLüL äLYLQLFHWH%UþNRGLVWULNWX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH9LãHRGRVREDåLYLL]YDQ%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQHXJODYQRPX6MHGLQMHQLP$PHULþNLP'UåDYDPD 2SHWFL 6HRVNR QDVHOMH 2SHWFL VPMHãWHQR MH X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFDQDVWHSHQDVWRMSDGLQLEUGD%RURYDF PQY RGQRVQRXVUHGQMHP GHVQRP GLMHOX VOLYD %XþLQRYLüD ULMHNH 9HüLGLR QDVHOMD VPMHãWHQ MH QD RNR PQY RGQRVQR RNR PHWDUD L]QDG NRULWD %XþLQRYLüD ULMHNH 1DVHOMH SULSDGD UD]ELMHQRPWLSXDREOLNLYHOLþLQDRYRJQDVHOMDSULODJRÿHQDMHWRSRJUD¿MLWHUHQD 3RYUãLQDQDVHOMD2SHWFLL]QRVLRNRNPDRGWRJDMHSULYDWQR]HPOMLãWH XGLRSROMRSULYUHGQRJXXNXSQRP]HPOMLãWXL]QRVLDREUDGLYRJ*XVWLQD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD 315 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û QDVHOMHQRVWLX JRGLQLL]QRVLODMHVWDQNPãWRMHJRWRYRMHGQDNRJXVWRüL QDVHOMHQRVWLRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD VWDQRYQLNDSRNP 8NXSDQ UDVW VWDQRYQLãWYD X QDVHOMX 2SHWFL X SHULRGX RG GR JRGLQH ELR MH SR]LWLYDQ DOL VWDJQDQWDQ X PHÿXSRSLVQRP LQWHUYDOX JRGLQH 3URPMHQH X XNXSQRP NUHWDQMX VWDQRYQLãWYD 2SHWDND PRJX VH YLGMHWL X WDEHOLEURM 8GLRXELMHQLK%RãQMDNDQDVHOMD2SHWFLWRNRPDJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGDELRMH UHODWLYQR YLVRN X RGQRVX QD XNXSQR VWDQRYQLãWYR RYRJ QDVHOMD 7RNRP DJUHVLMH XELMHQR MH XNXSQR RVRED SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQD D PHÿX XELMHQLPD VX WULåHQHLMHGQRGLMHWH,]DXELMHQLKRVWDOHVXXGRYLFHLMHGDQXGRYDFNDRLHUR GMHFH VLURþDGL SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQH 8 WRNX ]ORþLQD JHQRFLGD XELMHQH VX RVREHPXãNRJVSRODSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQHDPHÿXXELMHQLPDELODVX LWULGMHþDND,]DåUWDYDJHQRFLGDRVWDODMHXGRYLFDLGLMHWHVLURþHSURVMHþQH VWDURVWLJRGLQH'DNOHWRNRPDJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGDXELMHQHVXXNXSQRRVREH L]2SHWDNDDL]DXELMHQLKRVWDORMHXGRYLFDLRMHVLURþDGL 'R JRGLQH X QDVHOMH 2SHWFL YUDWLOR VH RVRED SULMHUDWQLK VWDQRYQLND D YHüL GLR SURJQDQLK SUHNR RVRED QDVWDQLR VH X VOMHGHüLP ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP RSüLQDPD *UDþDQLFD *UDGDþDF +DGåLüL ,OLGåD ,OLMDã .ODGDQM/XNDYDF6UHEUHQLN7X]OD9ODVHQLFD=DYLGRYLüLäLYLQLFHWHVDUDMHYVNLP RSüLQDPD 1RYL*UDG1RYR6WDUL*UDGL9RJRãüD,]YDQ%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHåLYL YLãHRGRVREDL]2SHWDNDYHüLQRPX6MHGLQMHQLP$PHULþNLP'UåDYDPDGRNVH PDQMLGLRQDVWDQLRX$XVWUDOLMLâYHGVNRMLâYLFDUVNRM 3RGJDM 1DVHOMH3RGJDMVPMHãWHQRMHXVMHYHUR]DSDGQRPRGQRVQRXQDM]DSDGQLMHP GLMHOXRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFDQDMXåQRMSDGLQL'HEHORJEUGD PQY RGQRVQRQD GLMHOX SODQLQVNH JUHGH NRMD UD]GYDMD GRQML OLMHYL GLR VOLYD %XNRYLþNH ULMHNH RG GLMHODVOLYDULMHNH=HOHQL-DGDU6RE]LURPQDWRSRJUDIVNLVPMHãWDM3RGJDMSULSDGD WLSX SDGLQVNLK QDVHOMD WH SR REOLNX RGQRVQR PRUIRORJLML RYR QDVHOMH SULSDGD UD]ELMHQRPWLSX3RYUãLQDQDVHOMD3RGJDML]QRVLRNRNPDRGWRJDMH SULYDWQR ]HPOMLãWH XGLR SROMRSULYUHGQRJ X XNXSQRP ]HPOMLãWX L]QRVL D REUDGLYRJ2SüDJXVWLQDQDVHOMHQRVWL JRGLQHL]QRVLODMH VWDQNP ãWRMHQH]QDWQRYLãHRGJXVWLQHQDVHOMHQRVWLRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD 3R]LWLYDQ WUHQG XNXSQRJ UDVWD L SURPMHQD X VWUXNWXUDPD VWDQRYQLãWYD QDVHOMD 3RGJDM X SHULRGX JRGLQH 7DEHOD SUHNLQXW MH SRþHWNRP Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD $OLMD 6XOMLü 6WDQRYQLãWYR L QDVHOMD RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD DQWURSRJHRJUDIVND PRQRJUD¿MD .QMLJD GUXJD*HRJUDIVNRGUXãWYR7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD7X]OD GDOMH $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMD RSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD.QMLJDGUXJD ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD WLK JRGLQD SURãORJ VWROMHüD DJUHVLMRP QD %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX L VWUDKRYLWLP ]ORþLQLPDXNOMXþXMXüLL]ORþLQJHQRFLGDNRMLVXSRþLQLOLDJUHVRUL 7RNRP DJUHVLMH XELMHQR MH RVRED L] QDVHOMD 3RGJDM SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQD D PHÿX XELMHQLPD VX L RVREH åHQVNRJ VSROD WH MHGDQ GMHþDN ,]D RåHQMHQLKPXãNDUDFDRVWDOHVXXGRYLFHLHURGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQHVWDURVWL JRGLQD8WRNX]ORþLQDJHQRFLGDXELMHQHVXRVREHSURVMHþQHVWDURVWL JRGLQH D PHÿX XELMHQLPD VX MHGQD VWDULFD L GMHþDND ,]D RåHQMHQLK PXãNDUDFD RVWDORMH XGRYLFDLGLMHWHVLURþHSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQDPHÿXNRMLPDL GYDGMHWHWDEH]REDURGLWHOMD'DNOHWRNRPDJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGDXELMHQRMHXNXSQR RVRED L] QDVHOMD 3RGJDM D L]D XELMHQLK RVWDOH VX XGRYLFH L HUR GMHFH VLURþDGL 'R JRGLQH X QDVHOMH 3RGJDM YUDWLOR VH RVRED SULMHUDWQLK VWDQRYQLND D YHüL GLR SURJQDQLK SUHNR RVRED QDVWDQLR VH X VOMHGHüLP ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP RSüLQDPD *UDþDQLFD +DGåLüL ,OLGåD ,OLMDã .DNDQM /XNDYDF 0LOLüL 6UHEUHQLN 7HVOLü 7X]OD 9ODVHQLFD =DYLGRYLüL äLYLQLFH WH VDUDMHYVNLPRSüLQDPD &HQWDU1RYL*UDGL9RJRãüD,]YDQ%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH åLYL YLãH RG RVRED L] 3RGJDMD YHüLQRP X 6MHGLQMHQLP$PHULþNLP 'UåDYDPD DGLRVHQDVWDQLRXVOMHGHüLPGUåDYDPD $XVWUDOLMD$XVWULMD+UYDWVND1MHPDþND âYHGVNDLâYLFDUVND 3RGRVRMH 6HRVNR QDVHOMH 3RGRVRMH VPMHãWHQR MH X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD QD VMHYHUQRM SDGLQL åHGDQMVNRJ SODWRD NRML VYRMLP PRUIRORãNLP L]JOHGRP YLãH SRGVMHüD QD KULGLQX QHJR QD SODWR 7RSRJUDIVNL VPMHãWDM QDVHOMD RGJRYDUDQMHJRYRPLPHQXRGQRVQRRURQLPXMHUMHYHüLPGLMHORPGDQD]DNORQMHQR RG GLUHNWQH VXQþHYH LQVRODFLMH 1DVHOMH MH VPMHãWHQR QD VMHYHUR]DSDGQRM SDGLQL EUGDäGULMHOR PQY DGLMHORYLQDVHOMDQDOD]HVHQDQDGPRUVNRMYLVLQLRG GRPHWDUD1DVHOMHMHUD]ELMHQRJWLSD 3RYUãLQDQDVHOMD3RGRVRMHL]QRVLRNR NPDRGWRJDMHSULYDWQR]HPOMLãWH XGLRSROMRSULYUHGQRJXXNXSQRP ]HPOMLãWXL]QRVLDREUDGLYR 2SüDJXVWLQDQDVHOMHQRVWL JRGLQH L]QRVLODMH VWDQNPãWRMH]QDWQRPDQMHRGRSüHJXVWLQHQDVHOMHQRVWLRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD50 1DVHOMH 3RGRVRMH VSHFL¿þQR MH L SR WRPH ãWR MH LPDOR QHJDWLYDQ WUHQG XNXSQH SURPMHQH VWDQRYQLãWYD X SHULRGX JRGLQH 9MHURYDWQR MH QD WR XWLFDR QHSRYROMDQ WRSRJUDIVNL SRORåDM RYRJ QDVHOMD 9DåQLMH GHPRJUDIVNH WUHQGRYH]DRYRQDVHOMHPRåHPRSUDWLWLQDRVQRYXSRGDWDNDXWDEHOLEURM,RQDNR QHSRYROMDQ GHPRJUDIVNL UD]YRM 3RGRVRMD GRGDWQR MH XVORåHQ GHPRJUDIVNLP JXELFLPDWRNRPDJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD.QMLJDGUXJD ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD 50Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û 7RNRP DJUHVLMH XELMHQH VX GYLMH RVREH PXãNRJ VSROD SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQDPHÿXNRMLPDLMHGQDPDOROMHWQDRVRED,]DVWDULMHXELMHQHRVREHRVWDR MHVWDULMLPDOROMHWQLN8WRNX]ORþLQDJHQRFLGDXELMHQHVXRVREHPXãNRJVSROD SURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQHPHÿXNRMLPDLGMHþDND,]DRåHQMHQLKPXãNDUDFD RVWDORMHXGRYLFDLHURGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQD51'DNOH WRNRPDJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGDXELMHQRMHXNXSQRRVREDL]QDVHOMD3RGRVRMHDL]D XELMHQLKRVWDORMHXGRYLFDLHURGMHFHVLURþDGL 'R JRGLQH QLMH ELOR SRYUDWQLND X QDVHOMH 3RGRVRMH D RNR RVRED SULMHUDWQLK VWDQRYQLND RYRJ QDVHOMD QDVWDQLOR VH X VOMHGHüLP ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLPRSüLQDPD %UDWXQDF*UDþDQLFD*UDGDþDF+DGåLüL,OLGåD ,OLMDã/XNDYDF6UHEUHQLN7X]OD=DYLGRYLüL%UþNRGLVWULNWX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH WHVDUDMHYVNLPRSüLQDPD &HQWDU1RYRL9RJRãüD,]YDQ%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHåLYL RVRED X6MHGLQMHQLP$PHULþNLP'UåDYDPDRVREDDMHGQDX6ORYHQLML 6ODWLQD 6HRVNR QDVHOMH 6ODWLQD VPMHãWHQR MH X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP NUDMQMHP GLMHOX RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD D VLWXLUDQR MH QD MXåQLP L MXJRLVWRþQLP SDGLQDPD EUGD /XSRJODYR PQY L]PHÿXLPHWDUDQDGPRUVNHYLVLQH'LMHORYLQDVHOMD 6ODWLQDQDOD]HVHQDSODQLQVNRMJUHGLNRMDUD]GYDMDGYDULMHþQDVOLYD0LODþHYVNH L%XNRYLþNHULMHNHRGQRVQRL]PHÿXLPHWDUDQDGPRUVNHYLVLQH1DVHOMH SULSDGDUD]ELMHQRPWLSX533RYUãLQDQDVHOMD6ODWLQDL]QRVLRNRNPDRGWRJDMH SULYDWQR]HPOMLãWH XGLRSROMRSULYUHGQRJXXNXSQRP]HPOMLãWXL]QRVL DREUDGLYRJ2SüDJXVWLQDQDVHOMHQRVWLX JRGLQLL]QRVLODMHVWDQ NPãWRMHQH]QDWQRYLãHRGJXVWLQHQDVHOMHQRVWLRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD 9DåQLMHGHPRJUDIVNHWUHQGRYH]DQDVHOMH6ODWLQDPRåHPRSUDWLWLQDRVQRYX SRGDWDNDXWDEHOLEURM 7RNRP DJUHVLMH XELMHQR MH RVRED L] QDVHOMD 6ODWLQD SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQDPHÿXNRMLPDLVHGDPåHQDUD]OLþLWHVWDURVWL,]DXELMHQLKRåHQMHQLK PXãNDUDFD RVWDOH VX WUL XGRYLFH L HUR GMHFH VLURþDGL SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQD PHÿX NRMLPD L MHGQR VLURþH EH] RED URGLWHOMD 'MHFH VLURþDGL åUWDYD SRURGLFDDJUHVLMHXNXSQRMHHURDNRX]PHPRXRE]LULSRJLELMXåHQD8WRNX ]ORþLQDJHQRFLGDXELMHQRMHXNXSQR RVREDPXãNRJVSRODSURVMHþQHVWDURVWL JRGLQDPHÿXNRMLPDLSHWGMHþDND,]DXELMHQLKRåHQMHQLKPXãNDUDFDRVWDORMH XGRYLFDLHURGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQHPHÿXNRMLPDLHUR GMHFHEH]REDURGLWHOMD557UHEDQDSRPHQXWLGDMHPHÿXåUWYDPDDJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGD 51 $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD.QMLJDGUXJD ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD 53 $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD 55 $OLMD 6XOMLü 6WDQRYQLãWYR L QDVHOMD RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD DQWURSRJHRJUDIVND PRQRJUD¿MD .QMLJD WUHüDDXWRUVNRL]GDQMH7X]OD GDOMH $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD.QMLJD WUHüD 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD XYHüLQLVOXþDMHYDYLãHþODQRYDLVWHSRURGLFH RþHYLVLQRYLEUDüDPDMNHNüHUNH LWG'DNOHWRNRPDJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGDXELMHQHVXXNXSQRRVREHL]6ODWLQHDL]D XELMHQLKRVWDOHVXXGRYLFHLHURGMHFHVLURþDGLPHÿXNRMLPDLHURGMHFHEH] REDURGLWHOMD 'RJRGLQHYUDWLORVHXNXSQRRVREDSULMHUDWQLKVWDQRYQLND6ODWLQH D YHüLQD SURJQDQLK L LQWHUQR UDVHOMHQLK %RãQMDND RYRJ QDVHOMD SUHNR RVRED QDVWDQLOD VH X VOMHGHüLP ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP RSüLQDPD %DQRYLüL %UDWXQDF *UDGDþDF ,OLGåD ,OLMDã .DOHVLMD .ODGDQM /XNDYDF 0LOLüL 6DQVNL 0RVW 6DSQD 6DUDMHYR&HQWDU6DUDMHYR1RYL*UDG6UHEUHQLN7HãDQM7X]OD9RJRãüD=DYLGRYLüL L äLYLQLFH ,]YDQ %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH åLYL SUHNR RVRED YLãH RG SRORYLQH X 6MHGLQMHQLP$PHULþNLP'UåDYDPDDRVWDOLGLRGLMDVSRUHQDVWDQLRVHXVOMHGHüLP GUåDYDPD )UDQFXVND+RODQGLMD1MHPDþNDâYLFDUVNDL9HOLND%ULWDQLMD 6WDURJODYLFH 6HRVNR QDVHOMH6WDURJODYLFHVPMHãWHQRMHXVMHYHUR]DSDGQRPGLMHOXRSüLQH XJRUQMHPGHVQRPGLMHOXVOLYD%XþLQRYLüDULMHNH7RSRJUDIVNLSRVPDWUDQRQDVHOMH MH VPMHãWHQR QD MXJR]DSDGQRM VWHSHQDVWRM SDGLQL SODQLQVNH JUHGH NRMD UD]GYDMD VOLYRYH%XNRYLþNHL%XþLQRYLüDULMHNH'LMHORYLQDVHOMDRGQRVQRNXüH]DKYDWDOH VXYLVLQVNLSRMDVL]PHÿXLPHWDUDQDGPRUVNHYLVLQH6WDURJODYLFHSULSDGDMX QDVHOMLPD ]ELMHQRJ WLSD 3RYUãLQD QDVHOMD 6WDURJODYLFH L]QRVL RNR NP D RG WRJDMHSULYDWQR]HPOMLãWH XGLRSROMRSULYUHGQRJXXNXSQRP]HPOMLãWXL]QRVL DREUDGLYRJ2SüDJXVWLQDQDVHOMHQRVWL JRGLQHL]QRVLODMH VWDQNPãWRMHYLãHQHJRGXSORRGJXVWLQHQDVHOMHQRVWLRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD 'HPRJUDIVNL WUHQG QDVHOMD 6WDURJODYLFH GR JRGLQH ELR MH VOLþDQ WUHQGRYLPD RVWDOLK QDVHOMD SRGUXþMD 6XüHVNH 0HÿXWLP SRVOLMH QDYHGHQH JRGLQH GROD]LGRVPDQMHQMDXNXSQRJEURMDVWDQRYQLNDRYRJQDVHOMDãWRüHVHRGUD]LWLQD UD]QHQMHJRYHVWUXNWXUHDSRVHEQRWRNRPDJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGD9DåQLMHGHPRJUDIVNH WUHQGRYH]DQDVHOMH6WDURJODYLFHPRåHPRSUDWLWLQDRVQRYXSRGDWDNDXWDEHOLEURM 8 SHULRGX WUDMDQMD DJUHVLMH QD %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX QLMH ELOR XELMHQLK RVREDL]RYRJQDVHOMDDOLWRüHVHSURPLMHQLWLXMXOX JRGLQHXWRNX]ORþLQD JHQRFLGD8RYRP]ORþLQXXELMHQRMHRVREDL]QDVHOMD6WDURJODYLFHSURVMHþQH VWDURVWLJRGLQDDPHÿXXELMHQLPDVXWULGMHþDNDLMHGQDåHQD,]DRåHQMHQLK PXãNDUDFDRVWDORMHXGRYLFDLHURGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQD 0HÿXXELMHQLPDVXRWDFLVLQSRGYDEUDWDL]GYLMHSRURGLFHWHEUDWLVHVWUD 'R JRGLQH YUDWLOR VH XNXSQR RVRED SULMHUDWQLK VWDQRYQLND 6WDURJODYLFD D MHGQD RVRED åLYL X VUHEUHQLþNRP QDVHOMX 0LODþHYLüL 9HüLQD SURJQDQLK L LQWHUQR UDVHOMHQLK %RãQMDND 6WDURJODYLFD SUHNR RVRED QDVWDQLOD ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD.QMLJDWUHüD 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û VHXVOMHGHüLPERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLPRSüLQDPD +DGåLüL,OLGåD,OLMDã.ODGDQM 6DUDMHYR&HQWDU7X]OD9RJRãüD=DYLGRYLüLLäLYLQLFH,]YDQ%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH åLYL RNR RVRED SUHNR X 6MHGLQMHQLP $PHULþNLP 'UåDYDPD D RVWDOL GLR GLMDVSRUH QDVWDQLR VH X VOMHGHüLP GUåDYDPD )UDQFXVND +UYDWVND 1MHPDþND L 6ORYHQLMD 6XüHVND 6HRVNR QDVHOMH 6XüHVND VPMHãWHQR MH X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX RSüLQH RGQRVQR ]DSDGQR RG JUDGD 6UHEUHQLFH RG NRMH MH XGDOMHQR RNR NLORPHWUD 8 WRSRJUDIVNRPSRJOHGXQDVHOMHMHVPMHãWHQRGXåMXJRLVWRþQHSDGLQHSODQLQVNHJUHGH V SUDYFHP SUXåDQMD VMHYHURLVWRNMXJR]DSDG NRML UD]GYDMD VOLYRYH ULMHND =HOHQL -DGDUL%XþLQRYLüDULMHNH'LMHORYLQDVHOMDVXVPMHãWHQLGXåJRUQMHJGLMHODSDGLQH SODQLQVNHJUHGHL]PHÿXLPHWDUDQDGPRUVNHYLVLQH1DVHOMHMHUD]ELMHQRJ WLSDVDVOMHGHüLP]DVHRFLPD %HNWLüL'ROLQDL6XüHVND3RYUãLQDQDVHOMD6XüHVND L]QRVLRNRNPDRGWRJDMHSULYDWQR]HPOMLãWH XGLRSROMRSULYUHGQRJX XNXSQRP]HPOMLãWXL]QRVLDREUDGLYRJ2SüDJXVWLQDQDVHOMHQRVWLX JRGLQLL]QRVLODMHVWDQNPãWRMHQH]QDWQRYLãHRGJXVWLQHQDVHOMHQRVWL RSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD 3RGUXþMHQDVHOMD6XüHVNDELORMHQDVHOMHQRMRãXVUHGQMHPYLMHNXDPRåGD L UDQLMH ãWR SRWYUÿXMX VUHGQMRYMHNRYQH QHNURSROH VD VWHüFLPD 6UHGLQRP ;9 VWROMHüD QD ãLUHP SRGUXþMX 6XüHVNH MH ELR XSUDYQL NRWDU7UHERWLüL VD VMHGLãWHP X JUDGX .OLþHYFX NRML VH QDOD]LR X YHOLNRP ]DYRMX NDQMRQD ULMHNH =HOHQL -DGUD 8 WXUVNRPGHIWHUXL]JRGLQHVSRPLQMHVHVHOR6XWMHVND 6XüHVND XNRMHPMH åLYMHORPXVOLPDQDL QHPXVOLPDQD SULSDGQLND&UNYHERVDQVNH 7UHQG UDVWD L XNXSQLK SURPMHQD VWDQRYQLãWYD QDVHOMD 6XüHVND ELRMH SR]LWLYDQ SRVOLMH 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWD 7DEHOD 0HÿXWLP RYDM WUHQG ELüH ]QDþDMQRL]PLMHQMHQWRNRPDJUHVLMHQD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXRGQRVQRL]YUãHQMHP ]ORþLQDJHQRFLGDXNRMHPMHXELMHQRPQRJRVWDQRYQLNDQDVHOMD6XüHVNH 7RNRPDJUHVLMH JRGLQHXELMHQRMHXNXSQRRVREDL]6XüHVNH SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQD D PHÿX XELMHQLPD VX PDOROMHWQH RVREH L MHGQD åHQD,]DRåHQMHQLKPXãNDUDFDRVWDORMHXGRYLFDL HURGMHFHVLURþDGLSURVMHþQH VWDURVWLJRGLQH8WRNX]ORþLQDJHQRFLGDXELMHQRMHRVREDSURVMHþQHVWDURVWL JRGLQD PHÿX NRMLPD L PDOROMHWQH RVREH WH MHGQD VWDULFD 0HÿX åUWYDPD JHQRFLGD VX EUDüD RþHYL L VLQRYL PDMND L VLQ WH RVWDOL EOLåL L GDOML VURGQLFL ,]D ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD 1DORNDOLWHWX0UDPRUMHNRMLVHQDOD]LVMHYHUQRRGQDVHOMDQHSRVUHGQRX]PXVOLPDQVNRJUREOMH QDOD]LVHQHNURSRODVDVWHüND VDQGXNVOMHPHQMDNDLVWXERYD 'YDVWHüNDVXXNUDãHQD1D VWXEX VH QDOD]H VOLNH SVD UXNH VWDEOD MDEXNH L WRUGLUDQH YUSFH 6DQGXN MH XNUDãHQ SROXPMHVHFRP 9LGMHWL â%HãODJLü6WHüFLL 9LGL 2SãLUQLSRSLV%RVDQVNRJVDQGåDNDL]JRGLQH 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD RåHQMHQLKPXãNDUDFDRVWDODMHXGRYLFDLGLMHWHVLURþHSURVMHþQHVWDURVWL JRGLQDPHÿXNRMLPDLHURGMHFHPODÿHRGJRGLQD'DNOH WRNRPDJUHVLMHL JHQRFLGDXELMHQHVXXNXSQRRVREHL]QDVHOMD6XüHVNDDL]DXELMHQLKRVWDORMH XGRYLFDL HURGMHFHVLURþDGL 'RJRGLQHYUDWLORVHXNXSQRRVREDSULMHUDWQLKVWDQRYQLNDQDVHOMD 6XüHVNDDQHNROLNRRVREDQDVWDQLORVHXVOMHGHüLPVUHEUHQLþNLPQDVHOMLPD *RVWLOM /LNDULL3ULELGROL 9HüLQDSURJQDQLK L LQWHUQR UDVHOMHQLK %RãQMDND 6XüHVNH RNR RVRED QDVWDQLOD VH X VOMHGHüLP ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP RSüLQDPD %DQRYLüL %RVDQVNL 1RYL 'RERM *UDþDQLFD *UDGDþDF ,OLGåD ,OLMDã .ODGDQM /XNDYDF 2ORYR 6DUDMHYR &HQWDU 6UHEUHQLN7X]OD9RJRãüD=DYLGRYLüL äLYLQLFH WH QD SRGUXþMX %UþNR GLVWULNWD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ,]YDQ %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH åLYL SUHNR RVREDSULMHUDWQLKVWDQRYQLNDQDVHOMD6XüHVNDYHüLQRPX6MHGLQMHQLP$PHULþNLP 'UåDYDPD D RVWDOL GLR GLMDVSRUH QDVWDQLR VH X VOMHGHüLP GUåDYDPD 'DQVND )UDQFXVND+RODQGLMDLâYHGVND äHGDQMVNR 6HRVNR QDVHOMH äHGDQMVNR VPMHãWHQR MH X VMHYHUR]DSDGQRP GLMHOX RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD QD PDQMHP SODWRX ]YDQRP 3ROMH 2YDM SODWR VYRMLP L]JOHGRP YLãH SRGVMHüD QD ]DUDYQMHQX KULGLQX RGQRVQR JUHGX NRMD UD]GYDMD QHSRVUHGQL VOLY ULMHNH =HOHQL -DGDU RG VOLYD %XþLQRYLüD ULMHNH GHVQH SULWRNH =HOHQRJ -DGUD 1D RYRPSRGUXþMXQLMHUD]YLMHQDSRYUãLQVNDKLGURJUD¿MDDQHPDQLL]YRUDSLWNHYRGH RVLPQDVMHYHUQLPSDGLQDPDRYRJSODWRDSDRWXGDLLPHRYRJQDVHOMD3RYUãLQD QDVHOMDäHGDQMVNRL]QRVLRNRNPDRGWRJDMHSULYDWQR]HPOMLãWH XGLR SROMRSULYUHGQRJ X XNXSQRP ]HPOMLãWX L]QRVL D REUDGLYRJ 2SüD JXVWLQDQDVHOMHQRVWLX JRGLQLL]QRVLODMH VWDQNPãWRMHPDQMHRGJXVWLQH QDVHOMHQRVWLRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD 5DVW XNXSQRJ VWDQRYQLãWYD QDVHOMD äHGDQMVNRJ SRVOLMH 'UXJRJ VYMHWVNRJ UDWDELRMHSR]LWLYDQGYHGR JRGLQHDSRVOLMHGROD]LGREODJRJXVSRUDYDQMD RGQRVQRVWDJQDFLMH9DåQLMLGHPRJUDIVNLWUHQGRYL]DRYRQDVHOMHPRJXVHSUDWLWLX WDEHOLEURM8]DGQMRMGHFHQLMLVWROMHüD]ERJDJUHVLMHLJHQRFLGDGHPRJUDIVNL WUHQGRYL X QDVHOMX äHGDQMVNR ELüH ]QDþDMQR SRUHPHüHQL XVOMHG XELVWYD L SURJRQD YHOLNRJEURMDVWDQRYQLND 7RNRP DJUHVLMH XELMHQR MH RVRED L] QDVHOMD äHGDQMVNR SURVMHþQH VWDURVWLJRGLQDPHGXNRMLPDLWULPDOROMHWQHRVREHGYLMHåHQHWHGYDEUDWD ,]D XELMHQLK RåHQMHQLK PXãNDUDFD RVWDOR MH XGRYLFD L HUR GMHFH VLURþDGL SURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQD8WRNX]ORþLQDJHQRFLGDXELMHQRMHRVREDPXãNRJ $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD.QMLJDWUHüD ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD'RNWRUVNDGLVHUWDFLMD Ä)$23URMHNDW³RSüLQD6UHEUHQLFD 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û VSROD SURVMHþQH VWDURVWL JRGLQD PHÿX NRMLPD L SHW GMHþDND7DNRÿHU PHÿX XELMHQLPDMHLYLãHþODQRYDLVWHSRURGLFHWHEOLåLKLGDOMLKVURGQLND,]DRåHQMHQLK PXãNDUDFDRVWDORMHXGRYLFDLGMHWHWDVLURþHWDSURVMHþQHVWDURVWLJRGLQH PHÿX NRMLPD L GYRMH GMHFH EH] RED URGLWHOMD 'DNOH WRNRP DJUHVLMH L JHQRFLGD XELMHQRMHXNXSQRRVREDL]QDVHOMDäHGDQMVNRDL]DRåHQMHQLKPXãNDUDFDRVWDOR MHXGRYLFDLHURGMHFHVLURþDGL 'RJRGLQHYUDWLORVHXNXSQRRVREDSULMHUDWQLKVWDQRYQLNDQDVHOMD äHGDQMVNRDQHNROLNRRVREDQDVWDQLORVHX*RVWLOMXJUDGX6UHEUHQLFLL6XüHVNRM 9HüLQD SURJQDQLK L LQWHUQR UDVHOMHQLK %RãQMDND L] äHGDQMVND RNR RVRED QDVWDQLOD VH X VOMHGHüLP ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNLP RSüLQDPD %DQRYLüL %LMHOMLQD %UH]D )RMQLFD *UDþDQLFD *UDGDþDF +DGåLüL ,OLGåD ,OLMDã /XNDYDF 1RYR 6DUDMHYR6DSQD6DUDMHYR&HQWDU6DUDMHYR1RYL*UDG6UHEUHQLN7UDYQLN7X]OD 9LVRNR9LWH]9RJRãüD=DYLGRYLüL=HQLFD=YRUQLNäLYLQLFHWHQDSRGUXþMX%UþNR 'LVWULNWD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ,]YDQ %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH åLYL SUHNR RVRED SULMHUDWQLKVWDQRYQLNDQDVHOMDäHGDQMVNRRGWRJDYLãHRGSRORYLQHX6MHGLQMHQLP $PHULþNLP 'UåDYDPD D RVWDOL GLR GLMDVSRUH QDVWDQLR VH X VOMHGHüLP GUåDYDPD $XVWUDOLMD$XVWULMD)UDQFXVND+RODQGLMDâYHGVNDL9HOLND%ULWDQLMD =DNOMXþDN $QWURSRJHRJUDIVNL UD]YRM QDVHOMD QD SRGUXþMX 6XüHVNH ELR MH VOLþDQ RGJRYDUDMXüHP UD]YRMX X RVWDOLP QDVHOMLPD RSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD L SRG XWLFDMHP RSüLK GUXãWYHQRHNRQRPVNLK L SROLWLþNLK SULOLND NRMH VX RELOMHåDYDOH SRGUXþMH %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFDNUDMHP LWRNRPVWROMHüD2GUHÿHQD GUXãWYHQRJHRJUDIVND RELOMHåMD UD]YRMD SRGUXþMD 6XüHVNH PRJXüH MH SUDWLWL NUR] VWDWLVWLþNH SRGDWNH GRELYHQH ]YDQLþQLP SRSLVLPD ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRJ VWDQRYQLãWYDRG GR JRGLQHRGQRVQRJRGLQH3URPMHQHXNXSQRJ NUHWDQMDVWDQRYQLãWYDWHSURPMHQHXELRORãNRMHNRQRPVNRMLREUD]RYQRMVWUXNWXUL VWDQRYQLãWYDRGYLMDOHVXVHXVNODGXVRGJRYDUDMXüLPSURFHVLPDQDSRGUXþMXRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD=QDþDMQLMHSURPMHQHXHNRQRPVNRMLREUD]RYQRMVWUXNWXULVWDQRYQLãWYD GHVLOHVXVHX]DGQMHGYLMHGHFHQLMHVWROMHüD0HÿXWLPQRUPDODQGHPRJUDIVNL UD]YRM SRGUXþMD 6XüHVNH SUHNLQXW MH EUXWDOQRP DJUHVLMRP QD QH]DYLVQX GUåDYX %RVQX L+HUFHJRYLQXLJHQRFLGRPX NRMHPMHVWUDGDRYHOLNLEURM%RãQMDNDRYRJ SRGUXþMD*RWRYRJRGLQDSRVOLMHGHMWRQVNRJPLURYQRJVSRUD]XPDQDSRGUXþMX 6XüHVNH åLYL RNR RG XNXSQRJ EURMD SULMHUDWQLK VWDQRYQLND D XJODYQRP VX WRVWDULMHRVREHåHQVNRJVSRODGRNMHRVWDOLGLR6XüHãüDQDUDVHOMHQSRRSüLQDPD )HGHUDFLMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHLVYLMHWD $6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD.QMLJDWUHüD ,]YRU %D]DERãQMDþNLKåUWDYDDJUHVLMHJHQRFLGDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKSRURGLFDVSRGUXþMDRSüLQH 6UHEUHQLFD 9ODVWLWDLVWUDåLYDQMD$OLMH6XOMLüD 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD Summary 7KH DQWKURSRJHRJUDSKLFDO GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH VHWWOHPHQW LQ WKH DUHD RI 6XüHVNDDZDVVLPLODUWRWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJGHYHORSPHQWLQRWKHUVHWWOHPHQWVRIWKH PXQLFLSDOLW\RI6UHEUHQLFDDQGXQGHUWKHLQÀXHQFHRIJHQHUDOVRFLRHFRQRPLFDQG SROLWLFDO FLUFXPVWDQFHV WKDW PDUNHG WKH WHUULWRU\ RI %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD DQG WKHPXQLFLSDOLW\RI6UHEUHQLFDLQWKHODWH WKDQGWKFHQWXULHV&HUWDLQVRFLR JHRJUDSKLFDO IHDWXUHV RI WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH 6XüHVND UHJLRQ FDQ EH WUDFHG WKURXJK VWDWLVWLFDO GDWD REWDLQHG E\ WKH R൶FLDO FHQVXVHV RI WKH % + SRSXODWLRQ IURP WR DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ &KDQJHV LQ WKH RYHUDOO SRSXODWLRQ PRYHPHQW DQG FKDQJHV LQ WKH ELRORJLFDO HFRQRPLF DQG HGXFDWLRQDO VWUXFWXUH RI WKH SRSXODWLRQ ZHUH FDUULHG RXW LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK DSSURSULDWH SURFHVVHV LQ WKH 6UHEUHQLFD PXQLFLSDOLW\ 6LJQL¿FDQW FKDQJHV LQ WKH HFRQRPLF DQG HGXFDWLRQDO VWUXFWXUHRIWKHSRSXODWLRQKDYHRFFXUUHGLQWKHODVWWZRGHFDGHVRIWKHWKFHQWXU\ +RZHYHUWKHQRUPDOGHPRJUDSKLFGHYHORSPHQWRI6XüHVNH¶VDUHDZDVLQWHUUXSWHG E\EUXWDODJJUHVVLRQDJDLQVWDQLQGHSHQGHQWVWDWHRI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDDQGD JHQRFLGHLQZKLFKDODUJHQXPEHURI%RVQLDNVIURPWKLVUHJLRQZHUHNLOOHG$OPRVW \HDUVDIWHUWKH'D\WRQ3HDFH$JUHHPHQWLQWKH6XüHVNDUHJLRQDERXWRIWKH WRWDOQXPEHURISUHZDUSHRSOHOLYHDQGWKHVHDUHPRVWO\ROGHUZRPHQZKLOHWKH UHVWRI6XFHVFDQLLVGLVSODFHGLQWKHPXQLFLSDOLWLHVRIWKH)HGHUDWLRQRI%RVQLDDQG +HU]HJRYLQDDQGWKHZRUOG Broj Indeks Nacionalnost Broj 'RPDüLQVWYD God. stanovnika rasta Teritorij NXüD popisa SURVMHþQD svega muški 1961=100 Bošnjaci Srbi Ostali VWDQRYD broj YHOLþLQD 2SüLQD 1991. 36.666 18.618 125,2 27.572 8.315 779 8.994 8.402 4,6 Srebrenica 2SüLQD 2013. 13.409 6.602 45,8 7.248 6.028 133 … … … Srebrenica 3RGUXþMH 1991. 3.291 1.679 145,7 3.242 28 21 651 638 5,1 6XüHVNH 3RGUXþMH 2013. 1.475 718 65,3 1.461 13 1 … … … 6XüHVNH %RVWDKRYLQH 35 ± %RVWDKRYLQH ± %RVWDKRYLQH ± %RVWDKRYLQH %RVWDKRYLQH ± ± « « « %UDNRYFL 53 ± ± ± %UDNRYFL 155 ± %UDNRYFL 115 ± ± 33 %UDNRYFL ± 3URIGU$OLMD68/-,ûPU$PLU+$/,/29,ûPUVF1XVUHW+2'ä,û Broj Indeks Nacionalnost Broj 'RPDüLQVWYD God. stanovnika rasta Teritorij NXüD popisa SURVMHþQD svega muški 1961=100 Bošnjaci Srbi Ostali VWDQRYD broj YHOLþLQD %UDNRYFL ± ± « « « %XþLQRYLüL 151 ± ± %XþLQRYLüL ± 1 %XþLQRYLüL 5 %XþLQRYLüL %XþLQRYLüL ± 1 «« « %XþMH 30 ± ± 5 %XþMH ± 10 10 %XþMH 10 1 11 %XþMH 35 ± ± 15 %XþMH 13 ± ± « « « .XWX]HUR 103 ± ± ± 30 .XWX]HUR 110 ± ± .XWX]HUR 301 3 ± .XWX]HUR 151 ± 1 .XWX]HUR ± ± « « « /LSRYDF 135 ± 1 ± /LSRYDF ± /LSRYDF ± ± 35 31 /LSRYDF ± ± /LSRYDF ± ± « « « 2SHWFL 13 ± 2SHWFL 3 ± 30 30 2SHWFL ± 31 30 2SHWFL ± 1 2SHWFL ± ± « « « 3RGJDM ± ± ± 33 3RGJDM ± ± 3RGJDM 1 ± 3RGJDM 3 3RGJDM 5 ±««« 3RGRVRMH ± 1 ± 3RGRVRMH ± ± 3RGRVRMH ± ± 3RGRVRMH ± ± 3RGRVRMH 3 ± ± « « « 6WUDGDQMH%RãQMDNDXSURWHNORPUDWXQDSRGUXþMX6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFD Broj Indeks Nacionalnost Broj 'RPDüLQVWYD God. stanovnika rasta Teritorij NXüD popisa SURVMHþQD svega muški 1961=100 Bošnjaci Srbi Ostali VWDQRYD broj YHOLþLQD 6ODWLQD 31 ± ± 6ODWLQD 1 6ODWLQD 310 10 ±53 6ODWLQD 330 ± 6ODWLQD 131 ± « « « 6WDURJODYLFH ± ± ± 13 6WDURJODYLFH ± ± 6WDURJODYLFH 130 130 ± ± 6WDURJODYLFH 50 101 ± 1 6WDURJODYLFH ± ± « « « 6XüHVND 5 ± 6XüHVND 150 3 ± 6XüHVND 301 301 ±± 53 6XüHVND ± ± 6XüHVND ± ± « « « äHGDQMVNR ± ± ± 30 äHGDQMVNR ± ± äHGDQMVNR ± ± äHGDQMVNR 305 ± 1 äHGDQMVNR ± ± « « « 7DEHOD.UHWDQMHEURMDVWDQRYQLND XNXSQRSRVSROXLQDFLRQDOQRVWL GRPDüLQVWDYD LNXüD VWDQRYD XQDVHOMLPD6XüHVNHXRSüLQL6UHEUHQLFDXSHULRGXRG GR JRGLQH $OLMD6XOMLü6WDQRYQLãWYRLQDVHOMDRSüLQH6UHEUHQLFD DQWURSRJHRJUDIVNDPRQRJUD¿MD.QMLJH, ,,L,,,7X]ODL I I PRIKAZI 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û &HQWDU]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]OD 6PDLOýHNLü9DKLG.DUDYHOLü1HGåDG$MQDGåLü6HOPR&LNRWLü âHINR+RGåLü0XKDPHG6PDMLü0HVXGâDGLQOLMD 359,.25386$50,-(5(38%/,.( BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE, Sarajevo 2017, 494 str. +LVWRULRJUD¿MDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLQLMHGRVDGSRQXGLODSXQRWHPHOMLWLK VWXGLMD R GRJDÿDMLPD YH]DQLP ]D UDVSDG -XJRVODYLMH L UDWRYH NRML VX SUDWLOL WDM SURFHV9HüLQDUDGRYDRWRPHVHRJUDQLþDYDQDMHGQXSHUVSHNWLYXWH]ERJWRJDWHãNR PRJX L]GUåDWL R]ELOMQR NULWLþNR SUHLVSLWLYDQMH 8 WX JUXSX VSDGD L YHüLQD UDGRYD NRMLVHRGQRVHQDUDWQLSXWSRMHGLQLKYRMQLKIRUPDFLMD $UPLMH5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 1DNRQ GXåHJ QDXþQR LVWUDåLYDþNRJ UDGD DXWRUVNRJ WLPD DQJDåRYDQRJ QD UHDOL]DFLML QDXþQR LVWUDåLYDþNRJ SURMHNWD ³3UYL NRUSXV $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH³ þLML MH QRVLODF ELR ,QVWLWXW ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH ]ORþLQD SURWLY þRYMHþQRVWL i PHÿXQDURGQRJ SUDYD 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 6DUDMHYX a ¿QDQVLMVNX SRGUãNX REH]ELMHGLOR 0LQLVWDUVWYR ]D ERUDþND SLWDQMD .DQWRQD 6DUDMHYR SUHG QDXþQXVWUXþQX i QDMãLUXMDYQRVW JRGLQH L]DãOD MH L] ãWDPSH PRQRJUD¿MD 3UYL NRUSXV $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH1 .QMLJDDXWRUVNRJWLPD 6PDLO ýHNLü 9DKLG .DUDYHOLü 1HGåDG $MDQGåLü 6HOPR &LNRWLü âHINR +RGåLü 0XKDPHG 6PDMLü L 0HVXG âDGLQOLMD MH KLVWRULRJUDIVND VWXGLMD R 3UYRP NRUSXVX $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH GDOMH NRUSXV$5%L+ LSUHGVWDYOMD]QDþDMDQGRSULQRV]DPRGHUQX KLVWRULRJUD¿MXGUåDYH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXFMHOLQL 8 JRGLQL L] ãWDPSH MH L]DãOD L 0RQRJUD¿MD 'UXJL NRUSXV $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 7X]OD DXWRUD SURI GU 6HDGD 6HOLPRYLüD L SURI GU ,]HWD âDERWLüD XQLYHU]LWHWVNLKSURIHVRUDVD)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWD8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL±2GVMHN]DKLVWRULMX 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û ,]GDYDþ NQMLJH MH ,QVWLWXW ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH ]ORþLQD SURWLY þRYMHþQRVWL L PHÿXQDURGQRJSUDYD8QLYHU]LWHWDX6DUDMHYX5HFHQ]HQWLPRQRJUD¿MHVXDNDGHPLN SURIGU0LUNR3HMDQRYLüLSURIGU(QYHU,PDPRYLü.QMLJDMHãWDPSDQDXWLUDåX RGSULPMHUDND 0RQRJUD¿MDMHVWUXNWXULUDQDXGHVHWSRJODYOMDX]RGJRYDUDMXüHVSLVNRYHL UHJLVWUH 3UYLP SRJODYOMHP SRG QDVORYRP 3ODQLUDQMH L SULSUHPDQMH DJUHVLMH QD 5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX LJHQRFLGDQDG%RãQMDFLPDSUH]HQWLUDQMHSUHJOHG ELWQLK þLQMHQLFD GUXãWYHQRSROLWLþNLK SURFHVD NDR RSüHJ NRQWHNVWD ]QDþDMQLK GRJDÿDMDNRMLPDVHSUHGPHWQDPRQRJUD¿MDEDYL3UHGVWDYOMHQDMHVXãWLQDLR]QDþHQL DNWHUL KLVWRULMVNLK SURFHVD WH GDWD RFMHQD NDUDNWHUD RUXåDQRJ VXNRED L SULURGD ]ORþLQD X 5HSXEOLFL %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL V DNFHQWRP QD SODQLUDQMH SULSUHPDQMH RUJDQL]RYDQMHLL]YRÿHQMHDJUHVLMHQD5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXLL]YUãHQMH JHQRFLGDQDG%RãQMDFLPD 3RJODYOMH SRG QDVORYRP 3RþHWQL SHULRG DJUHVLMH ERUEHQD GHMVWYD L RUJDQL]DFLMVNRIRUPDFLMVNL UD]YRM GR IRUPLUDQMD NRUSXVD $5%L+ VDGUåL YRMQR JHRJUDIVNH NDUDNWHULVWLNHSURVWRUDGHPRJUDIVNXVWUXNWXUXVWDQRYQLãWYD LSROLWLþNX VWUXNWXUXYODVWLVDUDMHYVNHLJRUDåGDQVNH UHJLMHWHEURMVDVWDYLVWUXNWXUXHOHPHQDWD RUXåDQLKVQDJDQDRYRPSURVWRUXXRþLDJUHVLMHQD5HSXEOLNX %RVQX i +HUFHJRYLQX Prezentirani VX QDMYDåQLML GRJDÿDML s SRþHWND DJUHVLMH i REMHGLQMDYDQMH VQDJD RGEUDQH WH RSLVDQD ERUEHQD GHMVWYD GR NUDMD DXJXVWD JRGLQH XNOMXþXMXüL SRNXãDMHGHEORNDGH6DUDMHYD XRNYLUXRSHUDFLMH³-8* ³ 7UHüH SRJODYOMH )RUPLUDQMH NRUSXVD $5%L+ ERUEHQD GHMVWYD L RUJDQL]DFLMVNRIRUPDFLMVNL UD]YRM GR NUDMD PDMD UD]PDWUD IRUPLUDQMH NRUSXVD LQMLPHSRNUHQXWHRUJDQL]DFLMVNRIRUPDFLMVNHSURPMHQH REUDÿXMH ERUEHQD GHMVWYD i RSHUDFLMX $UPLMH 5%L+ SRG QD]LYRP ³.29(57$³ þLML MH QRVLODF NRUSXVWH L]ODåHRSüLUD]YRMSULOLNDQDERMLãWXLGRJDÿDMHX]RQL RGJRYRUQRVWL NRUSXVDGRNUDMDPDMD JRGLQH 3RJODYOMH %RUEHQD GHMVWYD L RUJDQL]DFLMVNRIRUPDFLMVNL UD]YRM NRUSXVD X GUXJRM SRORYLQL UD]PDWUD NDGURYVNH SURPMHQH QD þHOX $UPLMH 5%L+ L RUJDQL]DFLMVNRIRUPDFLMVNH SURPMHQH LQLFLUDQH SRþHWNRP MXQD L GHWDOMQR RSLVXMH WRNERUEHQLKGHMVWDYDXMXOXLDXJXVWX JRGLQHNRMDVXSUHGVWDYOMDODSUHVXGQX RGEUDQX6DUDMHYDSUHGDJUHVRUVNLPQDSDGRPXRNYLUXRIDQ]LYH³/8.$9$& ³ 8RNYLUXRYRJSRJODYOMDSUH]HQWLUDQHVXLELWQHþLQMHQLFHRL]JUDGQML7XQHOD'% L XþHãüX MHGLQLFD NRUSXVD X ERUEDPD X +HUFHJRYLQL NDR L PMHUH SUHGX]HWH X UMHãDYDQMXSUREOHPDVDQWLGUåDYQLPLNULPLQDOQLPHOHPHQWLPDXYODVWLWLPUHGRYLPD 3RJODYOMH]DYUãDYDRSLVRPERUEHQLKGHMVWDYDQDRORYVNRYDUHãNRPLVDUDMHYVNRP ERMLãWXRGQRYHPEUD GRIHEUXDUD 3HWRSRJODYOMHSRGQDVORYRP%RUEHQDGHMVWYDLRUJDQL]DFLMVNRIRUPDFLMVNL UD]YRM NRUSXVD WRNRP L]ODåH SUHJOHG RSüHJ UD]YRMD SULOLND X ]RQL RGJRYRUQRVWLNRUSXVDLRELPQLKRUJDQL]DFLMVNLKSURPMHQDL]YUãHQLKXOMHWR JRGLQH NDR L SULODJRÿDYDQMH MHGLQLFD NRUSXVD ELWQR L]PLMHQMHQLP XVORYLPD QD 330 Prvi korpus Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine ERMLãWX8SUHJOHGXERUEHQLKGHMVWDYDNRUSXVDRGDXJXVWDGRNUDMD JRGLQH RSLVDQL VX QDM]QDþDMQLML UDWQL XVSMHVL NRUSXVD QD EMHODãQLþNRWUHVNDYLþNRP L RORYVNRYDUHãNRPERMLãWX 8SRJODYOMX%RUEHQDGHMVWYDLRUJDQL]DFLMVNRIRUPDFLMVNLUD]YRMNRUSXVD WRNRP GDMH VH REMDãQMHQMH RUJDQL]DFLMVNRIRUPDFLMVNLK SURPMHQD QDVWDOLK IRUPLUDQMHP GLYL]LMD X VDVWDYX NRUSXVD L RSLV ERUEHQLK GHMVWDYD X SUROMHüH JRGLQH 6UHGLãQMH PMHVWR XQXWDUSRJODYOMDLPDGLRNRMLUD]PDWUDSRVOMHGQMX LQDMYHüXRIDQ]LYX$UPLMH5%L+L]YHGHQXXQDPMHUL GHEORNDGH6DUDMHYDSR]QDWX SRGQD]LYRP2SHUDFLMD ³7³1DNRQWRJDSUH]HQWLUDQMHRSLVERUEHQLKGHMVWDYD X ]RQLRGJRYRUQRVWLNRUSXVDRGRNRQþDQMD2SHUDFLMH ³7³GRNUDMDUDWDWHSUHJOHG DQJDåRYDQMDVQDJD NRUSXVDX]DYUãQLPRSHUDFLMDPD$UPLMH5%L+X%RVDQVNRM NUDMLQL 8 SRJODYOMX -HGLQLFH NRUSXVD L]ORåHQ MH SUHJOHG QDVWDQND L RUJDQL]DFLMVNRIRUPDFLMVNRJ UD]YRMD MHGLQLFD X VDVWDYX NRUSXVD $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH3UHJOHGSRþLQMHRGIRUPDFLMHVNRMRPMHNRUSXV GRþHNDR NUDM UDWD X GHFHPEUX JRGLQH L GDMH GHWDOMDQ SUHJOHG QDVWDQND DQDOL]LUDMXüL VWHSHQH RUJDQL]DFLMVNRIRUPDFLMVNRJ UD]YRMD XQD]DG SUHPD SRþHWNX UDWD3RþHWQRJUXSLVDQMHXSUHJOHGXMHVKRGQRXVYRMHQRPSULVWXSX .RPDQGD NRUSXVDLMHGLQLFHQDQMHQRMGLUHNWQRMYH]LGLYL]LMHXVDVWDYXNRUSXVDWHQDNUDMX VDVWDYLVWUXNWXUDRSHUDWLYQLKLWDNWLþNLKJUXSDNDRSULYUHPHQLKVDVWDYDNRMLVXX RGUHÿHQLPSHULRGLPDUDWDLJUDOL]QDþDMQXXORJXXRUJDQL]DFLMLLL]YRÿHQMXERUEHQLK GHMVWDYDNRUSXVD8]WHNVWXDOQLGLRRSLVDQDVWDQNDLUD]YRMDSRMHGLQLKMHGLQLFD GDWL VX L RGJRYDUDMXüL JUD¿NRQL NRML YL]XHOQR LOXVWUXMX RSLVDQH ID]H UD]YRMD =D VYDNXRGMHGLQLFDQDYHGHQLVXLSRGDFLREURMXRGOLNRYDQLKSULSDGQLNDL]QMHQRJ VDVWDYDWHIRWRJUD¿MHUDWQLK]DVWDYDLVDþXYDQLKVLPERODLR]QDNDMHGLQLFD 8RVPRPSRJODYOMXSRGQDVORYRP6WUXNWXUDOMXGVWYDLJXELWDNDXOMXGVWYXL NDUDNWHULVWLNHUXNRYRÿHQMDLNRPDQGRYDQMDXNRUSXVX$5%L+ LVND]DQMHGHWDOMDQ SUHJOHGEURMQRVWLSULSDGQLNDNRUSXVD$5%L+SRPMHVHFLPDLJRGLQDPD VDQDOL]RPVWUXNWXUHSULSDGQLNDSRUD]OLþLWLPRELOMHåMLPD ,GHQWLþDQSULVWXS SULPLMHQMHQMHLXDQDOL]LEURMDVDVWDYDLVWUXNWXUHSRJLQXOLKLUDQMHQLK SULSDGQLND NRUSXVD8GLMHOXRDVSHNWLPDUXNRYRÿHQMDLNRPDQGRYDQMDXNRUSXVXWRNRP RGEUDPEHQRRVORERGLODþNRJ UDWD L]YUãHQD MH DQDOL]D ELWQLK IDNWRUD QDVWDQNDIRUPLUDQMDLGMHORYDQMDNRUSXVD$5%L+NDRLJHQHUDOQDRFMHQDVLVWHPD UXNRYRÿHQMDLNRPDQGRYDQMD 8SRJODYOMX'RELWQLFLRGOLNRYDQMDLQDMYLãHJUDWQRJSUL]QDQMDXNRUSXVX $5%L+SUH]HQWLUDQD MH QDRVQRYXGRVWXSQHDUKLYVNHJUDÿHLXVDUDGQMLVERUDþNLP XGUXåHQMLPD LOL X QHSRVUHGQRP NRQWDNWX V RGOLNRYDQLP SULSDGQLFLPD OLVWD RGOLNRYDQLK SULSDGQLND L GRELWQLND UDWQRJ SUL]QDQMD ³=ODWQL OMLOMDQ³ L] VDVWDYD NRUSXVD 'RVWXSQDDUKLYVNDJUDÿD$UKLYD$5%L+SRVOXåLODMHNDRRVQRYDSULSUHPH SUHJOHGDVWDUMHãLQDSRDEHFHGQRPUHGXNRMLVXRG GR JRGLQHREDYOMDOL GXåQRVWL X .RPDQGL NRUSXVD NRPDQGDPD GLYL]LMD L RSHUDWLYQLK JUXSD NDR 331 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û L NRPDQGDQDWD ]DPMHQLND NRPDQGDQDWD L QDþHOQLND ãWDERYD EULJDGD L GUXJLK MHGLQLFDQDGLUHNWQRMYH]L.RPDQGHNRUSXVDNRMLVDGUåLSRJODYOMHSRGQDVORYRP 6WDUMHãLQHNRPDQGLLMHGLQLFD NRUSXVD 0RQRJUD¿MDVDGUåLLVSLVDNNRULãWHQLKL]YRUDLOLWHUDWXUHSRSLVVNUDüHQLFDL UHJLVWUHJHRJUDIVNLKSRMPRYDLOLþQLKLPHQD 2YD PRQRJUD¿MD VYRMLP VDGUåDMLPD L þLQMHQLFDPD VYMHGRþL QH VDPR R VODYQRP UDWQRP SXWX NRUSXVD NDR VORåHQH MHGLQLFH$UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH YHü L R QDþLQX QD NRML MH MHGDQ ]QDþDMDQ GLR GUåDYH SUHåLYLR VYD LVNXãHQMD WHãNRüH L GHVWUXNFLMH L]D]YDQH DJUHVLMRP QD 5HSXEOLNX %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX 9DåQRMHQDJODVLWLGDMHDXWRUVNLWLPQDRVQRYXDUKLYVNHJUDÿHRQRYUHPHQH ãWDPSHLUHOHYDQWQHOLWHUDWXUH]DX]LPDOLVHYUORSURPLãOMHQHLREMHNWLYQHVWDYRYH ãWRMHRYRPGMHOXGDORGRGDWQXYULMHGQRVW8WRPNRQWHNVWXQHVXPQMLYDYULMHGQRVW RYH NQMLJH MH QMHQD LVSUR¿OLVDQRVW L QHGYRMEHQRVW X SRJOHGX VDJOHGDYDQMD VYLK SR]LWLYQLK YULMHGQRVWL X WLP WHãNLP JRGLQDPD %LOH VX WR JRGLQH VXURYH ERUEH QDURGDQHVDPR]DRSVWDQDNQHJRL]DL]JUDGQMXVYLMHVWLRQDFLRQDOQRPNRQWLQXLWHWX L GUåDYQRM SULSDGQRVWL =ERJ WRJD MH RYD PRQRJUD¿MD SRVWDOD VLPEROLþND DOL L QHRSKRGQD GLRQLFD WUQRYLWRJ SXWD NRMLP WUHEDMX SURüL %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD L QMHQLQDURGLGD EL SURãORVW SRVWDODVYMHGRN YUHPHQDL SULPMHU]DSRXNX EXGXüLP JHQHUDFLMDPD 6WLPXYH]LPRåHVHUHüLGDMHNQMLJD3UYLNRUSXV$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQHYULMHGQRQDXþQRGMHORQDVXãQRSRWUHEQRXRYRYULMHPHNDGDVXMDYQL GLVNXUVL L PHGLMVNL SURVWRU SUHSXãWHQL UD]OLþLWLP L þHVWR LVNULYOMHQLP WXPDþHQMLPD L SUHSULþDYDQMLPD GRJDÿDMD L] YUHPHQD DJUHVLMH QD %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX 2QD üH UD]ELWL EURMQH SUHGUDVXGH L SRPRüL GD VH SUHYD]LÿX MDORYD L QHXWHPHOMHQD SROHPL]LUDQMD NDNR SRMHGLQDFD WDNR L RGUHÿHQLK JUXSD RNR SRMPD L NDUDNWHUD RGEUDPEHQRRVORERGLODþNRJUDWDRG GR JRGLQH =ERJ VYHJD QDYHGHQRJ SRVWRML SRWSXQD RSUDYGDQRVW L VYUVLVKRGQRVW L]ODåHQMDRYHNQMLJH$XWRUVNRPWLPXXUHGQLãWYXLL]GDYDþXþHVWLWDPQDRYRMNQML]L WHMHWRSORSUHSRUXþXMHPQDXþQRMVWUXþQRMLãLURMþLWDODþNRMMDYQRVWL 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,û 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û &HQWDU]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]OD 6HDG6HOLPRYLü,]HWâDERWLü'58*,.25386 $50,-(5(38%/,.(%261(,+(5&(*29,1( ± , Tuzla 2017, 574 str. +LVWRULRJUD¿MDX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLQLMHGRVDGSRQXGLODSXQRWHPHOMLWLK VWXGLMD R GRJDÿDMLPD YH]DQLP ]D UDVSDG -XJRVODYLMH L UDWRYH NRML VX SUDWLOL WDM SURFHV9HüLQDUDGRYDRWRPHVHRJUDQLþDYDQDMHGQXSHUVSHNWLYXWH]ERJWRJDWHãNR PRJXL]GUåDWLR]ELOMQRNULWLþNRSUHLVSLWLYDQMH8WX JUXSX VSDGDLYHüLQDUDGRYD NRMDVHRGQRVLQDUDWQLSXWSRMHGLQLKYRMQLKIRUPDFLMD $UPLMH5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 0QRJH RG WLK NQMLJD VX UH]XOWDW OLþQRJ LVNXVWYD SRMHGLQDFD D YUOR þHVWR L ÄQDNQDGQH SDPHWL³ L QDNQDGQLK NRQVWUXNFLMD YLãH SULODJRÿHQLK VDYUHPHQLP SROLWLþNLP L GUXJLP SRWUHEDPDQHJRãWRWUDJDMX]D KLVWRULMVNRPLVWLQRP .QMLJD DXWRUD 6HDGD 6HOLPRYLüD L ,]HWD âDERWLüD MH WHPHOMLWD KLVWRULRJUDIVND VWXGLMD R 'UXJRP NRUSXVX $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH GDOMH NRUSXV $5%L+ L SUHGVWDYOMD ]QDþDMDQGRSULQRV]DPRGHUQX KLVWRULRJUD¿MX GUåDYH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X FMHOLQL .QMLJD 'UXJL NRUSXV $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH ± VDGUåLVWUDQLFH WHNVWD VD IXVQRWH SRSLV L]YRUD L OLWHUDWXUH YHOLNL EURM UDGQLK UDWQLK NDUDWD WDEHODãHPDIRWRJUD¿MDVNUDüHQLFDSULORJHWHYHüLEURMVLVWHPDWL]LUDQLKSUHJOHGD ]QDþDMQLK]DXSR]QDYDQMHQDVWDQNDLGMHORYDQMHNRUSXVD$5%L+ 333 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,ûPU-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û $XWRULPDNQMLJHYHOLNXSRPRüXSLVDQMXLLVWUDåLYDQMXSUXåLOLVXVDUDGQLFL QD WHNVWX D WR VX PU VF 2PHU =XOLü PU -DVPLQ -DMþHYLü L$GQDQ7LQMLü SURI ,]GDYDþL NQMLJH VX 0LQLVWDUVWYR ]D ERUDþND SLWDQMD 7X]ODQVNRJ NDQWRQD L -DYQD XVWDQRYD %RVDQVNL NXOWXUQL FHQWDU 7X]ODQVNRJ NDQWRQD GRN VX VXL]GDYDþL -DYQD XVWDQRYD$UKLY7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQDL&HQWDU]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH.QMLJDMHãWDPSDQDXWLUDåXRGSULPMHUDND .QMLJD VDGUåL VHGDPQDHVW SRJODYOMD NUR] NRMD VH SUDWL UD]YRM 'UXJRJ NRUSXVD RG RUJDQL]DFLMH ãWDERYD 7HULWRULMDOQH RGEUDQH L SUYLK MHGLQLFD NRMH üH NDVQLMH ELWLVDVWDYQLGLR'UXJRJNRUSXVDSUHNR SULND]DUDVWDLRNUXSQMDYDQMD WLK MHGLQLFDGRSUHJOHGDQDM]QDþDMQLKYRMQLKRSHUDFLMDNRPDQGQRJNDGUDSRJLQXOLKL UDQMHQLKSULSDGQLND'UXJRJNRUSXVDRGOLNRYDQMDLQDJUDGDGRVMHüDQMDVDYUHPHQLND R'UXJRPNRUSXVXDWRVX 3UHGJRYRU )RUHZRUG I. Uvod, ,, 'LVROXFLMD -XJRVODYLMH L SULSUHPD ]D DJUHVLMX QD 5HSXEOLNX %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX ,,,'UXãWYHQRSROLWLþNHSULOLNHX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLL7X]ODQVNRPNUDMX RGUHIHUHQGXPD]DQH]DYLVQRVWGRIRUPLUDQMD2NUXåQRJãWDED727X]OD ,9)RUPLUDQMH'UXJRJNRUSXVD$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH -HGLQLFH 9 3ULãWDSVNH MHGLQLFH 'UXJRJ NRUSXVD $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 9, äHQH ± SULSDGQLFH 'UXJRJ NRUSXVD $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 9,,.DGURYL'UXJRJNRUSXVD$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 9,,,5DWQLSXW'UXJRJNRUSXVD$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH ,;-HGLQLFH'UXJRJNRUSXVDQDUDWLãWLPDL]YDQ]LQHRGJRYRUQRVWL ;5DWQL]ORþLQLXVMHYHURLVWRþQRM%RVQL ;,=ORþLQQD7X]ODQVNRMNDSLML ;,,*HQRFLGQDG%RãQMDFLPDX6UHEUHQLFL ;,,, 5DWQD SUL]QDQMD L RGOLNRYDQMD SULSDGQLND 'UXJRJ NRUSXVD $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH ;,9âHKLGLLSRJLQXOLERUFL ;95DWQLYRMQLLQYDOLGLLUDQMHQLERUFL'UXJRJNRUSXVD$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH ;9,'UXJLNRUSXVXVMHüDQMLPDVDYUHPHQLND ;9,,=DNOMXþDN 6XPPDU\ ,]YRULLOLWHUDWXUD 5HFHQ]LMH %LOMHãNHRDXWRULPD Drugi korpus Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1992 – 1995. 88YRGQRP GLMHOX GDW MH NUDWDN KLVWRULMVNL SUHVMHN SURãORVWL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHRGQDMVWDULMLKYUHPHQDSDGRGDQDVWHXND]DQRQDQMHQJHRSROLWLþNL L JHRVWUDWHãNL SRORåDM L RVQRYQH JHRVWUDWHãNH GHPRJUDIVNH L UHVXUVQH YDåQRVWL VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH 5H]LPLUDQR MH XND]DQR QD HJ]LVWLUDQMH YHOLNRGUåDYQLK SURMHNDWD YHOLNRVUSVNRJ L YHOLNRKUYDWVNRJ L XWLFDMD LVWLK QD SULOLNH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL 2YLP VDGUåDMLPD VWYRUHQD MH RVQRYD ]D RWYDUDQMH GUXJLK YDåQLK SLWDQMD NRMD QDP GDMX ]QDþDMQLMX SUHGVWDYX R X]URFLPD DJUHVLMH QD %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX 8 SRVHEQRP SRJODYOMX GDW MH RVYUW QD GLVROXFLMX -XJRVODYLMH L SULSUHPX DJUHVLMH QD 5HSXEOLNX %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX 6YH MH ]DSRþHOR XUXãDYDQMHP 7HULWRULMDOQH RGEUDQH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 72 %L+ NDR YDåQRJ VHJPHQWD RþXYDQMDQMHQHVDPRVWDOQRVWLLRSVWRMQRVWL3RWYUÿHQRMHGDMHVYHXUDÿHQRSODQVNL VPLãOMHQR L RUJDQL]LUDQR RG VWUDQH 6DYH]QRJ VHNUHWHULMDWD ]D QDURGQX RGEUDQX 6RFLMDOLVWLþNH IHGHUDWLYQH UHSXEOLNH -XJRVODYLMH 6612 6)5- D SRG SDWURQDWRP YHOLNRVUSVNHSROLWLNHL]%HRJUDGD%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDMHELODQDXGDUXWDNYLK SROLWLND SD VH QD UD]QH QDþLQH SRNXãDYDOD GHVWDELOL]LUDWL 7R VH þLQLOR NUR] RSVWUXNFLMXQMHQLKLQVWLWXFLMDVWYDUDQMHPSDUDOHOQLKSXWHPVDRL]DFLMHLKDRL]DFLMH %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHãWRMHþLQLORYDåDQGLRYHOLNRGUåDYQLKSURMHNDWD8NQML]LMH XND]DQR GD MH X QHPRJXüQRVWL L]QDODåHQMD MHGLQVWYHQRJ UMHãHQMD ]D 6)5- GRãOR GRUDWDSUYRX6ORYHQLMLDSRWRPLX+UYDWVNRM,VWDNQXWRMHGDMH-XJRVORYHQVND QDURGQDDUPLMD -1$ VWDODQDMHGQXVWUDQXRQXNRMDMHSRGUåDYDODSURMHNDW9HOLNH 6UELMH8WDNYLPRNROQRVWLPDX]SRVUHGRYDQMHPHÿXQDURGQH]DMHGQLFHSUHGYLÿHQD MH QH]DYLVQRVW ELYãLK MXJRVORYHQVNLK UHSXEOLND 1DNRQ ãWR VX WLP SXWHP NUHQXOH 6ORYHQLMDL+UYDWVNDMHGLQRUMHãHQMH]D%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXELODMHQH]DYLVQRVW -HGDQRGXVORYD]DWRELRMH5HIHUHQGXP]DQH]DYLVQRVWNRMLMHXVSMHãQRSURYHGHQ IHEUXDUD L PDUWD JRGLQH þLPH VX LVSXQMHQL XVORYL ]D PHÿXQDURGQR SUL]QDQMH ãWR MH XEU]R XVOLMHGLOR 1DNRQ SURYHGHQRJ 5HIHUHQGXPD LQWHQ]LYLUDQL VXRWYRUHQLSULWLVFLQDLQVWLWXFLMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH7RMHELRXYRGXDJUHVLMX þHJD VX ELOH VYMHVQH SURERVDQVNH VQDJH RUJDQL]LUDQH NUR] 3DWULRWVNX OLJX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 3/ %L+ L VQDJH SROLFLMH NRMH VX LPDOH ]D FLOM RþXYDQMH PLUD L RGEUDQHYLWDOQLKSR]LFLMDGUåDYH8SRVHEQRPSRJODYOMXGDWMHRVYUWQDGUXãWYHQR SROLWLþNH SULOLNH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL L WX]ODQVNRP NUDMX RG 5HIHUHQGXPD ]D QH]DYLVQRVWGRIRUPLUDQMDRNUXåQRJãWDED72 +LVWRULMVNLVDGUåDMRNRUSXVX$5%L+SRþLQMHVDSRJODYOMHP)RUPLUDQMH 'UXJRJNRUSXVD$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH -HGLQLFH,VWRMHSRVYHüHQR XVWURMX 72 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 2NUXåQL ãWDE 7HULWRULMDOQH RGEUDQH 2Nâ72 7X]OD WH RSãWLQVNLK ãWDERYD 72 QD SRGUXþMX VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH 2 VYLP MHGLQLFDPD GDWL VX RVQRYQL SRGDFL YH]DQL ]D YULMHPH RVQLYDQMD YRMQX IRUPDFLMX]RQXRGJRYRUQRVWLNRPDQGQLNDGDULGU8ND]DQRMHQD]QDþDM72%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH WH 2Nâ72 7X]OD L RSãWLQVNLK ãWDERYD QD WHULWRULML VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQHXSUXåDQMXRWSRUDDJUHVLML3RVHEQDSDåQMDMHSRVYHüHQDMHGLQLFDPD$5%L+ NRMHVXIRUPLUDQHQDSRGUXþMXVMHYHURLVWRþQH%RVQH'HWDOMQRVXSUHGVWDYOMHQHVYH 335 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,ûPU-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û EULJDGHQMLKNRMHVXELOHXVDVWDYXNRUSXVD$5%L+2VYDNRMVXGDWLRSüL SRGDFLRGQMHQRJRVQLYDQMD]RQHRGJRYRUQRVWLNRPDQGQRJNDGUDEURMDYRMQLND GRUDWQLKGHMVWDYDLVWLK1DRYDMQDþLQVYRUHQDMHMDVQDVOLNDREULJDGDPDLVQD]L NRUSXVD8SRVHEQRPSRJODYOMXSUHGVWDYOMHQHVXRSHUDWLYQHJUXSH 2* NRUSXVD $5%L+1MLKXNXSQRRVDP2VYDNRM2*GDWLVXSRGDFLYH]DQL]DQMLKRY]QDþDM ]RQXRGJRYRUQRVWLVDVWDYWHUDWQDGHMVWYD)RUPDFLMVNLVXSUHGVWDYOMHQHLGLYL]LMH NRMHVXIRUPLUDQHSRþHWNRP JRGLQHDãWRMHXND]LYDORQDQRYLRVORERGLODþNL NXUV GMHORYDQMD MHGLQLFD $5%L+ 8 VDVWDYX NRUSXVD MH HJ]LVWLUDOR XNXSQR GLYL]LMD.R9NRMHVXSUHGVWDYOMDOHUHVSHNWDELOQXYRMQXVQDJXNRMDMHEUDQLODQDMYHüX VORERGQXWHULWRULMX8SRVHEQRPSRJODYOMXSUHGVWDYOMHQRMHSULãWDEVNLKMHGLQLFD NRUSXVD$5%L+LXND]DQRQDQMLKRY]QDþDMLXORJX3UHGRþHQMHLGRSULQRVåHQD XRGEUDQLRGDJUHVLMH8PQRJLPMHGLQLFDPDNRUSXVDELOHVXDNWLYQLERUFLGDMXüL QHPMHUOMLYGRSULQRVRGEUDQLRGDJUHVLMH-HGDQEURMLVWLKMHLVND]DRYHOLNXKUDEURVW SDVXGRELOHQDMYHüDYRMQDSUL]QDQMD3UHGVWDYOMHQLVXLNDGURYLNRUSXVD$5%L+ L WR NRPDQGDQWL ]DPMHQLFL QDþHOQLFL ãWDED WH GUXJL QDMEOLåL VDUDGQLFL 'DWL VX QDMYDåQLMLSRGDFLRNRPDQGDQWLPDRYUHPHQXQMLKRYRJQDPMHãWHQMDQDQDYHGHQH SR]LFLMH WH GHWDOML YH]DQL ]D GRSULQRV X XVWURMX L NRPDQGRYDQMX MHGLQLFDPD NRUSXVD$5%L+ 9DåQRSRJODYOMH VH RGQRVL QD 5DWQL SXW MHGLQLFD NRUSXVD 8ND]DQR MH QDQDMYDåQLMDUDWQDGHMVWYDNRMLKMHRG GR JRGLQHELORSXQR,VWDVX SUHGVWDYOMHQD]DVYDNXJRGLQXSRVHEQR2QDQDMEROMHXND]XMXQDXORJXNRMXMHLPDR NRUSXVXRGEUDQLVXYHUHQHLQH]DYLVQH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH-HGLQLFH NRUSXVDVXLPDOHQDMYLãX]RQXRGJRYRUQRVWLDSURWLYVHEHVXLPDOHWULDJUHVRUVND NRUSXVDSRPRJQXWDYRMQRPLVYDNRPGUXJRPSRPRüLL]6UELMH1RLSRUHGWRJD MHGLQLFH NRUSXVD VX KHURMVNRP ERUERP QH VDPR ]DXVWDYLOH DJUHVRUD QHJR L RVORERGLOH]QDþDMQHSULYUHPHQRRNXSLUDQHWHULWRULMH2NDNYRMVH]RQLRGJRYRUQRVWL UDGLQDMEROMHSRWYUÿXMHþLQMHQLFDRYHOLNRPEURMXELWDNDERUELERMHYDLRSHUDFLMD äHVWRNDERUEHQDGHMVWYDVXYRÿHQDQDFMHORNXSQRM]RQLRGJRYRUQRVWLDSRVHEQRQD 3RVDYVNRPUDWLãWXLQDLVWRþQRSRGULQMVNRPIURQWX 6WDQMHX]RQLRGJRYRUQRVWLNRUSXVDGRGDWQRMHELORXVORåQMHQREORNDGRP L QDSDGLPD MHGLQLFD +92 ãWR VX NRULVWLOH MHGLQLFD W]Y YRMVNH 5HSXEOLNH 6USVNH 56 SRPRJQXWH VQDJDPD 1RYRVDGVNRJ 9DOMHYVNRJL 8åLþNRJ NRUSXVD -1$ 8 WLPQDSDGLPDRGEUDQMHQMH7HRþDNLVORERGQD]YRUQLþNDWHULWRULMDGRNVXEUDQLRFL &HUVNH .DPHQLFH L .RQMHYLü 3ROMD QDNRQ YLãHPMHVHþQH KHURMVNH ERUEH EH] SRPRüLVDVWUDQHELOLSULPRUDQLSRYXüLVHX6UHEUHQLFXNRMDMHELODSRVHEQDPHWD DJUHVRUD 6LWXDFLMD MH GRGDWQR XVORåQMHQD SULOLYRP QHNROLNR KLOMDGD SURJQDQLK L] &HUVNH.RQMHYLü3ROMDL.DPHQLFH8WDNYLPVORåHQLPRNROQRVWLPD6UHEUHQLFDMH GHPLOLWDUL]RYDQDLSURJODãHQD]DãWLüHQRP]RQRP8MHGLQMHQLKQDFLMD 81 3RUHG VYLK WHãNRüD NRMH VX YH]DQH ]D EORNDGX %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH MHGLQLFH$5%L+ VX X JRGLQL L] RGEUDPEHQRJ SUHãOH QD RVORERGLODþNL UDW )RUPLUDQHVXQRYHRVORERGLODþNHMHGLQLFHVDYLãHSRNUHWOMLYRVWL5H]XOWDWWRJDVX EULOMDQWQHSREMHGHMHGLQLFDNRUSXVDLRVORERÿHQMH 9LMHQFD*UHGH9LVD/LVDþH Drugi korpus Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1992 – 1995. LGUXJLKDJUHVRUVNLKXSRULãWD%LRMHWRSRGVWUHN]DQRYHYRMQHXVSMHKHMDþLPRUDO L YHüX RGOXþQRVW ]D RVOREDÿDQMH SULYUHPHQR RNXSLUDQLK WHULWRULMD 8VOLMHGLOR MH L]YRÿHQMH YHüLK YRMQLK RSHUDFLMD V FLOMHP VODPDQMD DJUHVRUD X ãLULP UHMRQLPD 8SUROMHüH DJUHVRUMHGRåLYLRSRUD]XRSHUDFLML³ýHNLüLQDNRYDQM´X]RQL RGJRYRUQRVWLÄVODYQH³WHRþDQVNHEULJDGH=GUXåHQHMHGLQLFHLNRUSXVDVX SRND]DOHSRVHEQXVQDJXXRSHUDFLML³8UDJDQ ´NDGDVXRVORERGLOHYHOLNLSURVWRU QD2]UHQVNRPL9R]XüNRPUDWLãWXQDQRVHüLDJUHVRUXRJURPQHJXELWNHSRYH]DYãL GYD QDMYHüD NRUSXVD $5%L+ -HGLQLFH NRUSXVD VX XþHVWYRYDOH QD EURMQLP UDWLãWLPD L]YDQ ]RQH VYRMH RGJRYRUQRVWL QD VDUDMHYVNRP RORYVNRP L ]HQLþNRP UDWLãWXWHXRVOREDÿDQMX0DJODMD'RQMHJ9DNXID6DQVNRJ0RVWDLGUXJLKPMHVWD X%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQL2GEUDPEHQRRVORERGLODþNDERUEHQDGHMVWYDNRMHVXYRGLOH MHGLQLFH NRUSXVD XND]XMX NROLNX MH YDåQRVW LPDR NRUSXV X RGEUDQL GUåDYH %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 3RVHEQR SRJODYOMH MH SRVYHüHQR ]ORþLQLPD SRþLQMHQLP QD SURVWRUX VMHYHURLVWRþQH %RVQH 1MLK MH QDåDORVW ELOR SXQR D SRVHEQR VX ELOL L]UDåHQL QD SRGUXþMX 3RGULQMD QR þLQMHQL VX L X GUXJLP PMHVWLPD ,VWL VX ELOL EHVWLMDOQL V FLOMHPHWQLþNRJþLãüHQMDLLVWUHEOMHQMDMHGQRJQDURGD3RVHEQRMHREUDÿHQJHQRFLGX 6UHEUHQLFLJGMHMHGDWãLULRVYUWVDGRVWDGHWDOMDYH]DQLK]DX]URNHWRNLSRVOMHGLFH SRþLQMHQRJJHQRFLGD 8SRVHEQRPSRJODYOMX5DWQDSUL]QDQMDLRGOLNRYDQMDSULSDGQLNDNRUSXVD $5%L+SUHGVWDYOMHQLVXKHURMLRVORERGLODþNRJUDWDWHXND]DQRQDQMLKRYQHPMHUOMLY GRSULQRV'UXJLNRUSXVMHL]QMHGULRWULKHURMD 0HKGLQD+RGåLüD+DMUXGLQD0HãLüD L1HVLED0DONLüD2VLPKHURMDRVORERGLODþNRJUDWDXQDYHGHQRPSRJODYOMXGDWLVX ]ELUQLSRGDFLR ]ODWQLPOMLOMDQLPDGRELWQLFLPDRUGHQD]ODWQRJJUEDVDPDþHYLPD RUGHQD ]ODWQRJ OMLOMDQD VD ]ODWQLP YLMHQFHP RUGHQD ]ODWQRJ OMLOMDQD VD VUHEUQLP YLMHQFHPRUGHQD]DYRMQH]DVOXJHVD]ODWQLPPDþHYLPDRUGHQD]DYRMQH]DVOXJH VDVUHEUQLPPDþHYLPDLGRELWQLFLPDPHGDOMH]DKUDEURVW7DNRÿHUGDWLVXL]ELUQL SRGDFL]DGRELWQLNHVUHEUQRJãWLWDSROLFLMVNHPHGDOMH]DKUDEURVW]ODWQHSROLFLMVNH ]QDþNHVUHEUQHSROLFLMVNH]QDþNHLVUHEUQHSROLFLMVNH]YLMH]GH 8 SRVHEQLP SRJODYOMLPD GDWL VX ]ELUQL SRGDFL ãHKLGLPD L SRJLQXOLP WH UDWQLPYRMQLPLQYDOLGLPDLUDQMHQLPERUFLPDNRUSXVD$5%L+ 3RJODYOMH SRG QD]LYRP 'UXJL NRUSXV X VMHüDQMLPD VDYUHPHQLND LPD SRVHEQXYDåQRVW5LMHþMHRDXWHQWLþQLPND]LYDQMLPDOMXGLNRMLVXLPDOL]QDþDMQX RGJRYRUQRVWNDRNRPDQGDQWLQDþHOQLFLSROLWLþNLLYMHUVNLSUHGVWDYQLFL 2YD NQMLJD VYRMLP VDGUåDMLPD L þLQMHQLFDPD VYMHGRþL QH VDPR R VODYQRPUDWQRPSXWXNRUSXVDNDRVORåHQHMHGLQLFH$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHYHüLRQDþLQXQDNRMLMHMHGDQ]QDþDMDQGLRGUåDYH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHWMVMHYHURLVWRþQD%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDSUHåLYLRVYDLVNXãHQMDWHãNRüH LGHVWUXNFLMXL]D]YDQHDJUHVLMRPQD5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX 9DåQR MH QDJODVLWL GD VX DXWRUL QD RVQRYX DUKLYVNH JUDÿH RQRYUHPHQH ãWDPSHUHOHYDQWQHOLWHUDWXUHLDXWRKWRQLKVYMHGRþDQVWDYDåLYLKVYMHGRND]DX]LPDOL YUOR SURPLãOMDWH L REMHNWLYQH VWDYRYH ãWR MH RYRP GMHOX GDOR GRGDWQX YULMHGQRVW 0U6HPLU+$'ä,086,ûPU-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û 8 WRP NRQWHNVWX QHVXPQMLYD YULMHGQRVW RYH NQMLJH MH QMHQD LVSUR¿OLVDQRVW L QHGYRMEHQRVWXSRJOHGXVDJOHGDYDQMDVYLKSR]LWLYQLKYULMHGQRVWLXWRYULMHPHWHãNLP JRGLQDPD%LOHVXWRJRGLQHVXURYHERUEHQDURGDQHVDPR]DRSVWDQDNQHJRL]D L]JUDGQMXVYLMHVWLRQDFLRQDOQRPNRQWLQXLWHWXLGUåDYQRMSULSDGQRVWL=ERJWRJDMH RYDNQMLJDSRVWDODVLPEROLþNDDOLLQHRSKRGQDGLRQLFDWUQRYLWRJSXWDNRMLPWUHEDMX SURüL%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQHLQMHQLQDURGLGDELSURãORVWSRVWDODVYMHGRNYUHPHQDL SULPMHU]DSRXNXEXGXüLPJHQHUDFLMDPD 6 WLP X YH]L PRåH VH UHüL GD MH NQMLJD 'UXJL NRUSXV $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH YULMHGQR QDXþQR GMHOR QDVXãQR SRWUHEQR X RYR YULMHPH NDGDVXMDYQLGLVNXUVLPHGLMVNLSURVWRUSUHSXãWHQLUD]OLþLWLPLþHVWRLVNULYOMHQLP WXPDþHQMLPD L SUHSULþDYDQMLPD GRJDÿDMD L] YUHPHQD DJUHVLMH QD %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX2QDüHUD]ELWLEURMQHSUHGUDVXGHLSRPRüLGDVHSUHYD]LÿXMDORYDL QHXWHPHOMHQDSROHPL]LUDQMDNDNRSRMHGLQDFDWDNRLRGUHÿHQLKJUXSDRNRSRMPDL NDUDNWHUDRGEUDPEHQRRVORERGLODþNRJUDWDRG GR JRGLQH =ERJ VYHJD QDYHGHQRJ SRVWRML SRWSXQD RSUDYGDQRVW L VYUVLVKRGQRVW L]ODåHQMDRYHNQMLJH$XWRULPDVDUDGQLFLPDLXUHGQLãWYXþHVWLWDPQDRYRMNQML]LWH JDWRSORSUHSRUXþXMHPQDXþQRMVWUXþQRMLãLURMþLWDODþNRMMDYQRVWL 3ULORJ'HWDOMVDSURPRFLMHPRQRJUD¿MH'UXJLNRUSXV$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQH ± RGUåDQHX7X]OL 9HOLNDVDOD%.&7X]OD JRGLQH III IZVJEŠTAJI 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û &HQWDU]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH ,]YMHãWDMVD0HÿXQDURGQHQDXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMH =1$0(1,7(/,ý1267,8+,6725,-,%261(, HERCEGOVINE, Tuzla, 16 – 17. novembar 2017. godine1 87X]OLMHRGGRQRYHPEUDJRGLQHQD)LOR]RIVNRPIDNXOWHWX 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL RGUåDQD QDXþQD NRQIHUHQFLMD QD WHPX =QDPHQLWH OLþQRVWL X KLVWRULML %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X RUJDQL]DFLML )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL 2GVMHND ]D KLVWRULMX $UKLYD 7X]ODQVNRJ NDQWRQD 'UXãWYR KLVWRULþDUD 7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD&HQWUD]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]ODL 'UXãWYD DUKLYVNLK ]DSRVOHQLND 7X]ODQVNRJ NDQWRQD 5LMHþ MH R MHGQRM QHRELþQRM WHPL QDXþQH NRQIHUHQFLMH RGQRVQR QHRELþQRM WHPL ]D ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNX KLVWRULRJUD¿MX WHPL NRMD MH SRVYHüHQD XOR]L L ]QDþDMX KLVWRULMVNLK OLþQRVWL X SURãORVWL %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH6YMHGRFL VPR GD KLVWRULMVNH OLþQRVWL QRVH L SURFHVH L GRJDÿDMH L SRMDYHDGDVHNUR]KLVWRULMVND LVWUDåLYDQMDLVWLPQLMHSRVYHWLOD DGHNYDWQD SDåQMD 6 WRJD VX VH RUJDQL]DWRUL QDXþQH NRQIHUHQHFLMH L RSUHGLMHOLOL ]D RYX WHPX MHU EH] L]XþDYDQMD KLVWRULMHOLþQRVWLQHPDSRWSXQH KLVWRULMVNHSULþH 3ULORJ3ODNDW1DXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMH³=QDPHQLWH 2VLP KLVWRULþDUD NRML OLþQRVWLXKLVWRULML%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH´ LPDMX VYRM QDþLQ UD]PLãOMDQMD LPHWRGRORJLMXLVWUDåLYDQMDXUDGQDXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMHELOLVXXNOMXþHQLLQDXþQLFL GUXJLKSUR¿ODSRSXWVRFLRORJD¿OR]RIDSROLWRORJDDSRSUYLSXWVXVHLHNRQRPLVWL ,]YMHãWDM VD 0HÿXQDURGQH QDXþQH NRQIHUHQFLMH ³=QDPHQLWH OLþQRVWL X KLVWRULML %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH´ 7X]OD ± QRYHPEDU JRGLQH SUYRELWQR MH REMDYOMHQ X þDVRSLVX *ODVQLN DUKLYDL$UKLYLVWLþNRJXGUXåHQMD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH;/9,,6DUDMHYR 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û XNOMXþLYDOL X SLVDQMH UDGRYD QD RYX WHPX 'YDGHVHWRVDP XþHVQLND L] %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 6UELMH +UYDWVNH 0DNHGRQLMH L 7XUVNH XVSMHOR MH GDWL NYDOLWHWQX SUH]HQWDFLMX]QDþDMQLMLKOLþQRVWLL]KLVWRULMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH3UHGVWDYOMHQHVX DNWXHOQHLQHGRYROMQRLVWUDåHQHWHPHLOLþQRVWLL]UD]OLþLWLKKLVWRULMVNLKSHULRGDRG VWDURJYLMHNDGRVDYUHPHQRJGRED 2UJDQL]DFLMXGYRGQHYQHNRQIHUHQFLMH=QDPHQLWHOLþQRVWLXKLVWRULML%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SRGUåDOL VX )HGHUDOQR PLQLVWDUVWYR REUD]RYDQMD L QDXNH 9ODGD 7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQDL%+7HOHFRP 1DNRQ SR]GUDYQLK ULMHþL GHNDQLFH )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL SURI GU 1LKDGH 'HOLEHJRYLü 'åDQLü L XYRGQRJ L]ODJDQMD SUHGVMHGQLND 2UJDQL]DFLRQRJRGERUDQDXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMHSURIGU,]HWDâDERWLüDSUHãORVHQD UDGQLGLRNRQIHUHQFLMH3URJUDPQDXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMHELRMHSRGLMHOMHQXWULVHVLMHX RNYLUXNRMLKVXL]ODJDþLRGUåDOLVYRMDSUHGDYDQMD3UYRJGDQDQDXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMH RGUåDQHVXGYLMHVHVLMHDL]ODJDþLVXELOLVOLMHGHüL ,VHVLMD 5DGQRSUHGVMHGQLãWYRSUYHVHVLMHþLQLOLVX GU0HUVLKD,PDPRYLü GU$PUDâDþLüLSURIGU6HQDLG+DGåLü ¾3URIGU+XVQLMD.DPEHURYLü )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX6DUDMHYX 8ORJD OLþQRVWL X KLVWRULML NDR L]D]RY VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULRJUD¿MH X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL ¾3URI GU %HJR 2PHUþHYLü GU 0HUVLKD ,PDPRYLü )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL =DSLVL 3OLQLMD 6WDULMHJ R GDQDãQMRM %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQL ¾'U$PUDâDþLü )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX6DUDMHYX 'LRQ.DVLMH ULPVNL SLVDF L] þLMHJ SHUD SRWLþH RSLV GDQDãQMHJ ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNRJ SURVWRUDXSHULRGXUDQRJ5LPVNRJFDUVWYD ¾3URI GU ,YDQ %DOWD )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW X 2VLMHNX ,]XPL 9UDQþLüD LQVSLULVDQL DQWLþNLP L UHQHVDQVQLP L]XPLPD X GRSULQRVX UD]YRMD VDREUDüDMDJUDGQMLPRVWRYDWHSULYUHGH ¾'U8URã'DNLü )LORORãNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX%HRJUDGX Mehmed paša 6RNRORYLüLSUDYRVODYQLRJUDQDNQMHJRYHSRURGLFHX3HüNRMSDWULMDUãLML ¾0U6HPLU+DGåLPXVLü =DYRG]D]DãWLWXLNRULãWHQMHNXOWXUQRKLVWRULMVNRJ LSULURGQRJQDVOLMHÿD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD )RþDN0HKPHGSDãD.XNDYLFD QDPMHVQLNLYDNLI ¾3URI GU 6HQDLG +DGåLü )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL 8ORJD 2VPDQ 3R]YDQ W RJOXD L] 'RQMH 7X]OH X UHJLRQDOQLP GHãDYDQMLPD QD SULMHOD]XL]X VWROMHüH ,,VHVLMD 5DGQRSUHGVMHGQLãWYRGUXJHVHVLMHþLQLOLVX SURIGU5HGåHS âNULMHOMSURIGU$GLEĈR]LüLPU.HPDO%DãLü ¾3URIGU5HGåHSâNULMHOM 'UåDYQLXQLYHU]LWHW1RYL3D]DU Akovali Mehmed *XãPLUKD¿]UDWQLNLQDURGQLWULEXQ ,]YMHãWDMVD0HÿXQDURGQHQDXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMH³=QDPHQLWHOLþQRVWLXKLVWRULML%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH´ ¾3URI GU ,]HW âDERWLü )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL Mahmud SDãD7X]OR±WX]ODQVNLNDSHWDQLSUYDN ¾3URI GU$GLE ĈR]Lü )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW 8QLYHU]LWHWD X7X]OL Kadija iz 6UHEUHQLFHLQDLEQLNãLüNL+XVHLQHIĈR]Lü5XKL ¾'U1DGLU'DFLü0XUDGHIâHüHUDJLü±åLYRWLGMHOR ¾0U -DVPLQ %UDQNRYLü )HGHUDOQR PLQLVWDUVWYR REUD]RYDQMD L QDXNH 6DUDMHYR0RVWDU 1DXþQR GMHOR L QDVWDYQL UDG DNDGHPLND 0HKPHGD %HJRYLüD ¾0U .HPDO %DãLü &HQWDU ]D RVPDQVNH VWXGLMH 6DUDMHYR 0MHVWR +DVDQD âNDSXUDXKLVWRULRJUD¿ML%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH ¾0U 5XVPLU 'MHGRYLü 0XQLVD .RYDþHYLü =DYRG ]D ]DãWLWX L NRULãWHQMH NXOWXUQRKLVWRULMVNRJLSULURGQRJQDVOLMHÿD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD $KPHWDJD .RYDþHYLü±]DQHPDUHQL]QDþDMLGMHOR 3ULORJ'HWDOMVDRWYDUDQMDL]ORåEH³7X]ODXRVPDQVNLPGRNXPHQWLPD´ 'UXJRJ GDQD QDXþQH NRQIHUHQFLMH QD )LOR]RIVNRP IDNXOWHWX X 7X]OL MH VYHþDQRRWYRUHQDL]ORåEDSRGQD]LYRP7X]ODXRVPDQVNLPGRNXPHQWLPD,]ORåED MHUHDOL]LUDQDX]SRGUãNX$UKLYD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD 5LMHþMHRGRNXPHQWLPDNRML VHþXYDMXX$UKLYX0LQLVWDUVWYDRVPDQVNHDUKLYHX,VWDQEXOX*HQHUDOQRMGLUHNFLML ]D ]HPOMLãQL UHJLVWDU L NDWDVWDU X$QNDUL WH$UKLYX JHQHUDOQH GLUHNFLMH YDNXID 2 GRNXPHQWLPD VX JRYRULOL NXVWRVL L]ORåEH SURI GU =DIHU *ROHQ L GRF GU$ELGLQ 7HPL]HU V 0HKPHW$NLI (UVR\ 8QLYHU]LWHWD ,]ORåEX MH RWYRULOD SURI GU 1LKDGD 'HOLEHJRYLü'åDQLüGHNDQLFD)LOR]RIVNRJIDNXOWHWDX7X]OL 2VPDQVNL DUKLYL NDR ãWR MH SR]QDWR LPDMX YDåQR PMHVWR X SLVDQMX KLVWRULMH%DONDQD1DM]QDþDMQLMDGRNXPHQWDRGUXãWYHQRMHNRQRPVNRMNXOWXUQRML SROLWLþNRM KLVWRULML %DONDQD QDOD]H VH X RVPDQVNLP DUKLYLPD ,]ORåHQL GRNXPHQWL 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û REXKYDWDMXHNRQRPVNDGUXãWYHQDLNXOWXUQDSLWDQMDNDRãWRVXSRSLVLVWDQRYQLãWYD X7X]OLYDNX¿LWDKLULUL8NXSQRGRNXPHQWDMHSUHX]HWRL]$UKLYD0LQLVWDUVWYD RVPDQVNHDUKLYHX,VWDQEXOX*HQHUDOQHGLUHNFLMH]D]HPOMLãQLUHJLVWDULNDWDVWDUX $QNDULL$UKLYDJHQHUDOQHGLUHNFLMHYDNXID 8UDGX,,,VHVLMHGUXJRJGDQDQDXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMHXNXSQRMHL]ORåHQR UDGRYDNRMLVXWUHWLUDOLSUREOHPDWLNX LVWROMHüD5DGQRSUHGVMHGQLãWYRWUHüH VHVLMHþLQLOLVX GU=HüLU5DPþLORYLüPU2PHU=XOLüLSURIGU6HDG6HOLPRYLü ¾3URI GU =DIHU *ROHQ hQLYHUVLWHVL 0HKPHW $NLI 3ULURGQRPDWHPDWLþNL IDNXOWHW %XUGXU 7UNL\H $OLSDãD 5L]YDQEHJRYLü ± KHUFHJRYDþNL QDPMHVQLN ¾3URIGU$ELGHQ7HP]HU 0HKPHW$NLI(UVR\hQLYHUVLWHVL7DULK%|OP %XUGXU7UNL\H 2PHU/XWYLSDãDLQMHJRYRGMHOR ¾3URI GU +DVDQ %DEDFDQ 0HKPHW$NLI (UVR\ hQLYHUVLWHVL )HQ(GHEL\DW 7DULK %|OP g÷UHWLP h\HVL %XUGXU 7UNL\H âHULI 2VPDQSDãD ERVDQVNLQDPMHVQLN ¾'U6DONDQ8åLþDQLQ )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL 0XVOLPDQVND QDFLRQDOQDRPODGLQD³2VPDQĈLNLü´ ¾3URIGU$GQDQ-DKLü )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL +DVDQ0 5HEDF±þLQMHQLFHLNRQWUDYHU]H 3ULORJ'HWDOMVDQDXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMH³=QDPHQLWHOLþQRVWLXKLVWRULML %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH´ ¾'U 1DND 1LNãLü 8þLWHOMVNL IDNXOWHW 8QLYHU]LWHWD X %HRJUDGX 1DVWDYQR RGMHOMHQMH1RYL3D]DU -XVXI0HKRQMLüXSMHYDQMXVDQGåDþNLK%RãQMDND ¾3URI GU 2PHU +DP]Lü 8QLYHU]LWHW .LVHOMDN äLYRW L GMHOR DNDGHPLND 0XVWDIH.DPDULüD ,]YMHãWDMVD0HÿXQDURGQHQDXþQHNRQIHUHQFLMH³=QDPHQLWHOLþQRVWLXKLVWRULML%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH´ ¾'U=HüLU5DPþLORYLü ,QVWLWXW]DQDFLRQDOQXLVWRULMX6NRSOMH $OLMD$YGRYLü ±åLYRWLGMHORERUDF]DVORERGXLUDYQRSUDYQRVW ¾0U-DVPLQ-DMþHYLü &HQWDU]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH 7X]OD /LþQRVWLGMHORPXIWLMH0XKDPHGâHYNHWHI.XUWD ¾0U2PHU=XOLü $UKLY7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD 6HDGEHJ.XORYLü±WX]ODQVNL JUDGRQDþHOQLN ¾'U'HQLV%HüLURYLü )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL ,EUDKLPHI )HMLü±SUYLUHLVXOXOHPDXWLWRYRM-XJRVODYLML ¾3URI GU .DGULMD +RGåLü (NRQRPVNL IDNXOWHW 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL 3ROLWLþNDVWUDGDQMDSURI6DOLKD%XUHNDWLKJRGLQD;;VWROMHüD ¾3URIGUâHINHW.UFLü ,QWHUQDFLRQDOQLIDNXOWHWX1RYRP3D]DUX %RMLüHYD SHUVSHNWLYD%RVQHL%RãQMDND ¾3URIGU6HDG6HOLPRYLü )LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL +DMUXGLQ 0HãLü±NDSHWDQ+DMURKHURMRGEUDPEHQRRVORERGLODþNRJUDWD 1DRYRMQDXþQRMNRQIHUHQFLMLXþHVWYRYDOLVXLPODGLQDXþQLFLLLVWUDÿLYDþL NDNRL]%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHWDNRL]HPDOMDUHJLRQDNRMLVXVDVYRMLPL]ODJDQMLPD RGJRYRULOLQDSLWDQMDR]QDþDMXLVWUDåLYDQMD]QDPHQLWLKOLþQRVWLL]KLVWRULMH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQH1DVDPRMQDXþQRMNRQIHUHQFLMLSUHGVWDYOMHQHVXDNWXHOQHLQHGRYROMQR LVWUDåHQHWHPHLOLþQRVWLL]UD]OLþLWLKKLVWRULMVNLKSHULRGDRGVWDURJYLMHNDSDVYHGR VDYUHPHQRJGRED 2YD QDXþQD NRQIHUHQFLMD ELOD MH SULOLND GD LVWUDåLYDþL UD]OLþLWRJ QDXþQRJ XVPMHUHQMDL]QHVXVYRMDUD]OLþLWDPLãOMHQMDLSUHGVWDYHMDYQRVWLGRVDGDQHNHOLþQRVWL RNRMLPDMDYQRVWQLMHGRYROMQRXSR]QDWD6DPLPWLPNRQIHUHQFLMDMHELODSULOLNDL GDLVWUDåLYDþLGLVNXWXMXRWHPDPDL]ODJDQMDLSUREDMXDUJXPHQWLPDXYMHUDYDWLMHGQL GUXJH R LVSUDYQRVWL YODVWLWLK VWDYRYD 1DXþQD NRQIHUHQFLMD ELOD MH NRPELQDFLMD QHNLKLVNXVQLMLKKLVWRULþDUDLPODÿLKNROHJDNRMLVXQDSRþHWNXVYRMHDNDGHPVNH LVWUDåLYDþNH NDULMHUH NRMLPD VX SRWUHEQH RYDNYH YUVWH VXVUHWD QH VDPR GD EL SUH]HQWLUDOL VYRMD LVWUDåLYDQMD QHJR GD EL þXOL L GUXJH GD EL VD QMLPD UD]PLMHQLOL LGHMH NULWLþND UD]PLãOMDQMD L QDUDYQR GD EL VH GUXåLOL 8 NRQDþQLFL QDXþQD NRQIHUHQFLMDMHRSUDYGDODRþHNLYDQMDRUJDQL]DWRUDXþHVQLNDLJRVWLMXD]DQDUHGQL SHULRGMHQDMDYOMHQDUHDOL]DFLMDLGUXJLKVOLþQLKSURMHNDWD $PLU.53,û Izvještaj sa tribine 5()(5(1'80=$1(=$9,61267 REPUBLIKE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE – 26 godina poslije, Tuzla, 28. februar 2018. godine 'DQD IHEUXDUD JRGLQH X DP¿WHDWUX $ )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD 8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OLRUJDQL]RYDQDMHWULELQD5HIHUHQGXP]DQH]DYLVQRVW5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH ± JRGLQD SRVOLMH SRYRGRP PDUWD 'DQD QH]DYLVQRVWL %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH2UJDQL]DWRULWULELQHELOLVX 2GVMHN]DKLVWRULMX)LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL $UKLY 7X]ODQVNRJ NDQWRQD 'UXãWYR DUKLYVNLK ]DSRVOHQLND 7X]ODQVNRJ NDQWRQD &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH7X]ODL'UXãWYRKLVWRULþDUD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD 8 SURVWRULMDPD )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD SULMH WULELQH XSULOLþHQD MH L]ORåED SRG QD]LYRP 2EQRYD L SUL]QDQMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH QD WHPHOMLPD PLOHQLMVNRJ NRQWLQXLWHWDXRUJDQL]DFLML$UKLYD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD,]ORåEXMHRWYRULRPU VF 2PHU=XOLüGLUHNWRU$UKLYD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD 3ULORJ'HWDOMVDRWYDUDQMDL]ORåEH2EQRYDLSUL]QDQMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQDWHPHOMLPD PLOHQLMVNRJNRQWLQXLWHWD 2YDWULELQDMHMHGLQVWYHQDSRWRPHãWRVXQMHQLLQLFLMDWRULDXWRULUHIHUDWDL L]ODJDþLELOLVWXGHQWLSUYRJLWUHüHJFLNOXVDQD2GVMHNX]DKLVWRULMXX]PHQWRUVWYR Izvještaj sa tribine „Referendum za nezavisnost Republike Bosne i Hercegovine – 26 godina poslije“ SURIHVRUD VD 2GVMHND ]D KLVWRULMX 0RGHUDWRU WULELQH ELOD MH VWXGHQWLFD þHWYUWH JRGLQH VWXGLMD QD 2GVMHNX ]D KLVWRULMX (GQD ýDYDOLü GRN VX L]ODJDþL ELOL$KPR 0HKPHGRYLüL$PLU.USLüVDþHWYUWHJRGLQHVWXGLMDWHPU6HPLU+DGåLPXVLüVD SUYHJRGLQHWUHüHJFLNOXVDVWXGLMD 7ULELQX MH X LPH RUJDQL]DWRUD RWYRULR YRGLWHOM 2GVMHND ]D KLVWRULMX L GLUHNWRU&HQWUD]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]ODSURIGU6HDG 6HOLPRYLü3UYLUHIHUDWMHX]UHFHQ]LMXGUVF6HQDLGD+DGåLüDYDQUSURIL]ODJDR $KPR 0HKPHGRYLü D UHIHUDW MH QRVLR QDVORY +LVWRULMVNL ]QDþDM UHIHUHQGXPD ]D QH]DYLVQRVW 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 0HKPHGRYLü MH XND]DR QD RVQRYQH þLQMHQLFHLQDMYDåQLMHLQIRUPDFLMHRUHIHUHQGXPX]DQH]DYLVQRVW5HSXEOLNH%RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 5LMHþ MH R RQLP þLQMHQLFDPD L LQIRUPDFLMDPD NRMH MH SRWUHEQR QHSUHVWDQR SRQDYOMDWL NDNR EL VH VDþXYDOD L GRGDWQR UD]YLOD VYLMHVW R ]QDþDMX SRPHQXWRJUHIHUHQGXPD7RVHSULMHVYHJDRGQRVLQDNUDWDNSUHVMHNWRNDLUD]YRMD GRJDÿDMD NRML VX GRYHOL GR UHIHUHQGXPD ]DWLP QDMYDåQLMLK RGOXND NDNR XQXWDU WDGD MRã XYLMHN 6RFLMDOLVWLþNH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH WDNR L L] NUXJRYD 0HÿXQDURGQH ]DMHGQLFH 5HIHUDW MH GRQLR NRQDþQH UH]XOWDWH UHIHUHQGXPD WH VH GRWDNDRQMHJRYLKQHSRVUHGQLKSRVOMHGLFDQD%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQX'UXJLPULMHþLPD X QDMNUDüHP MH SUHGVWDYOMHQ L LVWDNQXW VWYDUQL ]QDþDM SRPHQXWRJ UHIHUHQGXPD NRMLVHRJOHGDXWRPHGDMHRQRWYRULRSXWNDRVDPRVWDOMHQMX5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHNDQMHQRPPHÿXQDURGQRPSUL]QDQMXLSULMHPXXþODQVWYR8MHGLQMHQLK QDFLMD ]DWLP X WRPH ãWR MH UHIHUHQGXP XþLQLR OHJLWLPQLP L 9ODGX L $UPLMX 5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHDVDPLPWLPHLRGEUDQXGUåDYHRGXQXWUDãQMLKL YDQMVNLKVQDJDNRMHVXMHSRNXãDYDOHXQLãWLWL 3ULORJ8þHVQLFLWULELQH5HIHUHQGXP]DQH]DYLVQRVW5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH± JRGLQDSRVOLMH 'UXJLUHIHUDWQRVLRMHQDVORY5HIHUHQGXP]DQH]DYLVQRVW5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHNUR]ãWDPSXDQMHJRYDXWRULL]ODJDþELRMH$PLU.USLüX]UHFHQ]LMX $PLU.53,û SURI GU 6HDGD 6HOLPRYLüD .USLü MH SUHGVWDYLR QDM]QDþDMQLMH QRYLQVNH þODQNH L QDVORYHL]SUHGUHIHUHQGXPVNLKGDQDWRNRPGYDUHIHUHQGXPVNDGDQDLQHSRVUHGQR QDNRQQMHJD5LMHþMHRþODQFLPDL]VDUDMHYVNRJOLVWD2VORERÿHQMHWX]ODQVNRJOLVWD )URQWVORERGHLEDQMDOXþNRJOLVWD*ODV,]ODJDQMHMHSUDüHQRYLGHRSUH]HQWDFLMRP NDNR EL SULVXWQL L VDPL PRJOL XNUDWNR SRJOHGDWL QDMLVWDNQXWLMH QDVORYH LOL QDMLQWHUHVDQWQLMHGLMHORYHþODQDND&LOMWRJL]ODJDQMDELRMHXSR]QDWLSULVXWQHQHVD UHIHUHQGXPRPVDPLPSRVHELYHüVDSLVDQMLPDWDGDãQMHãWDPSH 1DNRQ WRJD MH XVOLMHGLOR L]ODJDQMH PU 6HPLUD +DGåLPXVLüD NRML MH SUHGVWDYLRVYRMUHIHUDWSRGQDVORYRP5HIHUHQGXP]DQH]DYLVQRVW5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQH JRGLQDSRVOLMHNRMLMHQDSLVDQX]UHFHQ]LMXSURIGU,]HWDâDERWLüD +DGåLPXVLüMHXQDMNUDüHPSUHGVWDYLRSXW%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHQDNRQUHIHUHQGXPD RGQRVQR VWDQMH X NRMHP VH GUåDYD %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD QDOD]L GDQDV JRGLQD QDNRQVXGERQRVQRJLKLVWRULMVNL]QDþDMQRJUHIHUHQGXPD]DQH]DYLVQRVW,]ODJDþMH XND]DR QD QDMYDåQLMD GRVWLJQXüD SRVWGHMWRQVNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH SULMH VYHJD QD SODQX HXURDWODQWVNLK LQWHJUDFLMD DOL L QD XQXWUDãQMH VWDQMH L XUHÿHQMH GUåDYH XVSRVWDYOMHQR2SãWLPRNYLUQLPVSRUD]XPRP]DPLUX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLLVWLþXüL QMHJRYHSUHGQRVWLLQHGRVWDWNH.DRQDMYDåQLMXSUHGQRVWL]ODJDþMHLVWDNDRþLQMHQLFX GDMH6SRUD]XP]DXVWDYLRUDWX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLLRPRJXüLRGDOMQMLUD]YRM]HPOMH 6D GUXJH VWUDQH NDR JODYQL QHGRVWDWDN 6SRUD]XPD LVWDNQXWR MH RþXYDQMH HQWLWHWD 5HSXEOLND6USVNDXSUYRPUHGX]ERJQDþLQDQDNRMLMHVWYDUDQDDNRMLVXVXSURWQL VYLP FLYLOL]DFLMVNLP YULMHGQRVWLPD SRVHEQR X VDYUHPHQRP VYLMHWX 7DNRÿHU +DGåLPXVLüMHNDRQHJDWLYQXVWUDQX6SRUD]XPDQDYHRLQHMHGQDNRLVDHXURSVNLP VWDQGDUGLPD QHXVNODÿHQR XUHÿHQMH SRVWGHMWRQVNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NRMH X PQRJRþHPXRPHWDUD]YRMGUåDYHXSUDYFXHXURDWODQWVNLKLQWHJUDFLMD2VLPWRJD +DGåLPXVLüMHXND]DRQDSUREOHPQHDGHNYDWQRJLSRPDORVWLGOMLYRJRELOMHåDYDQMD 'DQDQH]DYLVQRVWLDOLLGUXJLK]QDþDMQLKGDWXPDL]ERVDQVNRKHUFHJRYDþNHKLVWRULMH 2Q MH QDYHR GD VH WLP GDWXPLPD SRNODQMD QHGRYROMQR SDåQMH D L RQGD NDGD VH RELOMHåDYDMXWRVHþLQLQHVWUXþQRþDNLGRWHPMHUHGDVHGUåDYQD]DVWDYDQHLVWLþH SUHPDSURSLVLPD &MHORNXSQR JOHGDMXüL RYD WULELQD LPDOD MH QHNROLNR FLOMHYD 8 SUYRP UHGX GROD]L þLQMHQLFD GD MH QDMYDåQLMH GDWXPH L] KLVWRULMH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH QHRSKRGQRRELOMHåDYDWLLQDWDMQDþLQLKþXYDWLRG]DERUDYD,DNRWRWUHEDGDEXGH REDYH]DVYLKPRåHVHNRQVWDWRYDWLGD2GVMHN]DKLVWRULMXLPDSRVHEQXREDYH]XGD QMHJXMHKLVWRULMVNL]QDþDMQHGDWXPH2VLPWRJDWULELQDMHLPDODFLOMLGDSRGVWDNQH GUXJH LQVWLWXFLMH L GUXãWYHQH NUXJRYH QD þXYDQMH VMHüDQMD QD UHIHUHQGXP ]D QH]DYLVQRVW5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHDXNRQDþQLFLMHFLOMELRGDVHNUR] þXYDQMHVMHüDQMDXMHGQRVDþXYDLLVWLQDRWRPGRJDÿDMXWHGDVHLQDDNDGHPVNRP LQDGUXJLPGUXãWYHQLPQLYRLPDSRGVWLþHLGRGDWQRUD]YLMDVYLMHVWRYULMHGQRVWLL ]QDþDMX PDUWD NDR GDWXPD 'DQD QH]DYLVQRVWL ]DWLP VDPRJ þLQD UHIHUHQGXPD NRML MH GR WRJD GRYHR WH QMHJRYRJ ]QDþDMD ]D GDOMQML UD]YRM GRJDÿDMD X %RVQL L +HUFHJRYLQLWHUD]YRMDGUåDYHLQDXQXWUDãQMHPLQDYDQMVNRPSODQX $GQDQ7,1-,û $UKLY7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD Izvještaj sa okruglog stola +,6725,-6.,=1$ý$-35,-(0$5(38%/,.(%261( ,+(5&(*29,1(8ý/$1679225*$1,=$&,-( UJEDINJENIH NACIJA – 26 godina poslije, Tuzla, 22. maj 2018. godine 8 RUJDQL]DFLML )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL 2GVMHND ]D KLVWRULMX$UKLYD7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD&HQWUD]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH7X]ODL'UXãWYDDUKLYVNLK ]DSRVOHQLND 7X]ODQVNRJ NDQWRQD PDMD JRGLQH VD SRþHWNRP X VDWL X DP¿WHDWUX ,, )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD X 7X]OL RGUåDQ MH RNUXJOL VWR QD WHPX +LVWRULMVNL ]QDþDM SULMHPD 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X þODQVWYR 2UJDQL]DFLMH 8MHGLQMHQLK QDFLMD .UR] RNUXJOL VWR L]ODJDþL VXSRGVMHWLOLQDRNROQRVWLXNRMLPD MH5HSXEOLND%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD SRVWDOD þODQLFD 81D WH GD L GDQDV QDNRQ JRGLQD SRVWRMH VQDJH NRMH XJURåDYDMX QMHQX VDPRVWDOQRVWLQH]DYLVQRVW 8 RNYLUX RELOMHåDYDQMD JRGLãQMLFH SULMHPD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X 2UJDQL]DFLMX 8MHGLQMHQLK QDFLMD RUJDQL]LUDQR MH L RWYDUDQMH L]ORåEH Ä'RPRYLQD X VUFX³NRMDMHUHDOL]LUDQDXVDUDGQML VD SMHãDGLMVNLP UHQGåHUVNLP SXNRP 2UXåDQLK VQDJD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH 2WYDUDQMX L]ORåEH 3ULORJ3ODNDWRNUXJORJVWROD+LVWRULMVNL]QDþDM SULVXVWYRYDOD MH L GHOHJDFLMD SULMHPD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHX281D 2UXåDQLK VQDJD %L+ SUHGYRÿHQD NDSHWDQRP$OPLURP.XOXJLüHP 6WDWXV NRML GDQDV LPD %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD SULND]DQ MH NUR] L]ORåEX 2UXåDQLK VQDJD QD SDQRD R NRQWLQXLWHWX RSVWRMQRVWL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH V $GQDQ7,1-,û SRVHEQLP LVWLFDQMHP XORJH ]QDPHQLWLK OLþQRVWL NRMH VX NUR] UD]OLþLWD KLVWRULMVND UD]GREOMD RVWDYLOL VYRM WUDJ 2 VDPRM L]ORåEL JRYRULR MH PU VF 2PHU =XOLü 5HDOL]DFLMXRNUXJORJVWROD¿QDQVLMVNLMHSRGUåDOR)HGHUDOQRPLQLVWDUVWYR]DSLWDQMD ERUDFDLLQYDOLGDRGEUDPEHQRRVORERGLODþNRJUDWD 8 XYRGQRP GLMHOX RNUXJORJ VWROD XþHVQLNH MH SR]GUDYLR SURI GU6HDG 6HOLPRYLüãHI2GVMHND]DKLVWRULMXQD)LOR]RIVNRPIDNXOWHWX8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OLL L]YUãQLGLUHNWRU&HQWUD]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]OD 3UHG JRVWLPD NROHJDPD L VWXGHQWLPD WH XþHQLFLPD *LPQD]LMH ³0HãD 6HOLPRYLü´ L] 7X]OH ãHVW L]ODJDþD GDOR MH NUDWDN RVYUW QD ]QDþDM PDMD GDQD SULMHPD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHX2UJDQL]DFLMX8MHGLQMHQLKQDFLMD7RVXELOL ¾3URIGU,]HWâDERWLü 2GVMHN]DKLVWRULMX)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWD X7X]OL %RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDXSURFHVXGLVROXFLMH6)5- ¾3URI GU 6HDG 6HOLPRYLü 2GVMHN ]D KLVWRULMX )LOR]RIVNL IDNXOWHW 8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL 'RSULQRVGLSORPDFLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH SULMHPXXþODQVWYR8MHGLQMHQLKQDFLMD ¾0UVF2PHU=XOLü $UKLY7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD =QDþDMUH]ROXFLMD81]D 5HSXEOLNX%RVQXL+HUFHJRYLQXLRGEUDQXRGDJUHVLMH ¾0U -DVPLQ -DMþHYLü &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH7X]OD ýODQVWYR5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXPHÿXQDURGQLP RUJDQL]DFLMDPD ¾3URI GU 2PHU +DP]Lü ,]GDYDþND NXüD Ä0RQRV³ *UDþDQLFD ýDVRSLV ]DNXOWXUQXKLVWRULMXÄ*UDþDQLþNLJODVQLN³ %RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD±SULPMHU SXQRSUDYQH þODQLFH 81 SRG ÄVSHFLMDOQLP WUHWPDQRP³ VYRMLK VXVMHGD X SRYRGXJRGLãQMLFHþODQVWYD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHX81 L ¾0U 6HPLU +DGåLPXVLü -8 =DYRG ]D ]DãWLWX L NRULãWHQMH NXOWXUQR KLVWRULMVNRJ L SULURGQRJ QDVOLMHÿD 7X]ODQVNRJ NDQWRQD 3ULMHP %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHXþODQVWYR281D±JRGLQDSRVOLMH 0RGHUDWRURNUXJORJVWRODELODMHGUVF0HUVLKD,PDPRYLüVD)LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OL 350 ,]YMHãWDMVDRNUXJORJVWROD³+LVWRULMVNL]QDþDMSULMHPD5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHXþODQVWYR 3ULORJ8þHVQLFLL]ODJDþLQDRNUXJORPVWROXÄ+LVWRULMVNL]QDþDMSULMHPD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH X281³ 2YLPRNUXJOLPVWRORPL]QHVHQDVXPLãOMHQMDLVWDYRYLLVWDNQXWLKQDXþQLND L XQLYHU]LWHWVNLK SURIHVRUD R SLWDQMX SULMHPD %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH X 81 WH VH QDJODVLR ]QDþDM RELOMHåDYDQMD GDWXPD NRML VX ]D %RVQX L +HUFHJRYLQX RG KLVWRULMVNRJ]QDþDMD8NRQDþQLFLVYUKDRGUåDYDQMDRNUXJORJVWRODELODMHGDVHQH ]DERUDYHYDåQLGDWXPLNRMLVXRELOMHåLOLKLVWRULMX%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHDVYHXFLOMX GD VH SRGLJQH VYLMHVW ãLURM GUXãWYHQRM ]DMHGQLFL L SRVYHWL ]QDþDMQLMD SDåQMD RYRP YDåQRPVHJPHQWXKLVWRULMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH2SUDYGDQRVWVHRJOHGDXþLQMHQLFL GD VH X] SRPRü RUJDQL]LUDQMD RYDNYLK RNUXJOLK VWRORYD DQLPLUD ãLUD GUXãWYHQD ]DMHGQLFD VWUXþQD QDXþQD L NXOWXUQD MDYQRVW WH UD]YLMD VYLMHVW NRG VWXGHQDWD L JUDÿDQD RGQRVQR ãLUH GUXãWYHQH ]DMHGQLFH R ]QDþDMX RELOMHåDYDQMD KLVWRULMVNLK GDWXPDYDåQLK]DRþXYDQMHKLVWRULMVNHSRVHEQRVWL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH2NUXJOLVWR ]DVLJXUQR MH RSUDYGDR RþHNLYDQMD RUJDQL]DWRUD L XþHVQLND D ]DQDUHGQL SHULRG MH QDMDYOMHQDUHDOL]DFLMDLGUXJLKVOLþQLKSURMHNDWD 351 I V &(17$5=$,675$ä,9$1-( 02'(51(,6$95(0(1( HISTORIJE TUZLA $.7,91267,&(175$=$,675$ä,9$1-( 02'(51(,6$95(0(1(+,6725,-(78=/$ 8GUXåHQMH JUDÿDQD &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH RVQRYDQR MH QD 2VQLYDþNRM VNXSãWLQL MXQD JRGLQH 2VQLYDþL 8GUXåHQMD VX JUXSD JUDÿDQD NRMLPD VX EOLVNL FLOMHYL L ]DGDFL 8GUXåHQMD 1D 2VQLYDþNRM VNXSãWLQL8GUXåHQMDGRQHVHQDMH2GOXNDRRVQLYDQMX]DWLPL]DEUDQL]YUãQLGLUHNWRU &HQWUD]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMHSUHGVMHGQLNLSRGSUHGVMHGQLN 6NXSãWLQHSUHGVMHGQLNLþODQRYL8SUDYQRJRGERUD SHWþODQRYD LVHNUHWDU&HQWUD ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH7X]OD 'DQD MXOD JRGLQH UHJLVWURYDQR MH 8GUXåHQMH JUDÿDQD &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMHQDRVQRYX5MHãHQMDEU836NUDüHQLQD]LY8GUXåHQMD MH8*&,026+,67X]OD 2VQRYQLVDGUåDMGMHODWQRVWLXGUXåHQMDMH ¾3URXþDYDQMHLLVWUDåLYDQMHSLWDQMDLWHPDL]PRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH ]DþODQRYH8GUXåHQMD ¾5D]YLMDQMHLVQDåHQMHVYLMHVWLNRGþODQRYD8GUXåHQMD]DRYXQDXþQXREODVW RYDåQRVWLPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH ¾2UJDQL]RYDQMH QDXþQLK L VWUXþQLK VDGUåDMD NRQJUHVD NRQIHUHQFLMD GRPDüLK L VWUDQLK RNUXJOLK VWRORYD VLPSR]LMD WULELQD SURPRFLMD VWXGLMVNLKLLVWUDåLYDþNLKSXWRYDQMDUD]PMHQDLVNXVWDYDVD]QDQVWYHQLFLPD QDXþQLFLPD X]HPOMLLLQRVWUDQVWYX ¾3XEOLNRYDQMH QDXþQLK L VWUXþQLK SXEOLNDFLMD NRMH VH RGQRVH QD SLWDQMD L] PRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH]DþODQRYH8GUXåHQMD ¾6DUDGQMD VD GUXJLP L VOLþQLP 8GUXåHQMLPD X ]HPOML L LQRVWUDQVWYX D X FLOMXLVWUDåLYDQMDLSURPRYLVDQMD]QDQMDYH]DQLK]DPRGHUQXLVDYUHPHQX KLVWRULMX ¾$¿UPDFLMD L XQDSUHÿHQMH QDXþQRLVWUDåLYDþNRJ UDGD QD SROMX PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH ¾3RGL]DQMHVYLMHVWLLHGXNDFLMDRYDåQRVWLVDYUHPHQHLPRGHUQHKLVWRULMH]D þODQRYH8GUXåHQMD &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMX 7X]OD MH QDXþQR L VWUXNRYQRXGUXåHQMHDRVQRYDQRMHVFLOMHPSURXþDYDQMDLSURPLFDQMDKLVWRULMVNLK ]QDQMD L YULMHGQRVWL &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]OD MH QHSUR¿WDELOQR XGUXåHQMH NRMH RNXSOMD QDXþQLNH VWUXþQMDNH L ]DOMXEOMHQLNH XKLVWRULMVNXQDXNX&HQWDUNDRãWRMHYHüSRPHQXWRLPDVYRMHRUJDQH L]YUãQRJ GLUHNWRUD 8SUDYQL RGERU L 6NXSãWLQX D UDGL X VNODGX VD RGUHGEDPD =DNRQD R XGUXåHQMLPDXGUXJDPD L RGUHGEDPD 6WDWXWD &HQWUD ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]ODNDRQDMYLãHJSUDYQRJDNWD 355 2G RVQLYDQMD SD GR NUDMD JRGLQH &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]OD MH UDGLR QD RGUHÿHQLP RUJDQL]DFLRQLP L QDXþQLP DNWLYQRVWLPDWHMHQDWRPSODQXXUDÿHQRVOLMHGHüH %LR MH VXRUJDQL]DWRU 0HÿXQDURGQH NRQIHUHQFLMH =QDPHQLWH OLþQRVWL X KLVWRULML %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH .RQIHUHQFLMD MH RGUåDQD QD )LOR]RIVNRP IDNXOWHWX8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OLLQRYHPEUDJRGLQH8QDXþQLP L RUJDQL]DFLRQLP SRVORYLPD þODQRYL &HQWUD ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]ODX]HOLVXDNWLYQRXþHãüH L]ODJDQMDQD.RQIHUHQFLML LPDOL VX SURI GU 6HDG 6HOLPRYLü SURI GU ,]HW âDERWLü SURI GU 6HQDLG +DGåLüPUVF2PHU=XOLüPU-DVPLQ-DMþHYLüLPU6HPLU+DGåLPXVLü ýODQRYL&HQWUD]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]ODX]HOL VXXþHãüDXRUJDQL]DFLML.RQIHUHQFLMH]DãWDPSXSRVWDYOMDQMHLRWYDUDQMD L]ORåEHLGUXJLPDNWLYQRVWLPDYH]DQLP]D.RQIHUHQFLMX &HQWDU]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]ODELRMHVXL]GDYDþ PRQRJUD¿MH 'UXJLNRUSXV$UPLMH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH DXWRUL SURIGU6HDG6HOLPRYLüLSURIGU,]HWâDERWLüVWUXþQLVDUDGQLFL PUVF 2PHU=XOLüPU-DVPLQ-DMþHYLüL$GQDQ7LQMLüSURIXUHGQLN PUVF2PHU =XOLüOHNWRU +DWLGåD)HWDKDJLüSURINRUHNWRU PU-DVPLQ-DMþHYLü 3RYRGRP RELOMHåDYDQMD QRYHPEUD 'DQD GUåDYQRVWL %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQHXVDOL%.&³$OLMD,]HWEHJRYLü´.DOHVLMDQRYHPEUD JRGLQHRGUåDQDMHSURPRFLMDNQMLJH%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQDXYULMHPHSRMDYH YHOLNR QDFLRQDOQLKLGHMDDXWRUDSURIGU6HQDLGD+DGåLüDQDNRMHPVX XþHãüHX]HOLþODQRYL&HQWUD]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH 7X]OD &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]OD ELR MH L VXL]GDYDþ SXEOLNDFLMH 3ULPMHUL VXåLYOMHQMD %LOMHãNH R WX]ODQVNRP NUDMX X VWROMHüXDXWRUDSURIGU6HQDLGD+DGåLüD 8 JRGLQL &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]ODMHQDVMHGQLFDPD8SUDYQRJRGERUDXVYRMLR3ODQUDGD]DJRGLQXJGMH MHSUHGYLÿHQDRUJDQL]DFLMDRNUXJORJVWRODXSRYRGXSULMHPD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH X þODQVWYR 81 ]DWLP RGUåDYDQMX 1DXþQH NRQIHUHQFLMH X QRYHPEUX PMHVHFX SRG QD]LYRP %RVQD L +HUFHJRYLQD ± SROLWLþNL L GUXãWYHQL SURFHVL ]DWLP RGUåDYDQMX MDYQLK WULELQD X SRYRGX ]QDþDMQLMLK KLVWRULMVNLK GDWXPD SURPRFLMX L]GDQMD&HQWUD]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]ODLSXEOLNRYDQMH SUYRJEURMDþDVRSLVD+LVWRULMVNLSRJOHGL 5HDOL]DFLMD RYLK ]DGDWDND ]DSRþHWD MH MRã X IHEUXDUX PMHVHFX NDGD MH IRUPLUDQD PHÿXQDURGQD 5HGDNFLMD ]D þDVRSLV L IRUPLUDQ 1DXþQRRUJDQL]DFLRQL RGERU ]D QDXþQX NRQIHUHQFLMX 8 SUYLK ãHVW PMHVHFL JRGLQH &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQHLVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]ODMHUHDOL]LUDRVOLMHGHüHDNWLYQRVWL 3RYRGRPRELOMHåDYDQMDPDUWD'DQDQH]DYLVQRVWL%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH IHEUXDUDJRGLQH VULMHGD XVDWL&HQWDU]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQH LVDYUHPHQHKLVWRULMH7X]ODELRMHVXRUJDQL]DWRUMDYQHWULEXQHSRGQD]LYRP 5HIHUHQGXP ]D QH]DYLVQRVW 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH JRGLQD poslije. 3URPRFLMXPRQRJUD¿MH'UXJLNRUSXV$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH NRMDMHRGUåDQD DSULODJRGLQXX%UþNRPXSRYRGX JRGLãQMLFHRGRVQLYDQMD$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH &HQWDU ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]OD ELR MH MHGDQ RGRUJDQL]DWRUDRNUXJORJVWRODXSRYRGXRELOMHåDYDQMDJRGLãQMLFHSULMHPD %RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHX2UJDQL]DFLMX8MHGLQMHQLK1DFLMDQDWHPX +LVWRULMVNL ]QDþDMSULMHPD%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQHX2UJDQL]DFLMX8MHGLQMHQLKQDFLMD± JRGLQDSRVOLMH)LOR]RIVNLIDNXOWHW8QLYHU]LWHWDX7X]OLDP¿WHDWDU$ PDM ýODQRYL &HQWUD ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]OD VX X RNYLUX /MHWQRJ XQLYHU]LWHWD JRGLQH X RUJDQL]DFLML 2GVMHND ]D KLVWRULMX )LOR]RIVNRJ IDNXOWHWD 8QLYHU]LWHWD X 7X]OL XþHVWYRYDOL X GHEDWL QDWHPX +LVWRULRJUD¿MDRåHQVNRPSLWDQMXX%RVQLL+HUFHJRYLQLNRMDMH RGUåDQDMXQDJRGLQH 3URPRFLMX PRQRJUD¿MH 'UXJL NRUSXV $UPLMH 5HSXEOLNH %RVQH L +HUFHJRYLQH NRMDMHRGUåDQDMXODJRGLQXX6UHEUHQLNX XRNYLUXPDQLIHVWDFLMHRELOMHåDYDQMDMXOD 0U-DVPLQ-$-ý(9,û &(17$5 =$ ,675$ä,9$1-( 02'51( , 6$95(0(1( +,6725,-( TUZLA 8O'U)XDGD,GUL]EHJRYLüDEU7X]OD%RVQDL+HUFHJRYLQD Tel. 061-888-254 132-100-201-907-2856 kod NLB Tuzlanske banke dd Tuzla ,' HPDLO [email protected] 8,='$1-8&(175$=$,675$ä,9$1-(02'(51( ,6$95(0(1(+,6725,-(78=/$â7$03$1(68 6/,-('(û(38%/,.$&,-( Drugi korpus Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine 1992-1995, 6HDG 6HOLPRYLü,]HWâDERWLü 7X]ODVWU VXL]GDYDþL 3ULPMHULVXåLYOMHQMD %LOMHãNHRWX]ODQVNRPNUDMXX VWROMHüX 6HQDLG +DGåLü 7X]ODVWU 7RMãLüLRGVUHGQMHJYLMHNDGR JRGLQH.QMLJD, 'DPLU%RãQMDNRYLü 7X]ODVWU ýDVRSLV Historijski pogledi*RG,EU7X]ODVWU 8387(6$5$'1,&,0$ ýDVRSLV+LVWRULMVNLSRJOHGLL]OD]LXL]GDQMX&HQWUD]DLVWUDåLYDQMHPRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]OD 8 þDVRSLVX VH REMDYOMXMX UDGRYL VD ãLUHJ SRGUXþMD KLVWRULMVNHQDXNHNDRLSULND]LLRFMHQHVWUXþQLKLQDXþQLKSXEOLNDFLMDLþDVRSLVDWH L]YMHãWDMLVDQDXþQLKLVWUXþQLKVNXSRYDL]]HPOMHLLQR]HPVWYD 5DGRYL NRML SULVWLJQX ]D þDVRSLV +LVWRULMVNL SRJOHGL SRGOLMHåX UHFHQ]LML RG VWUDQH HPLQHQWQLK VWUXþQMDND L QDXþQLND L] REODVWL KLVWRULMH QDNRQ LVWH üH ELWL RGUHÿHQD QMLKRYD QDXþQD VWUXþQD LOL SDN GUXJD YULMHGQRVW L NODVL¿NDFLMD 2ELP UDGRYD þODQDND PRåHL]QRVLWLQDMPDQMHLQDMYLãHVWUDQLFDLLOXVWUDFLMDD]D SULND]HLRFMHQH NDRLGUXJHSULORJH GRVWUDQLFDWHNVWD 6WUXNWXUDþODQNDWUHEDELWLVOLMHGHüD LPHLSUH]LPHVDDGUHVRPDXWRUDLQD]LYRPXVWDQRYHXNRMRMMH]DSRVOHQ QDVORYUDGD DSVWUDNW QD MH]LNX þODQND RNR ]QDNRYD VD NOMXþQLP ULMHþLPD ]QDNRYD NRMLVHGRQRVHSRVOLMHQDVORYDþODQND SUHYRGQDVORYDUDGDDSVWUDNWDLNOMXþQLKULMHþLQDHQJOHVNLMH]LN WHNVWVDPRJþODQND XYRGQHQDSRPHQHUD]UDÿHQDWHPDVDSRGQDVORYLPD ]DNOMXþDNUH]LPH VDåHWDN ]DNOMXþDNUH]LPH QDHQJOHVNRPMH]LNXRELPDGR]QDNRYD 3ULOR]LNRMLVHGRVWDYOMDMXWUHEDMXELWLQDSLVDQLXHOHNWURQVNRMIRUPLXQHNRM RG YHU]LMD 06:25' SURJUDPD GR L QRYLMLPD WH VQLPOMHQL QD IRUPDWX 06 :25'GRNXPHQWD 5DGVHGRVWDYOMDX7LPHV1HZ5RPDQYUVWLVORYDYHOLþLQHRGWDþDNDQD IRUPDWX$ MHGQRVWUXNLSURUHG ]DWHNVWRGQRVQRRGWDþDND]DIXVQRWHNRMHVH GRQRVHLVSRGWHNVWD 1DVORYSULORJDSLãHVHYHOLNLPVORYLPD EROG SRGQDVORYLPDOLPVORYLPD EROG DVDåHFLRULJLQDOQLWHUPLQLLQD]LYLQDVWUDQRPMH]LNXNXU]LYRP LWDOLF ,OXVWUDFLMHWUHEDGDEXGXMDVQHLRãWUHXFUQRELMHORMLOLNRORUWHKQLFL3ULOR]L VHGRVWDYOMDMXHOHNWURQVNRPSRãWRPLOLQDQHNRPRGGLJLWDOQLKQRVDþDLQIRUPDFLMD 5DGRYLNRMLGRELMXSR]LWLYQXRFMHQXUHFHQ]HQWDELWüHREMDYOMHQLXþDVRSLVX +LVWRULMVNLSRJOHGL5XNRSLVLQHSRGOLMHåXYUDüDQMX 3ULPMHUDN UXNRSLVD SRVODWL SRãWRP QD DGUHVX &HQWUD ]D LVWUDåLYDQMH PRGHUQH L VDYUHPHQH KLVWRULMH 7X]OD LOL QD HPDLO DGUHVX [email protected] VD QD]QDNRP Ä]D þDVRSLV +LVWRULMVNL SRJOHGL³ $XWRUL LPDMX SUDYR QD EHVSODWDQ SULPMHUDN þDVRSLVD X NRMHP LP MH REMDYOMHQ UDG 1DSRPHQD 8] UDG LGX IXVQRWH SRGQRåQHQDSRPHQH .DNRSLVDWLSRGQRåQHQDSRPHQH LPHLSUH]LPHDXWRUD±QRUPDO QDVORYNQMLJH]ERUQLNDSXEOLNDFLMH±NXU]LY QDVORYþODQND±QRUPDO EH]QDYRGQLND QDVORYQRYLQDLþDVRSLVD±NXU]LY QDVORY]DNRQD±NXU]LY QD]LYVOXåEHQLKJODVLODQRUPDOVDQDYRGQLFLPD ,VWR±NXU]LY &LWLUDQMHDUKLYVNLKL]YRUD $UKLY7X]ODQVNRJNDQWRQD GDOMH $7. )RQG 1DURGQRYLMHüH7X]OD GDOMH 197 3R]LY X 1DURGQX 9RMVNX 1DSRPHQD 1DYHVWL QD]LY GRNXPHQWD X NXU]LYX $NRVHUDGLRQHREUDÿHQRMJUDÿLQDYHVWLRVQRYQHSRGDWNHRGRNXPHQWXXVPLVOX SRãLOMDRFDDGUHVHLGDWXPD Citiranje knjige: 6HDG6HOLPRYLü,]HWâDERWLü'UXJLNRUSXV$UPLMH5HSXEOLNH%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH 7X]OD NRGEURMDVWUDQHQHSLVDWLVWU .DGVHLVWDNQMLJDFLWLUDXQDUHGQRMSRGQRåQRMQDSRPHQLVWDYLWL Isto .DGVHLVWDNQMLJDSRQRYRFLWLUDQDGUXJRPPMHVWXXUDGXNRULVWLWLVNUDüHQLQD]LY NRML üH VH GH¿QLVDWL X SRþHWQRM IXVQRWL ]D QDYHGHQL L]YRU LOL OLWHUDWXUX QSU 6 6HOLPRYLü,âDERWLü'UXJLNRUSXV$5%L+ &LWLUDQMHUDGRYDXþDVRSLVLPD $GQDQ -DKLü .DNR MH 7X]OD GRþHNDOD VWYDUDQMH .UDOMHYVWYD 6UEH +UYDWD L 6ORYHQDFD+LVWRULMVNDPLVDR*RGEU7X]OD .DGVHLVWLUDGFLWLUDXQDUHGQRMSRGQRåQRMQDSRPHQLVWDYLWL Isto .DGVHLVWLUDGSRQRYRFLWLUDQDGUXJRPPMHVWXXUDGXNRULVWLWLVNUDüHQLQD]LY $ -DKLü.DNRMH7X]ODGRþHNDODVWYDUDQMH.6+6 &LWLUDQMHUDGRYDX]ERUQLFLPD )HGåDG)RUWR8VSRVWDYDLUDGPLOLFLMHX6DUDMHYX 3ULOR]LKLVWRULML%RVQHL +HUFHJRYLQHXVRFLMDOLVWLþNRM-XJRVODYLML=ERUQLNUDGRYD6DUDMHYR .DGVHLVWLUDGFLWLUDXQDUHGQRMSRGQRåQRMQDSRPHQLVWDYLWL Isto .DGVHLVWLUDGSRQRYRFLWLUDQDGUXJRPPMHVWXXUDGXNRULVWLWLVNUDüHQLQD]LY ) )RUWR8VSRVWDYDLUDGPLOLFLMH &LWLUDQMHþODQDNDXQRYLQD 1RYL XGDUDF QDSXNORM -XJRVODYLML 2VORERÿHQMH JRGLQD ;/9,,, VHSWHPEDU 1DSRPHQD $NRþODQDNLPDDXWRUDQDYHVWLLDXWRUD NDNRMHQDYHGHQXSRWSLVX .DGVHLVWLþODQDNFLWLUDXQDUHGQRMSRGQRåQRMQDSRPHQLVWDYLWL Isto .DGVHLVWLþODQDNSRQRYRFLWLUDQDGUXJRPPMHVWXXUDGXNRULVWLWLVNUDüHQLQD]LY 1RYLXGDUDFQDSXNORM-XJRVODYLML2VORERÿHQMH &LWLUDQMHVOXåEHQLKJODVLOD 2GOXNXRSUL]QDYDQMXGUåDYQRVWL65%RVQHL+HUFHJRYLQH³6OXåEHQLOLVW65%RVQH L+HUFHJRYLQH´JRGLQD;/9,,EURMRGGHFHPEUD Citiranje sa interneta: $YGR0HWMDKLü.RMH+XVDJDýLãLüKWWS ZZZRUEXVEHDNWXDDUKLYDDNWXD KWP $GUHVD5HGDNFLMH 8O'U)XDGD,GUL]EHJRYLüDEU ]DþDVRSLVÄ+LVWRULMVNLSRJOHGL´ 7X]OD±%L+ (PDLO FLPRVKLV#JPDLOFRP 5HGDNFLMDþDVRSLVDÄ+LVWRULMVNLSRJOHGL³ ýDVRSLVMHãWDPSDQX]¿QDQVLMVNXSRGUãNX Fondacije za izdavaštvo Sarajevo.