Vol. 8, No. 3 March 1998 INSIDE GSA TODAY • Year of the Oceans, p. 9 • 1997 Medals and Awards, p. 13 A Publication of the Geological Society of America • Web Publishing, p. 40 Changing Magma Conditions and Ascent Rates during the Soufriere Hills Eruption on Montserrat M. J. Rutherford, J. D. Devine, Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 J. Barclay, Department of Geology & Montserrat Volcanic Hazard Map Geophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 September 1997

ABSTRACT The Soufriere Hills volcano on the resort island of Montserrat caught the world’s attention when phreatomag- N➛ matic explosions began in July of 1995. In late 1995, andesitic lava appeared as Little Bay a dome in the central crater. Lava dome formation continues today, although sectors of the dome have periodically collapsed, generating pyroclastic flows. By integrating data from phenocryst analyses from the andesite (60 wt% SiO2) with experiments, we have determined St. Peter’s the temperature and depth at which the

pre-eruption magma equilibrated, iden- tified a pre-eruption heating event, and ➛ documented order-of-magnitude Pelican Ghaut changes in the rate of magma ascent. Lawyers River ➛ Phenocryst-melt equilibria indicate that the andesitic magma was equilibrated in a storage zone at ~840 °C and 130 MPa (~5 km depth) prior to heating. Heating Spanish Point took place several weeks before the erup- tion and has continued. As the water- rich Soufriere Hills andesite magma ascends, the rate of magma rise is reflected by the thickness of reaction rims developed on hornblende phe- nocrysts in contact with melt, and by Long Ground the extent of groundmass crystalliza- tion. These reactions, which have been Fox’s Bay experimentally calibrated, are variably Richmond observed in Soufriere Hills samples. The Hill magma ascent rate at Soufriere Hills Plymouth increased by a factor of 10 during the first four months of 1996, culminating Kinsale in a large dome collapse and a large explosive eruption in September 1996. Most magma erupted in 1996 ascended from 5 km depth to the surface in <4 2 km days. After slowing during the fall of 1996, the magma ascent rate increased Contour Interval: 500 ft. again in spring 1997. This period of high ascent rate was followed by explosive eruptions throughout the fall of 1997. Both periods of high magma ascent rates Figure 1. Map of Montserrat Island showing the Soufriere Hills volcano and the September 1997 correlate with times of high dome- volcanic hazard zones (after Montserrat Volcano Observatory Web site map, January 1998). The arrows volume growth rate. show the directions taken by pyroclastic flows: (1) before January 1997, (2) in early spring, 1997, (3) fol- lowing the large dome collapse of June 25, 1997, and (4) on December 26, 1997. The inset shows the Montserrat continued on p. 2 position of Montserrat in the northern Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc. IN THIS ISSUE GSA TODAY March Vol. 8, No. 3 1998 Changing Magma Conditions and GSAF Update ...... 37 Ascent Rates during the Soufriere Investments Committee Seeks Members . . 39 GSA TODAY (ISSN 1052-5173) is published monthly Hills Eruption on Montserrat ...... 1 by The Geological Society of America, Inc., with offices at 3300 Student News and Views ...... 40 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado. Mailing address: P.O. Box In Memoriam ...... 2 About People ...... 40 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, U.S.A. Periodicals postage paid at Boulder, Colorado, and at additional mailing offices. Correction: Penrose Conference Dates . . 2 GSA Employment Service ...... 41 Postmaster: Send address changes to GSA Today, Member- ship Services, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140. Award Nominations ...... 3 Contents— Geology and Bulletin ...... 42 GSA on the Web ...... 3 Copyright © 1998, The Geological Society of America, Inc. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience .. 47 (GSA). All rights reserved. Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. Government employees within the 1998 GeoVentures ...... 8 GSA Representatives Needed ...... 43 scope of their employment. Permission is granted to individ- Washington Report ...... 9 uals to photocopy freely all items other than the science arti- GSA Bookstore ...... 43 cles to further science and education. Individual scientists are Environment Matters ...... 10 Calendar ...... 44 hereby granted permission, without royalties or further requests, to make unlimited photocopies of the science arti- Shlemon Mentor Program ...... 11 GSA Meetings ...... 45 cles for use in classrooms to further education and science, and to make up to five copies for distribution to associates in 1997 Medals and Awards ...... 13 Classifieds ...... 46 the furtherance of science; permission is granted to make more than five photocopies for other noncommercial, non- profit purposes furthering science and education upon pay- ment of a fee ($0.25 per page-copy) directly to the Copy- right Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA In Memoriam CORRECTION 01923 USA, phone (978) 750-8400, http://www.copy- The correct dates for right.com; when paying, reference GSA Today, ISSN 1052- 5173. Written permission is required from GSA for all other Virgil E. Barnes Valerie M. Ewing the Penrose Confer- forms of capture, reproduction, and/or distribution of any Austin, Texas Flower Mound, Texas ence “Ophiolites and item in this publication by any means, including posting on January 28, 1998 March 9, 1996 Oceanic Crust” are authors’ or organizational Web sites, except that permission is granted to authors to post the abstracts only of their sci- Raymond E. Birch Ross R. Heinrich September 13–17, ence articles on their own or their organization’s Web site Palm Harbor, Florida St. Louis, Missouri 1998. The announce- providing the posting includes this reference: “The full paper ment in the January was published in the Geological Society of America’s news- September 16, 1997 December 18, 1997 magazine, GSA Today, [include year, month, and page num- 1998 issue of GSA ber if known, where article appears or will appear].” GSA Thomas E. Bolton Henno Martin Today contained provides this and other forums for the presentation of Ottawa, Ontario Göttingen, Germany diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, incorrect dates. We regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or polit- November 21, 1997 January 7, 1998 apologize for the ical viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not inconvenience. reflect official positions of the Society. Louis DeGoes Bellevue, Washington SUBSCRIPTIONS for 1998 calendar year: Society Members: GSA Today is provided as part of membership November 23, 1997 dues. Contact Membership Services at (800) 472-1988, (303) 447-2020 or [email protected] for member- ship information. Nonmembers & Institutions: Free with paid subscription to both GSA Bulletin and Geology, Montserrat continued from p. 1 first dome-forming magma reached the otherwise $50 for U.S., Canada, and Mexico; $60 else- surface between November 14 and 16, where. Contact Subscription Services. Single copies may be requested from Publication Sales. Also available on an INTRODUCTION 1995. Since that time there has been nearly continuous extrusion of a hornblende-rich annual CD-ROM, (together with GSA Bulletin, Geology, GSA Montserrat Island lies in the northern Data Repository, and an Electronic Retrospective Index to andesite, regular collapse of gravitationally journal articles from 1972); $89 to GSA Members, others section of the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc unstable new dome segments producing call GSA Subscription Services for prices and details. Claims: (Fig. 1). Although the island has under- For nonreceipt or for damaged copies, members contact pyroclastic flows like those shown in Fig- gone several seismic crises in this century Membership Services; all others contact Subscription Ser- ure 2, and occasional periods of explosive vices. Claims are honored for one year; please allow suffi- (Wadge and Isaacs, 1988), no historic erup- pressure release. cient delivery time for overseas copies, up to six months. tions had been known before the Soufriere Several events stand out in the history Hills volcano began erupting in November STAFF: Prepared from contributions from the GSA staff of this eruption. On September 17, 1996, and membership. 1995. The volcano, which is in the south- a collapse involving approximately one- Executive Director: Donald M. Davidson, Jr. ern part of this popular resort island, has a Science Editors: Suzanne M. Kay, Department of third of the preexisting dome produced central crater about 1 km in diameter that Geological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; huge pyroclastic flows, and was followed Molly F. Miller, Department of Geology, Box 117-B, Vanderbilt opens to the northeast (Fig. 1). Prior to the by an explosive eruption of magma from University, Nashville, TN 37235. present eruption, this crater was partially Forum Editor: Bruce F. Molnia, U.S. Geological Survey, depth which lasted several tens of min- filled by a dome that formed at about 350 MS 917, National Center, Reston, VA 22092 utes. The ash column rose to 14,000 m, Managing Editor: Faith Rogers yr B.P. (Young et al., 1997). Older volcanic and a pumice was deposited over the Production & Marketing Manager: James R. Clark deposits record earlier eruptions, at about Production Editor and Coordinator: Joan E. Manly island. In late 1996 and early 1997, rapid 3950 yr B.P. The Soufriere Hills volcano Graphics Production: Joan E. Manly, Leatha L. Flowers dome growth on the south side of the itself contains many deposits produced by ADVERTISING: Classifieds and display: contact Ann new dome gradually filled the preexisting dome collapse from 26 to 16 ka (Wadge Crawford, (303) 447-2020; fax 303-447-1133; acrawfor@ crater and weakened the crater wall. The geosociety.org. and Isaacs, 1988). first sizable pyroclastic flows to go to the The present eruption began with pre- Issues of this publication are available as electronic Acrobat south (flow 2 in Fig. 1) went over the wall files for free download from GSA’s Web Site, http://www. cursor seismic activity, which increased in the following months, devastating a geosociety.org. They can be viewed and printed on various in intensity from 1992 to late 1994, and personal computer operating systems: MSDOS, MSWin- heavily settled (although evacuated) part a phreatomagmatic event in the Soufriere dows, Macintosh, and Unix, using the appropriate Acrobat of the island. New dome growth moved to reader. Readers are available, free, from Adobe Corporation: Hills crater on July 18, 1995. One of us the north side of the edifice in May 1997, http://www.adobe.com/acrobat/readstep.html. (Devine) was in the Caribbean in July 1995 and six weeks later a major collapse sent This publication is included on GSA’s annual to study the dynamics of dome-forming pyroclastic flows over the north wall of CD-ROM, GSA Journals on Compact Disc. events in Montserrat and Nevis; that pro- Call GSA Publication Sales for details. 50% Total Recoverd Fiber ject was quickly modified to include study Printed in U.S.A. using pure soy inks. 10% Postconsumer of the modern Soufriere Hills eruption. The Montserrat continued on p. 3

2 GSA TODAY, March 1998 Montserrat continued from p. 2 CALL FOR NOMINATIONS REMINDERS the crater (flow 3 in Fig. 1), essentially JOHN C. FRYE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AWARD completing the circle of pyroclastic flow In cooperation with the Association of American State Geologists (AASG), GSA devastation around the volcano. One of makes an annual award for the best paper on environmental geology published these flows closed the Montserrat airport. either by GSA or by one of the state geological surveys. The award is a $1000 cash Very active dome growth punctuated by prize from the endowment income of the GSA Foundation’s John C. Frye Memo- numerous explosions continued through- rial Fund. The 1998 award will be presented at the autumn AASG meeting to be out the summer and fall of 1997. In late held during the GSA Annual Meeting in Toronto, Canada. December, the dome was still growing Nominations can be made by anyone, based on the following criteria: without explosive eruptions. A large col- (1) paper must be selected from GSA or state geological survey publications, lapse of the wall and adjacent dome on (2) paper must be selected from those published during the preceding three full December 26, 1997, produced a flow that calendar years, (3) nomination must include a paragraph stating the pertinence of reached the ocean (flow 4 in Fig. 1). the paper. The staff of the Montserrat Volcano Nominated papers must establish an environmental problem or need, provide Observatory (MVO) is continuously moni- substantive information on the basic geology or geologic process pertinent to the toring the eruption seismically, by heli- problem, relate the geology to the problem or need, suggest solutions or provide copter flights, and by measuring dome appropriate land-use recommendations based on the geology, present the informa- volume changes using a combination of tion in a manner that is understandable and directly usable by geologists, and techniques (Sparks et al., 1998). Members address the environmental need or resolve the problem. It is preferred that the paper of the observatory staff and visiting scien- be directly applicable by informed laypersons (e.g., planners, engineers). Deadline for tists also regularly measure gas release and nominations for 1998 is MARCH 30, 1998. deformation around the mountain, and collect samples (Young et al., 1997). Sam- NATIONAL AWARDS ples have not been easy to collect because The deadline is April 30, 1998, for submitting nominations for these four the eruption is occurring in the crater, but awards: William T. Pecora Award, National Medal of Science, Vannevar Bush Award, accelerated dome growth is often closely Alan T. Waterman Award. followed by collapse and pyroclastic flows that allow new magma to be sampled. We have studied these samples under a micro- Materials and supporting information for any of the nominations may be sent to GSA Execu- scope, have done chemical analyses by tive Director, Geological Society of America, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301. For more electron microprobe, and have performed detailed information about the nomination procedures, see the November 1997 issue of GSA Today, or the Web (www.geosociety.org/admin/awards.htm), or call headquarters at hydrothermal experiments on a sample of (303) 447-2020, extension 140. the andesite to determine the depth, water content, and temperature of the magma storage region, and have deduced changes in magma ascent rate over time. GSA ON THE WEB PRE-ERUPTION MAGMA Visit the GSA Web Site at http://www.geosociety.org. From our home The dome-forming magma erupting page you can link to many information resources. Here are some highlights: at Soufriere Hills is an andesite (~60 wt% SiO2) consisting of phenocrysts of variably On our Membership page you'll learn about the GSA Employment Service, find out zoned plagioclase, hornblende, orthopy- how to become a GSA Campus Representative, or learn how to get forms to join GSA as a roxene, embayed quartz, magnetite, professional or as a student. You’ll also find information here on how to nominate a GSA ilmenite, and apatite in a microcrystalline Member to Fellowship standing. groundmass (Fig. 3). The mineralogy of Try out the Meetings site for a first look at the 1998 Annual Meeting in Toronto, the groundmass is the same except that with links to key Toronto Web sites. clinopyroxene, an anhydrous mineral, is From the Publications heading, you can visit the GSA Bookstore, where you’ll find present instead of hornblende, which is prices on DNAG publications slashed by 50% (and GSA Member discount still applies). hydrous. There has been no change in the You’ll find two Treatise volume revisions, an Explore Kilauea multimedia CD-ROM, a new magma composition since the eruption Reviews in Engineering Geology volume, and several new Memoirs and Special Papers. began. Interestingly, it is also essentially There’s a general page with information for contributors, detailed information on prepar- identical to the magma that formed the ing manuscripts for GSA books and Geology, information on copyright, a free geologic Castle Peak dome 400 yr B.P. (Devine time scale, and more. Don’t forget the GSA Data Repository—you can download supple- et al., 1998). Inclusions of a more mafic mentary materials relating to articles in GSA Bulletin and Geology. As always, you’ll find basaltic andesite are common in the abstracts of all articles in those journals posted monthly. erupted magma. Many of these inclusions In the Education section, read about GSA’s educational programs, including PEP are glass-bearing, and some contain horn- (Partners for Education Program), and the Earth and Space Science Technological Educa- blende, indicating crystallization at depth tion Project (ESSTEP). Find out about GSA’s environment and public policy activities in the in a water-rich magma. This more mafic Institute for Environmental Education section, including updates on the GSA Con- material appears to have been added to gressional Science Fellowship program, the Roy J. Shlemon Applied Geology Mentor Pro- the andesitic magma over time at a range gram, and the new program “Prediction in the Earth Sciences.” of P-T conditions (Murphy et al., 1998). Under Foundation you will find information on the GSA Foundation and the current annual giving campaign, a list of trustees and officers, and several ways to make a planned MAGMA STORAGE ZONE gift. The temperature, pressure, and water See the Administration section for information on GSA Medals and Awards, content of the magma storage region research grants, and other general information about GSA. You can also link to the pages for GSA Sections and Divisions for specific information on each of these. Montserrat continued on p. 4

GSA TODAY, March 1998 3 Figure 3. Photomicrograph under crossed polarizers of the December 1995 Soufriere Hills andesite. Mineral phenocrysts include a 2-cm-long, inclusion-filled hornblende grain (brown), complexly zoned plagioclase Figure 2. View from the northeast of the Soufriere Hills lava dome in March 1997. crystals (white), and a euhedral magnetite phenocryst (black). These A partial dome collapse has just occurred, and a pyroclastic flow is moving to the phenocrysts occur in a largely crystalline matrix. The dark reaction rim east down the steep slope of the volcano. on the hornblende crystal is 120 µm thick.

Montserrat continued from p. 3 the storage depth for the Soufriere Hills 15–25-µm-thick rims where they are magma, because quartz phenocrysts are in contact with each other. Calculations beneath the volcano have been deter- present in all samples, and these phe- using the core compositions yield an equi- mined using the compositions of phe- nocrysts appear to have been in equilib- libration temperature of 840 °C at rela- nocrysts and glasses in the Soufriere Hills rium with hornblende before any changes tively oxidized conditions (fO2 equal to andesite (Devine et al., 1998). Particular took place in the magma storage region. 1 log unit above the NNO oxygen buffer); emphasis has been placed on explosively The Soufriere Hills hornblende phe- rim compositions yield higher tempera- erupted, rapidly quenched pumiceous nocrysts are generally uniform in compo- tures (830 to 930 °C). These observations samples that have not been affected by sition, and contain 6.2 wt% Al2O3. Putting suggest that the magma storage zone was reactions occurring in more slowly cooled their composition in the Johnson and at ~830 °C and ~5–6 km depth at some dome samples. Rutherford (1989) geobarometer yields a time just before the eruption. Pressure information can be derived pressure of 130 ± 25 MPa (~5–6 km depth). Analyses of melt (now glass) trapped from the aluminum content of horn- Temperature estimates can be as inclusions in plagioclase and pyroxene blende in multiphase, quartz-bearing obtained from coexisting Fe-Ti oxide phenocrysts indicate that the pre-eruption assemblages as discussed by Hammarstrom phases. Adjacent magnetite and ilmenite Soufriere Hills melt contained 4.7 wt% and Zen (1986). Use of Al-in-hornblende phenocrysts in the Soufriere Hills samples dissolved water. This is exactly the amount geobarometry is justified in estimating have homogeneous cores and zoned expected if the pre-eruption magma were saturated with a water-rich vapor phase at 130 MPa. It is possible that the water con- tent of the melt in the andesitic magma Figure 4. Experimentally decreased somewhat after the heating determined phase equilib- PH2O = Ptotal ria of the Soufriere Hills Opx (mixing) event, but it clearly remained log ƒ = NNO + 1 andesite modified after 300 O2 Plag L above ~4.0 wt% because hornblende Barclay et al. (1998). remained stable in the heated magma. Curves show the onset of The final evidence pertaining to con- crystallization of individual ditions in the pre-eruption magma comes phenocryst phases as tem- Hb from phase equilibrium experiments car- peratures drop. Phenocrysts An 50 Mt are: Hb—hornblende; ried out on a sample of the Soufriere Hills Opx—orthopyroxene; 200 andesite. Samples of the powdered Cpx—clinopyroxene; andesite were sealed in noble metal tubes

Plag—plagioclase; Fe-Ti (MPa) Qtz along with excess water and held at a oxides—magnetite; Qtz— O 2 Cpx given P, T, and fO for times up to 10 days. quartz; An50, plagioclase 2 composition in equilibrium H Most of the experiments were run using a with melt. The Hb curve P sample previously held at either a higher represents a reaction of 100 or lower temperature (Fig. 4; see caption). melt with clinopyroxene to These experiments show that both quartz form hornblende. The hor- and Al-poor (6.2 wt%) hornblende would izontal bar indicates P and T of pre-eruption magma; be stable along with plagioclase, orthopy- Adiabatic roxene, magnetite, and ilmenite at 830 °C the pressure estimate is Ascent Path from Al-in-hornblende 0 and 130 MPa when the magma was satu- geobarometry. Pre- and 750 790 830 870 910 950 rated with a water-rich vapor (Barclay et postheating temperature al., 1998). These experimental data also estimates are from Fe-Ti ° oxide geothermometry Temperature ( C) show that if the temperature in this discussed in the text. magma is increased above 830 °C at con- Arrowheads indicate individual experiments and direction of approach to final temperature. At 130 MPa, stant pressure and water content, melting heating of a magma to >860 °C, or ascent of magma, results in hornblende breakdown. occurs at the expense of the phenocrysts,

4 GSA TODAY, March 1998 plagioclase becomes more Ca-rich (anor- Figure 5. Histograms 40 thitic), and the hornblende coexisting showing the number of hornblende phenocrysts 30 Dec. 95 with the melt becomes more Al-rich. Phe- vs. the thickness of the Feb. 96 nocrysts in the Soufriere Hills samples reaction rims in 20 April 96 indicate that these compositional changes Soufriere Hills andesite were taking place just prior to eruption. samples erupted at vari- 10 ous times from Decem- PRE-ERUPTION HEATING EVENT ber 1995 through 1996. 0 Rim thickness of the All samples studied display character- main hornblende popu- 40 July 96 istics of a pre-eruption heating event in lation was used to cal- culate the ascent rates 30 Sept. 96 the Soufriere Hills magma storage region. Number of Rims Dec. 96 shown in Figure 6. The 20 The most direct evidence of this event is significance of the small compositional zonation in the magnetite thick-rimmed popula- 10 and ilmenite phenocrysts; the core com- tion is discussed in the 0 positions yield temperatures of 840 °C, text. The population 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 whereas rims of some adjacent crystals with intermediate thick- Rim Width (µm) ness rims erupted late in last equilibrated at ~900 °C. What caused 1996 is thought to represent a mixing-in of some andesitic magma from earlier ascended material. The this heating? Was it an influx of new large populations of hornblende phenocrysts in the July to December 1996 samples plotting to the left hot magma? How hot did it get? Did the of 10 µm all have near zero rim width. heating occur as one event or has it been continuous throughout the eruption? These questions are still being investi- ford, 1998). The presence of similar diffu- contact with the melt. Subsequent cooling gated, but it appears that the phenocryst- sional zonation profiles in samples from and crystallization of the magma with rich andesitic magma residing in the 130 both the September 1996 and June 1997 temperatures reaching 830 °C produced MPa (~5 km deep) magma storage region eruptions suggests that heating has been most of the hornblende phenocrysts pres- was intruded by a higher temperature, ongoing. If heating had occurred only in ent in the erupted lavas. more mafic magma just prior to the erup- late 1995, the thickness of the diffusional tion. Evidence for a higher temperature zones in crystals from samples erupted in MAGMA ASCENT RATE CHANGES: magma comes from the basaltic andesite 1997 would be much thicker than those ERUPTION STYLE IMPLICATIONS inclusions containing rhyolitic glass that in the earlier erupted magmas. are scattered throughout the Soufriere The rate of magma ascent from the Amazingly, evidence of an earlier Hills magma. When hornblende is present ~5-km-deep storage region to the surface magma chamber heating event appears to in these inclusions, it is more Al-rich (8–15 at Soufriere Hills has changed significantly have survived in all of the Soufriere Hills wt% Al O ) than that in the andesite, indi- over the two-year period of the eruption. 2 3 andesitic lavas erupted from 1995 to 1997. cating crystallization under higher temper- This interpretation is based primarily on This evidence comes from a small relict ature conditions. Another indicator of variations in the thicknesses of the reac- population of hornblende phenocrysts heating is the presence of clinopyroxene tion rims present on the main population with very thick breakdown rims (300– overgrowths on orthopyroxene and quartz of hornblende phenocrysts in magma 400 µm). The hornblende surrounded by crystals. The fact that hornblende remains extruded at different times. When a these thick rims has a higher aluminum stable at the same time that Ca-pyroxene water-rich magma like the Soufriere Hills content than the main population of overgrowths show no sign of reaction with andesite ascends from depth, water in the hornblende phenocrysts, which are char- the surrounding melt to form hornblende melt is readily lost to gas bubbles. This acterized by very thin or no reaction rims suggests that conditions just prior to the decrease in the meltwater content causes at all. Crystals with intermediate thickness eruption (after heating) were essentially hornblende in contact with the melt to reaction rims are generally not present. at the phase boundary where hornblende become unstable, and after a short (~4 day) These observations are interpreted to reacts to form clinopyroxene + melt (see nucleation period, to develop a reaction mean that the phenocrysts with thick Fig. 4). An observation that neither sup- rim. The rate at which rim growth occurs rims are the only hornblende crystals ports nor rules out magma mixing in the has been experimentally calibrated for that survived an earlier heating event. storage region is the constancy of the bulk dacitic composition magma (Rutherford The interiors of these crystals underwent composition of the magma that erupted little or no change in composition during from 1995 to 1997. ascent because they had limited or no Montserrat continued on p. 6 Evidence on when heating caused by magma mixing could have occurred comes from arrested mineralogical reac- tions. Particularly important is the com- Figure 6. Average 1996 1997 magma ascent rate and positional zonation observed on rims of 12 0.014 magnetite and ilmenite phenocrysts in extrusion rate plotted ) against time during the contact with each other. The thickness of 10 0.012 /s

/s) ongoing Soufriere Hills 3 such diffusional zones on magnetite phe- Ascent Rate 0.010 eruption that began at nocrysts depends primarily on tempera- 8 the end of November Explosive Eruptions ture and the interdiffusion coefficient of 0.008 1995. The ascent rate Fe and Ti in the crystal. Both existing dif- 6 estimates are based on fusion data and recent experiments sug- 0.006 hornblende reaction rim 4 thicknesses (Devine et gest that it takes two to four weeks to 0.004 al., 1998), and an develop a 20–25-µm-thick diffusion Extrusion Rate (m experimental calibration

2 Extrusion Rate Magma Ascent Rate (m profile on magnetite if the temperature of 0.002 of thickness vs. time. the andesite storage zone is at 850 °C. Less The extrusion rate curve 0 0.000 is from Sparks et al. time (5–10 days) is required if the temper- 0 200 400 600 800 (1997). See discussion Time (days) ature is at 880 °C (Venezky and Ruther- in the text.

GSA TODAY, March 1998 5 Montserrat continued from p. 5 ADVERTISEMENT and Hill, 1993), and this calibration has been used to estimate average ascent rates for the Soufriere Hills magmas. As shown in Figure 5, a summary of the changes in reaction rim thicknesses in hornblende crystals for samples erupted over time, the December 1995 samples contain a main population of hornblende phenocrysts with 120 ± 20-µm-thick reac- tion rims formed where the crystals were in contact with melt (Fig. 3); the other 10% of the phenocrysts present have the very thick (300–400 µm) reaction rims dis- cussed above. The same main hornblende population had only 18 µm rims in the February 1996 magma, and by April 1996, the rims on the main hornblende popula- tion had decreased to 10 ± 3 µm. Most hornblende crystals in samples from the July through September 1996 magmas had no reaction rims. If we use the Rutherford and Hill (1993) experimental calibration of rim width vs. ascent time, the rim data for the hornblende phenocrysts from the various samples give average magma ascent rates that vary from 3.5 m/hr to > 42 m/hr (0.001 to >0.012 m/s in Fig. 6). The impor- tance of the hornblende reaction rims is not so much to determine the absolute ascent rate estimates, but rather to deter- mine the relative ascent rates over the duration of the eruption. The calculated rates plotted in Figure 6 indicate a sharp increase in the magma ascent rate in Jan- uary 1996 following the initial extrusion of the dome lava in late 1995. This in- crease in magma ascent rate continued through the summer of 1996, culminating in the explosive eruption of September 17, 1996. The limit for the use of hornblende rims in estimating ascent rates was reached early in the summer of 1996, when the thickness of the hornblende rims went to zero. As a result, the magma ascent rates estimated for August and September 1996 (days 275–310) are minimum estimates. Interestingly, there was a more or less steady increase in extrusion rate (see Fig. 6) over this initial eruption period, as indicated by dome volume growth (Young thin and then the rims disappeared, indi- PETROLOGICAL CHANGES VS. et al., 1997; Sparks et al., 1998). The cating that the erupting magma was once SURFACE OBSERVATIONS AND correlation of increasing ascent rate with again ascending rapidly (average rate GEOPHYSICS increases in the rate of dome growth >0.012 m/s) from the 5-km-deep storage The petrological indications of magma (extrusion rate) over this period indicates zone. The rate of dome growth was also storage zone conditions and magma ascent that the change in extrusion rate resulted determined to be very high during this rate are generally consistent with results of from accelerated magma ascent rate, and period. The rapid magma ascent through other geological and geophysical studies of not from an increased conduit diameter. the early spring of 1997 was an indication the Soufriere Hills Volcano. Seismic data Following the September 1996 erup- that a period of occasional explosive activ- appear to rule out magma storage at <5 km tion, dome growth quickly resumed. The ity was likely to occur, given the 1996 depth, but do not outline an aseismic hornblende reaction rim data indicate that eruption history of this volatile-rich magma storage zone. Much of the seismic- there was some mixing of old conduit or magma. As magma ascent rates increase, ity at the volcano is associated with shallow dome magma with new magma from the there is less opportunity for release of degassing or with dome collapses and rock storage region to form the samples ob- volatiles from the ascending magma. Peri- falls (Montserrat Volcanic Observatory Web tained during the December 1996 events odic explosive eruptions such as were seen page, January 1998, http://www.geo.mtu. (see Fig. 5). However, early in 1997 the in the summer and fall of 1997 are the edu/volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt/ ). hornblende rim widths again became very result.

6 GSA TODAY, March 1998 ADVERTISEMENT mafic inclusions in the dome andesite. Ascent rates for andesitic magma erupted from 1995 to 1997 at the Soufriere Hills Volcano have been determined by using the thickness of reaction rims developed on hornblende phenocrysts. The rim- thickness data show that the average ascent rate for magma erupted at different times has varied by a factor of 10, with high rates correlating with rapid rates of dome-volume growth.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Montserrat Volcano Observatory staff members for support in obtaining samples of the erupted magma on a regular basis, the Sparks-Carroll group at Bristol for helpful discussions; R. W. Kay, C. F. Miller, J. C. Ayers, S. R. Young, W. M. White, N. Klein, and particularly GSA Today editors S. Kay and M. Miller for helpful reviews; and Cathy Weitz for help in preparing the color figures.

REFERENCES CITED Barclay, J, Carroll, M. R., Rutherford, M. J., Murphy, M. D., Devine, J. D., Gardner, J., and Sparks, R. S. J., 1998, Experimental phase equilibria constraints on pre-eruptive storage conditions of the Soufriere Hills magma: Geophysical Research Letters (in press). Devine J. D., Rutherford, M. J., and Gardner, J. E., 1998, Petrologic determination of magma ascent rates for the 1995–1997 Soufriere Hills Volcano andesitic magma: Geophysical Research Letters (in press). Hammarstrom, J. M., and Zen, E-an, 1986, Aluminum in hornblende: An empirical igneous geobarometer: American Mineralogist, v. 71, p. 1297–1313. Johnson, M. C., and Rutherford, M. J.,1989, Experi- mental calibration of the aluminum-in-hornblende geobarometer with application to Long Valley caldera volcanic rocks: Geology, v. 17, p. 837–841. Mattioli, G. S., Howell, E. S., Jansma, P. E., Smith, A. L., Dixon, T. H., and Farina, F., 1997, GPS measurements of surface deformation around Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 78, p. F779. Murphy, M. D., Sparks, R. S. J., Barclay, J., Carroll, M. R., Lejeune, A. M., Brewer, T. S., Macdonald, R., and Black, S., 1998, The role of magma mixing in triggering the current eruption at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat: Geophysical Research Letters (in press). Rutherford, M. J., and Hill, P. M., 1993, Magma ascent rates from amphibole breakdown: Experiments and the 1980–1986 Mount St. Helens eruptions: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 19,667–19,685. Sparks R. S. J., Young, S. R., Barclay, J., Calder, E. S., Cole, P., Darroux, B., Druitt, T. H., Harford, C., Herd, R., James, M., Lejeune, A. M., Norton, G., Skerit, G., Sta- Mattioli et al. (1997) used surface deforma- CONCLUSIONS siuk, M. V., Stevens, N. S., Toothill, J., and Wadge, G., tion monitored by GPS measurements to 1998, Magma production and growth of the lava dome A combined petrographic, analytical, model a shallow 1-m-wide feeder dike con- of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat: Geophysical and experimental study of samples from Research Letters (in press). necting to a deflating magma source region the 1995 to 1997 Soufriere Hills eruptions Venezky, D. Y., and Rutherford, M. J., 1998, Petrology at 6 km depth. Spectroscopic measurements on Montserrat Island has allowed us to and Fe-Ti oxide reequilibration of the 1991 Mount of the volcanic gas cloud indicate SO emis- Unzen mixed magma: Journal of Volcanology and 2 determine that the pre-eruption andesitic sions that are within the 50 to 500 tons/day Geothermal Research (in press). magma was in a deep storage zone at a range observed for other dome-forming Young, S., Sparks, S., Robertson, R., Lynch, L., and temperature of 830 ± 20 °C and a pressure eruptions (Young et al., 1997). Higher emis- Aspinall, W., 1997, Eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano of 130 ± 25 MPa (5–6 km depth), and was in Montserrat continues: Eos (Transactions, American sions (>1000 tons/day) are observed during probably very close to being saturated Geophysical Union), v. 78, p. 401–409. periods of more rapid dome growth and with a water-rich fluid phase. While in Wadge, G., and Isaacs, M. C., 1988, Mapping the pyroclastic flow emplacement. This obser- hazards from the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat this storage zone, the magma was variably vation supports our sample analyses, which using an image processor: Geological Society of London heated for the 2–4 weeks prior to eruption. Journal, v. 145, p. 541–551. show extensive degassing of dome magma This heating almost certainly resulted samples, but relatively vesicular and unde- Manuscript received December 12, 1997; from the intrusion of a more mafic accepted January 16, 1998 ■ gassed samples erupted during explosive magma, relicts of which are among the eruptions.

GSA TODAY, March 1998 7 Field Trips with a Difference — for GSA Members and Friends Full information appears in the December 1997 and January and February 1998 issues of GSA Today and on GSA’s Web page http://www.geosociety.org Space is going fast. One GeoHostel trip is sold out, and the other one is filling quickly. Please get in touch with us soon if you are interested. Detailed information on itineraries, registration fees, and travel arrangements will be sent on request. 1-800-472-1988, ext. 134 or (303) 447-2020 • fax 303-447-0648, e-mail: [email protected]

Fort Lewis College, largest to drain the San Juan ice- Durango, Colorado field. Fort Lewis College is 300 June 27–July 2, 1998 feet above the town, on the rem- 6 days, 6 nights nant of an outwash terrace. Ero- GeoHostel sion during Neogene uplift has Scientific Leaders: exposed Precambrian basement Geology of the Gregory Holden and rocks, a complete Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary section, and Kenneth Kolm, Tertiary caldera-related pyroclastic rocks and associated mineraliza- Southwestern Colorado School tion. The area is home to the historic Durango & Silverton Narrow of Mines, Golden, Gauge Railroad, Anasazi Indian ruins, ghost towns, and spectacular San Juan Colorado mountain wildflowers and scenery. Greg Holden and Ken Lodging, Meals, and Ground Transportation Mountains Kolm are experienced The group will be lodged at Fort Lewis College, West Hall. All GeoHostel leaders and lodging is based on single occupancy, or doubles for couples. Meals ran a Durango GeoHostel will include plentiful hors d’oeuvres at the Welcoming Reception– in 1992. Both are associ- Orientation on Saturday evening, daily breakfasts and sack lunches, ate professors at the Col- and a hearty farewell dinner on Thursday evening. Field trip trans- orado School of Mines portation will be provided in air-conditioned, 15-passenger vans. and know the Durango Fee and Payment area well. You will find $660 for GSA Members $710 for Nonmembers them informed, inform- $100 deposit is due with your reservation and is refundable through Photo by Ken Kolm. ing, and enthusiastic. April 30, less $20 processing fee. Total balance due: April 30. Included: Classroom programs and materials; field trip Description transportation; lodging for 6 nights (single-occupancy, or double for Durango, Colorado, was founded more than a century ago as the sup- couples); breakfast and lunch daily, train ride on the Durango & Sil- ply center for the mining camps of the San Juan Mountains. Located verton Narrow Gauge Railroad, welcoming and farewell events. at the boundary of the Colorado Plateau and the Colorado Rockies, Not included: Transportation to and from Durango, Colorado; the town today is the recreational center for some of the most scenic, transportation during hours outside field trips; and other expenses historic, and geologically diverse country in the west. The Durango not specifically included. townsite was the terminus to the Ice Age Animas River glacier, GeoHostel: Geology of the Grand Teton–Yellowstone Country SOLD OUT Teton Village, Jackson, Wyoming, 6 days, 6 nights • July 18–23, 1998 • Rob Thomas and Sheila Roberts

DEPOSIT NO. OF TOTAL PAID REGISTER TODAY! PER PERSON PERSONS DEPOSIT Send a deposit to hold your reservation; please pay by check or credit GH982—Durango $100 ____ $______card. You will receive further information and a confirmation of your TOTAL DEPOSIT $______registration within two weeks after your reservation is received. I’ve enclosed no deposit, but I’m interested. Please send information. VISA MasterCard American Express Name

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8 GSA TODAY, March 1998 WASHINGTON REPORT imagine that farming on land and build- ing in cities could harm the marine envi- Bruce F. Molnia ronment and fishermen, but it does. The tons of sewage produced by millions of people don’t just go away when we flush, Troubled Waters Mark the Start of the a lot of it winds up in our coastal waters. And construction, agriculture and logging Year of the Oceans send clouds of choking sediments and ex- “It gives me great pleasure to see that over 1,600 leading marine scientists and conserva- cess nutrients into marine waters, smoth- tion biologists from around the world have signed the Troubled Waters: A Call for Action ering sensitive habitats. What we do on statement. Not since the Stratton Commission over 25 years ago have we seen this much land profoundly affects life in the sea.” attention provided to our world’s oceans. But much work still needs to be done. I recently At the press conference, M. Patricia made a pledge to many representatives from our Nation’s leading oceanographic universi- Morse, a marine biologist from Northeast- ties and institutions who were visiting Washington a few months ago. I told them that I ern University stated, “If it’s business as would not rest until the United States focuses the same amount of time, money and usual, we’ll see more declines in corals, energy toward understanding the marine environment as we have learning about space fishes, marine mammals and seabirds. over the past 30 years. I make that same pledge to you here today.” That spells disaster for industries like fish- ing and tourism that depend on healthy —Representative Curt Weldon (R—PA) marine life, and for every human on addressing the “Troubled Waters” press conference Earth, because we all use goods and services provided by the sea every day. Oceans regulate our climate, provide a Less than a week after the start of the can Association for the Advancement of breathable atmosphere and break down United Nations International Year of the Science; Paul Dayton of Scripps Institution wastes. Coastal wetlands protect our Ocean, a call for action, signed by more of Oceanography; Sylvia Earle of Deep shores from flooding and storm damage, than 1600 ocean scientists from 65 coun- Ocean Exploration and Research; Edward improve water quality and provide crucial tries, including more than 900 from the O. Wilson of Harvard University; Peter habitat for fishes and other marine life. United States, was released in Washington, Raven of the Missouri Botanical Garden; When we destroy these ecosystems, we D.C., warning about “perils” threatening and Michael Soulé, the father of conserva- lose both their products and services.” the world ocean. This unprecedented tion biology. Signatures were collected in “Troubled Waters” calls on citizens warning, addressed to the world’s govern- only eight months, starting in June 1997. and governments to act now to reverse ments and citizens, states that the sea is Using press conferences to mobilize current trends and avert even more in trouble from five causes: (1) overex- the media and getting large groups of widespread harm to marine species and ploitation of species, (2) physical alteration scientists to sign statements or letters ecosystems. It outlines needed changes, of ecosystems, (3) pollution, (4) alien expressing a particular point of view about including elimination of government sub- species from distant waters disrupting local our changing environment have become sidies that encourage overfishing, an end food webs, and (5) global atmospheric accepted ways of lobbying Congress, the to fishing methods that damage fish habi- change. Titled “Troubled Waters: A Call for UN, and the public. Last year, Lubchenco tat, reduction of non–point-source pollu- Action,” the document summarizes these and Raven were two of the leaders of the tion from activities on land, cuts in emis- urgent threats to marine species and petition effort that collected more than sions that cause global warming, and the ecosystems and calls for immediate action 2,000 signatures from scientists proclaim- creation of an effective system of marine to prevent further damage. “Troubled ing that “human activity was irrefutably protected areas from the shore to the Waters” paints a dismaying picture of the causing climate change.” The “Troubled open ocean. destruction of marine biological diversity. Waters” signature collection effort was “Getting scientists to agree on any- “Troubled Waters” claims that over- coordinated by the Marine Conservation thing is like herding cats,” said Elliott fishing has decimated commercial fish Biology Institute (MCBI), a nonprofit, Norse, “so having 1,600 experts voice their populations and caused the collapse of ocean watchdog organization. concerns publicly highlights how seriously many fisheries worldwide, such as the cod At the January 6, 1998, press confer- the sea is threatened. He continued, fisheries of Georges Bank offshore New ence announcing the release of “Troubled “Troubled Waters” shows that the world’s England. It describes destructive fishing Waters,” Elliott Norse, a marine ecologist experts want the public and our leaders to methods, such as bottom trawling, that and President of MCBI, described a recent know that threats to marine species and have crushed and buried bottom-dwelling New York Times poll which reported that ecosystems are urgent, and that we must species and scoured vast areas of seabed. only 1% of Americans consider the envi- change what we’re doing now to prevent It mentions other human activities, such ronment the most important problem fac- further irreversible decline. A White House as coastal development, which have con- ing our country. He continued “Because Conference on the Marine Environment sumed mangrove forests and salt marshes, few of us spend much time below the sur- would help to highlight what’s known and new diseases, perhaps caused by pol- face, it is easy to overlook signs that things about marine environmental problems lution, that are impacting coral reef com- are going wrong in the sea…. But the signs and to address the most pressing ones. munities and marine mammals. are increasingly obvious to the experts. The YOTO [Year of the Oceans] provides the This call for action has been signed scientists who study the Earth’s living sys- ideal opportunity to move forward in pro- by academic scientific leaders from many tems are far more worried than the public tecting, restoring, and sustainably using well-known marine research institutions and our political leaders. That’s a wake up life in the sea. We need to do it for two on six continents, including the Aus- call that nobody can afford to ignore.” reasons: because it’s essential to our well- tralian Institute of Marine Sciences and A statement released at the press being and survival and because it’s the the Russian Academy of Sciences, and conference by JoAnn Burkholder of North right thing to do.” by marine scientists from federal agencies, Carolina State University, a marine biolo- The text of the statement is as follows. local governments, tribal fisheries com- gist studying the linkage between coastal “We, the undersigned marine scien- missions, conservation groups, and private pollution and outbreaks of fish-eating tists and conservation biologists, call upon industry. Endorsers include Jane Pfiesteria piscicida, and another press con- Lubchenco, past president of the Ameri- ference participant, stated, “It’s hard to Washington Report continued on p. 10

GSA TODAY, March 1998 9 Institute for Environmental ENVIRONMENT MATTERS Education

Investigations of Natural Background Geochemistry—Scientific, Regulatory, and Engineering Issues

Donald D. Runnells, Shepherd Miller, Inc., 3801 Automation Way, Suite 100, Fort Collins, CO 80525

The characterization of natural back- cally recognized within the Superfund regu- fish. A goal of some of the most interesting ground chemistry affects decision-making latory structure, in which the cleanup of work in the field of natural background in such diverse areas as regulatory affairs, contaminants to concentrations that are geochemistry, by the British Geological Sur- agriculture, risk assessment, engineering below natural background levels is not vey, was to identify and assess the impact design, and geochemical exploration. My enforceable. Thus, in the application of of historical mining and smelting activity goal here is to introduce the reader to the Superfund laws to site assessment, remedia- on agriculture and aquaculture. Geochemi- subject of natural background geochemistry tion, and reclamation of areas, including his- cal maps of Great Britain show clear-cut and to illustrate the many applications that toric mining districts, that are contaminated evidence of ancient mining and smelting are being made of studies in this area. For with metals, much time and money may be sites, as revealed by elevated concentrations purposes of this paper, we will define natu- expended by both sides of the contest in try- of arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper in stream ral background chemistry as: the identifica- ing to define natural background concentra- sediments and soils. Other elements, such tion and characterization of natural con- tions of metals, which can be very difficult as selenium and molybdenum, show natu- centrations of elements and chemical in mineralized areas in which mining, rally elevated concentrations in outcrop components in geologic materials, in the milling, and smelting have been conducted. areas of black shale. Similarly, geochemical absence of anthropogenic effects. The study of natural background maps of Finland reveal naturally elevated At present, the study of natural back- geochemistry also has important current concentrations of fluoride in water, in asso- ground geochemistry is receiving great applications to agriculture and aquacultural ciation with alkaline granitic rocks. With emphasis in the regulatory arena (“arena” is enterprises, in which the natural concentra- such information in hand, better decisions probably the most accurate choice of a word, tions of chemical elements (e.g., selenium, can be made as to the most appropriate with its implication of “conflict” or “con- arsenic, chromium, lead, cadmium, copper) frontation”). For example, the importance of may affect the cultivation of particular natural background geochemistry is specifi- foodstuffs, such as grains, legumes, or shell- Geochemistry continued on p. 11

Washington Report continued from p. 9 tion supposedly ceased. Steller sea lion all subsidies that encourage overfishing and populations have dwindled as fishing for ensure that use of marine species is sustain- the world’s citizens and governments to their food has intensified. Cyanide and able in perpetuity. 2) Increase the number recognize that the living sea is in trouble dynamite fishing are destroying the and effectiveness of marine protected areas and to take decisive action. We must act world’s richest coral reefs. Bottom trawling so that 20% of Exclusive Economic Zones quickly to stop further severe, irreversible is scouring continental shelf seabeds from and the High Seas are protected from damage to the sea’s biological diversity the poles to the tropics. Mangrove forests threats by the Year 2020. 3) Ameliorate or and integrity. are vanishing. Logging and farming on stop fishing methods that undermine sus- Marine ecosystems are home to many hillsides are exposing soils to rains that tainability by harming the habitats of eco- phyla that live nowhere else. As vital com- wash silt into the sea, killing kelps and nomically valuable marine species and the ponents of our planet’s life support sys- reef corals. Nutrients from sewage and species they use for food and shelter. 4) tems, they protect shorelines from flood- toxic chemicals from industry are Stop physical alteration of terrestrial, fresh- ing, break down wastes, moderate climate overnourishing and poisoning estuaries, water and marine ecosystems that harms and maintain a breathable atmosphere. coastal waters and enclosed seas. Millions the sea, minimize pollution discharged at Marine species provide a livelihood for of seabirds have been oiled, drowned by sea or entering the sea from the land, cur- millions of people, food, medicines, raw longlines, and deprived of nesting beaches tail introduction of alien marine species materials and recreation for billions, and by development and nest-robbing cats and and prevent further atmospheric changes are intrinsically important. rats. Alien species introduced intentionally that threaten marine species and ecosys- Life in the world’s estuaries, coastal or as stowaways in ships’ ballast tanks tems. 5) Provide sufficient resources to waters, enclosed seas and oceans is have become dominant species in marine encourage natural and social scientists to increasingly threatened by: 1) overex- ecosystems around the world. Reef corals undertake marine conservation biology ploitation of species, 2) physical alteration are succumbing to diseases or undergoing research needed to protect, restore and sus- of ecosystems, 3) pollution, 4) introduc- mass bleaching in many places. There is tainably use life in the sea. tion of alien species, and 5) global atmo- no doubt that the sea’s biological diversity Nothing happening on Earth threat- spheric change. Scientists have docu- and integrity are in trouble. ens our security more than the destruction mented the extinction of marine species, To reverse this trend and avert even of our living systems. The situation is so disappearance of ecosystems and loss of more widespread harm to marine species serious that leaders and citizens cannot resources worth billions of dollars. Over- and ecosystems, we urge citizens and gov- afford to wait even a decade to make fishing has eliminated all but a handful of ernments worldwide to take the following major progress toward these goals. To California’s white abalones. Swordfish five steps: 1) Identify and provide effective maintain, restore and sustainably use the fisheries have collapsed as more boats protection to all populations of marine sea’s biological diversity and the essential armed with better technology chase ever species that are significantly depleted or products and services that it provides, we fewer fish. Northern right whales have not declining, take all measures necessary to must act now.” ■ recovered six decades after their exploita- allow their recovery, minimize bycatch, end

10 GSA TODAY, March 1998 Geochemistry continued from p. 10 Roy J. Shlemon Mentor Program in Applied Geology—1998—It’s a Winner! agricultural and aquacultural activities This year the Northeastern, Southeastern, Cordilleran, and Rocky Mountain sections of in a particular region. GSA are hosting the Roy J. Shlemon Mentor Program in Applied Geology at their meetings. Extensive studies of natural back- Topics of discussion will include, but are not limited to: making the transition from academia ground geochemistry, conducted by the to the workplace, environmental hydrogeology, consulting, and engineering geology. The Shlemon Mentors are chosen from a variety of business and professional disciplines; each U.S. Geological Survey in the United States brings specific expertise in and understanding of the real world of geology. in the 1970s, had three primary purposes: “Of all that we teach, there are two items that seem to elude us most: (1) the application (1) geochemical exploration for new min- of technical theory to practice, and (2) the unwritten, nontechnical rules of conduct of the pro- eral deposits (e.g., in the Coeur d’Alene Dis- fession,” wrote Allen W. Hatheway, professor of geological engineering at the University of Mis- trict of Idaho), (2) determination of natural souri—Rolla. “Each of us learns so much so late….” (“Making It in Professional Practice; Sixty- background chemistry in areas of urbaniza- Seven Rules for Your Consideration,” AEG News, v. 35, no. 3, July 1992, p. 39–44). The Roy J. tion (e.g., the Colorado Front Range), and Shlemon Mentor Program addresses both of these issues and facilitates hands-on learning for (3) establishment of the range and variabil- those inexperienced in the workplace. ity of natural concentrations of elements For senior undergraduate and graduate students, the Shlemon Mentor Program is a once- on a regional scale (e.g., a geochemical sur- a-year opportunity to engage in discussions with experienced, professional geologists. Students vey of the entire state of Missouri). Follow- can ask the questions they have hesitated to ask; the answers are often surprising. For geologists ing the surge of activity in the 1970s, the intrigued with the role of mentorship, the knowledge and experience brought to this program are USGS put the topic of natural background priceless and very much appreciated. geochemistry on the back burner (except For more information, consult a member of the program committee from your section, for exploration for mineral deposits), until or check the final announcements for the 1998 meetings of the Cordilleran, Rocky Mountain, the early 1990s, at which time it again Southeastern, and Northeastern sections in the December 1997 and January and February became very active in the field. The recent 1998 issues of GSA Today. surge of activity by the USGS has been This program is administered by the John F. Mann, Jr. Institute for Applied Geoscience. largely in response to regulatory concerns at historical mining districts, such as Leadville and Summitville, Colorado. The cialization was developed by Scandinavian to recognize that the natural background USGS currently has several studies under- and Russian geologists and chemists concentrations of metals are always ele- way in both the applied and fundamental during the first few decades of the 20th vated in mining districts could lead to aspects of natural background chemistry, century, and it has been highly successful inappropriate engineering designs for on scales ranging from the local to the con- in the discovery of numerous new ore remediation. It is important for regulators tinental. In fact, one of the major initiatives deposits throughout the world. Of course, and engineers to recognize that mines are within the 1996 Program Plan for the Geo- in the case of geochemical exploration, located where they are precisely because logic Division of the USGS was that of nat- we are looking for geochemical anomalies of anomalous concentrations of elements. ural background chemistry. above the regional background values, in “Metals in Water: Determining Natu- Another area of great interest is the the hope that such anomalies reflect the ral Background Concentrations in Miner- international geochemical mapping pro- presence of hidden ore deposits. This field alized Areas,” by D. Runnells, T. Shepherd, gram. The concept of international geo- of specialization is represented by a profes- and E. Angino (Environmental Science and chemical survey procedures was introduced sional organization, the Association of Technology, v. 26, p. 2316–2322) makes the in the 1970s by the International Atomic Exploration Geochemists (AEG), estab- very simple point that the concentrations Energy Agency. The Scandanavian countries lished in 1970, with a current membership of metals in natural waters are orders of and the United Kingdom were the first to of about 1200 scientists worldwide. An magnitude higher in mineralized areas undertake nationwide geochemical surveys, enormous amount of highly useful geo- than in nonmineralized areas. This point and they established many of the procedures chemical background information, with is based on chemical analyses of waters and protocols that are now widely used in direct applications to environmental and from mineralized, nonmined areas regional geochemical surveys. As of 1995, regulatory issues, can be found in the pub- throughout the world. This is certainly the United Kingdom, Finland, and Norway lications of the AEG, including the Journal no surprise to the practicing geochemist, had 100% geochemical mapping coverage. of Geochemical Exploration. For example, but it is not necessarily an obvious conclu- At present, the federal geological surveys of analyses of stream water from mineralized sion to an engineer or a regulator. Much more than 40 other countries are actively areas in the Northwest Territories of of the chemical information in our publi- engaged in sampling and analysis of geo- Canada, obtained for purposes of geo- cation was taken directly from papers logic materials, primarily stream sediments chemical exploration, show concentra- in the Journal of Geochemical Exploration. and soils, with the ultimate objective of pro- tions of copper up to 68 mg/L (milligrams With accurate and representative geo- ducing geochemical atlases. Summaries of per liter) and zinc up to 16 mg/L, with pH chemical information, the regulator can the international geochemical surveys are values as low as 3.0 (E. M. Cameron, 1978, set realistic goals for remediation, and summarized in “A Global Geochemical Journal of Exploration Geochemistry, v. 10, the engineer can devise a scheme that Database for Environmental and Resource p. 219–243); in the absence of such infor- is directed toward remediation of the Management, Recommendations for Inter- mation from mineralized but nonmined human-made part of the contamination, national Geochemical Mapping” (Earth Sci- areas, such high concentrations of metals but need not waste time and financial ences 19, Final Report of IGCP Project 259, and low pH values, if observed in dis- resources on naturally elevated concentra- International Union of Geological Sciences turbed areas, would invariably be tions of the contaminants of concern. and other organizations, published by attributed to anthropogenic activity. Theme sessions on the subject of UNESCO, Paris, 122 p.), together with rec- The relationship between engineering natural background geochemistry were ommendations for standardized procedures applications and the scientific and regula- held at the 1997 meeting of the Geological for collection, analysis, and presentation. tory issues is that engineering approaches Society of America and at the 1997 session Of the various applications of studies will generally be required to remediate a of the Northwest Mining Association. For of natural geochemical background, by particular site, on the basis of the scientific the next several years, and perhaps for the far the most widespread and intensive are and regulatory aspects of the problem. The next several decades, we can expect to see those that are directed toward exploration engineering fix must, however, be appro- increasing attention paid to this old but for new mineral deposits. This field of spe- priate to the problem. For example, failure reinvigorated area of geochemistry. ■

GSA TODAY, March 1998 11 12 GSA TODAY, March 1998 GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA MEDALS AND AWARDS FOR 1997

Research Program of the USGS, and then as regional hydrologist for the eight western PENROSE MEDAL states. As in research, John’s unique ability to foresee critical areas in need of attention was presented to also effective in his management roles. The significance and breadth of John’s JOHN D. BREDEHOEFT contributions led to his induction into the mem- bership of both the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and the Russian Academy of Nat- Citation by ural Sciences. He has also received a host of ROGER G. WOLFF other prestigious honors and awards, and he was, and continues to be, a highly active partic- The French philosopher ipant on major scientific committees and pan- Marcel Proust made an obser- els. John retired from the USGS in 1995 and vation about life that I will para- hydrofracing to founded the consulting firm Hydrodynamics phrase: The things we are likely determine the Group, where he continues to apply his techni- to regret bitterly are those things state of in-situ cal skills in ground water to the solution of real- we never let our hearts long for. As stress; this was also world problems. evidenced by the presentation of this the first experiment of its Among those who affected John’s career, award, it is clear that John Bredehoeft will kind on a regional scale. there are three influential mentors that I want to certainly have no such regrets with regard to In some of his early work, John showed identify because their vision was an inspiration his professional achievements. that water wells can respond to earth tides, to John and is reflected in his life’s work. The John’s expertise is in water resources, i.e., they can be used as strain meters. In 1980 first of these mentors was Burke Maxey, John’s especially groundwater; however, he also made he installed a water-well monitoring network at Ph.D. thesis advisor at the University of Illinois. major contributions on many other water- Parkfield, California, to monitor tectonic stress John’s career epitomizes Burke’s insistence on related geologic problems. I will attempt to as part of a USGS experiment in earthquake bold and original thinking. The other two impor- summarize some highlights of John’s career. prediction. These wells continue to sense tec- tant mentors were Bob Bennett and Hilton In the late 1960s John and George Pinder tonic strain at Parkfield, especially creep events Cooper at the USGS. developed and documented the first numerical on the San Andreas fault. When Luna Leopold established the water model for simulating ground-water flow. Soon Among John’s numerous publications research program at the USGS during the after, they coupled this model with the method there are quite a few papers that have influ- early 1960s, there was a group of researchers of characteristics to simulate contaminant trans- enced the approach to our national nuclear located in a semi-secluded cul-de-sac of offices port. These models were the precursors of the waste disposal policy. He has served extended in a building across the Potomac from the USGS’s numerical flow and transport models details on NAS/NRC advisory committees for USGS managers. That original group consisted (MODFLOW and MOC3D), which are now the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico of Bennett and Cooper as its senior members extensively used by hydrologists worldwide. and the Yucca Mountain repository in Nevada. and John and Stavros Papadopulos as its John also participated in investigations John’s interests in ground-water flow junior members. George Pinder and Peter of the economics of ground-water development spanned from the local scale, where he investi- Trescott joined the group later. at Resources of the Future, where he and Bob gated the analysis of data from drill-stem and Bennett and Cooper not only provided to Young were the first to use distributed param- slug tests, to the investigation of the hydrody- John and the team’s other junior members a eter numerical ground-water models for the namics of regional fluid movements in deep high degree of knowledge based on practical economic analysis of optimal groundwater sedimentary basins, including the Dakota experience from the field, they also embodied development. John, B. Raleigh, and J. Healy Sandstone and associated aquifers in South and passed down the finest traditions and conducted a field-scale experiment near Dakota, the Denver Basin, the Caspian Basin ethics of the profession and of the USGS to the Rangely, Colorado, where they were able to in the former Soviet Union, the Big Horn basin junior members. The dynamic coupling of Ben- show the role of pore pressure in controlling in Wyoming, and the Uinta basin in Utah. Each nett and Cooper’s real-world common sense earthquakes—the only successful experiment of these basins exhibits anomalous conditions with the progressive and fresh knowledge and of its kind on record. In another field-scale that John was able to address at the regional energy of John and the other junior members experiment, while working on the determination scale. resulted in an explosively productive and stimu- of the amount of ground water to be pumped in In the tradition of the USGS, John has lating scientific environment in the field of mining oil shale in the Piceance Basin of Col- also applied his technical expertise to manage- hydrogeology. John was deeply impacted by orado, John and I conducted state-of-the-art ment roles, first as an overseer of the Water the ideals personified by Bennett and Cooper,

GSA TODAY, March 1997 13 and he in turn has been an effective emissary the recipients of the Penrose Medal were the geologist to come from the Water Resources in passing on these traits to a new generation giants of the profession. When I think of how Division of the Survey to receive this award; my of geologists and hydrogeologists. they shaped earth science and compare my award recognizes the support for first-class sci- Central to John’s entire career has been own contributions, it is a humbling experience. ence in water within the USGS. I left the Survey his great pleasure in promoting students. Some I knew from the beginning of my research in 1994 to do something different during the rest students have benefited through the opportu- career, in the early 1960s, that studying fluids of my life—to build a consulting business; that nity of working directly with John, while others in the crust was not considered mainstream by too has been fun. were assisted by his finding for them stimulat- the geologic profession. It interested me; it was It is especially rewarding to have one’s ing positions throughout the Water Resources certainly stimulating and important, in my mind colleagues recognize your work. Perhaps more Division of the USGS. Still others benefited at least—but I could accept that the rest of the than just my work is being recognized; this from his role as visiting professor at the Uni- profession was preoccupied with other things. award shows that the geological profession versity of Illinois and as consulting professor at I have tried to understand the many facets of now recognizes the study of fluids as an impor- Stanford, UC Santa Cruz, and San Francisco fluids in the crust. Mostly, studying fluids has tant part of geology. Ike Winograd suggested State universities. Many of today’s leading been fun. I was the first hydrogeologist to receive the hydrogeologists have been helped by John Upon receiving my Ph.D., I was lucky to Penrose Medal. He is incorrect; perhaps I am in his capacities as mentor and teacher. have gone to work at the U.S. Geological Sur- the first to call myself a hydrogeologist. N. H. It is my most sincere pleasure, as a friend vey. I arrived at a time when I could apprentice Darton was a very accomplished ground-water and colleague of John’s, to present him to the with some of the best professionals engaged in geologist; he worked on the Dakota Sandstone Society for the official designation as the 1997 the study of ground water. It was with Bob Ben- as an aquifer at the turn of the century. His R.A.F. Penrose, Jr., Medalist. It is the award nett, Hilton Cooper, C. V. Theis, Bob Stallman, work on the Dakota shaped our thinking that John himself has categorized as “the most Herb Skibitski, Jacob Rubin, and Walter Lang- regarding extensive artesian aquifers. King distinguished award a geologist can receive.” bein that I was able to learn my profession. Hubbert mostly worked on fluids in the crust These individuals, mostly unknown outside the his entire career; his work with Bill Rubey on water community, built much of ground-water the role of fluids in overthrust faulting revolu- Response by science as we know it today. Many young peo- tionized geology. We are mostly following JOHN D. BREDEHOEFT ple do not have the opportunity to apprentice their leads. with a group of senior mentors as I did at the One does make major contributions in Each of the last several recipients of the USGS. I owe my maturity as a scientist to any of life’s endeavors with the support of one’s Penrose Medal expressed surprise at being them. family. My family has been most supportive— chosen. I too am surprised; never in my wildest The USGS gave me the opportunity to especially my wife, Nancy. dreams could I imagine receiving the Penrose pursue my research more or less unfettered. I am pleased to accept the Penrose Medal Medal. I have personally known a number of Like any successful individual, I paid my dues for myself as well as for my colleagues in previous medalists: two of my professors at both in doing research that furthered the ever- research at the USGS, and especially my Princeton, Harry Hess and A. F. Buddington; a day missions of the Water Resources Division other colleagues who study fluids in the earth. Chief Geologist at the USGS, Wilmot Bradley; and, in the tradition of the USGS, in stints of The award to me recognizes all of us. and several others, Bill Rubey, King Hubbert, administration. I had the best opportunity to do Luna Leopold. Over the past seven decades, the research that interested me. I am the first

It was in Australia that Ted produced some DAY MEDAL of his most important papers. In 1956 he pub- lished a paper showing that the polar wander presented to curve from North America was systematically offset to the west of the polar wander curve EDWARD IRVING from Europe, indicating the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. In the same paper he pre- sented the paleomagnetic poles from the Citation by Deccan Traps of India and the Tasmanian NEIL OPDYKE dolomites of Australia. These poles fell in the Atlantic Ocean about 90 degrees away from It is my privilege and plea- the North American and European polar wan- sure to give the citation for the der curves, again supporting continental drift. Day Medal to Edward Irving. In this paper, he also compared climatically Ted’s accomplishments are sequence. He sensitive sediments to their paleolatitudes many, and some have changed the carried out the first derived from paleomagnetism, and he showed way in which we view earth science. test using paleo- that they agreed within each continent but were As a graduate student at Cambridge where magnetism of conti- in conflict when intercontinental comparisons he studied with S. K. Runcorn from 1951 to nental drift, with rocks were made. In 1957 he published the first polar 1954, he demonstrated that rocks as old as from the Deccan traps of India. wander curve from Australia which demon- Precambrian could retain their original direc- However, the results of this study were not pub- strated that polar wander alone could not tions of magnetization unchanged. In the same lished until after he left Cambridge for the newly account for the distribution of paleomagnetic rocks, he also showed that reversals of direc- created Australian National University, where poles. He tested the reconstruction of Gond- tions of magnetization occurred in stratigraphic he worked from 1954 to 1964. wanaland proposed by A. DuToit; using paleo-

14 GSA TODAY, March 1997 magnetic data, Ted demonstrated a reasonable and not recognizing them for what they are. We agreement between Mesozoic poles from the Response by all know that unseen things exist. If it were not southern continents. These papers essentially EDWARD IRVING so, there would be no purpose in taking obser- reopened the continental drift debate and vations, science would not exist, and the life of Some years ago the Geological Society of opened the way for the emergence of plate the imagination would wither away. So please America honored paleomagnetists by awarding tectonics. join me in honoring impossible thoughts. the Day Medal to the late Alan Cox. Thank you During his stay in Australia, Ted made If success in science depends on a willing- for honoring them again. My thanks to Myrl many technical contributions to paleomag- ness to entertain impossible thoughts, it also, in Beck for nominating me and to others who lent netism. One of his most important contributions my experience, depends on a judicious choice support. Thanks to those people who gave me was the recognition of the long period (50 mil- of possible thoughts—the thoughts that we a start in research. Thanks to colleagues of lion years) of reversed polarity in the late Car- allow ourselves to have. When addressing many expeditions, many discussions, many boniferous and Permian, a period he called the problems, we, intentionally or unintentionally, tall stories. I am very grateful to institutions that Kiaman reversed polarity interval. In 1964 he draw limits around them within which we seek have employed me and provided facilities. At a wrote the first and one of the best books on solutions, and outside which we forbid our deeper emotional level, I also want to thank my paleomagnetism, Paleomagnetism and Its thoughts to trespass. parents, my sister, my wife Sheila, and our kids, Application to Geological and Geophysical Expand limits too widely, and imagination for their good humor and love. Problems. reels out of control. If you are a too-wide-limit- I would like now to say a few words about In 1964 Ted traveled to Canada, going first drawer giving a lecture, your audience probably possible and impossible thoughts and about to Ottawa from 1964 to 1981 (except for a short shuffles uncomfortably. Afterwards, no questions sitting on the fence. My remarks are directed stay in Leeds), then to the Pacific Geoscience are asked for fear of prompting further indiscre- especially to younger workers, because what Centre at Sidney, British Columbia. During this tions. Some listeners may even walk out. I have to say derives mainly from my early time he made many contributions, particularly By contrast, drawing limits too tightly experience. with respect to the origin of magnetization of squeezes out speculation. If you are a too-tight- Good scientists and normal adolescents oceanic crust and the apparent polar wander limit-drawer giving a lecture, you describe a think lots of impossible thoughts. Thoughts that curves for North America in the Paleozoic and great deal of data, and you end with a plea for are considered impossible or foolish by others. Proterozoic. He remained actively engaged in more data. Your lecture should be scheduled I recognized the importance of impossible trying to understand plate reconstructions and late on Friday afternoon to allow us the week- thoughts in 1951, when, under the direction was the first to propose the Late Paleozoic end to forget. Your notice should offer drinks of the late Keith Runcorn, I began studying “Pangea B” model based on paleomagnetic afterwards to boost attendance. the magnetism of the Precambrian Torridonian data. If making appropriate choices of possible Sandstone of Scotland. At his behest, I tried to Since moving to Vancouver Island, Ted and impossible thoughts is the stock-in-trade of observe the secular variation of the Precam- has concerned himself with translation and useful science, then, to my mind, fence-sitting brian geomagnetic field. His was an idea ages rotation of terranes along the western margin is its antithesis. Fence-sitting is the sin of not ahead of its time. Even today, it would be a of North America. He has championed the view deciding, the dithering sin. herculean task, and, of course, I got nowhere. that terranes have been moved thousands of There are many degrees of fence-sitting. But it was not a waste of time, because it kilometers, and with colleagues he has Moderate fence-sitters commonly suffer only opened an Aladdin’s cave of scientific trea- amassed a large amount of data that support mild neurosis. They may be observed wringing sures. So, I am grateful to Keith for his impos- this conclusion. Although nominally retired, he their hands as heterodox thoughts are put into sible thought. remains intellectually involved and continues words and uncontrolled happenings occur with- In 1954 I went to Australia to measure to produce interesting and important science— out their prior approval. But extreme fence-sit- its motion relative to Europe. Most people then for example, he has recently been involved ters are in real danger. Remember that this was believed that continental drift was impossible, in understanding Pleistocene glaciations of ill-fated Hamlet’s sin. Dante reserved a special and that ours was a fool’s errand. But J. C. Canada as well as returning to Australia to help place in Hell for those who linger too long on Jaeger of the Australian National University determine the age of the base of the Kiaman. the fence. Should friends show fence-sitting had faith and funds, and it worked out just fine. These important contributions to our under- tendencies, it is your solemn duty to warn them More recently, paleomagnetists have standing of the Earth have been widely recog- of the melancholy consequences. measured displacements of several thousands nized and have led to many honors. Ted is a fel- The Society’s award of the Day Medal to of kilometers in the western Cordillera. “Impos- low of the Royal Societies of London and a paleomagnetist sends a renewed message sible,” the critics cry “bah to Baja BC.” With Canada. He has received the Christien Mica of encouragement to our small, argumentative, breathtaking omniscience, the critics declare Gondwanaland Medal, the Logan Medal of the and creative community. Let me, on their that they have not seen the big faults, and GAC, the Bucher Medal of AGU, the Wilson behalf, again say thank you. therefore no such motions have occurred. But Medal of the Canadian Geophysical Association, we all spend much of our time gazing at things and the Alfred Wegener Medal from the EGU.

GSA TODAY, March 1997 15 ommended engineering sciences. I was faced with a big choice, which is rather common in YOUNG SCIENTIST AWARD France because there is a clear-cut separation (Donath Medal) between scientific studies at regular universities presented to and in engineering schools, which are industry- oriented. Choosing the latter would mean that I would forget my dreams of mineralogy, paleon- EDOUARD G. BARD tology, and archaeology and spend most of my time focusing on applied math, physics, or Citation by chemistry. THURE CERLING After some enquiry, I found a way to com- promise, which was to gain the qualifications Edouard Bard has made necessary to enter the only engineering school many important contributions to The French in France that includes the word geology in its the study of the Quaternary. It scientist Louis title: Ecole Nationale de Géologie Appliquée et has been said that a scientist’s Pasteur once de Prospection Minière, in Nancy. I later real- greatest tool is imagination. This said, “Where ized that the school prepared one to work for is illustrated in Edouard’s contribu- observation is con- oil and mining industries and in civil, hydrologi- tions, which have been remarkable in cerned, chance favors cal, and chemical engineering, but this was the their broad scope, and in his skills at getting only the prepared mind.” only way to reconcile my parents and satisfy “more from less.” Edouard Bard prepared his mind with an early my aspirations in the future. When I finally suc- His earliest work was on determining, fascination for archaeology, followed by the ceeded in entering the school at Nancy in 1982, using accelerator mass spectrometry, precise study of mathematics, engineering, and geo- the director told me that he had no problem 14 C ages of foraminifera in deep-sea sedi- chemistry at the University of Nancy and the having a student interested in fundamental ments. This work set the stage for studying University of Paris. This preparation, thorough geology. To convince me that I was not the first the complex interactions between the coupled attention to detail, a fertile imagination, and a with this “problem” he cited the recent example oceanÐatmosphere-cryosphere system at the lot of hard work have allowed Edouard to of a fellow who was fond of fossil echinid sys- last deglaciation. It is now routine to use AMS contribute to a wide diversity of problems. tematics when he came to Nancy and is now in oceanographic studies, but it was not routine working in the cement industry! when he did them. In the long run, I do not regret my choice, He went to Lamont as a postdoc and mainly because it exposed me to painstaking 14 Response by worked on comparing C and U-Th ages of and rigorous tools in math, physics, and chem- corals. This remarkable study has contributed EDOUARD G. BARD istry—tools that make possible true quantifica- to solving several very important problems. I feel extremely honored and pleased to tion of geological processes. Another advan- This work has made it possible to calibrate receive the prestigious GSA Donath Medal and tage of the school at Nancy is its link with 14 the C age scale beyond the limit of tree-ring to be cited by Thure Cerling, a renowned expert scientific laboratories, among them a geochem- chronology to more than 30,000 years ago. on several aspects of isotope geochemistry. I istry center (Centre de Recherches Pétro- 14 It shows that C ages are too young by 3000 warmly thank Wally Broecker for nominating me graphiques et Géochimiques) in which several 14 years at 18,000 C yr B.P. Determining the for this award and for his mentoring during the influential professors were doing their research 14 “offset” between C ages and absolute ages last 12 years, first indirectly through his litera- (Francis Albarède, for example). As an under- solves many problems in Quaternary studies, ture and then by direct interaction when I graduate, I spent many days at CRPG to syn- ranging from the use of other cosmogenic iso- worked at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory thesize tourmaline and cordierite at high pres- topes to ice core studies. Further, this study of Columbia University . sure and high temperature, under the leads to an understanding of sea-level varia- A scientific career is often a complex mix- supervision of Alain Weisbrod, who is partly tions at the end of the last glacial cycle. ture of vocation, taken and missed opportunities, responsible for my orientation in geochemistry. After a few years at Lamont, Edouard and accidental meetings with other scientists. At that time, during my summer vacations moved to the University of Aix-Marseille, and Some of you may be curious to know my trajec- I became more and more involved in prehistoric he is currently at the Center for Geoscience tory, and I will thus briefly describe my version of excavations, and I decided that isotope geo- and the Environment near Aix-en-Provence in the story, also giving me the opportunity to thank chronology would be the best way to keep one southern France. He is working on using cou- individuals without whose help, patience, and foot in geochemistry and the other in archaeol- pled gas chromatographyÐmass spectrometry advice I would not be standing here. ogy. In 1984, I spent some time digging at la to study alkenone biomarkers in deep-sea sedi- My love for geology started quite early, Caune de l’Arago in the Pyrenees, an early ments, in order to determine paleotempera- in fact as long as my memory can recall. This Paleolithic site famous for the discovery of a tures of seawater to compare to the sea sur- was probably the influence of my parents— skull and bones of one of the earliest Euro- face temperature estimates of the CLIMAP my mother being a high school teacher in peans. Henry de Lumley, chief scientist of Project. geography and history, and my father being a the excavation, later introduced me to geo- He has not abandoned the problem of computer staff engineer in high-energy physics. chronologists working at the Centre des Faibles 14 C and other cosmogenic isotopes. Production Both cultivated my interest in mineralogy and Radioactivités in Gif-sur-Yvette, and I joined the rates of cosmogenic nuclides have varied con- paleontology over the years, and, as a teen- accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) team siderably in the late Pleistocene and Holocene. ager, I spent most of my vacations digging pre- and began to prepare a thesis using this tech- 3 10 The cosmogenic nuclides, including He, Be, historic sites and searching for minerals and nique for the measure of 14C. From those Ph.D. 26 14 and Al, as well as C, are finding wider uses fossils. At the end of high school it was time to years, I thank particularly Maurice Arnold, who 14 in earth science problems. C is modulated make an important decision and choose a way taught me the basics of AMS and the painful strongly by the solar wind and has the compli- for a real career. My parents disagreed on what way to become a careful analyst. The work cation of being involved in the global CO2 cycle, I should do: my father’s advice was to pursue assigned by my advisor, Jean-Claude Dup- while other cosmogenic nuclides are not. In this geology at the university, while my mother, lessy, was twofold: dating deep-sea sediments field, too, he is making significant contributions. skeptical about this way of getting a job, rec- and using bomb-produced 14C as a transient

16 GSA TODAY, March 1997 tracer in modern oceanography. With such a for 14C: counting radioactive atoms directly meeting I was no longer sure that U-Th ages Ph.D. project dealing with Quaternary paleo- before they decay. After some discussions, were really valid. However, Wally’s way of orga- climates and the fate of CO2 in the ocean, I Rick, Wally, Alan Zindler, Bob Anderson, and nizing confrontation workshops was truly effi- inevitably came across the abundant literature Bruno Hamelin all agreed that this would make cient, because it forced the researchers to of Wally Broecker, in particular his book, with a good postdoc project, and that I could use a reassess critically their data on Greenland ice Tsung-Hung Peng, Tracers in the Sea. Lamont rather old Micromass 30 to implement the new cores, varved sediments from lakes, and sub- was thus the center of my scientific world, and technique and apply it to date Barbados corals fossil trees. This saved us from years of end- quite naturally I applied there for a postdoc with high precision. Minor isotopes of uranium less controversies. fellowship. Today I appreciate better how com- and thorium are difficult to measure. I am par- Back in France, Bruno, Daniel Nahon, petitive Lamont is and how lucky I was to be ticularly grateful to Bruno, who spent days and Annie Michard convinced me to help them awarded the only postdoc for which I applied teaching me how to separate and purify these build new geochemistry laboratories from after getting my Ph.D. elements, and how to analyze them with a ther- scratch in a newly refurbished building located My subsequent years at Lamont were mal ionization mass spectrometer. Without his in the pine woods between Marseille and Aix- very intense but friendly, as I interacted with involvement in this collaboration, we would not en-Provence. This has been a difficult experi- a crowd of young scientists such as Dorothy have produced the numerous ages of fossil ence, as it inevitably slowed down our research Peteet, Delia Oppo, Maureen Raymo, Christina corals which allowed us to study past sea lev- output, but it proved to be useful because we Ravelo, Julie Cole, Jonathan Overpeck, Chris els and to pursue the calibration of 14C. had no real limitations. For example, this pro- Charles, and Pete deMenocal. I was very lucky A significant part of the scientific commu- ject allowed me to get involved in applications to arrive at the time when Rick Fairbanks was nity was very skeptical about the very large dis- of organic geochemistry in the field of paleocli- planning his drilling offshore Barbados. My sec- crepancies between 14C ages and U-Th ages matology. For this most recent part of the story ond stroke of luck was that there was no accel- that we reported. I remember my tormented I thank my wife and colleague Frauke Rostek, erator facility at Lamont, and thus I was com- nights before and just after the publications who now spends most of her working time pelled to find something else to do as lab work. came out. Wally was not really aware of this, struggling with gas chromatographs. I also At about that time, the Caltech isotope geo- because he convinced me to organize a NATO thank Frauke for the love and patience that chemistry team published their important workshop in Italy to gather the strongest oppo- allowed her to cope with my torments and papers on U-Th dating by mass spectrometry. nents to what we had just reported. The week anxiety. This was precisely the same approach as AMS in Erice was devastating and at the end of the

DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD presented to ROBERT L. FUCHS, RICHARD A. HOPPIN, FAITH E. ROGERS, BENNIE W. TROXEL

ROBERT L. FUCHS Citation by Brian J. Skinner (presented by George A. Thompson) When Bob Fuchs agreed to become Trea- surer in 1983, the finances of the Society were in a parlous state Fuchs Hoppin Rogers Troxel and stretched to the breaking point. It was a time of great changes, changed hats and assumed the position. Here, new activity, both for GSA and for professional both in the science and in society as a whole, too, he faced a major financial challenge. The societies in general. We have blazed new trails changes to which, as it soon became clear, the Society, through its Foundation, had been suc- under Bob’s able direction, and we are proud of Society had to respond. In order to do so, fiscal cessful in raising money from major donors, both Bob and the fine response the drive has stability was essential. Under Bob’s careful mainly industrial, for the DNAG project. Under elicited. direction a slow recovery to fiscal health was Bob’s leadership the Society’s first major com- Bob’s efforts have been standouts for both commenced, and the programs chosen by prehensive drive was started, a drive that has the present and the future health of the Society. Council were started. raised $8.5 million so far, with a year still to go. He always kept a level head when hopes and When the position of president of the A fund-raising drive of the kind that the Founda- desires exceeded resources, a steady hand on GSA Foundation became vacant in 1987, Bob tion has been conducting for the Society is a the tiller when major new programs consumed

GSA TODAY, March 1997 17 funds faster than anticipated, and an unfailingly it is my privilege and pleasure to present the You are among those who give of their cheerful and enthusiastic attitude on the fund- Distinguished Service Award to you. time and expertise to assure that GSA pub- raising trail. lishes high-quality science. We who work in the Bob, for your many years of hard work Editorial Department at headquarters have the and financial good sense, I am proud to present Response by privilege of helping you in your efforts as you with the Distinguished Service Award for Richard A. Hoppin authors, reviewers, and editors. Your energy 1997. and dedication impress us, and we take pride in Thank you, George. It has been my privi- the opportunity to help you with that paper, lege to serve as books editor. The success of whether it’s a masterful synthesis or a hot new Response by GSA book publications really depends on the discovery. If as an author you find us annoying Robert L. Fuchs fine efforts of many persons: the editors of the in our insistence on straightforward and consis- symposium volumes who so skillfully brought tent writing and illustrations, please note that The first Distinguished Service Award was their books to completion; the authors who our blue editing pencils have erasers. We aim presented in 1988. I have always felt that it was worked and reworked their papers into excel- to please. the brainchild of John Maxwell. When John and lent final form; the reviewers who provided very The electronic publishing revolution is full I were Trustees of the Foundation in the early helpful comments and were willing to accept upon us all, and it’s changing the way scientific 80s he said to me “we need an award for peo- this important role; the headquarters staff who studies are disseminated, but some things will ple who are not going to get scientific awards.” put it all together into the final superb volumes. not change: GSA will continue to publish excel- I think that he may have been telling me that My role was to serve as the facilitator, or shep- lent science, presented well. I was not on the fast track for the Penrose herd, as George noted. The increasing number It’s a pleasure to work with you. On behalf Medal, but I didn’t realize it until tonight. Thanks of proposals attests to the success of the role of of myself and the rest of the GSA editorial staff, to you, John, and to President Thompson, the the GSA books series in providing a quality out- I thank you for that opportunity, and for this Executive Committee, Council, and the Foun- let for research publication. I am pleased to recognition of our efforts. dation Trustees and staff. have had a role in these efforts. The history of GSA philanthropy began in 1931, with a very important gift of $3.9 million BENNIE W. TROXEL from R. A. F. Penrose, Jr. In 1981 the Founda- FAITH E. ROGERS Citation by tion was formed, and since then additional gifts Citation by totaling $14.5 million have been received, Terry L. Pavlis enabling the Society to undertake major new George A. Thompson (presented by George A. Thompson) programs in science, education, and outreach. Faith Rogers has dedicated herself to the It is a tremendous privilege to present I would like to accept this award on behalf enterprise of the journal Geology for more than this citation for Bennie Troxel. Bennie could of the many who have participated in GSA’s two decades. The high quality of this technical not make it to the meeting, and those of us philanthropy: R. A. F. Penrose, Joe Pardee, geoscience journal is the most telling testimo- who know Bennie can tell you that that is really John Mann, Storrs Cole, Phil LaMoreaux, Roy nial of her commitment, diligence, experience, unfortunate because it would have been a Shlemon, and about 3,000 other members, creativity, and wisdom as managing editor. great pleasure to see his beaming smile as companies, institutions, and friends. They have Faith has been instrumental in the exceptional he was presented with the award. made possible what, for me, has been a won- quality, high standards, and excellent interna- This distinguished service award is, derful and personally satisfying opportunity tional reputation of the journal. She has worked in my view, something that is very overdue; extending over 23 years, and I thank them all. on broader issues such as GSA’s editorial pol- nonetheless, the timing is good because this icy and guidelines, computerized manuscript year marks the 25th anniversary of Geology tracking systems, and electronic publication, (the magazine, not the science!). If it were not RICHARD A. HOPPIN just to name a few. For the past 13 years, Faith for Bennie, this premier journal of the earth sci- Citation by has also overseen editorial functions for all ences would not exist. It was through his efforts George A. Thompson GSA publications, including Geology, the during his tenure as GSA editor in the early Bulletin, GSA Today, and the GSA book series. 1970s that the idea for Geology was formulated Richard Hoppin is well deserving of the Those who have worked with Faith know and implemented. I think surprisingly few peo- GSA Distinguished Service Award for serving her commitment to excellence. I am pleased to ple are aware of that. For that contribution as Books Science Editor and member of the acknowledge her efforts by presenting to her alone Bennie deserves recognition by the Soci- Committee on Publications from 1989 to 1995. this Distinguished Service Award. ety, but there are many other things that are far At the request of former Executive Director too numerous to mention in this brief statement. Michael Wahl, he even cheerfully agreed to He’s made major contributions to the science, stay on an extra year past his two three-year Response by much of it through his famous collaborative terms. Faith E. Rogers works with Lauren Wright on the geology of During his tenure, Dick skillfully shep- the Death Valley region; those contributions are herded hundreds of manuscripts through the I have had the privilege of working with well known. What makes Bennie stand out for review, revision, and acceptance stages, result- many talented and dedicated people during this award is the way he has inspired genera- ing in the publication of at least 60 Special my years at GSA, starting with Bennie Troxel, tions of geologists—both students and profes- Papers and 14 Memoirs. He was also adept who was the in-house science editor when I sionals—with his love for geology in general at tactfully turning down those manuscripts first walked through the front doors at head- and field geology in particular. I’ve heard him deemed unsuitable—not an easy task. His quarters. Through all the editors who volun- described as a geologic guru and the Yoda of conscientiousness and dedication kept up the teered for the arduous task of evaluating the geology, and I think that pretty well summarizes tradition of high standards that have come to papers submitted to GSA publications, through his impact on people. His love for life and the be expected of GSA’s book series. His efforts all the changes GSA and publishing have way it spills over into his science is truly infec- toward this end are greatly appreciated. Dick, weathered, it has been a challenging 25 years. tious. So as you go out this evening to dinner, raise a toast to Bennie and use the words to

18 GSA TODAY, March 1997 describe him that I’ve seen him use so many A bit of history regarding Geology (the after the first issue. My job as science editor times to describe someone else “Ja, he’s a magazine, that is). The idea for such a maga- was made very easy becaouse GSA had such really neat guy.” zine was conceived during a meeting in the a capable staff in the Editorial Department. early 1960s of the GSA Committee on Publica- My enthusiasm for geology is real, and tions, when I was a member of the committee. I continue an active interest at the age of 77. Response by We recommended, to no avail, that such a I truly enjoy sharing my knowledge of some Bennie W. Troxel magazine be initiated by the Society. Soon after geologic problems in the Death Valley region I became science editor for GSA several years by participating in or leading several field trips I am truly grateful to Terry Pavlis for his later, the idea for the magazine was resubmit- each year. As most of my geologic acquain- very kind remarks and am pleased to be ted to the Council with the enthusiastic support tances know, my career in Death Valley geol- selected as a recipient of the Distinguished of Executive Secretary Ed Eckel, the Publica- ogy was initiated by Lauren A. Wright. I am Service Award of the Geological Society of tions Committee, and myself. The rest is his- deeply grateful to him for his guidance and America. Had I been at the presentation during tory. I was editor of only the first issue. Henry companionship for more than 45 years. the annual meeting, as Terry said, I would have Spall deserves full credit for making Geology Thank you. had a beaming smile on my face. a success. He became editor of the magazine

many important contributions to geophysics, RIP RAPP ARCHAEOLOGICAL oceanography, and sedimentology, a summary of which would take us far from the present GEOLOGY AWARD subject. His career in earth science took him, presented to after taking his Ph.D. from Groningen Univer- sity in Holland, to a stint with Shell Oil working TJEERD H. VAN ANDEL in South America, Africa, and Indonesia, then to Scripps in La Jolla and to Oregon State Uni- versity before going to Stanford University, Citation by where he is the Wayne Loel Professor of Earth CURTIS RUNNELS Sciences (Emeritus), and, currently, the Univer- (presented by Kevin O. Pope) sity of Cambridge in England where he is Hon- orary Professor of Earth History, Quaternary It is a great pleasure to introduce Professor ures in the field of geoarchaeology, with a major Sciences, and Geo-Archaeology in the Depart- Tjeerd H. van Andel for the presentation of the role in the shaping of the discipline. ments of Earth Sciences and Archaeology. Rip Rapp Archaeological Geology Award. In the These achievements must be viewed His active involvement in the interdisci- course of a distinguished career, Tjeerd van within the wider framework of large-scale geo- plinary study of geoarchaeology began in 1978 Andel made significant contributions in geo- logic processes and their impact on the study when he met Michael Jameson (Stanford Uni- physics, sedimentology, and oceanography, of the human past, and the explication of such versity) and joined him as the co-director of before he shifted his attention to archaeological processes to a large audience. His book New Stanford University’s Archaeological and geology. He has enriched the understanding Views on an Old Planet, intended for general Environmental Survey of the Southern Argolid, of both earth scientists and archaeologists and readers, was first published by Cambridge Greece. From that project he went on to work has advanced the study of geology and human University Press in 1985 and is now in three with other colleagues and a number of his stu- behavior in its broadest sense. Tjeerd has pub- editions and five translations. In addition to dents in almost every part of Greece, and his lished some 200 papers and books in earth sci- numerous public lectures, Tjeerd was also a new career as a geoarchaeologist, now just ence and archaeology and has many publica- contributor of thoughtful and thought-provoking 20 years old, has resulted in the publication of tions in press or in preparation, including major essays in Terra Nova, a testimony to his com- 30 papers and three books, with more on the works on the Paleolithic of Greece and a study mitment to making the results of new earth way. Although his research has been chiefly of European paleoenvironment in Oxygen Iso- science research available to all. connected with the Mediterranean, his geologi- tope Stage 3 (currently supported by a Lever- His long-term impact on the study of cal and paleoenvironmental research has been hulme grant). While it is difficult to summarize Quaternary history and human behavior can used by archaeologists farther afield—e.g., his his many achievements, those related to geoar- be measured at two levels, one at the level of work on the Sahul Shelf in Australia, which is chaeology can be summarized under the follow- specific case studies and the other at the gen- significant for the understanding of early human ing heads. His most important contribution to eral level of the discipline as a whole. Although migration to Australia; his study of the environ- geoarchaeology has been the study of changes most of his field work has been in collaboration mental setting of the Klasies River site in south- in sea level and their effects, both short and with archaeologists working in western Europe ern Africa, which raises important issues in long term, on human settlement and land use, and the Mediterranean, he has also done connection with the emergence of early modern and his sophisticated approach to the study of research on important sites in South Africa, humans; and his recent work with Tzedakis and the co-evolution of humans and their physical Peru, and Honduras. Mellars on the environmental background for environment. Another major contribution has Tjeerd, like many recipients of awards the European Neanderthals, which demon- been a new and exciting analysis of the timing in this division, did not set out to be a geo- strates the importance of fine-grained recon- and intensity of soil erosion in connection with archaeologist (although undergraduate study structions of environmental conditions as a human land use. His investigation of the anthro- of archaeology in his native Holland whetted prerequisite for the study of Neanderthal adap- pogenic origin of ancient soil erosion has been his appetite for the subject), but devoted what tations and the origins of early modern humans. the focus of discussion among geologists and would be for most people the most productive Tjeerd’s contributions have been so varied archaeologists around the world and has influ- years of his career to earth science. His long it is difficult to choose the most important, but enced an entire generation of archaeologists. It and varied career extends over a period of many would single out his investigation of sea- is safe to say that he is one of the leading fig- 40 years and around the globe, and includes level change and its effect on Mediterranean

GSA TODAY, March 1997 19 civilizations. His emphasis on the loss of key late great Dutch prehistorian A. E. van Giffen, State University to help build a new school of habitats for prehistoric cultures when the conti- an early pioneer of biological archaeology. ocean science there which soon achieved con- nental shelf of the Mediterranean was flooded Although the university was soon closed down siderable status. The focus of my own group has been of major significance. Likewise, his under German occupation, van Giffen set us to there was the field of paleoceanography, sup- approach to reconstructing paleoenvironments tasks that ranged from Roman excavations to ported largely by data of the Deep Sea Drilling and paleoshorelines has become a standard in seriating pots, from identifying domestic animal Project, a fitting reward for the time and effort the field, and his study of human impacts on bones from Iron Age marsh settlements to spent on its development. Mediterranean valleys, particularly soil erosion pollen analysis, a diverse training in embryonic The years at Oregon brought much triggered by uncontrolled vegetation clearance science-based archaeology that, as you will involvement in international ocean sciences and from hillslopes, is equally influential. Much of see, bore fruit some 35 years later. ocean science management. This is the proper Tjeerd’s research in Greece has been carried When the war ended and the matter of moment to mention with deepest gratitude my out in the context of training a select group of degrees came up, however, those skills sud- two close friends and mentors in ocean science outstanding graduate students (e.g., Anne denly seemed less useful, as few of our seniors politics, both deceased far too early, Chuck Demitrack, Kevin Pope, and Eberhard Zang- appeared ready to abandon their posts by Drake and Allen Cox. During this interval, while ger), which means that his impact on the field death or retirement on our behalf. Thus, hoping helping the National Science Foundation to get of geo-archaeology goes beyond the limits of to turn the study of the Quaternary into a back the International Decade of Ocean Exploration his publications. entry into archaeology, I changed my major to on stream, I had the opportunity to inspire and Professor van Andel has worked through- geology, notwithstanding the dark hues in fund the CLIMAP project, which then produced out his long career to promote an increasing which my professor, the late Philip Kuenen, a revolution in Quaternary science from which, awareness of interdisciplinary studies, particu- painted a geologist’s life. Eventually, Ph.D. with all of you, I later benefited greatly in my larly the study of Quaternary geology and geo- in hand, this first major diversion from my archaeological enterprises. At the same time, I archaeology, a role that he continues to play as intended course packed me off to South and two others introduced the now common the chairman of the management board of the America as a Shell Oil sedimentologist. practice of funding multi-institutional research Godwin Institute of Quaternary Research at Sheer luck for me and illness for Professor projects on a grand scale; from time to time I Cambridge. His public and professional service, Kuenen made me the rather ill-prepared leader wonder whether that was as good an idea as it as seen, for instance, in his many public lec- of one of the earliest expeditions to study mod- seemed then. All in all it was an exciting time, tures and long service as an editor or member ern marine sedimentation. Publication of the and I learned a great deal. of editorial advisory boards for conferences and results, generously arranged by Kuenen, led An unexpected dividend of my entry into journals, and as an organizer of conferences to my second major detour when I accepted an the field of geophysics and of the skills acquired (e.g., the Godwin International Conference on offer from Scripps Institution of Oceanography in developing and managing tricky programs Climate and Landscapes of Oxygen Isotope in California to take charge of an American came in the early 1970s in the form of the Stage Three, in July 1996) are the hallmarks Petroleum Institute project on marine sedi- FAMOUS project, which allowed me to partici- of a distinguished career that is far from over. ments of the Gulf of Mexico and the Sea of pate in the first geological field mapping of the Cortez. Several years dedicated to continental crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, with the deep margin studies passed, until the Woods Hole research submersible Alvin. A few years later Response by Oceanographic Institution research vessel that it also brought me to Stanford as professor of TJEERD H. VAN ANDEL was to carry me to the margin of northeastern ocean sciences. Perhaps best of all, the Alvin South America first spent several weeks mea- experience inspired me to plan, together with Awards and medals are rare, high cere- suring currents in the central Atlantic Ocean. Dick von Herzen of Woods Hole, the Alvin monies in the lives of geologists. To cynical Having little else to do, I watched with fascina- expedition that enabled me, on the 17th of recipients they confirm that they are no longer tion images of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge grow February 1977, at 11 in the morning, to be first a threat to their colleagues, or so they say. on echosounder records as we crossed and to see the now so famous deep-sea hotsprings. To others they bring money to pay off the mort- recrossed this then still mysterious feature. Few scientists can identify the peak of their gage or to buy antiques; for obvious reasons The die was cast, and in the next few years I careers with such precision. these happy types are not common among turned increasingly to the study of mid-ocean You may well ask whether we shall ever get those who practice geology on behalf of ridge plate boundaries, with perfect timing back to archaeology, but be patient, I am almost archaeologists. To most, like me, they are because of the plate tectonic revolution. there. In 1976, I came to Stanford and earned for the expression of the respect and the many It is not easy to switch from sedimentology the very first time my whole salary in hard warm friendships that have enriched our lives. into geophysics for a person as poorly equipped money, a gratifying experience, although I admit It is in this last spirit that I thank you all; there is with mathematics as I am, but a strong geologi- that during the many soft-money years I never little that could be more important to me. cal background turned out to be very useful in really worried about where the wherewithal for As the citation notes, the award in this the study of the tectonics and volcanology of myself and my team would come from. This may case does not honor a life-long career, it marks mid-ocean ridges. seem innocent to the point of naivete to those the point where my life has come full circle. It During that same period, the four major who nowadays must struggle in a very insecure all began some 65 years ago when, as a small oceanographic institutions conceived the Deep- world, but it was the same happy-go-lucky self- boy growing up in what were then the Dutch Sea Drilling Project that continues to overhaul confidence that supported the many high-tech East Indies, I was taken by my parents to see so many concepts, methods, and conclusions inventors who gave us Silicon Valley, e-mail, the the ruins of Hindu empires that flourished there of Earth history. Representing Scripps on the World Wide Web, and so many other mixed in the first and early second millennia A.D. planning committee, I was exposed for four blessings. Stanford brought new experiences, Sometimes painstakingly restored in their full years to a truly fascinating mix of organization, my favored one being the teaching of geology to grandeur, more often mere broken shapes science politics, ship design, and project man- undergraduates as part of their general educa- in the jungle, they seemed to me irresistibly agement techniques. The downside was an tion. Teaching has greatly enriched my life and romantic, and long after our return to Holland undesirable impact on my publication rate that made me the generalist in earth sciences I had my desire to become an archaeologist and did not go unnoticed by those at the University long wished to be. On the debit side, being at work in Indonesia remained strong. Thus, when of California who must promote or not promote Stanford accelerated my withdrawal from blue- I entered university in 1940, I set out to major in their competitors on the faculty. And so, looking water oceanography as working on ships and archaeology as one among four students of the for a friendlier environment, I went to Oregon the sailor’s life became progressively more

20 GSA TODAY, March 1997 incompatible with an orderly academic exis- students Kevin Pope, Lisa Wells, and Eberhard Will not those deliberately erected barriers in tence. In truth, I miss the sea-going life a great Zangger. the end yield vast mounds of data heaped at deal and sometimes wonder whether love of the I do not wish to speak here about what I the borders between subdisciplines, data that sea and ships made me an oceanographer may have contributed to archaeology; you are would be so wonderfully informative if we only more than the science of the ocean itself. the better judges. My interest remains, as it knew they existed and how to use them? Is Another chance encounter, another 90¡ began, focused on the co-evolution of land- perhaps the science of the earth far too often turn, and here we are at last, confronting the scapes and human conditions. A short dozen also a multidisciplinary enterprise? human past. At Stanford I met Michael Jame- projects, some 40 papers and three books later, Universities are not comfortable with the son, a classical archaeologist happily uncon- the question of what I personally learned from it idea that the boundaries between disciplines cerned about the difference between a geolo- is more to the point. What has life taught me in are artificial and find it hard to show their stu- gist and an oceanographer. Jameson, seeing those 65 years since, as a little boy on a pony dents that those boundaries might be bad for that I was somewhat at loose ends in research, admiring Hindu temple ruins, I first became their academic health. Yet it is with the young, persuaded me to join a diachronic archaeologi- enamored of the human past? with graduate students, research fellows, and cal survey in Greece. At that point a number of Above all, it has convinced me that the the junior faculty, that the hope lies for an inter- experiences emerged from the past: van Gif- key to fruitful interaction between archaeolo- disciplinary culture where the questions we ask fen’s training, early familiarity with Quaternary gists and geologists is summarized in only rather than the titles of our degrees guide our geology and palynology, lab skills from sedi- two words: interdisciplinary and collaboration. research. mentology days, and an interest in sea-level These words define a joint effort by equals that How do we create this interdisciplinary changes that went back to work with Francis begins at conception and ends with publication, community that is not just our best but probably Shepard and K. O. Emery. There was also, not and that is wholly different from the far more our only hope for a vital, vigorous future for unnoticed by my archaeological partners, a common multidisciplinary mode, which yields archaeology and geology both? I have no ready long, successful experience in raising money. archaeological reports trailed at a distance by answer, but yet one more turn in the path of my It was Jameson who gave me the opportunity scientific appendices not or hardly discussed life has given me the opportunity to at least face to devote the last two decades and possibly in the body of the work. this question, if on a very small scale. The God- my remaining active years to the blending of What permits the change from multidisci- win Institute of Quaternary Science of Cam- archaeology and geology that helps us better plinary to interdisciplinary research? A carefully bridge University, the management board of understand the remote human past. prepared set of agreed-upon common goals which I chair, has no money, no space, no staff, Curtis Runnels’s handsome citation is an goes a long way, but that way can be arduous, and no equipment, but sponsored by five excellent account of what followed, but I cannot because neither do we, as scientists, a priori departments, it offers a forum where members resist recalling here that my move from Stan- know how we may best serve archaeology nor of all disciplines involved in the study of the ford to Cambridge University in 1988 termi- do many archaeologists perceive clearly last two million years of Earth history can meet if nated a promising career in the Division of enough what we might do for them. There are they wish. To make them do so is the challenge, Archaeological Geology at the level of vice- problems here of communication and of lan- and so far it seems that this ethereal enterprise president. guage, of enough and proper advance prepara- may well be successful if it focuses on the com- Teaching and research have always been tion, and above all of openness and mutual ing rather than on the past generation. inseparable for me, neither capable of reaching respect. Nothing new here, you may say, So here we are after what was, you will its peak without the other, and before I get to because little is more interdisciplinary than the agree, a journey full of unexpected detours, the peroration, an important obligation must be study of the Quaternary. But if that is so, why none of which I regret. What I do regret is that discharged. Without my graduate students and do we students of the earth, surely altogether I cannot attend this ceremony in person to see postdocs the life I have just described to you also a very interdisciplinary subject, insist on old friends again and make new ones, but per- would have been much diminished in quality, calling ourselves geophysicists (who are not sonal economic realities got in the way. Please diversity, and above all in enjoyment. I cannot geologists, oh no!) or geochemists (who find forgive me and accept my warmest thanks for name them all, but for the work of the last two communication with paleontologists far from the honor you have bestowed on me. decades I owe a great deal to my former Ph.D. easy) or so many other specialist names?

Scotia. Later works involved the petrographic investigations of various western Canadian GILBERT H. CADY AWARD coals from the plains and mountain regions, presented to which stemmed from his move to Calgary as part of the newly formed coal geology group ALEXANDER RANKIN at the Geological Survey of Canada in that city. He served as head of the Coal Technology CAMERON Section at the GSC for numerous years, utiliz- ing his skills as an administrator and mentor, Citation by guiding the direction of research within that organization. Under his early leadership, the THOMAS D. DEMCHUK Coal Technology Group at the GSC in Calgary Few people have had a broader impact quickly became one of the world’s outstanding on the understanding and nature of Canadian coal to be found in Canada. Scientist, mentor coal research organizations, an honor that it coals than Alexander R. Cameron. Whether it or supervisor, he has left his mark on Canadian can still boast today. be coal petrography, geochemistry, coalbed coal geology, and coal geology in general. As a visiting professor, Dr. Cameron has methane, influence of depositional environ- Dr. Cameron’s early research involved the passed on his vast knowledge of coal geology ment, or maturation, Dr. Cameron has investi- petrographic characterization of the Harbour to students at Pennsylvania State University, gated that aspect of coal, wherever there is coal seam in the Sydney Coalfield of Nova Southern Illinois University, and University of

GSA TODAY, March 1997 21 Newcastle. Although not directly affiliated, for his visit to Nova Scotia being to attend the a faithful reflection of nationwide waxing and many students at the University of Calgary, Second Crystal Cliffs Conference on Coal, waning of interest in coal. For example, in the University of Regina, and University of British which was held in the latter part of June 1952. 1960s interest in coal was low and funding was Columbia also have benefited from his guid- Dr. Cady also wanted to renew acquaintance limited, though we managed to retain our per- ance and wisdom. For that, some of us will be with Peter Hacquebard, who had visited the sonnel and to continue with our studies of the eternally grateful. He has also lent his experi- facilities at the Illinois Survey the previous year. petrography of Canadian coals and its relation ence to various organizations, including serving I remember at the time being impressed with to environments of deposition and to utilization. as chair of this very GSA Division in Doc Cady’s sprightly manner and energy, In marked contrast, the 1970s saw an almost 1978Ð1979, guiding field trips, and serving on somewhat remarkable given the fact that he frenzied increase in coal exploration in Canada editorial boards. He has been awarded the was already retired, and probably close to, if as the perception took hold that coal might be Reinhardt Theissen Medal from the Interna- not already in, his early 70s. our security blanket of last resort in an energy tional Committee for Coal Petrology (1992), and The third person of stature I would soon crisis. In the Geological Survey the Coal Subdi- has been recognized in symposium fashion at meet was Dr. Bill Spackman, as he also visited vision was given increased personnel and fund- the Geological Association of Canada Annual our lab that summer. Dr. Spackman would have ing to fill in some of the thin areas in our knowl- Meeting in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, in 1992, a a profound impact on my career; he became edge about Canada’s coal basins. Much has symposium that led to a special issue of the my graduate advisor at Penn State and been done in this regard, and though the coal International Journal of Coal Geology honoring directed my masters and Ph.D. studies. He program is presently in a downsizing mode, his outstanding contributions to Canadian coal was also instrumental in making 1952 a most there are four viable projects in place, yielding geology. significant year for coal research at Penn State exciting results in such areas as coal basin Those of us who have had the distinct and for coal research in general. In 1952 U.S. modeling (managed by Dave Hughes), coal pleasure of working beside Dr. Cameron, will Steel funded a research project at Penn State bed methane (directed by Mike Dawson), min- attest to his patience and his ability to convey to study the relationship between coal composi- eral matter and trace elements (studied by Fari- ideas and thoughts for all to understand. His tion, as determined microscopally, and coke borz Goodarzi), and maturation and hydrocar- unfailing dedication to his science and his list of properties. I believe this was the first such pro- bon source potential of disseminated organic accomplishments in Canadian coal geology will ject launched in the United States. At the end matter (conducted by Lavern Stasiuk). serve as a benchmark for future coal geologists of the first year of this project, the results were My career in coal has taken me to most of to strive for. Dr. Cameron is a well-deserved encouraging enough for U.S. Steel to renew the coalfields of Canada and the United States. recipient of the Gilbert H. Cady Award, the true the funding; other coal and steel companies In doing this, I have learned to appreciate the embodiment of its spirit. joined the bandwagon and the rest, as they grandeur and diversity of that part of North say, is history. Soon U.S. Steel and then Beth- America occupied by our two countries. In lehem Steel established their own petrology my work I have met probably hundreds of peo- Response by laboratories, refined the petrographic tech- ple in the coal mining industry, from company ALEXANDER RANKIN niques of describing coal, incorporated reflect- executives to the miner at the face. Remark- ance measurements as part of the analyses ably, I cannot recall a single instance in which CAMERON and in the process made microscopic petrogra- I was denied the fullest cooperation and assis- I am deeply appreciative of the signal phy of coal part of their quality control routine. tance. It has been a privilege to have worked honor conferred on me by the Cady Award Petrography had moved out of the groves of for, studied under, and associated with scien- selection committee of the GSA Coal Division. Academe and into the world of industrial appli- tists of world repute. A priceless by-product of It’s all a bit daunting to find oneself elevated cation. Petrography had come of age. it all has been the many steadfast friends I’ve into the distinguished company of previous The effusion of industrial grant money made along the way. Cady Award recipients. It makes me very con- to Penn State had an important spin-off effect. In closing, there are two other people scious of the large footprints surrounding the There are dozens of former students, many who should be mentioned whose impact on podium on which I stand. of us retired, scattered across the continent, my career has been enormous. The first of It all started for me on a bright, sunny indeed across the world, who owe some or all these is my dad, a quiet man, who just once morning in June 1952, when with my brand of their support during graduate school to Bill insisted that I conform to his wishes. He made new B.Sc. degree under my arm, I walked into Spackman’s tireless efforts, promoting coal me go back to school after I had dropped out at the coal research laboratory of the Geological microscopy and attracting grant money. In all of age 15, fully intending not to go back. Needless Survey of Canada, located at this time in Syd- the students with whom he was associated, he to say, I’m glad his view prevailed. The other ney, Nova Scotia. A few months before, I had instilled a respect for excellence and scientific person is my wife, Cathy, a Pennsylvania girl, been accepted by the graduate school of The integrity. We thought of ourselves as a team; who, like Ruth in the Old Testament, went Pennsylvania State University to participate in we shared a camaraderie that was quite heady. where I went, from State College to Ottawa a coal research program. At the time I knew vir- Time moved on and eventually Spack- in the dead of winter, from Ottawa to Calgary, tually nothing about coal, so it was a fortunate man’s team, or at least the version of it with when that move occurred in 1973. In the sum- break for me to get a summer job in coal with which I am familiar, moved on to other places. mers when I was in the field she managed to the Geological Survey, thus enabling me to get I moved on to another team, that of the Geolog- preserve the integrity of the household and her some introductory experience in this area of ical Survey of Canada Coal Research Section, own sanity looking after five rambunctious kids. research. The first person I met that June led by Peter Hacquebard. I joined it perma- It’s very fitting that she share this moment with morning was Peter Hacquebard, the principal nently in January 1960, in Ottawa (the labora- me, and that I publicly say, “Thank you.” And coal petrologist in the Sydney lab, and a man tory had been moved from Sydney in the late finally, one last time to the Coal Geology Divi- with whom I would work and who would be 1950s). With the exception of about three years sion of the GSA, let me say, “Thank you.” You my supervisor for much of the next 25 years. total, a large part of it spent teaching at South- have made this day for me a red letter occa- As it happened, within a few weeks of ern Illinois University, I have spent all my career sion, a unique experience. I shall treasure the that first June morning, I was to meet two more from 1960 to retirement with the Geological memory always. of the giants in coal research. The first of these Survey. was Dr. Gilbert Cady, no less. He arrived quite In my time at the Survey, I have seen unannounced one morning, the primary reason several peaks and valleys in the activities of the coal group. This pattern has been more or less

22 GSA TODAY, March 1997 E. B. BURWELL, JR., AWARD presented to ROBERT L. SCHUSTER and A. KEITH F. TURNER

Citation by State in 1952, M.S. and Ph.D. SCOTT F. BURNS degrees from Purdue University in 1958 and 1960, respectively, and It gives me great pleasure to present the another M.S. degree in soil Schuster Turner 30th Burwell Award this year to the editors of mechanics from Imperial College in one of the best selling books in the field of engi- 1965. He was a professor of civil between publication of Special Report 29 and neering geology, Transportation Research engineering at the University of Colorado in Special Report 247, understanding of science Board Special Publication 247, Landslides: Boulder from 1960 to 1967. He then took the and engineering as related to slope stability Investigation and Mitigation, which was pub- job as chair of the civil engineering department and landslides, as well as the amount of pub- lished in 1996. Not only did the two editors, of the University of Idaho for seven years. He lished information on these and related topics, Keith Turner and Robert Schuster, work for left academia for the USGS in 1974. At the has increased nearly exponentially. Thus, TRB over six years developing and coordinating this national level, he has been the chair of the Special Report 247 necessarily is considerably book, but they both wrote at least three articles Geotechnical Engineering division of ASCE longer and technically more detailed, and apiece for it. This book has become the “bible” and the chair of the Engineering Geology Divi- includes a greater amount of subject material, for landslide studies worldwide, replacing its sion of GSA. His vita lists more than two pages than its predecessors. predecessor, TRB Report 176, Landslides: of awards from his illustrious career, many of Keith Turner and I spent nearly five years Analysis and Control which was edited by them being related to his landslide work. In in planning, organizing, and editing this book. Schuster and Krizek. This new volume has 1989 he was the Richard Jahns distinguished In addition, between us we authored or co- taken on an international scope and has lecturer for GSA and AEG. Other awards that authored seven chapters. Our efforts were expanded to 25 chapters with 30 authors. he has received are: the Distinguished Practice made easier by the fact that Keith’s Colorado This publication, which is now into its second Award from the Engineering Geology Division School of Mines office is only two blocks from printing, is very deserving of this award, which of GSA in 1990, the Distinguished Service my U.S. Geological Survey office. In addition, is given annually to the paper or book of distinc- Award from the Department of the Interior in we share a common approach to use of the tion that advances knowledge concerning prin- 1991, life membership in ASCE in 1992, and English language, which led us to relatively ciples of the practice of engineering geology. honorary membership in AEG in 1994. He too effortless agreement in review of the text. Keith Turner is a professor of geological has been active in the Transportation Research (I might note that both Keith and I did much of engineering at Colorado School of Mines. He Board, as chair of the A2LO1 and A2LO5 and our graduate work at Purdue University, albeit received a B.Sc. in geology from Queens Uni- vice chair of A2T61. in different decades.) However, we were far versity in Canada in 1963, an M.S. degree in I congratulate Dr. Turner and Dr. Schuster from alone in this lengthy and strenuous geology from Columbia University in 1964, for a job well done and present to them the endeavor. Much of the planning and organi- and a Ph.D. in civil engineering from Purdue 30th Annual Burwell Award for their excellent zation of the volume were carried out by our University in 1969. After receiving his doctorate book. co-members of the 11-person TRB Study he became an assistant professor at the Uni- Committee on Landslides: Analysis and Con- versity of Toronto before becoming a practicing trol, chaired by Keith. The book was actually geological engineer in Canada. He came to Response by written by a total of 29 distinguished authors Colorado School of Mines 25 years ago and ROBERT L. SCHUSTER from American and international universities, is now a full professor. His specialties revolve research institutions, governmental agencies, around computer applications to geology and The Engineering Geology Division of the and geotechnical consultancies. environmental studies. He has employed three- Geological Society of America has greatly hon- I owe much to the previous recipients dimensional analysis using GIS to characterize ored Professor A. Keith Turner and me by con- of the Burwell Award, particularly such distin- Yucca Mountain in Nevada. In 1988 he spon- ferring on us the 1997 E. B. Burwell, Jr., Award guished researchers, teachers, and practition- sored a national workshop in three-dimensional as co-editors of the National Research Council ers as D. J. Varnes, E. B. Eckel, E. Hoek, and GIS modeling, with special attention to hydro- volume, Transportation Research Board (TRB) G. A. Kiersch. Noting, and attempting to emu- geology modeling. He has been a consultant Special Report 247, Landslides—Investigation late, the careers, publications, and personalities to the United Nations along with national, aca- and Mitigation, a title of considerable topical of these world-renowned awardees, all of demic, and private firms in the United Kingdom, interest to engineering geologists and geotech- whom I have greatly admired and many of Poland, Germany, Mexico, and South Africa. nical engineers. This book is the third in a dis- whom have been close acquaintances of mine, He has been active with the Transportation tinguished TRB series on landslide processes, has done much to provide me with the inspira- Research Board for the past 29 years, serving investigation, management, monitoring, and tion necessary to work toward an honor as as chair of the A2LO1, A2LO5, and A2T61 remediation. The previous two volumes were prestigious as the Burwell Award. I also would committees. TRB Special Report 29, Landslides and Engi- like to note that the following nine professional In 1995, Robert Schuster retired from the neering Practice (the late E. B. Eckel, editor), U.S. Geological Survey colleagues of mine United States Geological Survey after 21 years 1958, and TRB Special Report 176, Land- have been past recipients of the Burwell Award: as branch chief of the engineering geology slides—Analysis and Control (R. L. Schuster Glenn R. Scott, David J. Varnes (twice), the late branch, followed by his assignment to the land- and R. J. Krizek, editors), 1978. All three vol- Edwin B. Eckel, Peter W. Lipman, Donal R. slide branch. Bob received his B.S. degree in umes have received recognition from landslide Mullineaux, Joseph I. Ziony, Richard M. Iver- geology from Washington State University in researchers and practitioners throughout the son, and Jon J. Major. I’m truly proud of this 1950, his M.S. degree in geology from Ohio world. During the approximately 40 year period

GSA TODAY, March 1997 23 distinguished roster, and I thank them for their ties along transportation facilities; by 1978 the out complaint of my rationalizations as to why help, advice, and inspiration through the years. theme had evolved to strategies for analysis deadlines were being missed. Jay helped me In addition, I thank my many other USGS and control of landslides; while this latest ver- maintain my sanity when things were not going colleagues who have cooperated on and sion emphasizes the newest investigation and well. His counsel and actions made the book a reviewed my research for the past 25 years. mitigation technologies in light of current soci- reality. Undoubtedly, some of them will be future etal, economic, and environmental norms. I also thank the TRB Editorial Staff and the Burwell Award recipients. As I write this, I have Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation National Academy Press for producing such a now been “officially retired” from the USGS for is of course not entirely “my book.” Nor is it my fine-looking book at a very attractive price. To two years; however, I still maintain close con- corecipient Robert Schuster’s book. This is not be honest, this was not achieved easily. As task tact with these and other USGS scientists in to say that Bob and I don’t deserve the award! force chairman, with unanimous support of all my current and continuing volunteer role as We performed our editorial duties faithfully, members, I was adamant that the book should a USGS Scientist Emeritus. dedicating many hours to this task. However, be priced as low as possible. Initial price esti- I also thank several of my professors the book is the result of the efforts of many mates by TRB and National Academy Press who a few decades ago provided the early people, including some here today, who volun- staff were quite high. I believe they thought the academic training and inspiration that has led teered to write chapters or to serve on the landslide book should follow in the footsteps of me to this award. Especially noteworthy are Transportation Research Board task force a very beautiful, but expensive, book illustrating now-retired Professor Robert E. Wallace of the charged with the book’s development. The task bridge designs. In contrast, we wanted a book Department of Geology at Washington State force consisted of 12 members, and the total that could be purchased and used by anyone College (and of later earthquake-geology fame number of authors, including task force mem- dealing with landslides. This was not really with the USGS); the late Professor Richard P. bers, was about 30. As chairman, I thank them resolved until some initial page layouts were Goldthwait, Department of Geology, Ohio State all for their contributions, and for their enthusi- sent for my consideration. I must admit I was University, who was adviser and major profes- asm and support. It was a privilege to work emotionally attached to the book by this time. sor for my M.S. studies in geomorphology and with them. But I was horrified at the proofs; the text was glacial geology at that institution, and whose Special thanks must go to Bob Schuster. in a small font and the illustrations were often example led me to several years of “cold war” He has had a long and distinguished associa- too small, because the pages were laid out research on arctic glaciers and ice fields; Pro- tion with both TRB and landslide research. In with large margins! I was so upset that I sought fessor John F. McLaughlin of the School of Civil the 1970s he chaired the TRB task force that reassurance from my colleagues. Was I overre- Engineering, Purdue University, who served as created the previous edition, known as TRB acting or did they also see problems? One adviser and major professor for my M.S. and Special Report 176, Landslides: Analysis and gave me the definitive statement: “No one over Ph.D. degrees in civil engineering; and Profes- Control. My very slight involvement with that 40 will be able to read this book!” Armed with sor A. W. Skempton, who was my adviser dur- effort demonstrated to me that producing these such a response, I was able to get the book ing postdoctoral soil mechanics studies at the books required a lot of work. Thus, when in layout redone, and you have today a beautiful, Imperial College of Science and Technology 1990 I was informed by TRB that the copies of functional, and economical book. This achieve- (London). Also to be thanked are the many Special Report 176 were almost exhausted and ment, in my opinion, represents a minor mira- students and faculty members with whom I that I should make a recommendation concern- cle, and I thank the many TRB and National was closely associated early in my career while ing either reprinting Special Report 176 or pro- Academy Press staff who made it possible. serving on the geology faculty at Purdue Uni- ducing a new edition, I approached the issue Finally, I express my sincere thanks to the versity and the civil engineering faculties at the with considerable trepidation. Discussions National Science Foundation for providing criti- University of Colorado and the University of quickly convinced me of what I initially cally important financial support to TRB during Idaho. expected; a new edition was needed. I agreed development of the book. While it is true that all In summary, I reiterate my personal delight to undertake the responsibility of chairing a task force members and authors were volun- in receiving the 1997 E. B. Burwell, Jr., Award new TRB task force and leading the effort to teers, there were nevertheless several meet- from the Geological Society of America. I con- develop a new edition. Then I received a tele- ings required during the five years or so it took sider this award to be among the greatest phone call from Bob in which he said, “Keith, to complete the book. The NSF funds made the achievements of my long career. you take it on and I’ll help you.” And he did! logistical issues manageable. Our collaboration was especially close Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation because Bob worked only two buildings down represents a distinct departure from earlier Response by the street from my office on the Colorado editions. It is much more inclusive. As the task A. KEITH F. TURNER School of Mines Campus. We found that our force began its work, I had a vision of a book writing styles were compatible so that, although that could be used by three distinct audiences. It is a great honor to be named a corecipi- we often found different aspects of the draft These were: (a) students wanting to learn ent of the E. B. Burwell, Jr., Award. The list of texts requiring attention, we readily came to about landslides; (b) practitioners who needed past recipients includes many renowned engi- editorial agreement as to courses of action. a ready reference to assist them in their day-to- neering geologists. To be included in such com- Bob was willing to work the often-strange hours day activities; and (c) researchers who wanted pany is both humbling and greatly appreciated. required to complete the editing process. I think a comprehensive reference that provided a Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation the book benefits greatly from our joint editing point of departure for their investigations. is actually the third in a series of TRB books efforts. So I wish to record my deepest grati- I am pleased to say that I think Land- addressing landslide problems. The first was tude to Bob for his unfailing good humor, sup- slides: Investigation and Mitigation responds published in 1958, the second in 1978; so there port, and assistance in the editing process. to all three groups. It contains extensive refer- appears to be an approximate 20 year cycle in I also thank several TRB staff for their ences, ranging from general to specific, and the need for fresh approaches to the topic of help. Especially, I wish to recognize the support from historical to recent. Moreover, these refer- landslides. Each of these publications has a given me by G. P. “Jay” Jayaprakash, TRB ences support the needs of all three groups, different title, and the titles mirror changes in Staff Engineer for Soils and Geology. Jay pro- because we avoided the esoteric and selected societal values at least as much as evolution in vided the essential liaison and logistical support publications that should be readily found in scientific knowledge and engineering technolo- functions for the entire task force. More impor- good university engineering libraries. Several gies. The 1958 publication emphasized engi- tant to me, however, was his acceptance with- chapters include worked examples. These will neering practice in resolving landslide instabili-

24 GSA TODAY, March 1997 be especially useful to students and practition- ner, I suddenly realized that at my table, and The second is the publication, in 1846, of ers. The final seven chapters, placed in a sec- those around me, were gathered all the people the results of studies conducted by Alexandre tion called “Special Cases and Materials,” high- who could help me identify the information per- Collin of slope stability along French canals. light the necessary adjustments in technique taining to important historical landslide events. This publication has not been widely known; in required to investigate or mitigate landslides in I explained my interest and need for information fact I understand there is only a single copy in such environments as the tropics or the arctic to some companions. That evening remains North America, located at Cornell University. regions, or with problematic materials such one of the most cherished memories of my However, Robert Leggett was instrumental as loess, talus, or weak bedrock. While these career, because the response was overwhelm- in getting an English translation published by chapters may be considered of special impor- ing. As the word circulated, leads were dis- the University of Toronto Press in 1956. This tance to practitioners, they also serve to cussed, theories debated, and notes were translation includes a fascinating account of broaden the horizons of students. Finally, made on the backs of napkins. I gathered the Leggett’s first discovery of this work, during I hope researchers will find that the balance napkins, organized some requests and was his research of the reports of the Panama between theory and practice, present in many fortunate to subsequently have the opportunity Canal Commission, and the difficulties he then of the chapters, will help them design their to visit some excellent research libraries. encountered in finding a copy and making the research projects. In these times, research I direct your attention to two of the histori- translation. Collin’s work includes many impor- rapidly advances our knowledge, so that, in far cal landslide events reported in Landslides: tant “firsts”: Collin used the term “soil mechan- less than 20 years, I expect a new edition will Investigation and Mitigation, for I think they ics” many years prior to what was commonly be needed. For the moment, I hope Land- have special interest and significance. The accepted as its initiation by Terzaghi; he under- slides: Investigation and Mitigation will prove first is the Bindon landslip that occurred on took field investigations in a time when such to be a worthy compendium of our knowledge the south coast of England on Christmas Day, activities were rare; and finally, he collected concerning landslides. 1839. Because of the date, many ascribed reli- samples and performed shear tests on them Toward the end of the writing process, gious significance to the event. The landslide in a laboratory! I agreed to write the first chapter, the Introduc- became the subject of much public interest Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation tion, jointly with Jay Jayaprakash. I decided to and debate and, as a result, was subjected to is much bigger than its predecessors. In fact, include, along with the usual information on extensive scientific investigation by several of when I first saw it, I was reminded of a major what the book was about, some materials the most eminent geologists of the period. city telephone book. Later, I became very reflecting the historical importance of land- Their studies were supported in part by several pleased with this similarity. Perhaps you have slides. This topic was not included anywhere Church of England bishops. Enormous crowds seen the television advertising for the Yellow else in the book, nor was such information came to view the landslide, and local farmers Pages books. The slogan is “The One That Is readily available elsewhere. In September 1994 charged admittance fees to their fields. It has Used!” I hope and trust that Landslides: Inves- I attended the 7th International Congress of the been reported that it was accorded the unusual tigation and Mitigation also will be “The One International Association of Engineering Geolo- honor of having a popular musical score written That Is Used.” Thank you very much for this gists in Lisbon, Portugal. At a conference din- to celebrate it! honor.

handicap, Bob has had an extraordinary career, GEORGE P. WOOLARD AWARD making fundamental contributions to our under- presented to standing of how oceanic crust is formed, how continents rift, and how these processes are influenced by the underlying mantle. These ROBERT S. WHITE accomplishments were recognized in 1994 by his election to fellowship in the Royal Society. In his first three years as a graduate stu- Citation by dent at Cambridge, Bob was sent to sea by ROBERT S. DETRICK Drum Matthews on three separate cruises to It is a great pleasure for me to present this the Makran margin in the northwest Indian citation, on behalf of GSA’s Geophysics Divi- Ocean. From this experience he developed a sion, for Robert S. White as the 1997 recipient lifelong interest in marine geophysics and an of the George P. Woollard Award. This honor, ate degree at Cambridge University with a unusual aptitude for successfully mounting the presented yearly, is given to a person who major in physics and geology. He stayed on kind of large, logistically complex seagoing pro- “contributes in an outstanding manner to the to do a Ph.D. in the famous Department of grams that have been a hallmark of much of his solution of a fundamental problem of geology Geodesy and Geophysics under the supervi- work ever since. Over the past 20 years he has through the application of principles and tech- sion of the late Drum Matthews. After a one- led some nearly two dozen different field pro- niques of geophysics.” For someone who on year stint as a postdoctoral scholar at Woods grams, mostly at sea, but also including more than one occasion has insisted to me Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1978Ð1979, onshore-offshore experiments, and in recent that he is “just a geologist,” this award must where we first met, Bob returned to Cambridge, years on-land work in Iceland. In an era of be particularly satisfying. where he has remained ever since. In 1981 he increasing specialization, with experts on a sin- Bob grew up in Nottingham in the Mid- took over leadership of the marine group at gle isotope system or one narrow subfield of lands—about as far as one can get from the Madingley Rise, and in 1989 he was appointed geophysics, Bob has employed a wide variety oceans in the British Isles. Before he went a professor at Cambridge University. Thus, as of methods in his work, including gravity, mag- to university in 1971, Bob spent a year as a nearly as I can tell, Bob has been affiliated with netics, heat flow, seismic reflection and refrac- research assistant at the Berkeley Nuclear Cambridge University more or less continu- tion techniques—even rare earth element geo- Laboratories, where his interest in a research ously, with a couple short sabbaticals, for the chemistry (!)—to address a broad range of career was sparked. Bob took an undergradu- better part of 26 years. Despite this obvious fundamental scientific questions on the struc-

GSA TODAY, March 1997 25 ture, composition, and tectonics of Earth’s crust extrusive volcanism and underplating of intru- and lithosphere. This breadth of interests, and sives at the base of the crust, are produced. Response by approaches, is surely something that George Bob took this model and used it to explain the ROBERT S. WHITE Woollard would have applauded. occurrence and composition of flood basalts Bob has published over 120 papers to from the Archean to the Tertiary, from the Dec- Thank you, Bob, for your kind, if far too date in peer-reviewed journals, and it would be can traps in western India to the Paraná flood generous, words. And thank you to the GSA for almost impossible for me to summarize all of basalts in South America to the huge outpour- this honor; I am only too aware that there are his contributions, and those of his many Ph.D. ings of lavas in the great North Atlantic Tertiary many others who ought to be standing here students, here. But let me try to give you just a volcanic province. He used it to predict the uplift instead, and that the reason I’m here is largely sampling of his work. In the late 1970s Bob did and subsidence history of rifted margins and because of the kindness of my friends. some of the earliest work on gas hydrates in the variation in crustal thickness and basalt I would especially like to pay tribute to all the Gulf of Oman, as well as the previously chemistry along the great mid-ocean ridge the graduate students with whom I’ve had the mentioned studies of the structure of the system. And in a series of seismic experiments privilege of working. They are an exceptional Makran margin. In 1980 he and Hans Schouten from Iceland in the North Atlantic to the South- bunch, extremely talented and hard-working, were the first to recognize the existence of non- west Indian Ridge, he measured crustal thick- and I am immensely proud of them. Any field- transform offsets on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge— ness against the predictions of this model and work is a team effort, and that is particularly features they called “zero-offset” fracture showed how it could reflect differences in man- true of marine geophysics. Without them I zones. Bob and his students helped document tle temperature. It is a truly impressive body of would have had a far less interesting career; the existence of anomalously thin crust at work, which has strongly influenced the thinking though maybe I might just have had a couple oceanic fracture zones, and they showed that of earth scientists around the world. While fewer sleepless nights. hotspot swells are dynamically supported. His some aspects of what has become known as I fell into geophysics more or less by many seismic experiments, mainly in the North the “White and McKenzie model” remain con- accident. Just over a quarter of a century ago, Atlantic, have also helped shape our present troversial and some important features of mag- I started as an undergraduate at Cambridge, understanding of both the structure of oceanic matism at rifted margins remain unexplained, intending to major in physics. Because I liked crust and the rifted margins bordering the there is little doubt that by providing a quantita- hiking and being outdoors, I took geology as Atlantic. However, there is little question that tive framework and predictive model for rift- a subsidiary option. Well, I liked the people Bob’s most influential research has been his related volcanism, Bob’s work represents a I found there and I continued to like the out- work with Dan McKenzie into the factors con- major advance in our understanding of this doors, so I just sort of stayed. And I like the trolling volcanism at both continental and fundamental geological process—an accom- physics you find in geology, too. It’s the sort oceanic rifts—in particular, why some rifts plishment well deserving of the recognition he you can grasp hold of and understand with are associated with vast and catastrophic is receiving here. calculations on the back of an envelope, even outpourings of so-called “flood basalts” while Of course a recitation of his papers and if the full working-out of the ideas takes super- others are not. scientific accomplishments gives only a partial computers and gigabytes of data. As they describe it, the key to understand- measure of who Bob really is. His long list of It is a particular pleasure for me to receive ing volcanic margins came to Bob and Dan as Ph.D. students, some of whom are now estab- this award because the last Englishman— they were sitting in the tea room at Madingley lished scientists in their own right, are ample indeed, I think the only other Englishman— Rise in 1987. I don’t know whether this is true, testimony to his skill at teaching and advising. to receive it was Drum Matthews, who was but it does make a good story! At about this Under his leadership, the marine group at Mad- my graduate supervisor. As many of you know, time, Dan and Mike Bickle were using experi- ingley Rise has also remained at the forefront Drum died just this summer. His influence on mental results from a number of investigators of marine geophysics, consistently attacking marine geophysics and on geology generally to study mantle melting processes, and they first-order problems in innovative ways. How- was profound, not only through his work with had realized that the amount of melt produced ever, perhaps what I have admired most about Fred Vine which gave us the seafloor-spread- increased dramatically with even small Bob over the years has been his ability to main- ing hypothesis, but perhaps more importantly increases in mantle temperature of, say, only tain an apparently sensible balance between still because he nurtured a generation of stu- 100Ð200 ¡C. At this same time, Bob and one the demands of his professional life and his dents who now occupy positions of responsibil- of his students, Bob Courtney, had been inves- family, church, and community. I may be mis- ity in science around the world. I myself owe a tigating the origin of the broad topographic taken, but I attribute this mainly to his wife, great deal to him: he taught me how to do sci- swell surrounding the Cape Verde Islands. Helen, and their two children, Mark and Sarah, ence; how to ask the seemingly simple yet pro- They had found that the topography, gravity, who try to keep him from taking his work, and found questions; and that people are more and heat flow on the Cape Verde Rise could be awards such as this, too seriously. One thing important than publications. explained by the spreading of a 1500-km-wide many people don’t know about Bob is that he is I thank my parents, too. One thing I inher- mushroom of hotter-than-normal mantle a bit of a hobbyist. For several years he built ited from them is a love of maps. My parents beneath the base of the lithosphere. From and flew model airplanes, but he had to give met while both were working for the Ordnance these two apparently unrelated studies, one that up when he kept crashing them. He then Survey, which is the British map-making organi- showing how mantle plumes could influence tried model boats, but despite all his months of zation, and my father continued to make maps mantle temperatures over distances of 1000 km sea experience he somehow managed to sink all his working life. So perhaps it was no coinci- or more and the other showing the dramatic those too. Perhaps Bob should stick to geo- dence that almost the first thing I did as a grad- effect this increased temperature would have physics—it is obviously something that he uate student on my first seagoing expedition on the amount of melt produced, Bob and Dan seems to have a greater aptitude for! was to make a map of the seafloor of the Gulf came up with a wonderfully simple model that Please join me, and his friends and col- of Oman. The bathymetry and topography of related the amount of rift-related magmatism leagues around the world, in offering Bob our Earth continue to be an extremely powerful tool to the temperature of the underlying mantle. heartfelt congratulations on receiving the 1997 in understanding the processes and tectonics When rifting induces upwelling of hotter-than- George P. Woollard Award! of the crust and upper mantle. So I’m pleased normal plume mantle, they predicted, large to be carrying on a family tradition in this amounts of magmatism, in the form of both respect.

26 GSA TODAY, March 1997 I’ve had the good fortune to do field work Almost every cruise was to uncharted territory. pessimistic; one of the joys of working in a uni- in some of the most beautiful places on Earth. On my first trip, we discovered a new plate versity is seeing the continual arrival of enthusi- The other side of the field work coin is, of boundary. You couldn’t do that nowadays. astic, clever, and cheerful young people. After course, our families left behind, and I thank In those days a Ph.D. student typically all, our future lies with them. my wife, Helen, and my children for their had two or three cruises of his own, often plan- In closing, I’d like to share with you two patience and support. There seems to be a ning them himself, as I did. Nowadays we often comments by my children. Children are often universal law that domestic disasters always squeeze two or three Ph.D. students into a sin- very perceptive in what they say. I was talking occur while I’m away: the washing machine gle cruise. And the advance planning and to my son about what he’d like to do in the breaks down or the children get mumps. As money raising is so detailed that the students future, and he replied very firmly that he didn’t Bob intimated, I owe more to my family than often see or participate in little of it. In those want to be an academic because he wanted I could possibly enumerate here, and much days we could sail just about anywhere; now to do a proper job. My daughter, on the other of the work I’ve done has only been possible we are constrained by territorial limits and hand, as I left for this trip, commented that because of their support. exclusive economic zones that cover most she’d like a job like mine because I was always Drum Matthews used to say that he of the seas. going off on holiday. Though I might dispute the entered marine geophysics during the Heroic In those days pure research was sup- idea that weeks doing field work, especially at Age—and heroic it certainly was. For example, ported for its own sake; nowadays we operate sea, are a holiday, I can’t deny that they make during the Indian Ocean expedition on HMS largely under a narrowly directed system that a change from sitting on committees or writing Owen that eventually recorded the magnetic requires even curiosity-driven research propos- reports and grant proposals. Since a change anomaly data from which the seafloor-spread- als to contribute to wealth creation. I have a is as good as a rest, as the saying goes, then ing hypothesis sprang, they were at sea for notion that such a short-term view of research I suppose she has a point, so a holiday is not over three months, continually repairing ailing will in the end be self-defeating. Though every- a bad description after all. home-made gear, before they recorded a sin- thing looks rosy while we live off the fat of ear- I have had a lot of fun and pleasure from gle, uninterrupted 24 hour segment of under- lier years, the danger is that we will erode our studying this planet of ours with my friends, and way data. intellectual capital and will miss those unex- I am pleased if we understand it just a little bet- If that was the heroic era, then I joined pected and unlooked-for results that are the ter as a result. during the Golden Age, in the mid-1970s. seed corn for the future. But maybe I’m unduly Thank you.

respected and revered by students and col- leagues alike. As a measure of the esteem with HISTORY OF GEOLOGY AWARD which he is held at Denison, Ken was the first presented to recipient of a college-wide Teaching Excellence Award in 1993. KENNARD B. BORK Ken applies the same energy, enthusiasm, and integrity to his scholarship that is mani- fested in his contribution to the Division and Citation by in his teaching; whether the subject is early WILLIAM R. BRICE French geologists or his eloquent expression of the life of Kirtley Mather, Cracking Rocks Life has many pleasures that we can, and Defending Democracy (1994, AAAS when fortune smiles favorably upon us, enjoy Pacific Division). His scholarly focus is broad, and savor. One of the greatest of these is the and his work covers several continents and a pleasure of knowing and loving our families and His professional friendship for the history time span of three centuries. His early papers the friends that we meet as we move through of geology goes far beyond our Division, and were devoted to paleontology (bryozoa) and life. On rare occasions, we have an opportunity I will mention just a few highlights. In 1984 he sedimentology, but he soon turned his attention to repay them in a small way for the joy they was elected a Corresponding Member of the to a different kind of ancient evidence, namely bring into our lives. For me, this is one of those International Commission on the History of the development of geological ideas. As most occasions. Geological Sciences, and he served as secre- of us are native English speakers, sometimes We are here to honor Ken Bork for his tary for the United States Committee on the we tend to overlook the wealth of material not accomplishments as a scholar, as a teacher, History of Geology. Over the years Ken has written in our native tongue. But as Ken’s skill and as a friend—a friend not just in the per- been very active with the History of the Earth as a scholar has been augmented by his lin- sonal sense, but in the professional sense as Sciences Society (HESS), serving as HESS guistic abilities, he has been among the well. He is more than just a scholar in the his- secretary from 1987 to 1993, and he was the researchers who could see beyond the lan- tory of geology, he is truly one of us in the Divi- inaugural editor for the HESS journal, Earth guage barriers. Like many of the individuals sion. But for his untiring efforts on behalf of the Sciences History, when Gerry Friedman who grace his papers, Ken made the neces- Division, we might not be meeting here today. founded the publication in 1982Ð1983. Ken sary correlations that clearly demonstrate how He served as Division vice-chair in 1980 and is currently president-elect of HESS and will wrong-headed our English chauvinism really is. chair in 1981, at which time he convened our serve his term as president from January 1999 And he has done this not by complaining about invited symposium at the Cincinnati meeting. through December 2000. Congratulations, Mr. the pro-British bias of the late 18th and early Some of you may remember that Ken gathered President, I can think of no one better suited 19th centuries, but by using quality scholarship a distinguished group of speakers, among them to lead that group into the next century. and meticulous research to simply present the Stephen J. Gould, and we had a packed house. Ken has been on the faculty of Denison facts. A brief quote from a paper on Bertrand And, to quote one of his Division colleagues, University since 1966, the year he completed illustrates his approach: “They [Bertrand’s “He has served on a zillion committees” as well. his Ph.D. at Indiana University, and he is highly publications] were not the rash arguments …,

GSA TODAY, March 1997 27 nor were they paradigm-shifting insights.… We have talked a lot about “internalist” writing, and offering valuable insights about the Nonetheless, Bertrand popularized natural and “externalist” issues in the history of geol- francophone geology of the Enlightenment history and invited subsequent generations ogy. Many of us in GSA were trained solely as period. to take up the quest for deeper understanding geologists. Any success in doing history was I should also note that my wife, roommate, of nature” (1991, Earth Sciences History, v. 10, akin to success in teaching—it came about and best friend, Kay, and our son, Rob, gra- p. 86). largely by a sink-or-swim methodology. That is ciously accepted the dislocations involved. The Mather biography was the result of why mentoring has been so critical in the devel- (Paris is nice, but it still requires an adjustment many years of painstaking research that no opment of so many people in this room. As for a 5- or 12-year-old from a small Midwestern doubt included the reading of countless letters Gordon Herries Davies noted just last year, a town.) Although not “mentors” regarding esoter- and notes written in difficult handwriting, culmi- number of informal “teachers” may have con- ica within geohistory, their support and interest nating in much soul-searching. When it came tributed in important ways to our appreciation have been invaluable over the years. time to put pen to paper, Ken had to present of historical topics. On occasion, we can even learn from our the life of a person whom he greatly admired, It took a sabbatical from a liberal arts col- own research subjects. What I have learned but who was, after all, just a person, with all the lege to allow my personal move toward histori- from Kirtley Mather is a case in point. My aca- flaws that come with being human. The pub- cal topics. I will never forget the generosity and demic home, and Kirtley’s alma mater, Denison lished version clearly demonstrates that a biog- good advice extended to me in the early 1970s University, is not old by European or Ivy League raphy can be a celebration of a person’s life by George White, Claude Albritton, and Cecil standards, but it was founded the same month and at the same time it can be realistic and Schneer. Each of them shared insights and (December 1831) in which Charles Darwin set truthful without destroying the integrity of the information in ways that fueled enthusiasm sail on the Beagle. When, in 1981, we cele- writer or the reputation of the subject. Ken pos- for the history of geology. brated the college’s sesquicentennial, I was sessed the consummate skill to do this. I close With their encouragement, it was off to asked to give a capsule commentary on with a brief passage from the Mather biogra- Paris in 1973. Paris has served many an Ameri- Mather, as an exemplar of an alumnus who had phy: “One lesson learned from Kirtley Mather’s can as a City of Lights, in many ways that tran- become a respected scientist but also a cham- life is that the world includes some quietly dedi- scend clichés. For me it was the dual contacts pion of liberal arts and all that it entailed. Fear cated people who seek to improve the human of (1) the amazing Bibliothèque at the Muséum not, I will not use this forum to lecture about condition through education” (Cracking Rocks d’Histoire naturelle and (2) contact with Joseph Kirtley, nor will I attempt to drum up book sales and Defending Democracy, p. 282). Certainly, Schiller, the renowned physiologist and histo- for Alan Leviton’s publishing arm of AAAS. Kennard Bork is to be counted among them. rian of biology. But here is where it gets weird, and a bit of Ladies and gentleman, it is my distinct Above and beyond its richness of informa- “Twilight Zone” theme music might be in order. honor and pleasure to present to you our His- tion, the Bibliothèque shed its own historical If you are into the arcana of connections and tory of Geology Division Awardee for 1997, glow, as the staff delivered books that had contingencies (à la Steve Gould), please note Dr. Kennard B. Bork of Denison University. been the personal copies of Georges Cuvier, that Kirtley Mather was on the Harvard geology Napoleon III, or the very person you were faculty from 1924 through 1954, and he taught studying. generations of Harvard students to appreciate Response by Mentoring is a subtle art. We are well the history of geology. Claude Albritton, Ursula KENNARD B. BORK advised to take lessons from people such as Marvin, Mary Rabbitt, Cecil Schneer, Sherman Joseph Schiller. While working across the table Wengerd, and many others, all profited from The answers to your potential questions from me at the Muséum, he saw that I was pur- Mather’s dedication to historical threads in the are: No, Yes, Yes, and Yes. suing topics in 18th century geology. He struck tapestry of modern science. In turn, Gould, (1) No, I did not expect to be standing up up conversations and was soon conducting me Marvin, Schneer, and Wengerd shared with here today. When I read François Ellenberger’s on casual strolls through his own neighbor- me illuminating Harvard-based stories about acceptance response in Seattle (1994), I had hood—past the homes of Gertrude Stein and Mather as a professor and a person. It’s a form not the slightest suspicion that I’d have to say Pablo Picasso. We would discuss a wide range of cyclical mentoring. something pithy on my own in three short of topics of mutual interest. And he would occa- As a speech at a small-college sesqui- years. (2) Yes, the magnitude of the contribu- sionally feign forgetfulness and seek my input. centennial grew into a book-length treatment of tions of past recipients of this award is abun- It soon dawned that his technique was Socratic Mather’s life in science and society, I was intro- dantly clear to me. (3) Yes, I also have a list of and his memory was in fact phenomenal. But I duced to the power of editing as a type of colleagues I would be delighted to see receiv- learned many a lesson through the quiet but teaching. Alan Leviton and Michele Aldrich ing this year’s award. And (4) Yes, despite my potent medium of conversation. were superb editors and taskmasters. Be genuine humility at this moment, I am indeed Almost exactly that same serendipitous forewarned that anyone working with Michele grateful to the committee for recognizing my experience repeated itself during Sabbatical II, should be prepared for a stream of humorous mixed blend of scholarly and administrative in 1980. The Bibliothèque was the same, but but sharply barbed cartoons about the trials of service to our discipline. And I thank Bill Brice the new key contact was François Ellenberger. writing and publishing. for his generous introduction. Not only has he helped many Anglophones Bob Dott and others, in previous com- My comments, pithy or not, will focus on appreciate French contributions to geology’s ments in this exact setting, have called atten- mentoring. The generosity of colleagues was development, but also as a one-man cyclone tion to the need for dialogue among “pure” critical in shaping my entry into the profession, of energy, François founded and guided the historians and “pure” geologists. A new day and I believe that it will be important to the Comité Français d’Histoire de la Géologie may dawn in which nicely welded geo-histori- future evolution of our discipline. In fact, when (COFHRIGEO). A number of us owe major ans arise fully fused from sophisticated pro- I looked at a list of past recipients of the Divi- debts to members of COFHRIGEO for their grams that actively link scientific and historical sion’s award, I was dazzled by how many ongoing support and sharing. When mentors training. For the nonce, we are fortunate in the awardees had directly helped me in my peregri- share their gifts, we are all enriched. Geological Society of America to have human nations through the halls of geoscience history. My 1980 research focused on 18th cen- resources such as Michele Aldrich, Ken Taylor, I have no desire to turn this into an Academy tury topics that intersected with the work of and a generation of younger persons with Awards name-dropping parade, but a brief Albert and Marguerite Carozzi. The Carozzis strong formal training in history who are willing accounting of my quarter century in the field have been extremely supportive over the years, to share ideas, methodologies, and standards. may illustrate the merits of mentoring. sharing elements of their own work, editing my

28 GSA TODAY, March 1997 Speaking of younger people and the Ginsburg, with the “Rock Star” profiles in GSA Web is not the same as an enlightening stroll dawning of new ages leads to my concluding Today. But note that even those innovations are through the streets of Paris, but it may be a remarks. In our own attempts to mentor brand- on paper! The use of the Internet and its Geo- viable example of electronic mentoring for the new historians of geology, we need to continue Clio Web site, proposed and implemented by coming millennium. building on the groundwork laid by Gerry Fried- Léo Laporte, Dean Dunn, and others, may be a Thanks again for conferring an excep- man, with Earth Sciences History, and Bob way to engage future generations. Cruising the tional award on a very surprised person.

possibility of validating ground-water models, O. E. MEINZER AWARD demonstrated that long-term model predictions presented to often have low accuracy when compared to the actual future outcome. This led some people to characterize me as being “anti-model” and per- LEONARD F. KONIKOW haps assume that I believed that all models are unreliable or even worthless. Of course, that’s not true either. So what am I, and what am I Citation by doing here? JOHN BREDEHOEFT I would characterize myself not as a mod- It is my pleasure to present the O. E. eler, but as a hydrogeologist, who uses models Meinzer Award to one of my colleagues, Lenny to help solve hydrogeologic problems. This is Konikow. I first met Lenny as a graduate stu- one reason why receiving this highest award dent. He was one of Dick Parizek’s students lick’s courses while Steve is on sabbatical in from the Hydrogeology Division of GSA means at Penn State; Dick was another of Burke Australia. so much to me. Maxey’s many students who pervade my The Meinzer Award is given on the I began my college education intending generation of the ground-water profession. basis of the merit of a single paper, or series to be a geologist. As an undergraduate geology He came to work in Colorado to do a Ph.D. of papers. In Lenny’s case, it is awarded for the major living in New York City, it was hard to see dissertation modeling the buildup of salt by irri- following three papers: “A three-dimensional where (or if) one might get a job as a geologist. gated agriculture in the aquifer associated with method-of-characteristics solute-transport Oil companies didn’t send recruiters to liberal the Arkansas River—a project I initiated, a pro- model (MOC3D),” by L. F. Konikow, D. Goode, arts colleges on Long Island. I think Phyllis (not ject we started when Ted Moulder was USGS and G. Z. Hornberger, U.S. Geological Survey yet my wife at that time) and both our families District Chief in Colorado. Lenny’s dissertation Water-Resources Investigation Report 96-4267, certainly thought it was quite strange that I was research was the first water-quality modeling 1996, 87 p.; “The value of postaudits in ground- majoring in geology, and they were uncertain effort of its kind. I recall his saying to me later, water model applications,” by L. F. Konikow, in about what a geologist did. In fact, for several “It is a good thing I knew how to program in Groundwater Models for Resource Analysis years after I started working for the U.S. Geo- FORTRAN, or I would have been lost.” He and Management (El-Kadi, editor), CRC Lewis logical Survey, my mother was still telling her used a bare bones transport code I wrote Publisher, 1995, p. 59–78; and “Ground-water friends that I worked for the National Geo- that needed modification to do the Arkansas models cannot be validated,” by L. F. Konikow graphic Society. analysis. and J. D. Bredehoeft, Advances in Water In 1966, with graduation from Hofstra Lenny went to work in the Colorado Dis- Resources, v. 15, p. 75Ð83. University approaching, I applied to several trict Office of the USGS, and then joined the Please join me in congratulating Lenny graduate schools. One of them was The Penn- water research group in Reston, where he has Konikow, recipient of the 1997 O. E. Meinzer sylvania State University. My intention was to had a distinguished career. He is one of the Award. specialize in geomorphology, and Penn State key individuals in the USGS National Water had a strong program in this area. Research Program. Much of his work has been Then the first of three critical events occurred on the path to this award. I got a on contaminant transport models; he was Response by senior author on the first widely used contami- summer job in 1966 working for Geraghty and nant transport code—MOC. He recently pub- LEONARD F. KONIKOW Miller, Inc., a ground-water consulting company lished an improved and revised 3D Method of Thank you very much, John. Members on Long Island, New York. I am grateful to Jim Characteristics code—MOC3D, one of the of the Management Board, friends, and col- Geraghty, Dave Miller, John Isbister, and Frits papers for which he is receiving this award. leagues—I was surprised and overwhelmed to van der Leeden, among others there, for show- Lenny pioneered in reevaluating model learn that I would receive this honor. It is a high ing me what hydrogeology was, how profes- analyses in an effort to determine how the mod- point of my professional career to receive the sional hydrogeologists did their work, and why els performed, especially the model predictions. Meinzer Award. hydrogeology was important enough that peo- This led to papers on postaudits, and a paper As I thought about this award and about ple were paying them to study ground water. we authored jointly, on model validation, or what to say, I realized that the selection of I saw the light. Here was a field within geology invalidation. One of his post-audits involved papers for which I was cited cover an interest- that was quantitative and objective, and also revisiting the Arkansas Valley. The earlier ing spectrum. The documentation of the had the fun and the challenge of geologic puz- model analysis indicated that salt would MOC3D solute-transport model reflects my zle-solving. By that, I mean inferring the nature continue to increase in the reach of the aquifer work as a model developer and a model user. and structure of the unseen subsurface envi- studied. Later sampling did not substantiate This type of work led some people to character- ronment from very limited data. But the out- the increase; ground water in the area had ize me as a “modeler” and perhaps infer that I come of hydrogeologic studies also had obvi- reached a steady state in concentration—an had little regard for field work and data collec- ous near-term and practical value, as people important conclusion for irrigation in the area. tion. Of course, that’s not true. The other cited would always need adequate supplies of good- Lenny is now at Stanford teaching Steve Gore- papers, on model postaudits and on the im- quality water. This led to a conclusion of inter-

GSA TODAY, March 1997 29 est to most college students: there was job in time, led to my career with the USGS. The As I look back over the 30-plus years potential here! impact that John had—and still has—on my since I was introduced to hydrogeology, I real- My second stroke of good luck came work (and on my career) is evident in the ize how fortunate I’ve been to have met and when I arrived at Penn State, and learned that papers cited for the Meinzer Award this year. worked with so many intelligent, wonderful they indeed had an eminent hydrogeologist on John is co-author of one of them, and another people—people I consider to be my friends. the faculty. With no advance notice that I would (the MOC3D transport model) is a direct deriva- I sincerely thank the Meinzer Award Committee be knocking on his door, Dr. Richard Parizek tive of an earlier 2-D model that John and I doc- for considering my work to be worthy of this took me under his wing, taught me, and guided umented in 1978, which, in turn, was derived recognition. It is indeed humbling to receive 1 me during my 5 ⁄2 years in graduate school. from work that I did with John that first summer this award and be added to the impressive list Dick created a stimulating learning environment in Colorado, and, in turn, was based on work of those who have received it previously. for his students, which enabled us to learn that John did with other USGS colleagues Finally, I thank Phyllis and our two daugh- from each other, as well as from him, and we before me. John, you’ve been a mentor and ters, Julie and Marcy, for their support and enjoyed doing it. I am forever grateful to him a role model, and I certainly wouldn’t be here encouragement, and for forgiving me when for making sure that I got the education, in both today without having received the benefit of my work and travel sometimes kept me away theory and practical aspects, that is the founda- your guidance and your generous sharing from home. It’s been great to share the adven- tion of my hydrogeological work. of ideas. I know I speak for everyone in the ture of life with them and with you. Thank you My third “good-luck” event came when I Hydrogeology Division in saying that we are very much. met John Bredehoeft at a scientific conference enormously pleased and proud that the broader in 1970, while I was still a graduate student. scientific community has honored you this year Several months later, John asked me to work with both the Penrose Medal from GSA and the with him in Colorado for the summer, which, Horton Medal from AGU.

classical theory of Bagnold against a wide G. K. GILBERT AWARD range of experimental conditions. While the ini- tial emphasis was Mars, Ron subsequently built presented to a wind tunnel that operates at Venusian pres- sures, and after the Magellan mission, he and RONALD GREELEY his group wrote a series of papers on eolian action on Venus. As a result of all this work, Ron has become recognized not only as an Citation by expert in planetary science but also as an MICHAEL H. CARR expert on terrestrial eolian processes, and he is frequently consulted on problems of desertifica- It seems quite appropriate that Ron tion and wind erosion. Ron’s achievements in Greeley should receive the G. K. Gilbert Award. eolian processes alone would, I think, justify Gilbert was first and foremost a field geologist, the Gilbert Award. but frequently turned to experimental modeling of papers comparing lunar rilles with lava tubes But, of course, Ron has done much more. to help explain what he had seen in the field. In and channels in Hawaii and the Snake River Through the 1980s, he continued his interest his biography of Gilbert, Stephen Pyne says of Plain. Work in both these areas resulted in pub- in volcanism. With Paul Spudis, he published him, “No explanation of a geologic event was lication of two superb field guides, both models a summary of volcanism on Mars, which still complete until it assumed a mathematical- in how a field guide should be written. Many of remains the best summary of what we know physical form, but no equation, no deduced you probably remember the planetology confer- about martian volcanism. He made estimates quantity could repeal a geologic fact.” The ence in Hilo in 1974 and how masterfully the of the volumes of volcanic rocks erupted on same could well be said of Ron. field trips and the overflights were organized. Mars as a function of time, and what these esti- After getting his Ph.D. from Mississippi During this same period in the early mates might imply about the amounts of water State in 1966, Ron went to work briefly with 1970s, probably stimulated by the new outgassed. With John Guest, he published Standard Oil, and most of you would be sur- Mariner-9 pictures from Mars, Ron started a 1:15,000,000 geologic map of the eastern prised to learn that most of his publications in using wind tunnels at Ames to simulate how hemisphere of Mars; stimulated by the Voyager the late 1960s were on paleontology. In 1967 eolian processes might operate on different results, he did experimental work on sulfur lava Ron was drafted, and the Army had the planets. These experiments led to a succession flows and impacts into low-viscosity targets. remarkably good sense to send him to Ames of very influential papers by Ron and coworkers In fact, the pictures from some of these experi- Research Center to work on Apollo-related Pollack, Iverson, White, and several others. ments are remarkably similar to those taken by problems; from there, his career in planetary These papers combined observation, theory, Gilbert in 1892 of experiments at the Office of science was launched. He retains today close and very careful, systematic experimental work Naval Research. One of my most vivid memo- connections with Ames, still being responsible in an attempt to refine the physics of eolian pro- ries of Ron during this period is set in Hawaii. for the running of the Mars and Venus wind cesses so that we could better understand We had gone to the Hawaiian Volcano Obser- tunnels, which he largely conceived, designed, eolian processes on other planets where con- vatory in hopes of getting out to an eruption and built. Although Ron had been hired by Don ditions are very different from here on Earth. on Kilauea’s east rift zone. The only way we Gault to work on cratering, Don gave Ron a They looked at all aspects of the problem—the could get there was by helicopter, but there pretty free rein. Soon after arriving at Ames, formation of wind streaks and dunes, initiation was no room inside the helicopter—so we were Ron became interested in lava tubes and lava of particle motion, saltation, abrasion by differ- strapped to the outside, on a shipping pallet. channels as possible analogs to lunar rilles, ent types of particles, effects of air density, What with the noise, the wash from the blades, and in the early 1970s he published a series effects of gravity, and so forth, testing the

30 GSA TODAY, March 1997 the heat from the fire fountain, and the smell in a civilian capacity to the Planetology Branch Not only did Steve support our geology of sulfur, it was quite a ride. at NASA-Ames in September 1967 to work for field work and planetary geologic mapping, Ron, selected for the Galileo Imaging Don Gault on impact cratering and analysis but when we showed him some experiments Team, and his group at Arizona State University of lunar orbiter pictures. Perhaps the Army run in a makeshift wind tunnel (a box with a fan have been very active both in the sequence thought that someone who worked on lunuliti- in one end), he suggested that we consider planning and in the interpretation of the result- form “bugs” belonged at NASA. Of course, doing some serious tests to simulate conditions ing images. Ron’s main focus recently has I knew absolutely nothing about the Moon, on Mars. Once again, I was faced with a topic been on Europa, and he is currently coordinat- NASA, or craters. Within weeks of my arrival, about which I knew nothing. But Ames was a ing geologic interpretation of Europa within the the annual meeting of the Meteoritical Society pretty good place to think about wind tunnels. team. As a result of his wide-ranging interests was held at Ames. This was my first contact I quickly learned, however, that the kind of and accomplishments, he was asked to chair with the cratering community and the geologists experiments we wanted to do to simulate aeo- COMPLEX, a National Academy committee in the USGS, including Don Wilhelms and, lian processes were totally different from air- that makes recommendations on the scientific I think, Mike Carr, along with the Barringer craft development. For some reason, no one strategy for the exploration of the planets. brothers, Harvey Nininger, and some 120 oth- at Ames wanted to blow sand and dust through I have worked closely with Ron on many ers. Up to this time, my experience at scientific their wind tunnels and screw up their instru- projects—on missions, on books, on proposals, meetings had been limited to paleontology ses- ments! However, I was told about an aeronauti- on papers—and I think his most outstanding sions, oil company meetings, and military pre- cal engineer at Iowa State who liked to do characteristic is his organizational ability. He sentations, all of which were pretty staid and crazy things, and that he might be interested in is a master at dividing complex tasks into their conservative, not only in the conduct of the the problem. After some phone calls and a visit component parts, delegating tasks, coordinat- meetings, but in the data content. What a con- to Iowa, we arranged for Jim Iversen to spend ing their integration, and leaving no loose ends. trast at the Meteoritical Society meeting. Opin- part of his sabbatical leave at Ames, during He started out his career in the army; had he ions were expressed with such passion—and which time we designed the Mars Surface Wind stayed, I am sure that he would have ended with so little data! Remember, this was prior to Tunnel. With the support of Steve Dwornik, we up Chairman of the Joint Chiefs. Ron, Apollo, and the ideas about the lunar surface drew together a consortium of investigators to congratulations. were pretty unconstrained. What great fun! study wind processes on the terrestrial planets. This was an exciting field with substantial chal- Over the years, the group has included Jim, his lenges, and I wanted to be a part of it, even if I former student Bruce White, Jim Pollack, Wes Response by didn’t know anything about the Moon or craters. Ward, Haim Tsoar, John Marshall, Rod Leach, RONALD GREELEY Don Gault gave me pretty much free rein and Nick Lancaster. at Ames, and within the year, along with Verne Planetary geology is driven by missions, Thank you, Mike. I am deeply grateful to Oberbeck and Bill Quaide, I became intrigued and I have had the good fortune to be included you, the Planetary Geology Division, and the with lunar sinuous rilles and possible terrestrial in many projects. Close relationships were Geological Society of America for this honor, analogs in the form of basaltic lava tubes. Don formed through these missions and, without and I am delighted to see so many friends and fully supported an extensive field program on exception, the project scientists and engineers, colleagues here. lava tubes, despite a NASA HQ person who team leaders, principal investigators, and col- I was fortunate in embarking in planetary said, “If I wanted to know about lava tubes, leagues on these projects are outstanding indi- science in its infancy—seeing new worlds for I would have someone at the USGS do the viduals who had and continue to have more the first time is not likely to be repeated for a study.” Fortunately for me, Ames chose to influence on me than they might imagine. long time. But perhaps more importantly, I have ignore HQ, and I was able to devote substantial Equally important, however, are students. been blessed by associations with people of time and effort to the study of volcanic land- Students have a marvelous capacity to keep the highest caliber, including my wife, friends, forms and processes, partly in the company of us honest! They ask fundamental questions students, colleagues, and mentors. my long-standing colleagues and friends John that we would otherwise tend to overlook. My graduate training and initial work were Guest and Jack King. When Carleton Moore sponsored my joining in paleontology. The Missouri School of Mining As the Apollo program started to wind ASU, I was delighted, and this was a move that and Metallurgy was not exactly a hotbed of down, changes were occurring within NASA. I have never regretted. I have had the good for- paleontology, however, and my adviser’s spe- During an annual HQ review, a new face tune to see students and postdocs mature into cialty was the study of fossil fish ear-bones, or showed up; Steve Dwornik was building the first-rate scientists who have far surpassed otoliths. Being a naive fellow, it did not occur to planetary (i.e., not lunar) geology program what I have been able to do. me that I ought to focus on my adviser’s spe- and heard presentations on volcanic analogs. Throughout my career I have had the cialty. Rather, I became intrigued with a differ- He asked if we had an interest in doing Mars steady support of my wife, Cindy. Despite my ent group of microfossils, termed lunulitiform research. Most of us were so immersed in prolonged absences in the field, on projects, bryozoans. My advisor, Don Frizzel, told me the study of the Moon that we really had not or in countless meetings, she has stood rock- he knew nothing about bryozoans (a bit of an thought about much else, but the Mariner 6 solid, always with a smile and positive outlook. understatement!) and that I would really be on and 7 data were offered, and we said, sure, Besides that, Cindy is a great editor, who has my own if I pursued this topic for a dissertation, it might be interesting(!). Within a few months, smoothed many a rough draft of mine, for but that he could provide general guidance. Mariner 9 started returning pictures of Mars, which I (and my readers) are grateful. Although initially this posed some difficulties, and this was the real turning point in under- I thank the Planetary Geology Division for in the long run it taught self-reliance and confi- standing martian geology. Steve was a master- the G. K. Gilbert Award. It has been my privi- dence in tackling an “unknown” topic indepen- ful program manager, and most of us in plane- lege and honor to work with the extended fam- dently. tary geology owe him enormous gratitude for ily of planetary scientists for the past 30 years. After going through the Army Image Inter- cultivating a diverse, productive, and cost- pretation Center, I was assigned by the Army effective program.

GSA TODAY, March 1997 31 KIRK BRYAN AWARD presented to GRANT A. MEYER STEPHEN G. WELLS A. J. TIMOTHY JULL

Citation by Meyer Wells Jull FRANK J. PAZZAGLIA Across old Route 66 from the University of research performed at the University of New narrow valley bottom overridden by prograding New Mexico there is a greasy-spoon diner with Mexico under the guidance and inspiration of alluvial fans, and a second characterized by a a distinct New Mexican flavor. For years now, his adviser, Dr. Steve Wells. Steve, who is now stream of greater sinuosity in a wide valley bot- the students and faculty of the UNM Quater- a director at the Desert Research Institute and tom where the toes of the alluvial fans are trun- nary Studies Group have conducted all of their Dr. Tim Jull, of the University of Arizona, are cated by fluvial processes. Deposit ages nicely official business there, inspired by the oil-on- Grant’s coauthors. Our honorees vividly illus- show the processes of flood-plain deposition black-velvet paintings. Such was the setting in trate how collaborative research and personal and widening, out of phase with the processes the early spring of 1989 when a new Ph.D. stu- expertise can be and should be constructively of alluvial fan aggradation by fire-related debris dent convened a meeting with his adviser and coordinated to produce a sum far greater than flow activity. The implications of these data are about a dozen student colleagues. Among the any single effort could realize. For example, profound. Here, there is an opportunity to pro- bowls of green chile, this student laid out sev- the paper shines in the area of debris flow pro- pose a clear and irrefutable link between hills- eral potential dissertation topics, ranging from cesses and sedimentology, reflecting just one lope and fluvial processes. But what is the com- active tectonics to glacial geology, and one by of the areas of expertise of Steve Wells, a geo- mon thread that ties the changes in hillslopes one, his perhaps overly critical peers found too morphologist who has the unique inspiration and rivers together? In the paper’s most impor- many problems with them. At the end of the and insight of Kirk Bryan’s last student, Dr. tant contribution, Grant shows that it is basin meeting, only two things were clear, the Ph.D. Charles Stern. There are many individuals hydrology, a hydrologic cycle that, not surpris- student did not yet have a dissertation project, here, including Grant and me, who have the ingly, beats to the pulse of millennial-scale but when he did formulate one it would be done distinct honor to have been instructed in field- changes in Holocene climate. in Yellowstone National Park. The meeting based process geomorphology in the spirit Fire-related debris flow activity and the ended with the student and his adviser making of Kirk Bryan by Steve. The paper leaves subsequent aggradation of alluvial fans are one more suggestion: “we could do something nothing to the imagination with respect to age promoted by relatively dry climatic conditions, with the fires; we should do something with the control, thus underscoring the importance of when moisture is concentrated in few, but fires.…” researchers, like Dr. Timothy Jull, who have intense convective summer storms. Hillslopes In the summer of 1988, Yellowstone devoted their careers to developing and per- are more likely to dry out during these times, National Park experienced the most wide- fecting reliable Quaternary dating techniques. producing fires and debris-flow activity, while spread and severe forest fires in the park’s Our discipline owes an important measure of at the same time promoting a lower base flow recorded history. In the northeastern part of gratitude to these colleagues. It takes a special and more flashy character for a narrow, incising the park, many low-order drainage basins individual to assimilate and integrate the sub- stream in the valley bottom. In contrast, a cli- were almost entirely decimated by intense, stantial contributions of collaborators into a mate that favors a slightly wetter, winter-domi- stand-replacing burns. These basins produced paper of the Kirk Bryan award caliber, but this is nated precipitation, which remains as a snow- numerous debris flows and floods between precisely what Grant Meyer has accomplished. pack longer into the year, suppresses large 1989 and 1991 that served as excellent modern Grant’s research focuses on the north- fires and subsequent debris flows, and pro- analogues for similar fire-related debris-flow eastern part of Yellowstone National Park, in motes a higher, more stable discharge for a events throughout the Holocene. It would have particular the Soda Butte, Slough Creek, and meandering stream that does not vertically been a fine and important contribution for a Lamar River drainages. The Holocene valleys incise as it intercepts sediment from the fan Quaternary scientist to simply document of these drainages consist of relatively flat, toes it cuts during valley bottom widening. the hydrologic, sedimentologic, or ecologic wide valley bottoms with well-preserved fluvial All of us young geomorphologists, response to the fires, but the work of the 1997 terraces, flanked by alluvial fans at the valley including Grant, have the distinct advantage Kirk Bryan recipients went well beyond those bottomÐhillslope transition. The paper’s first of conducting our research in the context of the contributions. Their work stands as an out- important contribution comes in its carefully laid contributions of the Bulls, Schumms, Ritters, standing field-based study that illustrates the out stratigraphic and sedimentologic criteria for Leopolds, and their students and colleagues links between form and process, hillslope and field identification of fire-related, probable fire- who have taught us about complex response fluvial systems, and climate change and land- related, and possible fire-related debris flow and the conceptual links between fluvial and scape response. deposits in the alluvial fans and their relative hillslope processes. In my opinion the greatest The 1997 Kirk Bryan Award is for the correlation to terrace deposits. Outstanding contribution of Grant’s research and what will paper entitled “Fire and Alluvial Chronology age control for the fan and terrace deposits is probably stand as its most enduring legacy is in Yellowstone National Park: Climatic and provided by no less than 78 radiocarbon dates, his careful field verification of the various pro- Intrinsic Controls on Holocene Geomorphic most of them from Dr. Tim Jull’s lab at the Uni- cess-response models proposed by the previ- Processes,” published in 1995 in the Geologi- versity of Arizona. Grant describes how the ous generation of process geomorphologists. cal Society of America Bulletin. The first author morphology of the terraces and the fans sug- The next generation of process geomorphology and passion behind the paper’s research is gested that the Holocene valleys have at least textbooks should rightfully use the research Dr. Grant Meyer of Middlebury College. two relatively stable configurations: one charac- we honor here as the field-based example The paper encapsulates Grant’s dissertation terized by a low-sinuosity stream in a relatively of precisely how fluvial systems are linked to

32 GSA TODAY, March 1997 their hillslopes, in both the sedimentologic and from the steeper burned basins in subsequent nature of our work as geomorphologists and hydrologic senses, where all processes dance years. More than once I’ve been accused of Quaternary scientists we fill in those blank to the beat of a changing climate. helping the fires out with some matches and spots. Yet if the essential wildness remains, On the inside, Grant Meyer is intensely gasoline! I believe that we have learned, how- with processes largely undirected by human passionate about his geomorphologic research ever, that it takes much more than an ignition activities, then the landscape retains its quality and equally passionate about the role that source for Yellowstone to burn catastrophically, and value in a more meaningful sense. Per- geomorphologic research should appropriately as it did in 1988; it takes severe summer haps, through our efforts it may be more valued play in the understanding and protection of drought. The Holocene record suggests that by virtue of increased understanding; that is my our nation’s greatest treasures—our National drought of this severity develops rarely, but is hope and humble wish. Thank you. Parks. On the outside, he is a quiet, humble, more common during rather discrete climatic and unassuming man who has, no doubt by episodes. So there was a major element of this time, concluded that I have spoken too chance, or luck if you will, in the opportunity to Response by long. Before I close, I leave you with one last study fire-related sedimentation in Yellowstone STEPHEN G. WELLS thought. At this and all recent GSA meetings, with an actualistic approach. Of course, I was we could treat ourselves to numerous fine very lucky just to be able to indulge my curiosity I want to express my deepest gratitude to presentations of Quaternary paleoclimatic about the landscape in such a magical place, Frank Pazzaglia and to my colleagues here research, most of which focus on the acquisi- not far from where I grew up. tonight for bestowing this year’s Kirk Bryan tion and interpretation of high-resolution paleo- Although I’ve always had a love of land- Award on Grant, Tim, and myself. It is an climatic proxies. The research we honor here forms and rivers, it was Bill Locke at Montana unimaginable honor to have our 1995 GSA with the Kirk Bryan Award is one of the very State University who taught me the importance Bulletin paper recognized in this manner by few, special examples of geomorphologic of critical thinking and a process-based our colleagues in the Quaternary Geology and research which answers that far more difficult approach in understanding their evolution. Geomorphology Division and in the Geological and in my opinion, important question: “How, I was also fortunate to work with Steve Wells, Society of America. It is also an equal privilege are changes in climate, especially those that at the University of New Mexico, whose broad to share this award with a colleague who was a occur on human time scales, manifested in interests and expertise accommodated the former graduate student of mine at the Univer- the landscape and the processes that shape shifts and swings in my search for a Ph.D. sity of New Mexico and another colleague who them?” In essence, process geomorphology research topic, and provided the counterbal- has collaborated with me on several projects should occupy a critical niche in our ever- ance to some of the wilder ideas. I’m grateful over the past several years. Through his metic- expanding pursuit of Earth system science and for the collaboration that developed and grew ulous and devoted efforts, Tim Jull has pro- global change issues. These are the questions to include Tim Jull. vided geomorphologists, such as Grant and and challenges for the future of process geo- A figure looming tall over the Quaternary myself, a clock with which we can establish morphology, and the field is in good hands with geology of Yellowstone and the Rocky Moun- reliable, lasting chronologies and with which young scientists like Grant Meyer assuming tains is Ken Pierce, who has been a great we can accurately measure rates of surficial the challenge. I hope you will join with me in source of inspiration and support for me. It is processes. Without these types of geochrono- acknowledging the accomplishments and never difficult to talk Ken into a field excursion, logic databases, studies such as ours would reception of the Kirk Bryan Award to our tri- no matter how many meters of relief are never have been successful. If one measures authors, Dr. Steve Wells, Dr. Tim Jull, and a involved. Back at New Mexico, Gary Smith was the richness of professors’ lives in the character very special friend of mine and a most deserv- of enormous help in interpreting sedimentary and accomplishments of their graduate stu- ing young geomorphologist, Dr. Grant Meyer. processes and deposits, and there’s hardly a dents, I may be one of the richest individuals topic in geology that he doesn’t have some on Earth. Over the past 21 years in academia, interest in or knowledge of. Les McFadden and I have been both enlightened and enriched by Response by Roger Anderson also offered new outlooks and my students. Sharing the Kirk Bryan Award with GRANT A. MEYER methods. On a day-to-day basis, the primary Grant Meyer is perhaps one of the highest hon- source of ideas and stimulating discussions ors that I will achieve. My colleagues and I are very grateful were my fellow graduate students at UNM— I must point out, however, that Frank’s to be the recipients of the Kirk Bryan award. and what a vibrant group of students they were! generous citation was somewhat unclear on I’m glad to be in the company of so many col- The graduate students were the critical sound- one point: the main reason for holding our leagues and friends for this occasion, and I ing board for ideas, and I’m grateful for the meetings at that Albuquerque diner is that true express my deepest appreciation to Frank and invaluable help and friendship you have all geomorphic inspiration can only be achieved everyone who is here tonight to share in this provided. And UNM is where I met my partner with heavy doses of Hatch green chiles and tra- honor. and greatest source of inspiration, Paula Watt. ditional New Mexican salsa! In addition to such I’d like to explain some of the details of I’d like to thank the Quaternary Geology inspirations, Grant’s and my suggestion to “do how I got started on the work that resulted in and Geomorphology Division for this honor. something” with the great Yellowstone wildfires the fire and alluvial chronology paper. In late That honor is shared by many other colleagues of 1988 was conceived in terms of two basic June of 1988, when the Yellowstone fires were past and present, in particular those who have understandings. First, as Grant’s adviser, I still small, the only significant thunderstorm to laid the foundations for our efforts, and those clearly saw that Yellowstone, our nation’s first occur that summer generated flash floods that who recognize the value of field-based National Park, served as a scientific and spiri- incised alluvial fan channels in the Soda Butte research. I am especially thankful for the tual Mecca for him. Grant’s passion to devote Creek drainage. In exploring the resulting ex- remarkable foresight of our predecessors in his scholarly efforts and creativity to solve one posures, I saw that charcoal-rich debris-flow protecting Yellowstone, for even when the park of the many geologic problems of the Yellow- deposits were quite common, and I wondered was established in 1872 there were many who stone region had to be fulfilled. Second, as a if the debris flows were a product of past fires. thought it wrong to “lock up” such a potentially member of the National Park Service and U.S. An appropriate modern analog is really profitable area for development. As Aldo Forest Service’s Greater Yellowstone Ecologi- necessary to test such an idea. Little did I know Leopold wrote, “I am glad that I shall never be cal Assessment Panel in 1988 and 1989, I saw that the fires would grow into major complexes young without wild country to be young in. Of that several challenges faced ecologists and containing almost one million acres, and that what avail are forty freedoms without a blank managers charged with interpreting the conse- numerous debris flows and floods would issue spot on the map?” In a literal sense, by the very quences of the wildfires of 1988. With respect

GSA TODAY, March 1997 33 to magnitude of ecosystem responses and the Finally, I have been fortunate to live, work, less than a milligram of carbon. It has been a associated implications for landscape manage- and teach in New Mexico, where Kirk Bryan pleasure to be able to work with two such dedi- ment, it was unclear whether the scale of the was a native son, was introduced to geology, cated scientists, whom I would describe as 1988 fires could be considered natural. Did and later carried out his scholarly studies. “gentlemen of science.” such extensive burning occur without the influ- I would like to thank a colleague and friend I would like to acknowledge the dedicated ence of human activity? We understood that who tutored me through his historical narratives work of my colleagues and coworkers at the the Holocene geologic record could provide the of Kirk Bryan and his knowledge of the Rio accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) labora- necessary clues to help answer this question if Grande rift during my 15 years in New Mexico. tory at the University of Arizona. Without their the geomorphic and sedimentologic conse- Charles Stearns was Kirk Bryan’s graduate stu- dedication to both precision and accuracy, and quences of the wildfires could be used suc- dent in 1950 when Bryan died “with his boots long hours of work, this particular study would cessfully as an analog to interpret the Holocene on” at an archaeological conference in Cody, not have been possible. It is easy to forget how depositional sequences within the valley floors. Wyoming. Charles has given me insights into much effort is expended by these less visible It was also our sincere goal as geomorpholo- the man we acknowledge and revere with this coworkers, who are no less important to the gists to provide research results that not only award. In receiving this award, I would like to project. elucidated Yellowstone’s Holocene history but share some of Charles’s insights which have The work honored here would not have also could be effectively used by Yellowstone’s touched my life. Kirk Bryan was an extraordi- been possible even 15 years ago. It is the stewards, who are charged with managing nary teacher who considered nothing to be continued development of AMS and its wide these vast natural phenomena. Allowing the more important than his students and who acceptance that made this type of work natural fires to burn and maintaining biotic found no greater satisfaction than when one feasible. associations that were observed by the first of his students successfully led him to new con- I think this award is an acknowledgement European visitors became a fundamental part cepts and thoughts. He guided his students to by the QG&G Division of the contribution of of Yellowstone Park management in 1963, be independent thinkers and to be active col- those who do the painstaking dating work in the when Starker Leopold and a committee of laborators, “not passive disciples.” Bryan used laboratory, in support of field studies in geomor- ecologists were charged with addressing the Rio Grande depression as a training ground phology. Clearly, the results of our study, which wildlife management issues. As pointed out because he fundamentally considered geomor- is honored here and which Grant has so ably by Schullery in 1989, Yellowstone National Park phology to be a field science through which described, shows how important the measure- has been a controversial testing ground for the geologic debate is founded on thorough field ments are. A casual glance at GSA’s program Leopold report, the 1988 wildfires providing the observations. Finally, Bryan had an abiding shows the number and detail of many radiocar- sternest test. Grant, Tim, and I all share in the concern for the relationship of humans to their bon and AMS applications, and how quickly hope that geomorphological studies such as environment that may have ultimately led him they have become integrated into all manner ours will contribute to the understanding, main- to scholarly studies involving geology and of studies. tenance, and preservation of ecological pro- archaeology. Through this award, Kirk Bryan’s I have been extremely fortunate to be able cesses within this world treasure. achievements should serve as a measure for to contribute to the AMS program at the Univer- It is important that I acknowledge a few all geomorphologists and Quaternary geolo- sity of Arizona. I can remember going to Tuc- key individuals who have influenced my life and gists whose passion lies in teaching and in son in 1981 and expecting to stay on a short- allowed me to pursue my fundamental passion, applying their knowledge to better the steward- term postdoctoral position of 2Ð3 years. Little field geology, as well as shaped my career. ship of landscapes. did I know at that time how successful this field First to my wife, Beth, and my children, Chris and this particular enterprise would become. and Katie, I express my deepest gratitude for I accept this award not only for myself but your patience and understanding of a field Response by also in recognition of the contribution of all my geologist’s nomadic behavior and those long A. J. TIMOTHY JULL colleagues at the University of Arizona, whose absences during my field excursions. To Lee dedication and support made this possible. Suttner and Judson Mead, two mentors who I also would like to thank the Quaternary introduced me to Yellowstone and the Northern Geology and Geomorphology Division for this Rockies during Indiana University Geologic prestigious award. It certainly came as a com- Field Camp in 1969, you gave me the opportu- plete surprise to me. Grant and Steve have nity to conduct my first independent research in already discussed many aspects of the work fluvial systems and the first opportunity to teach that is honored here. This work is an excellent and inspire others. My graduate adviser, Larry example of what can be achieved by scientific Lattman, has always served as a guide and collaboration. This collaborative project is also trusted friend during my professional career. an excellent example of what can be achieved He set levels for my scientific standards and with accurate and precise dating of very small gave me the confidence to take those excep- samples; we can get a lot of information from tional chances in life’s journey. My sincere grati- tude goes to a long list of field comrades who have provided intellectual stimulation, creative inspiration, and great friendship in a variety of settings, including soil trenches, deep arroyos, and flickering campfires. Special among these colleagues are Les McFadden, Ray Ingersoll, Tom Gardner, John Hawley, Adrian Harvey, and Aaron Yair.

34 GSA TODAY, March 1997 academia (many of the latter under the direc- STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY tion of former students or visitors to Uppsala), Hans was becoming addicted to computers. AND TECTONICS DIVISION Thereafter, he left analogue modeling to others CAREER CONTRIBUTION AWARD while he himself explored the potential of numerical modeling. His first paper in which presented to numerical models joined theory and analogue experiments was with Harald Berner and Ove HANS RAMBERG Stephansson in 1972. Hans went on to develop (1975) analytical theories for particle paths, displacements, and progressive strains and Citation by opened up yet another field, the spectrum of CHRISTOPHER TALBOT pure through subsimple and simple shear to and PETER HUDLESTON special centrifuges (which are still running, oscillating supershears. On retirement in 1982, now with internal squeeze boxes and heating). Hans was appointed emeritus professor and Hans Ramberg was born 80 years ago in Until then, experimental rock mechanics replaced by two chair positions. He continued Trondheim on the west coast of Norway. After a was only about squeezing and pulling real publishing on concepts important for an under- strong grounding in chemistry and physics dur- rocks in real time. Hans’s new approach was standing of tectonic processes (1986) and ing his first degree at Oslo University (1943), rigorously based on the principles of geometric, developed numerical models for the gravity Hans Ramberg’s monumental career began kinematic, and dynamic scaling. By increasing spreading and sliding of nappes (1991). Long with studies of structural and metamorphic the body force exerted in nature by gravity, after his official retirement, when his early stu- problems in the Norwegian Caledonides for his complicated 20 × 2 cm models painstakingly dents and visitors were becoming professors Ph.D. in 1946 and, for the next five summers, in constructed with carefully chosen model materi- throughout the world, Hans would appear in the west Greenland. These field observations led to als easily handled at 1 g were then deformed at laboratory, peer over shoulders and ask a few a deep personal drive to understand the funda- up to 2,000 g in a centrifuge for about ten min- pertinent questions that would often change the mental thermodynamics behind mineral assem- utes to simulate natural crustal structures that course of the experiments. For his 70th birth- blages, his first 30 papers about petrogenesis took tens of millions of years to form. day in 1989, Hans completed the cycle of his and mineral chemistry, and his first influential Within a few years of start-up, the cen- career by summarizing the thermodynamics book, The Origin of Metamorphic and Metaso- trifuges had become a cornucopia. Scaled not of petrogenesis but of rock deformation matic Rocks (University of Chicago Press, models produced by Hans’s assistants and structures. 1952), when he was a professor of geochem- students simulated crustal isostasy, rift valleys Many geologists from around the world istry at the University of Chicago (1948 to 1961). opening to oceans and the growth of continents made their way to Uppsala to visit Hans, and As a research associate with the Carnegie (1964) and mantle convection. Other models they were always made welcome. They were Geophysical Laboratory in Washington were not only of individual structures such as subjected to close questioning by Hans about (1952Ð1955) Hans turned his attention to the glaciers (1964), plutons (1970), and salt domes their research and usually found their views origin of structures in pegmatites. He first used (1970), but also the structural patterns then challenged. Hans would listen intently during engineering theory to attribute natural and being mapped in orogens and sedimentary seminars, and he enjoyed the debates that fol- experimental boudins with a variety of styles basins of all ages in every continent, from lowed, frequently playing the devil’s advocate to extension along thin sheets induced by Archean granite-greenstone terrains through in his inimitable impish manner. He welcomed compression across them. His picture of tensile nappe-piles in the Alps to salt diapir provinces visitors to sit in on his lectures, which he then stresses concentrating mid-way along succes- in extensional basins. Hundreds of these beau- proceeded to give in English, switching occa- sive generations of boudins, which repeatedly tiful models illustrated basic theoretical con- sionally back into a mixture of Swedish and halve in length, was developed in a single cepts in his second book Gravity, Deformation Norwegian before catching himself. paper (1955) and is a concept that has been and the Earth’s Crust (Academic Press, Lon- Nobody could replace Hans Ramberg, improved on very little since. Hans then went don, 1967). This book, and its second edition but Christopher Talbot, who followed him into on to use fluid dynamics to explain the ratios in 1981, helped generations of geoscientists the difficult task of keeping the laboratory near of wavelength to thickness of ptygmatic folds to reach new levels of understanding of the the forefront of tectonic modeling, had first met in terms of buckling of thin viscous sheets. In dynamics behind the phenomena they saw Hans at a conference in the mid-1970s and a remarkable suite of about 13 papers (1959Ð in the field or literature. Hans’s introduction of asked why so many structures attributed to 1964), Hans differentiated passive from active scaled analogue experiments had a profound gravity were symmetric about inclined rather folds and accounted for folds in multilayers that influence on structural geologists and tectoni- than vertical axes. The answer was, “I don’t could be harmonic or disharmonic and major or cians at a time when the concept of orogeny know, but come to Uppsala and find out.” minor on scales at which the influence of grav- was floundering in countless categories of As an undergraduate, Hans had married ity is significant or not. geosynclines. However, the almost simultane- in 1942 one of his early school friends, Marie Hans returned to Scandinavia in 1961 ous advent of the understanding of plate tec- Louise (Lillemor), and for more than 50 years as professor of mineralogy and petrology at tonics changed the focus of continental geolo- they have maintained a summer cottage on Uppsala University, while maintaining his cross- gists toward the lateral forces that open and a Norwegian fjord the geology of which Hans Atlantic links as visiting professor at universities close oceans due to gravity on a larger scale; described in 1973. He always maintained that in Brazil (1959Ð1960) and Connecticut (1970Ð gravity overturns of hot crust tended to be rele- “without field work there is no geology.” Every 1975). His papers on theoretical petrogenesis gated to the old “fixist” view. Hans’s analogue summer it was open house in Vestranden to then diminished to a trickle while he began experimental approach in his “baker’s-shop- a stream of friends prepared to help Hans fish establishing the tectonic laboratory now named not-a-laboratory” were condemned by many from his boat and be shown the local geology. after him. Having equipped himself, he began of his contemporaries as “not real geology” Social evenings with Hans and Lillemor invari- testing his mechanical theories, first in pure and but can now be considered as having been ably ended with discussions on the implications simple shear boxes and then, having discov- in the mainstream of the geosciences. of major advances in current science from ered their potential using an old example aban- While analogue modeling laboratories black holes to the DNA molecule. doned in the basement at Chicago, using two were proliferating throughout industry and

GSA TODAY, March 1997 35 Including the two books, Hans Ramberg’s not only those who helped by support and After Chicago he was called to the Uni- publications number “only” about 100, but their encouragement, but also those who helped by versity of Uppsala in Sweden. Great faith was extraordinary influence emphasizes their pene- being critical of him and his work. Both have placed in him by the university and his col- trating quality. Hans Ramberg is a giant of the served to stimulate and inspire his efforts. leagues there, but also through the years by geosciences, and we have been privileged to Those efforts have often gone in unconven- the Swedish Natural Science Research Council know and learn from him. He has accumulated tional directions, and Hans has always been and the Swedish Board of Technical Develop- many other awards in his career, but the Career pleased that so many of his colleagues have ment, which generously supported and made Contribution Award of the Structural Geology been able to be receptive to his new possible the equipment needed to dare to do and Tectonics Division of GSA is for his consis- approaches. things that no one had done before. And again, tent focus on fundamentals and for his promi- Right from the outset in the late 1930s he thrived. nent role in bringing first metamorphic petrology at the University in Oslo he was encouraged Throughout his career he has valued and then structural geology and tectonics from to explore new avenues. There were giants highly his continuing free scientific exchange descriptive exercises to theoretical and experi- in geology at that time in Norway. Victor Gold- of ideas with colleagues in America, assisted mental sciences. schmidt was breaking new ground in geochem- by his association with the University of Con- istry. Tom Barth, freshly returned from the necticut and the many opportunities it provided Geophysical Laboratory, was full of new ideas to return to the United States. Response on behalf of about crystal chemistry, mineralogy, and petrol- At the universities where he has taught HANS RAMBERG ogy. There was excitement and stimulus for the and led research, he has appreciated his many young Norwegian student, but at the same time excellent colleagues, assistants, and students, by PAUL H. REITAN there was insistence upon good grounding in and it is especially those who worked with him There is no one here more unhappy than chemistry and physics, which were recognized in Sweden who share this honor. At the risk of I that Hans Ramberg, himself, is not here to as essential tools with which to explore and test leaving someone out, I must nevertheless receive the 1997 Career Contribution Award of these new ideas. From Olaf Holtehahl, espe- mention a few by name: Ove Stephansson, the Structural Geology and Tectonics Division. cially, Hans learned great respect and love for Harald Berner, John Dixon, Subir Ghosh, Unfortunately, Hans is not well enough to be field work, and that the field is the source of the Håkan Sjöström, Rolf Häll, Surendra Saxena, able to make the trip from Sweden; he has most basic facts of our science. Tom Barth had Hans Annersten, Tom Ekström, Anders begun to show the symptoms of Alzheimer’s a special role in stimulating Hans with his Wikström, Genene Mulugeta, Karl-Erik disease and has started treatment for recently assumption of professor-and-student-as-equals Strömgard, Olle Dahl, Alfred “Mike” Frueh, diagnosed cancer. So I, a student and friend of in the pursuit of answers to questions. Hans Ralph Kretz, Harmon Craig, George DeVore, his for 45 years, was asked to be here on his has always afterward valued this bedrock and Bob Miller; all of them are valued in behalf. grounding for his approach to science that was Hans’s memory. Let me begin by thanking you, Peter, and formed there in Oslo at that time. Finally, if Hans were here, I know he Chris Talbot, too, for the kind and generous Soon afterward, as a new member of the would close by acknowledging the single con- citation. When it was read to Hans, his com- faculty, he entered the environment of the Uni- stant support from before his career began until ment, typical of his wry humor, was: “Sounds versity of Chicago in the late 1940s and early after it was finished, his wife Lillemor, who has like an interesting fellow.” No one ever expects 1950s. There, too, there was freedom to go his undying gratitude. a recognition and distinction such as this, so it beyond the conventional routes; there was comes as one of life’s major pleasant surprises. stimulation and inspiration and discussion in On Hans’s behalf, I express his deep gratitude the search for new questions of importance to the Structural Geology and Tectonics Divi- and new ways of examining all questions, old sion of the Geological Society of America. But and new. He thrived. that gratitude extends back over many years, to all of the people who helped him to accomplish what he has done during his career, including

36 GSA TODAY, March 1997 GSAF UPDATE

Valerie G. Brown, Director of Development, GSA Foundation

Fund to Honor Gene Shoemaker

Last September, with deepest regret, In light of such regard, GSA is honored we carried news of the untimely death of to have a part in perpetuating Gene’s name Eugene M. Shoemaker in an auto accident and achievement. The fund will be admin- in Australia while he and Carolyn, his wife istered in collaboration with the Planetary and colleague, were there doing field Geology Division to provide research grants work. for young geoscientists studying impact This month, with deepest gratitude, phenomena. The dedication is a singularly we bring news of a fund in Gene’s mem- appropriate reminder that Gene and Car- ory established with the GSA Foundation. olyn made history with their identification Gene’s family received over $7,000 in of the Shoemaker-Levy comet, notable for memorial gifts from around the world— its spectacular collisions with Jupiter. Gene Shoemaker indisputable evidence of the great regard Gene Shoemaker heeded John Gene inspired both professionally and per- Donne’s urging to “Go, and catch a falling Gifts to the Eugene M. Shoemaker sonally. The many generous contributors star.” Investments in the memorial fund Crater Studies Fund may be sent to the are recognized in the accompanying list will enable GSA to catch the rising stars GSA Foundation at P.O. Box 9140, Boul- of donors. and to help them on their way. der, CO 80301. ■

Donors to the Foundation, December 1997 Digging Up the Past Antoinette Lierman Doris M. Curtis GEOSTAR Most memorable early geological Medlin Scholarship Memorial Leandro Addarich experience: Award ARCO Foundation, Inc.* John C. Crowell* Roger S. Austin* Jessica E. Donovan* David Graham Hardy First person to explore the Mountain River, a tributary of the MacKenzie C. S. Venable Barclay John-Mark G. Staude Charles Lum Drake River, NWT, Canada; mapped the Katherine J. Howard Koike Toshio International Grant geology, staked a wildcat there, Frank E. Kottlowski* Michele M. Hluchy History of Geology 1943, Canal Project. in honor of Award Edward C. Beaumont Shirley Dreiss —John M. Parker Gretchen Luepke James W. McDougall Memorial Carolyn S. DeVine Arthur D. Howard Birdsall Award James S. Dinger Fund Anne E. Carey John C. Frye William B. Bull Jessica E. Donovan* John Decker* ◆ Robert V. Cushman Environmental Ardith K. Hansel Alan R. Dutton Ardith K. Hansel ◆ James S. Dinger Award William D. McCoy Douglas R. Gouzie Douglas R. Gouzie Hydrogeology Frank E. Kottlowski* Leslie D. McFadden George M. Hornberger* Maureen A. Muldoon Division Award in honor of Charles G. Mull Miriam Kastner Mark A. Person Marc J. Hinton John W. Hawley Peter D. Rowley William B. Lyons John M. Sharp, Jr. Darryll T. Pederson* Alvin R. Leonard Maureen A. Muldoon Carol G. and John T. Joe C. Yelderman, Jr. Mark A. Person Institute for John F. Mann McGill Fund Cady Memorial John M. Sharp, Jr. Environmental Institute Manuel G. Bonilla ◆ Award Fund Joe C. Yelderman, Jr. Education John F. Mann, Jr.* Richard Lung ◆ Edward C. Dapples Jeremy M. Boak Dwornik Planetary John T. Dillon Memorial Fund Samuel A. Friedman Joanne Bourgeois* Geoscience Award Alaska Scholarship Edward C. Dapples* Frank E. Kottlowski* James Channing Cole Stephen E. Dwornik Award in memory of in honor of Virginia A. De Lima* Robert W. Wichman Joseph L. Corones Laurence L. Sloss Aureal T. Cross Gerald I. Eidenberg James R. Zimbelman John Decker* Gretchen Luepke Minority Fund Allan V. Cox Student Charles G. Mull Engineering Timothy M. Lutz John F. Childs Scholarship Award Florence Robinson Geology Award Janine S. Mauersberg Raymond M. Coveney, Laurie Brown Weber Charles W. Welby* ◆ Scott W. Petersen Jr.* Robert S. Coe Charles C. Rich Lipman Research Ricardo Hernandez John Decker* Farouk El-Baz Fund ◆ Donna and James Fund Lincoln S. Hollister* Harold E. Malde* Farouk El-Baz* Russell ◆ Peter W. Lipman* Harold E. Malde* Building William D. Rose, Jr. International J. Hoover Mackin *Century Plus Roster Expansion Fund Steven Slaff Division Award Award (gifts of $150 or more). Gordon P. Eaton* ◆ ◆ Brian J. Skinner Julie Brigham-Grette Second Century Fund. Donors continued on p. 38

GSA TODAY, March 1998 37 Donors Jeffrey A. May Shoemaker Fund George W. Podd Brian J. Cooper continued from p. 37 Thane H. McCulloh Wayne and Betty Albin Geneva Preis William W. Craig*◆ Nancy W. McHone Anonymous Robert and Judith Robert V. Cushman Frederic H. Wilson Joseph M. McKniff Alma N. Arnold Prescott Althea DeBellis North-Central William G. Minarik Paul J. and Mary Clark E. Reece David P. Dethier Section Endowment Mark S. Newton Babbitt Nancy Riggs Raymond L. Eastwood Fund Phyllis M. Radack Charles W. and Diane Heath Rosenberg Jerry P. Eaton ◆ John C. Palmquist Richard H. Ragle Charlotte Barnes Susan Sabala-Foreman Farouk El-Baz◆ Northeastern Michel P. Semet Michael J. Belton Family Frances Fields Walter S. Snyder G. L. and Judith Berlin Janis L. Schoenfeld Michael R. Fisher Section Endowment ◆ Fund Howard Spero Donald Bills James M. Scott Robert E. Fox Jon C. Boothroyd* John-Mark G. Staude Ron Blakely Family Sidner and Joanne Scott Robert L. Fuchs* Farouk El-Baz◆ Ronald J. Wasowski Carol S. Breed* Dena and Randy Servis Roy K. Garman ◆ Bonnie Briscoe Robert P. Sharp George R. Gibson* Kenneth N. Weaver Rocky Mountain Donald E. Brownlee II Estel L. and Martha P. Julian R. Goldsmith Section Endowment Penrose Conferences Mary L. Chidester Shoemaker Dorothy J. Gore Estate Fund Y. W. Isachsen ◆ Henry S. F. Cooper, Jr.* Leon T. Silver* Anita L. Grunder Bruce H. Bryant* Sigmund Snelson Conard and Carol Abraham and Judith James N. Gundersen* Publications Keith Runcorn Fund Dahn Springer Claudia J. Hackbarth Richard Arnold Davis John Decker* Ned and Jessica Danson Thomas W. Stern Robert D. Hatcher, Jr.* Faith E. Rogers SAGE Merton E. and Louise David J. Stevenson* Richard C. Hepworth A. L. Washburn* Thomas M. Berg Davies* Paula Szkody David F. Hess Jeremy M. Boak◆ Donald R. Davis* U.S. Geological Survey Carol T. Hildreth Bruce L. “Biff” Reed Carl F. Dreesen Joseph and Leanora Louis S. Hochman Scholarship Joanne Bourgeois* Stephen M. Byrnes Ernest M. Duebendorfer Wujek Roger L. Hooke John Decker* Richard K. Hose Michael Levi Ronald and Cynthia Harold T. Stearns Charles G. Mull Michael E. Hriskevich Cummings Greeley Fellowship Award Roger L. Jacobson Research Grants Gerald I. Eidenberg Paul and Donna Harmon Craig* Gail M. Ashley EXXON Corporation*◆ Hanselmann Peter R. Johnson Unrestricted— Hans G. Avé Lallemant* William C. Graustein* Kenneth and Junene James A. Joy Foundation Joanne Bourgeois* Michael W. Hamburger Hansen G. Randy Keller Kamal Seyi Abiodun Francis R. Boyd, Jr. Ardith K. Hansel◆ James and Maxine Charles W. Klassette Clarence R. Allen* Brian S. Carl Susan D. Hovorka Heath James E. Kline William H. Allen James W. Castle J. Richard Kyle Doris Hilpert Family William F. Kohland Zalman S. Altschuler Clement G. Chase Maureen P. Leshendok Peter Hodge Konrad B. Krauskopf* Francis D. Anderson John F. Childs Timothy M. Lutz Josephine A. Jackson Chris M. Kravits Frank G. Andrews James Channing Cole Steven E. Mains Lindley N. Johnson Evan C. Leitch Thomas L. Annaratone Louis C. Conant* Peter I. Nabelek Michael and Robin S. Benedict Levin ARCO Foundation, Inc. John D. Cooper J. Michael O’Neill Kaiserman Robert G. Lindblom Paul A. Bailly* Michael Levi Charles C. Rich Virginia Keiper Kevin A. Lindsey David B. Bannan Cummings Lee R. Russell Susan W. Kieffer Mark J. Logsdon* C. S. Venable Barclay Donald W. Curran Dietmar Schumacher Gerald and Katherine Richard Lung ◆ Daniel H. N. Barker H. Allen Curran Patricia O. Seaward Kron* Steven E. Mains Thomas Beard ◆ Charles C. Daniel III Walter S. Snyder Thomas and Ursula Charles J. Mankin* Robert W. Blair Susan L. Dougherty John-Mark G. Staude Marvin Stephen Marshak Jon C. Boothroyd* Ernest M. Duebendorfer Laureen C. Wagoner Dennis L. Matson* Ursula B. Marvin Kennard B. Bork Robert F. Dymek Roger M. Waller John F. McCauley* Duncan A. Willi K. Braun David E. Eby Karen L. Wetmore Jim I. Mead McNaughton Madeleine Briskin Russell C. Evarts Charles Marsh Meteor Crater Brainerd Mears, Jr. Donald A. Brobst John A. Fagerstrom Woodruff, Jr. Enterprises, Inc.* Thomas J. Messenger Michael R. Fisher Robert and Julia Millis F. Eyolf Bronner Maria C. Moya South-Central Paul Morgan Family Severn P. Brown Rosalind Munro David P. Gold ◆ Anita L. Grunder Section Endowment William and Sally Bruce H. Bryant* Haydn H. Murray* Fund Muehlberger* J. David Bukry* Thornton L. Neathery William K. Hart ◆ Robert D. Hatcher, Jr.*◆ Arthur W. Cleaves II Jean E. Mueller Donald M. Burt* Ogden W. Nine, Jr. Peter M. Jacobs Southeastern J. Dale and Audrey Alfred L. Bush E. A. Noble Suzanne Mahlburg Kay Section Endowment Nations Ian S. E. Carmichael William A. Oliver, Jr.* Myra Keep Fund Northern Arizona Wilfred J. Carr James F. Olmsted Wayne Kemp William W. Craig ◆ University Robert M. Chapman Henry D. Olson Dennis V. Kent ◆ Michael H. Ort Clement G. Chase Elaine R. Padovani Robert E. Fox ◆ J. Richard Kyle Robert D. Hatcher, Jr.◆ Steven J. Ostro Philip W. Choquette John C. Palmquist ◆ Rod Parnell Family Edward H. Chown Tom Parsons Walter L. Manger William A. Thomas ◆ Randall A. Marrett Lorna J. Patterson* Kenneth W. Ciriacks* Thea Welsh Phinney

38 GSA TODAY, March 1998 Committee on Investments Seeks Members GSA’s Committee on Investments (COI) is charged with the adheres to the Investment Policy Statement or seeks to revise it responsibility of overseeing the combined investment portfolio of with COI and Council concurrence. So the Committee on Invest- the Society and Foundation. The current fair market value of that ments needs skilled managers rather than investment gurus. Effec- portfolio exceeds $27,000,000. The portfolio is managed with the tive service on COI, however, does require an awareness of the goal of producing a total annual yield large enough to augment performance of the U.S. economy and of financial markets. GSA’s programs, while simultaneously growing the principal at In order to expand the pool from which future COI members will a rate equal to or greater than the inflation rate. be selected, we need to know more about the experience many To accomplish its task, the COI employs money managers and GSA members may have which would prepare them for COI ser- selects appropriate mutual funds. It is assisted by investment consul- vice. Please write to Don Davidson, Executive Director, Geological tants who prepare quarterly investment performance reports for Society of America, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301 describing each segment of the portfolio, allowing the COI to rebalance the your relevant experience. You may be surprised to find that you portfolio when necessary to perform its task and meet its objectives. are exactly the kind of person we need. In all of its activities the COI functions within a framework pro- Service on the Committee on Investments is not unduly burden- vided by the Investment Policy Statement and Guidelines (July 1, some. It usually involves a one-day meeting on the Saturday 1997), approved by the GSA Council, which defines asset alloca- before the GSA annual meeting each fall, and a one-day meeting tion constraints, acceptable risk, permissible investments, security before the GSA Council meeting each May. Additionally there may guidelines, and the responsibilities of money managers, custodi- be two or three conference calls each year. ans, and consultants. If you think you might be interested in serving on the Committee A valuable member of the Committee on Investments is one who on Investments and want to discuss any aspect of COI service with functions not as a “stock picker,” but as an evaluator of the perfor- any member of the present committee (listed below), give any of mance of money managers and mutual funds, and one who us a call.

John Costa ...... (360) 696-7811 Carel Otte, Chair. . . (818) 952-0176 Thayer Tutt, Jr...... (719) 663-7733 David Dunn ...... (972) 883-4044 Brian Skinner...... (203) 432-3175 Michael Wahl . . . . . (561) 770-6230 McIvin Hill...... (714) 760-9789

Donors Julie A. Wetterholt◆ William A. Oliver, Jr.* Theodoros Toskos Susan L. Gawarecki continued from p. 38 William B. Whiteford Elmer D. Patterson Joshua I. Tracey, Jr.* Helen M. Lang Karen R. Whiteley Russel A. Peppers George W. Viele, Jr. William G. Minarik Forrest G. Poole Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Roseanne C. Perman Donald U. Wise Maria C. Moya Richard H. Ragle William Feathergail Melvin H. Podwysocki Susan E. H. Sakimoto Elizabeth Pretzer Rall Women in Science Wilson W. Robert Power Douglas W. Rankin Joanne Bourgeois* Isaac J. Winograd Richard H. Ragle Jin-Han Ree Raymond M. Coveney, *Century Plus Roster M. Gordon Wolman*◆ Mary S. Robison Scott C. Reeve Jr.* (gifts of $150 or more). Garrett E. Zabel Lloyd W. Staples ◆ Edward Carl Roy, Jr. Jessica E. Donovan* Second Century Fund. Charles H. Summerson* Ernest E. Russell◆ Unrestricted—GSA Robert H. Rutford Allen F. Agnew Jeffrey G. Ryan Mark Cloos*◆ Craig M. Schiffries Richard Crook, Jr. GSA Foundation Dietmar Schumacher Bruno D’Argenio 3300 Penrose Place Charles E. Seedorff* John H. Dilles P.O. Box 9140 Michel P. Semet Marianne S. DuBois Boulder, CO 80301 Seymour L. Sharps Cynthia A. Evans (303) 447-2020 Glenn L. Shepherd Yehuda Eyal [email protected] Craig L. Sprinkle John L. Fauth Gordon G. Start Jonathan D. Fernald Minze Stuiver Cyrus W. Field Enclosed is my contribution in the amount of $______. Akihiro Tazawa John M. Garihan Please add my name to the Century Plus Roster (gifts of $150 or more). William A. Thomas*◆ Raymond C. Gutschick John P. Trexler John W. Hook Please credit my gift to the ______Fund. Robert J. Twiss Peter J. Hudleston PLEASE PRINT Mary Emma Wagner John T. Kuo John H. Wall Richard T. Liddicoat, Jr. Name ______Roger M. Waller William W. Lomerson Tianfeng Wan Steven E. Mains Address ______David L. Warburton* Robert C. McDowell City/State/ZIP ______E. Bruce Watson Kirk D. McIntosh Kenneth N. Weaver*◆ Sharon Mosher* ◆ Phone ______Robert J. Weimer Leo R. Newfarmer

GSA TODAY, March 1998 39 STUDENT NEWS AND VIEWS books written in Spanish that deal with geology are too old and too few. So we Brian Exton, University of Texas at Austin must import books from the United States, which is very expensive. For example, Student News and Views provides GSA membership with commentary on matters relating to I am doing a little investigation together undergraduate and graduate students in the geosciences. The Correspondent for Student News with a graduate student about basic rocks and Views welcomes comments and suggestions, sent to [email protected]. (we are trying to perform geochronology of an ophiolitic sequence with the help of a university in Brazil. There is not even How to Get Published—Quick and Easy one institution in Colombia which is able to establish the age of a rock by means of radioactive substances). There is not even At the GSA Annual Meeting in Salt dated by the process of Web publishing. one book in our library which is special- Lake City last October, I had the chance to Many current versions of word processing ized in basic volcanic rocks. There are a speak with some of you about your inter- programs will save documents in HTML few old and general books about igneous ests and concerns. One of the surprising format, and most servers have detailed petrology and that is all. So where am I issues to come out of those informal dis- instructions on how to upload and main- supposed to get info? Well, I believe the cussions was a divided opinion on the tain your account. Internet would be of big help for me!” value of the Internet to geoscience stu- Success on the Internet depends on If geologists seek to answer questions dents. The clichés tell the story. On one how lofty your goals are. If you are a stu- on a truly global scale, there needs to be side, many of you see it as the “World dent doing research for a paper on some a healthy international geoscience com- Wide Wait.” Granted, a number of factors geology-related topic, there are quite a few munity. In other words, we have a vested regarding the technology involved can excellent government and museum sites interest in the welfare of geoscientists and seriously limit your access to the Web. out there. If you are looking for employ- geoscience students in developing countries. Those problems notwithstanding, quite ment, professional organizations (such as They are our future colleagues and collab- a few of you admitted to using it nearly GSA) and university geoscience depart- orators. With this in mind, how should I every day. In fact, a recent survey of 650 ments are the source for up-to-date listings respond to Uwe’s message? What are some two- and four-year colleges and universi- of job announcements. If you simply want ways that we students can help? Send me ties reported that over 7 million students to let the world know that you are a par- your suggestions, and perhaps we can and faculty use the Internet regularly. ticipating member in the geoscience com- solve Uwe’s predicament. I’ve even seen a bumper sticker on campus munity, then take a few minutes and get that read, “The Internet—Cruise It or Lose published—quick! Academia vs. Industry It!” Now that may be going a bit too far. One of the topics I am working on But most of you agreed that at least the A Related Note from Colombia for an upcoming Student News and Views potential for creating a usable resource is I received a message the other day column addresses the nature of undergrad- there. from Uwe Martens, a geology student in uate and graduate geoscience programs as Here’s a question for you: If a pub- Colombia, requesting to share “geological they relate to preparing future geologists. lisher were to offer to print your life story information” by e-mail. In my reply, I sug- While some of us are interested in em- and distribute it to millions of people gested several general Web sites for him to ployment within academia, others desire around the world for a few pennies a visit and a few newsgroups he might join. positions with industry. How are courses day, would you refuse? I didn’t think so. But it wasn’t until his second message that within your own curriculum selected? Are So why is it that so few of you have Web I understood the gravity of his situation: you being adequately trained for what you pages of your own? The Internet provides “Something I did not tell on my last want to do? Should there be unique pro- a golden opportunity for you to get pub- mail was that here in Colombia it is grams to handle this dichotomy between lished, the quick and easy way. Okay, so it’s extremely difficult to get good informa- academia and industry, or should course not quite the same as a peer-reviewed arti- tion about geology. Our libraries are very work be the same for both? Please share cle of original research in Geology, Science, bad; we do not have good books nor jour- with me your opinions on this issue. ■ or Nature. Actually, in some ways it’s bet- nals. Books are very old, insufficient; ter—no deadlines, no editors, and the con- tent is totally up to you (this means, of course, that the information found on the Internet is notoriously unreliable, but About People that’s another subject altogether.) The American Institute of Professional Geologists has honored GSA Member Within my own department, which Robert K. Merrill, UNOCAL, Houston, with its Martin Van Couvering Memorial boasts one of the largest graduate geo- Award, Fellow Marcus E. Milling, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, science programs in the country, only 20% Virginia, with the Ben H. Parker Memorial Medal, and Fellow James E. Slosson, of graduate students have personal Web Van Nuys, California, with the John T. Galey, Sr. Memorial Public Service Award. pages. Imagine if only 20% of all people GSA Fellow Lee Woodward is now an emeritus professor of geology at the who owned phones had a telephone num- University of New Mexico, retired after teaching for 33 years. ber. This figure is likely to increase because every graduate student now in the depart- ment has access to the departmental server. If your department has a Web site, Shamsher Prakash Research Award students and student organizations should Nominations and applications for the 1998 Shamsher Prakash Research Award for insist on being included on it. Disk space Excellence in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering are solicited from young professionals is cheap. A few megabytes is probably (40 years or younger on May 31, 1998). For complete package, contact Sally Prakash, enough for everyone in your department Shamsher Prakash Foundation, Anand Kutir, 1111 Duane Ave., Rolla, MO 65401, fax 573- to have a personal page describing your 364-5572 (*51), [email protected]. The deadline for nominations and applica- research interests and including a copy of tions is May 31, 1998. your resume or CV. And don’t be intimi-

40 GSA TODAY, March 1998 ANNOUNCEMENT AND CALL FOR PAPERS GSA EMPLOYMENT SERVICE AADE INDUSTRY FORUM ON

Looking for a New Job? Pressure Regimes in re you looking for a new position in the field of geology? The GSA Employment Service offers an Sedimentary Basins A economical way to find one. Potential employers use and Their Prediction the service to find the qualified individuals they need. You may register any time throughout the year. Your name will be September 2-4, 1998 provided to all participating employers who seek individuals Del Lago Resort at Lake Conroe, North of Houston, TX with your qualifications. If possible, take advantage of GSA’s Sponsors: AADE, CONOCO, DOE and GRI Employment Interview Service, which is conducted each fall Format: SEG Summer Workshop Format in conjunction with the Society’s Annual Meeting. The ser- vice brings potential employers and employees together for REGISTRATION face-to-face interviews. Mark your calendar for October 26–29 Pre-registration Fee is $800 and includes 4 nights of accommodations at the for the 1998 GSA Annual Meeting in Toronto, Ontario. To Resort and 3 meals per day during the conference. Attendance is limited to register, obtain an application form; then return the com- 200 people. pleted form, a one- to two-page résumé, and your payment to PROGRAM GSA headquarters. A one-year listing for GSA Members and To bring together geoscientists and engineers who deal with all aspects of Student Associates in good standing is $30; for nonmembers pore pressure in sedimentary basins. Session topics will include (1) shale it is $60. NOTE TO APPLICANTS: If you plan to interview at mechanics, (2) overpressure mechanisms, (3) pore pressure and fracture gra- the GSA Annual Meeting, GSA should receive your material dient prediction, (4) pressure at the prospect and basin scale, (5) pressure no later than September 15, 1998. If we receive your materi- management while drilling, and (6) frontier issues. als by this date, your record will be included in the informa- ABSTRACTS AND PUBLICATION tion employers receive prior to the meeting. Submit your Extended abstracts will be published in a preprint volume (6 page maximum forms early to receive maximum exposure! Don’t forget to with text and figures). The abstract deadline is March 31, 1998. indicate on your application form that you would like to interview in October. Good luck with your job search! For INFORMATION additional information or to obtain an application form, con- For additional information on the Forum contact the meeting chairman tact T. Michael Moreland, Manager, Membership Services, Dr. Alan R. Huffman, Manager, Geological Society of America, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO Seismic Imaging Technology, Conoco Inc. 80301, (303) 447-2020, or E-mail: member@ geosociety.org. by fax at 580/767-6067, or e-mail at [email protected] Looking for a New Employee? hen was the last time you hired a new employee? Did you waste time and effort in your search for a W qualified geoscientist? Let the GSA computerized CALL FOR NOMINATIONS search file make your job easier. Simply fill out a one-page To reward and encourage teaching excellence in order form available from GSA—and the GSA computer will beginning professors of earth science at the college take it from there. You will receive a printout that includes level, the Geological Society of America announces: applicants’ names, addresses, phone numbers, areas of spe- cialty, type of employment desired, degrees held, years of professional experience, and current employment status. Résumés for each applicant are also sent with each printout THE SEVENTH ANNUAL at no additional charge. For 1998, the cost of a printout of one or two specialty codes is $175. (For example, in a recent job search for an analyst of inorganic matter, the employer requested the specialty codes of geochemistry and petrology.) Each additional specialty is $50. A printout of the applicant Biggs Award listing in all specialties is available for $350. If you have any questions about your personalized computer search, GSA For Excellence In Earth Science Membership Services will assist you. Also, employers are Teaching For Beginning Professors invited to post the position announcement on the GSA Web site for three months at no cost. The GSA Employment Service ELIGIBILITY: All earth science instructors and faculty at 2- is available year round; however, GSA also conducts and 4-year colleges who have been teaching full time for 10 years the Employment Interview Service each fall in conjunction or less. (Part-time teaching is not counted in the 10 years.) with the Society’s Annual Meeting (this year in Toronto, Ontario, October 26–29). You may rent interview space in half- AWARD AMOUNT: An award of $500 is made possible day increments, and GSA staff will schedule all interviews with as a result of support from the Donald and Carolyn Biggs Fund. applicants for you. In addition, GSA offers a message service, NOMINATION PROCEDURE: For nomination forms complete listing of applicants, copies of résumés at no addi- write to Edward E. Geary, Director of Educational Programs, tional charge, and a posting of all job openings. For additional Geological Society of America, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301. information or to obtain an order form to purchase a printout, contact T. Michael Moreland, Manager, Membership Services, DEADLINE: Nominations and support materials for the Geological Society of America, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 1998 Biggs Earth Science Teaching Award must be received 80301, (303) 447-2020, or E-mail: [email protected]. by April 30, 1998.

GSA TODAY, March 1998 41 VOLUME 26 March BULLETIN and NO. 3 P. 193Ð288 GEOLOGY Contents MARCH 1998 195 Iridium anomaly but no shocked quartz from Late Archean micro- krystite layer: Oceanic impact ejecta? The Geological Society of America Bruce M. Simonson, Darian Davies, Malcolm Wallace, Shane Reeves, Scott W. Hassler 199 A new view into the Cascadia subduction zone and volcanic arc: Impli- cations for earthquake hazards along the Washington margin Tom Parsons, Anne M. Trehu, James H. Luetgert, Kate Miller, Fiona Kilbride, Ray E. Volume 110, Number 3, March 1998 Wells, Michael A. Fisher, Ernst Flueh, Uri S. ten Brink, Nikolas I. Christensen 203 Using fossil leaves as paleoprecipitation indicators: An Eocene example CONTENTS Peter Wilf, Scott L. Wing, David R. Greenwood, Cathy L. Greenwood 207 Sedimentary response to mantle plumes: Implications from Paleocene Carbon isotope stratigraphy of Upper Cambrian (Steptoean Stage) onshore successions, West and East Greenland 285Ð297 Gregers Dam, Michael Larsen, Martin Sønderholm sequences of the eastern Great Basin: Record of a global oceanographic event 211 Precambrian Moho offset and tectonic stability of the East European Matthew R. Saltzman, Bruce Runnegar, and Kyger C. Lohmann platform from the URSEIS deep seismic profile Camelia C. Diaconescu, James H. Knapp, Larry D. Brown, David N. Steer, Manfred Stiller 298Ð310 Active tectonics at Wheeler Ridge, southern San Joaquin Valley, California E. A. Keller, R. L. Zepeda, T. K. Rockwell, T. L. Ku, and W. S. Dinklage 215 Taconian orogeny in the New England Appalachians: Collision between Laurentia and the Shelburne Falls arc Paul Karabinos, Scott D. Samson, J. Christopher Hepburn, Heather M. Stoll 311Ð325 Geophysical transect of the Eagle Plains foldbelt and Richardson Moun- tains anticlinorium, northwestern Canada 219 Fossil isotope records of seasonal climate and ecology: Straight from the horse’s mouth K. W. Hall and Frederick A. Cook Z. D. Sharp, T. E. Cerling From Jurassic shores to Cretaceous plutons: Geochemical evidence for 223 Timing of an extensional detachment during convergent orogeny: 326Ð343 New Rb-Sr geochronological data from the Zanskar shear zone, north- paleoalteration environments of metavolcanic rocks, eastern California western Himalaya Sorena S. Sorensen, George C. Dunne, R. Brooks Hanson, Mark D. Bar- Simon Inger ton, Jennifer Becker, Othmar T. Tobisch, and Richard S. Fiske 227 Evolutionary model for convergent margins facing large ocean basins: Mesozoic Baja California, Mexico 344Ð360 Sequence, age, and source of silicic fallout tuffs in middle to late Cathy Busby, Douglas Smith, William Morris, Benjamin Fackler-Adams Miocene basins of the northern Basin and Range province 231 Response of a small Oregon estuary to coseismic subsidence and post- Michael E. Perkins, Francis H. Brown, William P. Nash, William McIn- seismic uplift in the past 300 years tosh, and S. K. Williams Harvey M. Kelsey, Robert C. Witter, Eileen Hemphill-Haley

40 39 235 Exhumation of high-pressure rocks in northeastern Oman 361Ð376 Ar/ Ar age of the Manson impact structure, Iowa, and correlative J. McL. Miller, D. R. Gray, R. T. Gregory impact ejecta in the Crow Creek Member of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), South Dakota and Nebraska 239 Long-term river response to regional doming in the Price River Forma- tion, central Utah G. A. Izett, W. A. Cobban, G. B. Dalrymple, and J. D. Obradovich Alfred C. Guiseppe, Paul L. Heller Estimation of slip rates in the southern Tien Shan using cosmic ray 243 Development of the early Paleozoic Pacific margin of Gondwana from 377Ð386 detrital-zircon ages across the Delamerian orogen exposure dates of abandoned alluvial fans T. R. Ireland, T. Flöttmann, C. M. Fanning, G. M. Gibson, W. V. Preiss Erik Thorson Brown, Didier L. Bourlès, B. Clark Burchfiel, Deng Qidong, Li Jun, Peter Molnar, Grant M. Raisbeck, and Françoise Yiou 247 Speculative propagating rift–subduction zone interactions with possi- ble consequences for continental margin evolution Richard N. Hey 387Ð394 Hydroplaning of subaqueous debris flows David Mohrig, Kelin X. Whipple, Midhat Hondzo, Chris Ellis, and Gary 251 Fluid flow along microfractures in calcite from a marble from East Antarctica: Evidence from gigantic (21‰) oxygen isotopic zonation Parker M. Satish-Kumar, M. Yoshida, H. Wada, N. Niitsuma, M. Santosh Slump-generated megachannels in the PlioceneÐPleistocene glacioma- 255 Early Holocene sea-level record from submerged fossil reefs on the 395Ð408 southeast Florida margin rine Yakataga Formation, Gulf of Alaska Marguerite A. Toscano, Joyce Lundberg Carolyn H. Eyles and Martin B. Lagoe 259 Thermochronology of the high-pressure metamorphic rocks of Crete, Greece: Implications for the speed of tectonic processes 409Ð410 Guidelines for the Preparation of Tables Submitted to the Geological Stuart N. Thomson, Bernhard Stöckhert, Manfred R. Brix Society of America Bulletin 263 Earliest laterites and possible evidence for terrestrial vegetation in the Early Proterozoic Jens Gutzmer, Nicolas J. Beukes 267 The present configuration of the Bouvet triple junction MOVING? Don’t risk missing a single issue of GSA Today Neil C. Mitchell, Roy A. Livermore or other publications! If you’re planning on changing your address, 271 Evidence for aseismic deformation in the western Transverse Ranges, simply write in your new address and mail this coupon along with southern California: Implications for seismic risk assessment your subscription mailing label (use label from this newsletter) to: Ernest M. Duebendorfer, Jan Vermilye, Peter A. Geiser, Thomas L. Davis GSA, Membership Services, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140. Or you may call with your change of address 275 River response to high-frequency climate oscillations in southern information— (303) 447-2020 or 1-800-472-1988 or Europe over the past 200 k.y. e-mail us at [email protected]. Ian C. Fuller, Mark G. Macklin, John Lewin, David G. Passmore, Ann G. Wintle (Report address changes at least six weeks in advance. If possible, give us your change of 279 Serial reverse and strike slip on imbricate faults: The Coastal Range address by the tenth of the month.) of east Taiwan C. Vita-Finzi, J.-C. Lin PLEASE PRINT Forum Name ______282 Opening of the central Atlantic and asymmetric mantle upwelling phenomena: Implications for long-lived magmatism in western North Address ______Africa and Europe Comment: J. Gregory McHone ______Reply: Roberto Oyarzun, Miguel Doblas, José López-Ruiz, José-María Cebriá 284 Carboniferous age for the East Greenland “Devonian” basin: Paleo- City ______magnetic and isotopic constraints on age, stratigraphy, and plate reconstructions State/ZIP/Country ______Comment: Lars Stemmerik, Svend Erik Bendix-Almgreen Reply: Ebbe H. Hartz, Trond H. Torsvik, Arild Andresen Phone (business hours) ______286 Bedform dynamics: Does the tail wag the dog?: Correction 286 High-resolution seismic reflection profiles from Lake Titicaca, Peru- I do not wish to have this number in the Membership Directory. Bolivia: Evidence for Holocene aridity in the tropical Andes: Correction Change my voting section to: ______287 Guidelines for Geology Authors 288 Suggestions for Producing Geology Artwork

42 GSA TODAY, March 1998 PUBLICATIONS NEWS FROM the GSA More GSA Company, Consultant/ Bookstore Self-Employed Watch this column for news about gsa publications PLUGS AND PLUG CIRCLES … STORM-INDUCED GEOLOGIC HAZARDS: and Government A. L. Washburn, 1997 edited by R. A. Larson and J. E. Slosson Patterned ground, encompassing circles, nets, This multidisciplinary case histories volume Representatives polygons, and stripes, indicate soil, temperature, presents the work of professionals who investigated hydrologic, and other environmental conditions, catastrophic damage caused by the 1992–1993 Needed past and present. Plug circles and plugs, a variety winter storms in southern California and Arizona. of patterned ground, occur in both nonsorted and Papers in this volume discuss topics such as: why sorted forms in permafrost environments. Study severe winter storms occur and how the resulting In the mid-1980s, GSA launched a in the Canadian High Arctic and a review of floods fit into the context of the geological record; new representative program targeting hypotheses of origin support the conclusion that flood-damaged infrastructure development and companies, agencies, and consultants plug circles and plugs are diapiric forms resulting mining operations in river channels; storm damage throughout the country. The purpose from frost heaving, and that surfaceward seepage to four counties in southern California; ground accounts for many occurrences. Plug circles and settlement intensified by rising ground water was to broaden GSA’s representation plugs are perhaps transitional to larger forms with caused by infiltrating rain and the subsequent to include all employment sectors. The prominent stoney ringlike borders of the classic litigation; warning the public of imminent debris- program was modeled on the success- Spitsbergen variety of sorted circle, whose origin flow hazards and how to set the moisture and ful campus representative program that is commonly linked to circulatory soil processes; rainfall thresholds that must be reached to issue began in 1979 and now includes 550 details of that origin are still somewhat a warning; and major infiltrating-rainfall-activated representatives at colleges and universi- problematical. landslides that damaged homes in southern California. ties throughout North America. MWR190, 102 p., indexed, ISBN 0-8137-1190-8, $45.00, Member price $36.00 REG011, 132 p., indexed, ISBN 0-8137-4111-4, $60.00, We now have 131 company, 92 Member price $48.00 agency, and 45 consultant GSA repre- sentatives. However, we need more vol- PALEOZOIC SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, AND BIOGEOGRAPHY: BRACHIOPODA (REVISED) VOL. 1 unteers. Our goal is to designate a rep- STUDIES IN HONOR OF J. GRANVILLE ("JESS") edited by R. L. Kaesler, resentative at all major company offices JOHNSON coordinating author Sir A. Williams, 1997 and governmental agencies throughout edited by G. Klapper, M. A. Murphy, J. A. Talent, 1997 First volume to be published in this extensive the country. We want to develop a sim- This volume is a collection of 20 papers dedicated 4-volume revision of the Brachiopoda. Entirely ilar liaison with GSA members who are as a tribute by Jess’s colleagues and former students. devoted to introductory material, with chapters on self-employed and serve as consultants. Five of the papers are on sequence stratigraphy the brachiopod anatomy; the genome; physiology; and related topics (ranging from the Ordovician shell biochemistry; shell structure; morphology; They would also represent major cities ecology of articulated and inarticulated brachio- and geographic regions. through the Devonian), six are on biostratigraphy (graphic correlation, Devonian and Carboniferous pods; biogeography of articulated and inarticulated brachiopods; and a comprehensive glossary. Representatives serve as liaisons conodonts and fish), five more are on Silurian and TRE-HV1R, 560 p., ISBN 0-8137-3108-9, $100.00, between GSA headquarters and their Devonian biogeography and paleogeography, and three are on the paleobiology of Silurian and Member price $80.00 constituency in a particular city or Devonian corals. region. They provide information on SPE321, 386 p., indexed, ISBN 0-8137-2321-3, $108.00, the programs and benefits of the Soci- Member price $86.40 ARTHROPODA 1, TRILOBITA (REVISED) ety to other members in the region and VOL. 1 explain to prospective members the edited by R. L. Kaesler, coordinating author H. B. Whittington, 1997 advantages of joining GSA. Each repre- THE SURFACE RUPTURE OF THE 1957 GOBI-ALTAY, MONGOLIA, EARTHQUAKE Contains introductory chapters on the morphology sentative receives a notebook contain- of the exoskeleton; the trilobite body; mode of life, ing complete information on all GSA by R. A. Kurushin and others, 1997 The 1957 Gobi-Altay earthquake is the last major habits, and occurrence; use of numerical and programs, activities, publications, earthquake (M ~ 8) to occur in a continental region. cladistic methods; ontogeny; evolutionary history; meetings, and other benefits that the The full complement of processes that distinguishes classification; and glossary; as well as systematic Society provides its membership. continental tectonics from plate tectonics— descriptions for the Orders Agnostida and internal deformation of blocks, conjugate faulting, Redlichiida. Also includes an extensive correlation We need your help to continue this variations in amounts of slip along faults, block chart for the Cambrian and explanatory notes. communication link between GSA rotations about vertical axes, basement folding, TRE-OV1R, vol 1., 550 p., ISBN 0-8137-3115-1, $100.00, headquarters and the membership of and even the formation of new faults (through Member price $80.00 the Society. If you are a Member, Stu- fault-bend folding at the earth's surface) occurred dent Member, or Fellow (not Student in 1957—and they remain clearly exposed in the arid environment of the Gobi-Altay. Because of the Associate) and are interested in serving variety of styles and the extent of deformation, the SHOP GSA’S BOOKSTORE GSA as a representative for your com- subparallel surface ruptures, ~25 km apart, provide pany, agency, or group of the employ- a microcosm of intracontinental mountain building ON THE WEB! ment sector, please contact T. Michael at a large scale. www.geosociety.org Moreland, Manager, Membership Ser- SPE320, 160 p., ISBN 0-8137-2320-5, $69.00, vices, Geological Society of America, Member price $55.20 P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, (303) 447-2020 or E-mail: 1-800-472-1988 P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301 [email protected]. (303) 447-2020 or fax 303-447-1133 GSA PUBLICATION SALES Prepayment required. Major credit cards accepted.

GSA TODAY, March 1998 43 CALENDAR

June Only new or changed information is and Granite Migration Through the Crust, June 4–8, 9th Symposium on the Geology of published in GSA Today. A complete listing Verbania, Italy. Information: Tracy Rushmer, Dept. the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions, can be found in the Calendar section on of Geology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Bahamian Field Station, San Salvador Island, the Internet: http://www.geosociety.org. VT 05405, (802) 656-8136, fax 802-656-0045, [email protected]. Bahamas. Information: H. Allen Curran, Dept. of Geology, Smith College, Northampton, MA 1998 Penrose Conferences September 01063, (413) 585-3943, fax 413-585-3786, September 13–17, Ophiolites and Oceanic [email protected]. May Crust: New Insights from Field Studies and May 14–18, Linking Spatial and Temporal Ocean Drilling Program, Marshall, California. July Scales in Paleoecology and Ecology, Information: Yildirim Dilek, Dept. of Geology, July 26–30, The Society for Organic Petrology Solomons, Maryland. Information: Andrew S. Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, (513) 529- (TSOP) and Canadian Society for Coal Sci- Cohen, Dept. of Geosciences, University of 2212, fax 513-529-1542, [email protected]. ence and Organic Petrology (CSCOP) Joint Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, (520) 621-4691, Annual Meeting, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Informa- fax 520-621-2672, [email protected]. tion: P. K. Mukhopadhyay, (902) 453-0061, fax 1998 Meetings same, [email protected], http://agc.bio.ns.ca/ June tsophalifax98. June 4–12, Evolution of Ocean Island Volca- May noes, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Information: May 22–27, Geochemistry of Crustal Fluids, September Dennis Geist, Dept. of Geology, University of Aghia Pelaghia, Greece. Information: Josip Hen- September 15–18, Western States Seismic Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, (208) 885-6491, dekovic, European Science Foundation, 1 quai Policy Council 20th Annual Conference, fax 208-885-5724, [email protected]. Lezay-Marnésia, 67080 Strasbourg Cedex, France, Pasadena, California. Information: Western States phone 33-3-8876-7135, fax 33-3-8836-6987, Seismic Policy Council, 121 Second St., 4th Floor, July [email protected], http://www.esf.org/euresco. San Francisco, CA 94105, (415) 974-6435, fax July 4–11, Processes of Crustal Differentia- 415-974-1747, [email protected]. tion: Crust-Mantle Interactions, Melting, October October 2–4, New York State Geological Asso- ciation 70th Annual Meeting, Binghamton, New York. Information: H. Richard Naslund, Dept. ORDER FORM—1998 GSA Abstracts with Programs of Geological Sciences, SUNY, Binghamton, NY To purchase copies of GSA Abstracts with Programs, you may use this form. Prepayment 13902-6000, (607) 777-2264, fax 607-777-2288, is required. Members, provide member number and deduct your 20% discount. [email protected], http://www.library. csi.cuny.edu/dept/as/geo/nysga.html). Check your records to make sure you have not previously purchased any of these publications on your dues statement, or through Publication Sales. No refunds for duplicate orders. October 3–8, American Institute of Profes- sional Geologists Annual Meeting, Baton List Rouge, Louisiana. Information: M. B. Kumar, Meeting Meeting Dates Price Quantity Amount P.O. Box 19151, Baton Rouge, LA 70893, (504) Northeastern 3/19–3/21 $15 $ 342-5501, fax 504-342-4438. North-Central 3/19–3/20 $15 $ October 4–9, International Association for Mathematical Geology 4th Annual Meeting, South-Central 3/23–3/24 $15 $ Island of Ischia, Italy. Information: Antonella Southeastern 3/30–3/31 $15 $ Buccianti, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Univ. Florence, Via G. La Pira, 4 50121 Florence, Italy, phone 39- Cordilleran 4/7–4/9 $15 $ 55-275-7496, fax 39-55-284-571, buccianti@ Rocky Mountain 5/25–5/26 $15 $ cesit1.unifi.it, http://www.unina.it/dgv/iamg98. Annual Meeting (Toronto) 10/26–10/29 $38.75 $ html. Send notices of meetings of general interest, in Check here if GSA Member Total $ format above, to Editor, GSA Today, P.O. Box 9140, Members deduct 20%. It will not be applied later. ➝ –20% $ Boulder, CO 80301, E-mail: [email protected]. Member # ______TOTAL $ SHIP TO: Name ______Address ______Visit the Address ______City______State ____ ZIP ______Daytime Phone ______GSA METHOD OF PAYMENT: CHECK or MONEY ORDER (payable in U.S. funds on U.S. bank) Credit Card (Please print information) Bookstore MC VISA AmEx Diners (circle one) Exp. Date ______Card No. ______at all the Signature of Cardholder ______

TO ORDER BY MAIL: Send this form to GSA Publication Sales, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140 1998 TO ORDER BY PHONE OR FAX using a major credit card fax (24 hour line): 303-447-1133; or phone (303) 447-2020 or 1-800-472-1988 (8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. MT) GSA Meetings TO ORDER ELECTRONICALLY: Visit our Web site at www.geosociety.org ON-SITE PURCHASES may be made in the registration area. Supplies are limited.

44 GSA TODAY, March 1998 GSA ANNUAL MEETINGS 1998 October 26–29 Metro Toronto Convention Centre Sheraton Centre Toronto Hotel www.geosociety.org/meetings/98 Abstracts due: July 13

GENERAL CHAIRS Jeffrey J. Fawcett, University of Toronto Peter von Bitter, Royal Ontario Museum

TECHNICAL PROGRAM CHAIRS Denis M. Shaw, McMaster University TORONTO Andrew Miall, University of Toronto

FIELD TRIP CHAIRS 1998 Annual Meeting Pierre Robin, Henry Halls University of Toronto ASSEMBLY OF A CONTINENT

Both technical program and See April GSA Today for theme sessions, symposia, and the New! Pardee keynote symposia. field trip deadlines have passed.

1999 GSA SECTION MEETINGS Denver, Colorado • October 25–28 1998 Colorado Convention Center NORTHEASTERN SECTION, March 19–21, Holiday GENERAL CO-CHAIRS Inn by the Bay, Portland, Maine. Information: Stephen G. Pollock, Dept. of Geosciences, University of Southern Mary J. Kraus, David Budd, University of Colorado Maine, Gorham, ME 04038, (207) 780-5350, fax 207- TECHNICAL PROGRAM CHAIRS 780-5167, [email protected]. Craig Jones, G. Lang Farmer, University of Colorado NORTH-CENTRAL SECTION, March 19–20, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Information: William Due date for symposia and theme proposals: January 6, 1999 I. Ausich, Geological Sciences, Ohio State University, 275 Mendenhall, 125 S. Oval Mall, Columbus, CALL FOR FIELD TRIP PROPOSALS OH 43210, (614) 292-0069, fax 614-292-7688, We are interested in proposals for single-day and multi-day field trips [email protected]. beginning or ending in Denver, and dealing with all aspects of the geo- sciences. Please contact the Field Trip Co-Chairs: SOUTH-CENTRAL SECTION, March 23–24, OU Continuing Education Center, Norman, Oklahoma. Alan Lester Bruce Trudgill Information: M. Charles Gilbert, School of Geology and Department of Geological Sciences Department of Geological Sciences Geophysics, University of Oklahoma, 100 E. Boyd St., University of Colorado University of Colorado Suite 810, Norman, OK 73019-0628, (405) 325-4424, Campus Box 399 Campus Box 399 fax 405-325-3140, [email protected]. Boulder, CO 80309-0399 Boulder, CO 80309-0399 SOUTHEASTERN SECTION, March 30–31, Embassy (303) 492-6172 (303) 492-2126 Suites, Charleston, West Virginia. Information: Larry D. fax 303-492-2606 fax 303-492-2606 Woodfork, West Virginia Geological and Economic [email protected] [email protected] Survey, P.O. Box 879, Morgantown, WV 26507-0879, (304) 594-2331, fax 304-594-2575, woodfork@ geosrv.wvnet.edu. CORDILLERAN SECTION, April 7–9, California FUTURE MEETINGS For information on any State University, Long Beach, California. Information: GSA Meeting call the GSA Stan Finney, Dept. of Geological Sciences, California 2000 Reno, Nevada Meetings Department. State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, (562) November 13–16 985-8637, [email protected]. Preregistration Deadline: 1-800-472-1988 or March 6, 1998. 2001 Boston, Massachusetts (303) 447-2020, ext. 113 [email protected] ROCKY MOUNTAIN SECTION, May 25–26, North- November 5–8 ern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona. Information: 2002 Denver, Colorado Or see GSA’s Web page at Larry Middleton, Dept of Geology, Box 4099, Northern October 28–31 http://www.geosociety.org Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, (520) 523-2492, [email protected]. Preregistration Deadline: April 24, 1998.

GSA TODAY, March 1998 45 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

Published on the 1st of the month of issue. Ads (or can- JOI will begin reviewing applications immediately, and will The position will be filled at a grade level appropriate to cellations) must reach the GSA Advertising office one continue until an appointment is made. EOE. the individual's qualifications and experience. month prior. Contact Advertising Department (303) Individuals interested in being considered for this posi- 447-2020, 1-800-472-1988, fax 303-447-1133, or FACULTY POSITION IN SURFICIAL PROCESSES tion should have the following minimum qualifications: A E-mail:[email protected]. Please include com- FRANKLIN & MARSHALL COLLEGE graduate degree in geology with demonstrated training in plete address, phone number, and E-mail address with all The Department of Geosciences invites applications for geologic field methods, a minimum of three years of post- correspondence. an entry-level visiting faculty appointment for the aca- educational demonstrated experience in surficial and/or demic years 1998-99 and 1999Ð2000. The successful bedrock geologic field mapping, a demonstrated ability to Per line candidate will teach undergraduate courses in geomor- prepare geologic maps and reports suitable for publica- Per Line for each phology, hydrology, introductory environmental geology, tion, and good communication skills and ability to com- for addt'l month and a seminar in environmental problems. Expertise and plete projects in a timely manner. Classification 1st month (same ad) the ability to teach a course in GIS is also desirable. To submit an application for this position, please pro- Situations Wanted $1.75 $1.40 A Ph.D. in the geosciences, an ongoing program of vide the following information: a resume that includes a Positions Open $6.50 $5.50 research and some teaching experience are required. description of your educational and professional experi- Consultants $6.50 $5.50 Women and members of minority groups are particularly ence, including a list of published and unpublished maps Services & Supplies $6.50 $5.50 encouraged to apply. Please send letter of application and reports, a certified copy(ies) of transcripts of all col- Opportunities for Students including a statement of teaching and research interests, lege-level work, names and addresses of three individuals first 25 lines $0.00 $2.35 curriculum vitae, graduate transcripts, and three letters of who are capable of evaluating your experience in geologic additional lines $1.35 $2.35 recommendation to: Rob Sternberg, Chair, Department of mapping, and a written description of your qualifications in Code number: $2.75 extra Geosciences, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA geologic mapping that documents at least three years of 17604-3003 ([email protected]). Review of appli- geologic-mapping experience. Agencies and organizations may submit purchase order or cations will begin March 16 and continue until the position The application should be sent to: Charles J. Mankin, payment with copy. Individuals must send prepayment is filled. Director, Oklahoma Geological Survey, 100 East Boyd, with copy. To estimate cost, count 54 characters per line, Franklin & Marshall is a highly selective liberal arts col- Room N-131, Norman, OK 73019-0628. including all punctuation and blank spaces. Actual cost lege with a commitment to the integration of teaching and The closing date for the receipt of applications is may differ if you use capitals, centered copy, or special research. For additional departmental information, see our March 31, 1998. characters. web page at http://www.fandm.edu/departments/Geo- The Oklahoma Geological Survey adheres to the policy sciences/Geosciences.html EOE/AA. of The University of Oklahoma as an equal opportunity To answer coded ads, use this address: Code # ----, employer. GSA Advertising Dept., P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO GEOLOGIST, ARKANSAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 80301-9140. All coded mail will be forwarded within Assistant professor, tenure-track. Arkansas Tech Univer- USGS 24 hours of arrival at GSA Today office. sity, a four-year institution emphasizing undergraduate EASTERN REGIONAL GEOLOGIST education, seeks a person holding or nearing completion U.S. Geological SurveyÐEastern Regional Geologist, of a Ph.D. in geology who has well developed microcom- Senior Executive Service Position Ð Reston, VA. Salary puter skills for a position beginning in August 1998. range from $106,412 to $125,900. Recruitment Bulletin Positions Open Teaching duties: Physical Geology, Historical Geology, No.: SES-98-1. Open 2/5/98 Ð Close 3/23/98. NationwideÐ Invertebrate Paleontology, Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, Applicants must be U.S. Citizens. All Qualified Applicants and Field Geology. Application must include: vitae, brief may apply. Contact: Sally Lyberger 703-648-6131. Elec- MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE statements of teaching style and research interests, tran- tronic Announcements can be obtained from: VISITING ASSISTANT PROFESSOR scripts, and three letters of recommendation. Closing http://www.usgs.gov/doi/avads/ The Department of Geography & Geology at Mount date: March 31, 1998 or until filled. Send to: Dr. R. R. The U.S. Geological Survey is an equal opportunity Holyoke College invites applications for a full-time, nine- Cohoon, Dean, School of Physical and Life Sciences, employer. Selection for this position shall be determined month appointment as a visiting assistant professor of Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, AR 72801. on the basis of merit without discrimination for any reason geology for the 1998Ð99 academic year. Teaching AA/EOE. http://www.atu.edu/physci/pls2.htm such as race, color, age, religion, sex, national origin, responsibilities for this position include mineralogy (with political preference, labor organization affiliation or nonaf- lab), petrology (with lab), and one other course or seminar UCLA filiation, marital status, or nondisqualifying handicap. at the undergraduate level in an area to be jointly decided NEOTECTONICS FACULTY POSITION The Regional Geologist is the representative of the upon by the department and the candidate. This person The Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University Chief Geologist in the Region and is the principal agent for may also be asked to supervise independent research of California, Los Angeles, invites applications for a ladder the implementation of policies and objectives of the divi- with one or two undergraduate students. Qualified appli- faculty position at the assistant or associate professor sion. Position has full responsibility for the development, cants are expected to hold a Ph.D. in geology and have level in the general areas of neotectonics, paleoseismol- execution, coordination, and direction of programs and some teaching experience. To apply, send curriculum ogy, quantitative geomorphology, and surficial processes. plans. vitae and three letters of recommendation to: Dr. Mark We are particularly interested in candidates who can inte- The position is interdisciplinary and may be classified McMenamin, Chair, Search Committee, Mount Holyoke grate field observations with one of the following disci- as a: Geologist, Physical Scientist, Geophysicist, Hydrolo- College, Department of Geography & Geology, 50 College plines: (1) quantitative modeling of landform evolution due gist, Geochemist, Mathematician, Biologist. Street, South Hadley, MA 01075-6419. to interation of neotectonics and surficial processes, (2) Applications will be reviewed as received, but must be monitoring surface deformation and evolution using space INDIANA UNIVERSITY received by March 31, 1998. Mount Holyoke is committed geodetic techniques (e.g., radar interferometry, SPOT DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES to fostering cultural diversity and multicultural awareness imagery, GPS), (3) modeling crustal and mantle dynamics FACULTY POSITION IN BIOGEOCHEMISTRY in its faculty, staff and students and is an Affirmative using patterns and histories of Quaternary land surface The Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana Univer- Action/Equal Opportunity employer. Women and minori- deformation, (4) earthquake hazard assessments, and (5) sity, Bloomington, invites applications for a tenure-track ties are especially encouraged to apply. Quaternary chronology of land surfaces and dating offset faculty position. Our objective is to enhance our research geologic features along active faults. The Department has strengths in the reconstruction of biogeochemical pro- U.S. REPRESENTATIVE TO THE JOIDES OFFICE active programs in monitoring and forecasting of southern cesses in modern settings and in the geological record OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM Californian earthquakes, the tectonics of Asia and North through the use of isotopic and molecular proxies. The JOI/U.S. Science Support Program (USSSP, see American Cordillera, mantle dynamics, and planetary sci- Applications are encouraged from individuals whose www.joi-odp.org) is seeking applications from U.S. scien- ences. Interested applicants should send a resume, a list principal interests lie in stable isotopic biogeochemistry, tists for a 2-year position as the U.S. representative in the of three references, and other relevant documentation to: especially those with expertise in the fields of paleoclima- JOIDES Scientific Planning Office, beginning January 1, Neotectonics Search Committee, Department of Earth and tology/paleoceanography, geomicrobiology, chemosyn- 1999. The JOIDES Office, currently in Woods Hole, Mas- Space Sciences, P.O. Box 1567, University of California, thetic ecosystems or extraterrestrial biochemistry. sachusetts (www.whoi.edu/joides) will move to GEOMAR Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567. Preference will be given to candidates whose research (www.geomar.de), in Kiel, Germany, for the period 1999 Consideration of applicants will begin on March 1, activities can be expected to both utilize and further through 2000. The successful applicant will provide high 1998, and continue until the position is filled. The Univer- develop existing analytical facilities within the biogeo- level executive support for the Chair of the JOIDES Scien- sity of California is an equal opportunity employer. chemical laboratories. The level of the appointment will be tific Community. Duties may include managing drilling pro- commensurate with qualifications; applicants are expected posals submitted to JOIDES, liaison to one or more pan- OKLAHOMA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY to possess some post-doctoral experience. els within the advisory structure, editing the JOIDES POSITION IN GEOLOGICAL FIELD MAPPING Applications should include a vitae and a statement of Journal, and assisting the Science Committee Chair in The Oklahoma Geological Survey is seeking to fill a posi- research interests accompanied by the names of at least preparation of meeting agendas, agenda books, and tion in surficial and bedrock geologic mapping. The person three references with their contact addresses (both mail & meeting minutes. The position requires excellent commu- selected will be expected to work effectively in field map- e-mail) and numbers (phone & fax). They should be sub- nication skills and international travel. ping either on single projects or as part of a team on mitted to professor Lisa Pratt, Department of Geological A Ph.D. in earth sciences or related fields and previous larger efforts. A major part of the OGS geologic mapping Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405- involvement with the Ocean Drilling Program (www- program is through the federal National Cooperative Geo- 1403. For further information about the position please odp.tamu.edu) are desirable. Salary, benefits, and reloca- logic Mapping Act that provides in part for matching funds contact either Lisa Pratt (e-mail: [email protected]; phone tion costs will be negotiated. Qualified applicants should to state geological surveys to prepare geological maps of 812-855-9203), or Simon Brassell (e-mail: simon@indiana. submit a curriculum vitae and three references to Ms. priority areas in each state, nominally at a scale of edu; phone 812-855-3786). Denise Lloyd, JEX, JOI/U.S. Science Support Program, 1:24,000. In addition, digital maps are developed from this Indiana University is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Joint Oceanographic Institutions, 1755 Massachusetts more detailed information at a nominal scale of 1:100,000. Action Employer. Avenue, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036-2102.

46 GSA TODAY, March 1998 Environmental & Engineering Geoscience Contents

Services & Supplies Volume III, Number 4, Winter 1997

LEATHER FIELD CASES. Free brochure, SHERER 469 Sinkholes, Soils, Fractures, and Drainage: Interstate 70 Near Frederick, Maryland CUSTOM SADDLES, INC., P.O. Box 385, Dept. GN, Bruce W. Boyer Franktown, CO 80116. 487 Ground-Penetrating Radar Exploration of Alluvial Fans in the Southern Blue Ridge Province, North Carolina Opportunities for Students Hugh H. Mills and Marvin A. Speece 501 Miocene Rock-Avalanche Deposits, Halloran/Silurian Hills Area, Southeastern California Teaching Assistantships. Geology Department at Cali- Kim M. Bishop fornia State University has teaching assistantships avail- able for students wishing to pursue a M.S. in geology. 513 Comparison Between Recorded and Derived Seismic Peak Horizontal Ground Acceleration Appointment carries tuition waiver and $10,000 salary for Data in Jordan academic year. Department strengths are in the areas of Azm S. Al-Homoud and Abdel-Qader Fandi Amrat sedimentary geology, petroleum geology, geophysics, 523 Use of Resistivity and EM Techniques to Map Subsidence Fractures in Glacial Drift hydrogeology and geochemistry, structural geology, and P. J. Carpenter environmental geology. Bakersfield is located in the heart of California's petroleum and agricultural areas and abun- 537 Assessment of River-Floodplain Aquifer Interactions dant opportunities exist for industry-supported thesis pro- Andrew S. Alden and Clyde L. Munster jects. For additional information and application materials contact: Robert Horton, Graduate Coordinator, Depart- 549 Application of Terrain Analysis and Geographic Information Systems to the Construction ment of Geology, California State University, Bakersfield, of Hydrologic Databases: A Case Study CA 93311-1099. (805) 664-3059 or visit the department's Maged Hussein and Franklin W. Schwartz web site at http://www.geol.csubak.edu/Geology/ 563 Effectiveness of Animal Waste Containment in a Texas Playa John A. Daniel Student Opportunities. University of Kentucky. Gradu- ate student fellowships. The Department of Geological 573 Sensitivities of Report Writing for Weak-Rock Projects Sciences announces a one-time Fellowship with an Allen W. Hatheway annual stipend of $9,800 (plus tuition and fees) for gradu- ate study leading to the M.S. or Ph.D. degrees in field- related geology. The Department also announces four Technical Notes $3,000 Academic Achievement Fellowships as "add ons" 579 Design and Testing of a Simple Submerged-Jet Device for Field Determination of Soil to teaching-assistant ($9,600) and tuition fellowships for Erodibility the Fall of 1998. These Academic Achievement Fellow- Peter M. Allen, Jeff Arnold and Ed Jakubowski ships are renewable for two (M.S.) or three (Ph.D.) years. The Geological Sciences faculty is currently active in coal 585 The Risk of Earthen Dam Failure Due to Earthquakes geology, hydrogeology, paleontolgy, sedimentology, tec- Robin S. White tonics, metamorphic and structural petrology, and near- 588 Profile in GIS: Construction of Water Rights Database at El Paso Water Utilities surface seismic studies. For more information visit our Jerome S. Cook, Michael P. Fahy and Frank Tian website at http://www.uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Geology. Interested students should have a BS degree in geology 595 The Differing Site Condition and Contractor’s Risk—A Geotechnical Engineer’s Perspective or a related area and submit general GRE scores, three Morris M. Dirnberger letters of reference and university transcripts. Application forms can be obtained via the University 599 Book Reviews webpage at http://www.rgs.uky.edu/gs/gradhome.htm or by calling 1-800-528-4508 or by e-mailing Dr. Kieran O'Hara at [email protected]. Our mailing address is Department of Geological Sciences, University of Ken- tucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0053. Applications will be considered until the Fellowships are awarded. The Univer- sity of Kentucky is an equal opportunity employer. Visit JOI/USSAC Ocean Drilling Fellowships. JOI/U.S. Sci- ence Advisory Committee is seeking Ph.D. and M.S. degree candidates of unusual promise and ability who are enrolled at U.S. institutions to conduct research compati- ble with that of the Ocean Drilling Program. April 15, 1998 is the next fellowship application deadline for both ship- board and shorebased research proposals. Shipboard research is related to future ODP legs on which students Us wish to sail as scientists. Shorebased research may be directed towards broader themes or the objectives of a http:// specific DSDP or ODP leg -- past, present, or future. @ Shipboard proposals submitted for the upcoming April 15 deadline should be based on the following ODP legs: Leg 182 Great Australian Bight, Leg 183 Kerguelen www.geosociety.org Plateau, Leg 184 East Asia Monsoon, Leg 185 Izu-Mari- ana, and Leg 186, W. Pacific Seismic Net/Japan Trench, and Leg 187 Australia-Antarctic Discordance. Fellowship Access To candidates wishing to participate as shipboard scientists ☞ must also apply to the ODP Manager of Science Services All GSA publications in-print with detailed catalog descriptions in College Station, TX. A shipboard scientist application ☞ Quick & easy ordering via our secure server form and leg descriptions are included in the JOI/USSAC Ocean Drilling Fellowship application packet. ☞ Orders processed & shipped within 72 hours of receipt Both one-year and two-year fellowships are available. The award is $22,000 per year to be used for stipend, tuition, benefits, research costs and incidental travel, if shop the GSA Bookstore on the Web! any. Research may be directed toward objectives of a specific leg or to broader themes. For more information and to receive an application packet contact: JOI/USSAC Ocean Drilling Fellowship Program, Joint Oceanographic tems Science program to collect and synthesize standard- responsibilities will be management and synthesis of cli- Institutions, Inc., 1755 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Suite ized climatic, permafrost, and active-layer data at stations matic, biological, and geocryological data. The position 800, Washington, DC 20036-2102 (Andrea Johnson; Tel: located throughout the circumarctic region. The award may also entail field work in Alaska (and possibly Russia). 202-232-3900, ext. 213; e-mail: [email protected]). provides for a full-time doctoral student. We seek a well- Position begins 1 September 1998. Salary is competitive; trained individual with broad interests in the physical sci- and the position includes staff benefits and tuition remis- Graduate Research Assistantship in surficial pro- ence of cold regions. Applicants should also have sub- sion. Interested individuals should contact Dr. Kenneth M. cesses at University of Cincinnati. The Department of stantial skills in one or more aspects of geographic Hinkel at [email protected] or (513) 556- Geography has received an award from NSF's arctic Sys- information science, such as spatial database manage- 3241. Screening will begin in March 1998. ment, GIS, and/or spatial statistics. Primary project-related

GSA TODAY, March 1998 47 A. L. WASHBURN, 1997 atterned ground, encompassing circles, nets, polygons, and stripes, indicate soil, temperature, hydrologic, and other environmental PPconditions, past and present. Plug circles and plugs, a variety of patterned ground, occur in both nonsorted and sorted forms in permafrost environments. Study in the Canadian High Arctic and a review of hypotheses of origin support the conclusion that plug circles and plugs are diapiric forms resulting from frost heaving, and that surfaceward seepage accounts for many occurrences. Plug circles and plugs are perhaps transitional to larger forms with prominent stoney ringlike borders of the classic Spitsbergen variety of sorted circle, whose origin is commonly linked to circulatory soil processes; details of that origin are still somewhat problematical. MWR190, 102 p., indexed, ISBN 0-8137-1190-8, $45.00, Member price $36.00

Eva Interglaciation Forest frozen in gold-mining excavations, and new data Bed, Unglaciated East- on the character and age of the deposits from Central Alaska: Global fission-track dating of tephra, paleomagnetism Warming 125,000 Years Ago of the loess, thermoluminescence dating of SPE319 loess, and new radiocarbon dating by liquid 52 p. edited by T. L. Péwé and others, 1997 scintillation. Dendrochronology studies of trees ISBN 0-8137-2319-1 and 13C/12C isotopic ratios of wood from the Eva $36.00 The ancient, boreal Eva forest, forest bed are compared to those from trees of Member price buried in frozen loess of the $28.80 the modern boreal forest. This last interglaciation subarctic, forms the center- of 125,000 years ago is demonstrated for the first piece in this evaluation of the time to be a period of major erosion of loess and time and nature of the envi- deep and rapid thawing of permafrost, followed ronment during an inter- by emplacement of the Eva forest bed. During the glaciation warmer than that past 100,000 years, the treeless steppe environ- of the present. This book brings together results ment returned and the deposits were refrozen. of examination of hundreds of loess exposures over the past 50 years, when loess faces were still

The Surface Rupture of the 1957 Gobi-Altay, Mongolia, Earthquake by R. A. Kurushin and others, 1997 he 1957 Gobi-Altay earthquake is the last major earthquake (M ~ 8) to occur in a continental region. The full complement of processes Tthat distinguishes continental tectonics from plate tectonics—internal deformation of blocks, conjugate faulting, variations in amounts of slip along faults, block rotations about vertical axes, basement folding, and even the formation of new faults (through fault-bend folding at the earth's surface)— occurred in 1957 and remain clearly exposed in the arid environment of the Gobi-Altay. Because of the variety of styles and the extent of deformation, the subparallel surface ruptures, ~25 km apart, provide a microcosm of intracontinental mountain building at a large scale. SPE320, 160 p., ISBN 0-8137-2320-5, $69.00, Member price $55.20 Volumes are 8-1/2" x 11". Prices include ordinary shipping and handling. 1-800-472-1988 www.geosociety.org Publication Sales, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, 303-447-2020, fax 303-447-1133