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Page numbers in italics refer to figures. activism, 7, 31, 86, 137, 158, AIM (American Indian 159–68, 173, 227–8, 231, Movement), 153, 161–2, 240 165, 166 Adams, Byron, 115–16 see also Killsright; Peltier; Trudell Adams, Hank, 136–7, 160 AIRFA (American Indian Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl Religious Freedom Act 1978), (Supreme Court 2013), 184–5 237 Ak-Chin community, 213–14, Afghanistan, 242 217, 270 African-, 20 see also Kakar; Antone (Delia) civil rights movement, 131 Akwesasne Notes (newspaper), 162–3 resistance to state efforts to Alabama classify as, 110 Fort Marion, 20 Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki (Seminole Poarch Creeks of, 9, 215, 278, museum), 261 281 AIF (American Indian Tuskegee Institute, 22 Federation), 106–7 Alaska, 2, 14, 76, 99, 125, 133, AIHEC (AmericanCOPYRIGHTED Indian Higher 136, MATERIAL 138, 192, 222, 251 Education Consortium), 178, environmental consequences of 221, 250 climate change, 255

“We Are Still Here”: American Indians since 1890, Second Edition. Peter Iverson and Wade Davies. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Alaska (cont.) University of New Mexico internment camps, 123 Gathering of Nations, 195 oil pipeline construction, 169 Albuquerque Indian School, 24 rights to land, 154 Alcatraz occupation (1969–71), see also Aleutian Islands; Alutiiq 153, 161–5, 164, 166, 167, people; ANB; ANCSA; 224 ARA; Barrow; Cook Inlet; Aleutian Islands, 285 Eskimoes; Gruening; Japanese invasion and capture Inupiat˜ people; Nelson of Attu, 123 Island; Pribilof; Prudhoe Unimak Island, 123 Bay; Sealaska; Sitka; Aleuts see Unangan Unangan Alexie, Sherman, 198, 200 Alaska Native Review All Nations Alliance for Minority Commission, 218–19 Participation, 222–3 Alaska Native Sisterhood, 66 Altaha, Wallace, 45 Alaska Natives Alutiiq people, 270, 275 academic assessment measures, see also Counceller 249 American Bar Association, 134 active duty in the military, 242 American Indian Association, 75 Americans identified solely as, American Indian Conference 243 (Chicago, 1961) 147, 172 deaths of, 244 American Indian Historical excluded from IRA, 106 Society, 187 farms, ranches and American Indian Law Center, 179 communities in US, 258, see also Coulter; Deloria (P. Sam) 269–70 American Indian Radio on federally recognized tribes, 265 Satellite, 225 first attorney, 66 American Indian Religious languages, 254 Freedom Act (1978/1994), militia to protect the territory 197 (WWII), 117 American Indian Science and protections for, 240 Engineering Society, 222 see also Alaskan Federation American Indian Studies Alaska Public Radio Network, 225 programs, 187, 199, 225, 250 Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie American Indian Theater Tribal Government (Supreme Company, 200 Court 1998), 219 American Recovery and Alaskan Engineering Commission, Reinvestment Act (2009), 236 79 Americanization, 3, 85 Alaskan Federation of Natives, Amiotte, Walter, 116 170 ANB (Alaska Native Albuquerque, 192, 269, 276 Brotherhood), 66 Southwest Indian Polytechnic ancestors, 15, 116, 170, 196, Institute, 178 205–6

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ANCSA (Alaska Native Claims Arizona, 9, 57, 68, 94, 125 Settlement Act 971), 168–9, Bapchule, 116 170, 218–19 Black Mesa, 182 Anderson, Clinton, 151–2, Colorado River, 121, 271, 272, 153 278 Anishinabeg, 216, 254, 276 Fort Defiance, 95, 98 Bad River, 120, 217, 270 Ganado 70; Presbyterian Fond du Lac, 270, 271 mission hospital, 95 Keweenaw Bay, 103, 270, Gila River, 121, 122, 274, 277, 275 280 Lac Vieux Desert, 276 Hualapai reservation, 274 Mille Lacs, 211–12, 270, 278 Kerr-McGee mines, near Cove, Red Lake, 281 182 see also Baldwin; Banks; Many Farms, BIA boarding high Bellecourt; Blaeser; school, 176 Gordon; Loew; Mitchell Navajo Nation situated in, 279 (George); Nordwall; Peltier; Pueblo Indians of, 60 Robideau; Turtle Mountain; Quechan in, 281 Vizenor; White Earth Salt River community, 157, 211, Antone, Alfretta, 158 277, 280 Antone, Delia, 214 San Carlos reservation, 69, 149, Apache Tribe of 282; see also Kitcheyan (Fort Sill), 270 San Juan, 215, 280 Apaches, 34, 49, 54, 69, 149, Window Rock, 89 201 Yavapai-Prescott, 286 Chiricahua, 272; see also see also Apaches; CAP; Hopis; Geronimo; Houser Hull; Maricopa; Lipan, 30, 276 McClanahan; Montezuma; Western, 282, 286; see also Navajos; Osborn; Pascua Patterson Yaqui; Phoenix; Pimas; see also Jicarilla; Mescalero; Pueblo; Tohono O’odham White Mountain Arizona v. California (Supreme Apesanahkwat (Menominee tribal Court 1963), 183 chairman), 209 Armstrong, O. K., 130 Apsáalooke see Crows Armstrong, Samuel (General), 20 Aquash, Anna Mae Pictou, Army Corps of Engineers, 142, 167 143 ARA (Alaska Reorganization Act Arnold, Laurie, 141–2 1934), 106 Aroostook Micmac Tribe of Arapahos, 9, 91, 200, 253, 254 Maine, 9, 215, 270, 278 see also Cheyenne-Arapahos; arts and crafts see tourism and the Northern Arapahos; arts Southern Arapahos Asah, Spencer, 90 Arikaras, 125, 270, 284 Asianggataq, 76

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Index assimilation, 3, 6, 18, 19, 27, 28, Bering Strait, 205–6 32, 37, 46, 52, 53, 58, 61, 62, Berkhofer, Robert F., 3 68, 74, 75, 84, 85, 102, 109, Bernal, Paul, 152 112, 131, 144, 148, 169, 234 Berry, E. Y., 143 Assiniboines, 41, 43, 44, 270, 273 BIA (), see also Adams (Hank); Blackbird 12, 51, 71, 80, 95–7, 99, 110, Atkins,J.D.C.,20 131, 135–6, 149, 154, Atkinson Trading Company v. Shirley 157–158, 165–166, 172, 234 (Supreme Court 2001), 236 abolition of, 50, 52 Atwood, Stella, 64, 65 criticized, 57, 84, 235 Auburn Theological Seminary, 50 delegation of Indian health care Auchiah, James, 90 responsibilities to PHS, Australia, 241 137 Awa Tsireh, 90 efforts to expand, consolidate, or create Native land bases, Bad Heart Bull, Wesley, 166 107 Bailey, Alfred (Sgt), 47 Indian languages and, 87, 88–9 Baldwin, Marie, 50 Indians at Work (periodical), 93 Baltazar, John Mills, 103 management of federally Bambi (Disney film), 253 operated services, 174 Banks, Dennis, 161, 165, 166, 167 regulations and bureaucracy, Banyacya, Thomas, 116 238 Baptist Home Missionary Society, education, schools and 60 institutions, 138, 175, 176, Barker, Robert, 128 178 Barnett, Jackson, 60 see also Bronson; Collier; basketball, 24, 81, 176, 201, 202 Harland; Heacock; Head; Basso, Keith, 196 Hicks; McNickle; OFA; Bauer, Fred, 107 Phinney; Rowlodge; Bay Mills Community College, Stecker 195 Big Foot, 13 Beach, Adam, 200 Bimson, Carl, 135–6 Beatty, Willard, 88, 89, 93–4 Bird-in-Ground, Sam, 46 Becenti, Ryneldi, 201 bison, 259 Beck, David R. M., 155 Bissonette, Gladys, 166 Bedard, Irene, 200 Black, Galen, 197 Begay, Harrison, 92 Black, Hugo (Justice), 150 Begay, Kenneth, 148 Black Hills, 11–12, 127, 128, 223 Bellecourt, Clyde & Vernon, 161 Blackbird, Kenny, 200 Bender, Anna, 26 Blackfeet, 9, 11, 98, 116, 125, Bender, Charles A. (“Chief”), 23 149, 271, 276, 283 Benet, Stephen Vincent, 13–14 federal policy toward, 85 Berenstain Bears series, 253 Piegan Institute and language Berger, Thomas R., 218–19 immersion, 252, 253

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used as romantic symbol to Burkhart, Ernest, 59 draw tourists, 71 Burnette, Robert, 165 see also Burgess; Cardinal; Bursum, Olaf, 64, 65 Cobell; Kipp; Peters; Welch Busby School, 175 Blackfeet Crazy Dog Society, 228 Butler, Darrelle (“Dino”), 161 Blackfeet National Bank, 228 Butler, Hugh, 132–3 Blaeser, Kimberly M., 198–9 Blaine, Peter, 115 CAAMP (Citizens’ Association for Blue Lake, 151–2, 153, 169, 218 the Advancement of the see also Pueblo communities Menominee People), 155 (Taos) Caddo Nation, 106, 271 Blumenthal, Richard, 266 see also Cannon; Madrano; Board of Indian Commissioners, Weller 17–18, 20 California, 64, 68, 75, 94, 98, 102, Boas, Franz, 52 136, 188, 223, 249, 261, 262, Boldt Decision (1974), 160 272, 276 Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons, 31, Agua Caliente Reservation near 50, 52, 53,74 Palm Springs, 134, 269, 271 Bottle Hollow resort, 181 Cahuilla, 9, 271; see also Costo Bou-ge-tah Smoky, Lois, 90 (Rupert) Boutang family, 26 Chemehuevis of, 70, 271 Box, Matthew J., 257 Cupeno represented on Pala Brando, Marlon, 160 Reservation, 273 Broker family, 26 Death Valley Timbi-Sha Bronson, Ruth Muskrat, 112–13, Shoshone Band, 214, 284 124, 125, 126, 133 Esselen tribal members in Brookings Institution, 79 Monterey County, 273 Brophy, William, 130, 132, 134 Fort Bidwell, 280 Brower, Charles, 76 Fort Yuma Reservation, 281 Brower, Pearl, 251 Hoopa Valley and Hupas, 29, Brown, Cozy Stanley, 118–19 133, 274, 275 Brown, Dee, 1, 14 Indian rancheria communities, Brown, Nicholas E., 54 140, 271, 277, 278, 280, Brown Ruoff, A. LaVonne, 92 284, 286 Browning (Montana), 124, 228 Karuk tribal members in, 9, Cuts Wood School, 253 218, 275 Bruner, Joseph, 106 Laytonville Rancheria, 271 Bryan, William Jennings, 79 Luiseno people in, 277 Bureau of Justice Statistics, 246 Maidu peoples of, 277 Bureau of Land Management, 128 Miwok peoples of, 278 Bureau of Reclamation, 142 Morongo in, 9, 242, 282 Burgess, Lorene, 125 Paiute communities in, 280 Burke, Charles, 60, 61, 66 Pit River Reservation, 163, 280 Burke Act (1906), 35, 38 Pomos of, 70, 198, 281

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California (cont.) Carcieri v. Salazar (Supreme Court Round Valley Reservation, 285, 2009), 261 287 Cardinal, Douglas, 229–30 Barona community, 214 Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Santa Rosa, 198, 271 24, 25, 26, 52, 94 Santa Ysabel Reservation, 101, Native American Church and, 282 27 Sherman Institute, 22 see also Friday; Paul; Pratt; Six Rivers National Forest, 218 Thorpe; Warner Smith River, 29, 284 Carlyle, Wayne & Richard, 213 Sons of the Golden West, 63 Carpenter, James, 101 Tejons of, 265, 284 Carter, Jimmy, 171 Terminal Island, 115 casinos see gaming Wintu community members in, Cattaraugus Creek, 84 286 Cattaraugus Seneca Nation, 209 Wiyot community members in Cattelino, Jessica R., 261 Blue Lake, 286 cattle ranching, 44, 45, 46, 69, 96, Yahi tribe, 17, 286 103, 149 Caughnauwaga, 75, 76 Yurok Tribe, 218, 287 Cayugas, 85, 271, 275 see also Alcatraz; Arizona v. see also Farmer; Pierce; California; Collier; DQ-U; Seneca-Cayuga Tribe Forbes; Los Angeles; San CCC (New Deal Civilian Francisco; Schwarzenegger; Conservation Corps), 96 Tolowa Celilo Falls, 142 California Indian Legal Services census data, 14 (1890), 17 (1900), program, 157 132, 192 (1960), 192 (1930), California State Housing and 180 (1970), 192 (1980), 192, Immigration Commission, 63 216, 243 (1990), 243, 251–2 California v. Cabazon Band of Mission (2010) Indians (Supreme Court CERT (Council of Energy 1987), 206 Resources Tribes), 181–2, 220 Campbell, Ben Nighthorse, 212 CETA (Comprehensive Campisi, Jack, 5–6 Employment and Training , 4, 241, 250 Act 1973), 180 indigenous colleges in, 250 Chapman, Oscar, 134 travel between US and, 162 Chavez, Dennis, 88 tribal populations in, 269, Cheraws, 110 270–1, 273–6, 278, 279, Cherokees, 9, 15–16, 28, 70, 195, 282, 285 237, 271, 283 Canadian Saulteaux, 200 art students, 91 Cannon, T. C., 187 mixed ancestry, 193 CAP (Central Arizona Project), system for writing the language, 213–14 47

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see also Bailey; Bronson; Chippewa, 6, 214, 248 Harland; Heth; Hicks; Holm Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake (Tom); Johnson (N.B.); Superior, 215 Keetowahs; King Little Shell Tribe, 270; see also (Thomas); Mankiller; New; Gray Rogers; Sequoyah; Smith Sokaogan, 9, 270 (Redbird); Studi; Uri; also Twin Cities Council, 75 under Eastern Cherokees see also Bender; Guyon Cheyenne-Arapahos, 105, 106, Chippewa-Cree community, 270, 199 273, 281 see also Eyre; Rice Choctaws, 33, 126, 255 Cheyenne River, 9, 12, 13, 19, 91, Mississippi, 9, 37–8, 213, 260, 253, 259, 271, 276 272; see also Martin business council, 41, 42 see also Brown (Nicholas); police force, 41 Dwight; Oklahombi lands flooded, 142 Christian missionaries, 16, 28, tribal council, 77 26–7, 37, 40, 52, 60, 61, 80, western Lakota on, 41 88, 95, 186 medical, 95 Cheyennes, 106, 125, 149, 182, Christianity, 28, 29, 32, 37 199 access to, 18 Homecoming Powwow in Lame converts to, 78, 85 Deer, Montana, 195 Church of Jesus Christ of Sun Dance maintained by, 29 Latter-day Saints see see also Northern Cheyenne; Mormons Southern Cheyenne Circuit Court, 43, 128, 212 Chicago, 23, 46, 48, 65, 130, 139, Citizenship Act (1924), 68 144, 146–7, 244 City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Branch of Placement and Nation of (2005), 237 Relocation, 144 civil rights movement, 131, 159, Menominees in, 155 162 Native American Educational see also Indian Civil Rights Act Services College Powwow, Claims Resolution Act (2010), 232 195 Clapp, Moses E., 38 see also American Indian Clark, Ann Nolan, 88–9 Conference; Montezuma; Clark, Kenneth, 196 Newberry Library Clark, William Russel, 67, 196 Chicago Indian Center, 146 Clearwater, Frank, 167 Chicanos, 177 Cleveland Indians (baseball team), Chickasaws, 9, 33, 272 199 see also Cobb (Amanda); Hogan Clinton, Bill, 234, 236, 266 (Linda); Keel Clinton, Robert N., 216 Childers, Lt. Ernest, 116 Coastal Miwoks, 198, 278 Chino, Marie, 148 Cobb, Amanda, 229

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Cobell, Elouise, 228, 233 Connecticut, 195, 229 Cobell Settlement, The, 228–9, Mohegan Tribe of, 215, 278 231–4 Schaghticoke Tribal Nation in, Cody, Buffalo Bill, 48 266, 282 Coeur d’Alene see Alexie; see also Blumenthal; Pequots; Killsright Weicker Cohen, Felix, 86, 135 Cook Inlet Region, 219 Coler, Jack, 167 Cook-Lynn, Elizabeth, 28, 223 Collier, John, 62–6, 79, 80, 83, Coolidge, Calvin, 79 84–9, 87, 93, 96–102, 106–9, Coolidge, Sherman, 50, 79 111, 122, 124, 129–30, 134 Cooper, James Fenimore, 200 Collins, Anita, 165 Coquille, 272 Colorado, 9, 30, 157 Restoration Powwow, 195 Denver, 124, 144, 148 Cornelius, Laura, 50 Southern Utes of 285; Red Cornplanter, Jessie J., 90 Willow Production Cornwall International Bridge Company 256; see also Box blockade (1968), 162 Costello, Nancy A., 248 Colorado River, 9, 122, 183, 272 Costner, Kevin, 200 Mojave tribal members on Costo, Jeannette Henry, 187, 188 reservation, 278 Costo, Rupert, 102, 187 Southern Paiute on reservations Coulter, Robert T., 241 bordering, 271 Counceller, April (“Isiik”), 254 Columbia River fishing and dams, Court of Indian Affairs, 97 142 Covington, Lucy, 141, 142, 158 Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Cow Creek Band of Umpqua, 9, Commission, 257 272, 285 Columbia Tribal Council federal recognition to, 215 (Columbia River Indians), see also Shaffer 109 Crazy Horse monument, 223 Columbus, Christopher, 191 Crazy Snake see Harjo Colville Confederated Tribes, 141, Cree community, 273 272, 279 see also Chippewa-Cree; Colville Indian Association, 141–2 Highway; McNickle; Comanches, 30, 34, 116 Quick-to-See-Smith; Homecoming Powwow, 195 Sainte-Marie language classes, 253 Creeks, 278 tribal offices, 272 Poarch, 9, 215, 278, 281 see also Nocona; Parker see also Muscogees (Cynthia & Quanah); crime, 136, 236, 238, 245–6 Smith (Paul) Crouse, C. W., 45 Committee of One Hundred, 79 Crow Creek, 9, 12, 142, 273, 276, Concurrent Resolution, 108 286 (US Congress 1953), 131 see also Cook-Lynn

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Crows, 9, 74, 101–2, 201, 259, (tribe), 118, 273 273 Annual Powwow in Copan, fairs, 47, 102, 202–3 Oklahoma, 195 mining, 182 see also Geiogamah non-Indian settlement, 35 Deloria, Ella, 114 see also Bird-in-Ground; Pease; Deloria, P. Sam, 156, 159 Snell; Walking Bear Deloria, Philip J., 223–4 Cuomo, Andrew, 264 Deloria, Vine, 5, 6, 158, 185–6, Curry, James, 134 206, 223, 227–8 Curtis, Edward, 17, 18, 224 Dendahl, Henry, 72–3 Curtis Act (1898), 36–7 Dennison, Debbie Jackson, 222 Custer, Gen. George Armstrong, Department of the Interior, 135, 12, 14, 47, 48, 223 232 Branch of Acknowledgment Daganett, Charles, 50, 75 and Research, 172 Dakota(s), 10, 81, 138, 178, 283 D’Harnoncourt, René, 90 Mdewakanton, 11, 273, 277 Dial, Adolph, 110 Santee, 161 diet, 80, 247 Sisseton, 201 diseases, 17, 79, 244, 247 Wahpeton, 11, 201, 273, 285 Dixey, Ralph, 190 Yanktonai, 91 Dodge, Mabel, 63 see also North Dakota; South Dodge v. Nakai (1968), 183–4 Dakota Dorris, Michael, 198 Daly, Shirley, 155 Doxtator, Deborah, 209, 224 Dann, Mary & Carrie, 128 DQ-U (Deganawidah-Quetzalcoatl Dartmouth College, 10, 178, 179, University), 177–8 222, 228 DRUMS (Determination of Rights David, Louis, 115 and Unity for Menominee Davids, Brent Michael, 201 Shareholders), 155 Davidson, Robert, 149 Ducheneaux, Frank, 142–3 Dawes, Henry L., 49 Dunn, Dorothy, 90, 91 see also ; Dawes Duwamish Tribe Commission Puget Sound area, 273 Dawes Act (1887), 32–3, 34, 36, Seattle area, 266–7 38, 40, 169 see also Hansen Dawes Commission (1893), 37, 39 Dwight, Ben, 124 Deer, Ada, 155, 218 Deer, Sarah, 246 Eastern Cherokees, 25, 28, 33, 47, Deer Creek, 9 70, 110, 271 Defender, George, 46 see also Bauer; Clearwater; Costo DeLaCruz, Joe, 136, 158 (Jeannette); Jemison; (state), 66–7, 196, Morgan (Jacob) 278 Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation, 266

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Eastman, Charles, 10–11, 50, 52, Five (Civilized) Tribes, 36, 55 79 see also Cherokees; Chickasaws; Echo-Hawk, Roger, 205 Choctaws; Creeks; Echohawk, John, 157, 228, 236 Seminoles education, 4, 18, 19–27, 51, 52, Flandreau, 9 80–1, 88–9, 93, 94–5, 97, Indian school, 116 111, 114, 130, 136, 137, 138, Flathead Reservation, 9, 140 139, 147, 154, 172–83, 199, Confederated Salish-Kootenai, 220–3, 224–5, 231, 236, 93, 132, 133, 239, 273, 248–54 275, 276, 282 see also AIHEC; Johnson- non-Indian settlement, 35 O’Malley; NCLB Florida, 9, 140, 223 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 134, 136, see also Seminoles 144 Fonda, Jane, 160 Eiteljorg Museum of American Fools Crow, Frank, 166 Indians and Western Art, 215 Forbes, Jack, 177 Ellal, Martha Langevin, 209–10 Ford Foundation, 157 Emmons, Glenn, 134–5 Fort Apaches see White Mountain Engler, John, 211 Apaches English language, 15, 16, 19, 20, Fort Belknap, 41, 43, 44, 270, 26, 42, 52, 87, 105, 123, 175, 273, 274 251–2, 254 Fort Berthold, 9 Erdrich, Louise, 197 Garrison Dam project, 125 Escalante, Malcolm, 247 Hidatsa ranchers from, 46 Eskimoes, 117, 270, 275, 287 Three Affiliated Tribes, 125, see also Inuits 142, 270, 273, 274, 277, Esther Martinez Native American 284 Language Preservation Act Fort Laramie Treaty (1868), 11, (2006), 252 12, 128 Ex parte Green (1941), 115 Fort Sill, 272 Eyre, Chris, 200 see also Apache Tribe of Oklahoma Fall, Albert Bacon, 61–2, 64, 65, Foxwoods, 210 79 Frank, Billy, 258 Fallon, 9, 76, 280, 283 Fraser, James Earle, 17, 224 Paiute-Shoshone Tribal Court, Fred Harvey Company, 71 236–7 Friday, Robert, 77–8 Farmer, Gary, 200 Friends of the Indian, 17 FBI agents, 166, 167 Fienup-Riordan, Ann, 170 Gadsden Purchase (1854), 115 filmmakers, 200, 231 Gamble, Robert, 42 First Salmon ceremonies, 258 gaming, 194, 206–13, 219, fishing rights, 105, 109, 153, 157, 259–65, 266 159–68, 216, 258, 266 see also IGRA

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Gandy, Henry L., 19, 31 Hall, Philo, 42 Gates, Merrill, 34 Hansen, Cecile, 266–7 Gay Head (Mass.), 67, 215, 285 Hanson, James, 205 Geiogamah, Hanay, 200 Hard Rock International, 261 General Allotment Act see Dawes Hardin, Helen, 187 Act Harding, Warren G., 61 General Federation of Women’s Harjo, Chitto (Crazy Snake), 39, Clubs, 64 40 Georgia, 15, 16 Harjo, Joy, 198 Geronimo, 16–17, 200 Harland, Lois, 124 Getches, David H., 157 Harrah’s Ak-Chin Casino, 214 Gignon, Pam, 224 Harrington, John, 88 Glacier national park, 71 Harris, Fred, 152 Goldwater, Barry, 152 Hart, Ben, 203 Gordon, Philip, 50, 79 Hart, E. Richard, 217 Gorton, Slade, 212 Harte, Joan Keshena, 155 Gover, Kevin, 234–5 Harvey Houses, 71 Goyathlay see Geronimo Haskell see (Lawrence) Grand Canyon, 71, 274 Hawaii (Midway), 116 Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa see also Native Hawaiians; Pearl and Chippewa, 9, 214, 270, Harbor 279 Hayes, Ira, 116, 117, 118 see also Raphael Hayward, Richard (“Skip”), 210 Gray, Gerald, 267 Heacock, Charlie, 124 (1930s), 59, 84, Head, Wade, 115 120 Head Start, 157–8 Great Lakes Indian Fish and health care, 58, 78, 79, 93, 95, Wildlife Commission, 257 114, 123, 157, 170 Great Northern Railway, 71 see also IHS; PHS Great Recession (2009), 236, 255 Heap of Birds, Hachivi Edgar, 199 Great Sioux Reservation, 11, 12 Greene, Graham, 200 Heileman Brewing Company, 223 Greymorning, Neyooxet, 253 Helmer, Antoinnette, 218 Gros Ventres, 41, 43, 44, 254, 274 Hensley, Harvey, 208 see also Spotted Wolf; Welch Hensley, Victrietta, 208 Gruening, Ernest, 133 Herring Pond, 67 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty (1848), Heth, Charlotte Wilson, 145 60, 153 Hewitt, Edgar L., 72 Guyon, Joseph, 23 Hicks, Erma, 124 Hidatsas, 48, 125, 270, 274, 284 Haidas, 66, 125, 133, 274 see also Wolf Chief see also Davidson Highway, Tomson, 200 Halbritter, Ray, 264 Hill, Norbert S., 222 Hale, William K., 59 Hill, Roberta, 198, 199

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Hitchcock, Ethan Allan, 34–5 Hull, Jane Dee, 211 Ho-Chunk people, 9, 195, 274 human rights, 241 casino owned by, 211 Hunt, William H. (Judge), 43 see also Roe Cloud (Henry); Hunter, Howard, 201 Snake hockey, 179 ICC (), Hogan, Alma see Snell 126–8, 130, 132, 133 Hogan, Linda, 198 Ickes, Harold, 109 Hokeah, Jack, 90, 91 ICWA ( Holm, Bill, 148–9 1978), 184, 185, 237, 238 Holm, Tom, 55, 73–4 Idaho, 68, 138, 242, 191, 272 Homestead Act (1862), 33 Duck Valley, 5, 107, 273, 283 Hoover, Herbert, 80 Fort Hall, 190, 283 Kootenai, 276 Hopi Snake Dance, 61 Nez Perces in, 9, 258, 279 Hopis, 9, 104, 256, 272, 274 Shoshone-Bannock members imprisoned in Alcatraz, 163 in, 283 see also Adams (Byron); identity, 3, 19, 37, 39–53, 67, 74, Banyacya; Kabotie; 92, 99, 109, 110, 146, 148, Katchgonva; Loloma; 154, 185, 191–7, 202, 214, Masayesva; Nampeyo; 223–4, 231, 241 Navajo-Hopi Rehabilitation see also self-identity; sense of Act; Numkena; Piestewa; identity; tribal identity Pongonyuma; Poocha; IGRA (Indian Gaming Regulatory Qoya-wayma; Tewanima Act 1988), 206–7, 210, 212, Horse, Cecil, 116 260, 261, 263 Hotevilla Hopis, 115 IHS (Indian Health Service), 137, Houma tribal members, 274 167–8, 174, 207, 236, 244 see also Spotted Eagle IIM (Individual Indian Money) House Concurrent Resolution, accounts, 232 108 (1953) 140 Ike, Frederick, 208 House Ways and Means Indian Affairs Commissioners, 2, Committee, 212 17, 35–6, 218 Houser, Allan, 91, 148 see also Atkins; BIA; Burke; housing, 80, 106, 120, 121, 123, Collier; Court of Indian 143, 146, 162, 168, 170, 207, Affairs; Deer (Ada); Jones 209, 214 (William); Leupp; Myer; see also sanitation Nichols; Rhoads; Sells; Howard, Edgar, 97 Senate Indian Affairs see also IRA (Wheeler-Howard Committee; Southwest Act) Association; Valentine; Howe,Oscar,91 Zimmerman Hoxie, Frederick, 41, 74 Indian Civil Rights Act (1968), Hubbell, Juan Lorenzo, 70, 71 183, 184

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Indian Country Today Media Iowa (state), 9, 30, 136 Network, 244 Tama, 148; Mesquakie Indian Defense Association, 83 settlement near, 277, 281 Indian Education (bulletin), 89, Iowas (tribe), 9, 106, 275 93–4 IRA (Indian Reorganization Act Indian Education Act (1972), 174 1934), 97–106, 107, 109, Indian Historian, The (journal), 188 110 Indian Historian Press, 188 Iraq, 242, 243 Indian Mineral Development Act , 90, 275 (1982), 221 New York, 100, 114–15, 133, Indian Rights Association, 18, 50, 204 79 Six Nations see Cayugas; Indian Truth (newsletter), 61 Mohawks; Oneidas; self-serving schemes opposed Onondagas; Senecas; by, 62 Tuscaroras see also Welsh see also Jemison; Parker (Arthur) Indian Self-Determination and Iroquois Nationals Lacrosse Team, Education Assistance Act 202 (1975), 174 Ishi, 17, 286 , 30, 33, 36, 37, IWN (Indigenous Women’s Network), 162 40, 92, 113 see also Oklahoma Jackson, Andrew, 16 Indian Trade and Intercourse Act Jackson, Henry, 169 (1790), 171 Jacobson, Oscar, 91 Indian Tribal Energy and Janklow, William, 167 Development and Japanese (WWII), 117 Self-Determination Act interned Japanese-Americans, (2005), 255–6 121, 123, 134 Indiana invasion of Aleutian Islands, Miami Nation in, 215, 277 123 White’s Manual Labor Institute Jay Treaty (1794), 162 in Wabash, 52 Jemison, Alice Lee, 83–4, 85, 98, International Indian Treaty 100, 107 Council, 240 Jicarilla Apaches, 9, 103, 216, Internet access, 251 270, 275 InterTribal Bison Cooperative, amount of land possessed by, 5 259 oil and gas investment, 221 Inuit Circumpolar Conference, solar energy projects, 257 218–19 see also Baltazar; Serafin; Tiller; Inuits, 117, 275 Vicenti; Vigil Inupiat˜ people, 9, 200, 251, 275 Jim, Rex Lee, 193 women married to non-Indian Joe, Jennie, 146 whalers, 76 Joffrey Ballet, 201

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Johnson, Gary E., 211 Kiowas, 9, 30, 276 Johnson, Lyndon B., 156, 180 lands shared with Apaches, 49 Johnson, N. B., 124 see also Asah; Auchiah; Johnson, Troy R., 165 Bou-ge-tah Smoky; Johnson, Willie Bluehouse, 201 Cannon; Geiogamah; Johnson-O’Malley Act (1934), 94, Hokeah; Horse; Lone Wolf; 138, 174 Momaday; Mopope; Jones, Douglas, 169 Tsatoke Jones, William, 21 Kipp, Darrel, 252, 253 Joseph (Heinmot Tooyalakeet), 17 Kitch, James B., 69 Kitcheyan, Kathleen W., 245 Kabotie, Fred, 90 Klallam Tribe Kahnawake, 242 Jamestown, 214, 275, 276 Kakar, Leona, 214 Port Gamble, 222 Kansas, 30, 60 Klamath(s), 29, 91, 101, 258, 276 Iowa Tribe of, 275 trust status/withdrawal of Kickapoo of, 9, 275 federal protection, 132, Lawrence 51; Haskell 133, 134, 140, 156 School/Indian Nations Kroeber, Alfred, 17, 79 University, 21–2, 25, 77, Kronos Quartet, 201 78, 82, 178 Potawotami of, 9, 133, 140, La Chappa, Clifford, 214 242, 281 La Flesche, Francis, 31–2 Wichita, Roe Institute, 26 La Flesche, Rosa B., 50 Kartovik, 170 La Pena, Frank, 187 Katchgonva, Dan, 115 La Push, 281 Keel, Jefferson, 237–8 Lac Courte Oreilles, 9, 103–4, Keepseagle, Marilynn, 259 270, 276 Keetowahs, 39–40, 106, 271 New Years annual powwow at see also United Keetowah Band Hayward, 195 Kellogg Foundation, 223 WOJB radio station, 225 Kelly, John, 211 Lakota Language Consortium, Kennard, Edward, 88 253 Kennedy, Robert, 174 Lakota National Anthem, 194 Kennedy, Ted, 152, 174 Lakotas, 104, 116, 149, 163, ‘‘Kennewick man”, 206 165–6, 218 Kerr-McGee Corp v. Navajo Tribe Cheyenne River, 253, 271, 276 (1985), 216 Hunkpapa, 11, 274, 276; see also Kickapoo tribe, 9, 106, 215, 275–6 Itazipco (), 11, 275, Kidwell, Clara Sue, 225 276 Killsright, Joseph Stuntz, 161, KILI Radio, 225 167 Lower Brule, 9, 12, 142, 276; King, Thomas, 198 see also Yellow

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Mnikowoju, 11, 41, 276, 278; Little Bighorn, Battle of (1876), 12 see also Big Foot Little Bighorn College, 224 , 276, 279, 280; see also Littlebear, Richard, 248 Fools Crow; Lamont; Loew, Patty, 120, 217 Means; Mills (Billy); Oglala Logan, William R., 43, 44 Lakota College; Red Cloud; Loloma, Charles, 148 Wilson (Richard) Lomawaima, K. Tsianina, 94–5 Oohenunpa (), 11, Lone Wolf, 34–5 276, 279 Longfish, George, 187 Sicangu, 11, 276; see also Los Angeles, 139, 144, 145, 192 Burnette; Heacock; Louisiana Roubideaux; Alabama-Coushatta groups in, (Henry) 270 Sihasapa, 11, 41, 276, 283 Houma tribal members in, 274 Western, 11, 41 Indian Heritage Association fall see also Bad Heart Bull; Little powwow in Folsom, 195 Bighorn; Westerman; Tunica-Biloxi tribal members in, Wounded Knee 9, 214, 285 Lamberth, Royce C. (judge), 232 Lowe, Anna Laura, 60 Lamont, Buddy, 167 Lowell, A. Lawrence, 67 land bases, 2, 4, 7, 42, 45, 55, 86, Lowery, Malinda Maynor, 110 95, 99, 103, 107–11, 196, Luhan, Antonio, 63 208, 272, 276, 283 Luiseno people, 187, 277 land rights, 133, 154, 216 , 215, 277 land use, 6, 96, 106, 114, 216 see also Lowery Langer, William, 132 Lurie, Nancy, 147 language(s), 3, 5, 6, 16, 17, 19, Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery 20, 22, 27, 28, 52, 54, 68, 74, Protective Association (Supreme 85–7, 89, 94, 108, 117, 130, Court 1988), 218 162, 176, 190, 193, 195, 231, Lyons, Jesse, 115 241, 250–4, 261, 268 see also English language; Native MacArthur Foundation, 224, 228 American Languages Acts; MacDonald, Peter, 181 tribal languages Machita, Pia, 115 Last Salmon Ceremony, 258 Madrano, Dan, 125 Latimer, Joseph, 84 Maine, 69, 125, 154, 168, 171 Lawrence,D.H.,63 Abenaki community in, 269 Leandro, 115 Aroostook Micmac Tribe of, 9, Leupp, Francis, 35 215, 270, 278 Lewis, Lucy, 148 Houlton Band of Maliseets of, Lewis, Merna, 158 170–1, 274, 277 Lewis, Orme, 135, 144 Passamaquoddy Tribe of, Lewis, Robert, 158 170–1, 280; see also Lincoln, Abraham, 3, 153 Sockabesin

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Maine (cont.) McKenzie, Fayette, 50 Penobscot Nation of, 170–1, McLaughlin, James, 35, 42 258, 280 McNeil, Larry, 200 see also Tureen McNickle, D’Arcy, 92, 93, 111, Maine Indian Settlement Act 124, 133–4, 147, 188, 188–9, (1980), 171 191 Makahs, 9, 46–7, 159, 222, 277 Means, Russell, 165, 166, 167 Tribal Museum, 204 Medicine, Anne N., 222 see also Osawa Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty Mandans, 125, 270, 277, 284 (1867/68), 34, 48 Mankiller, Wilma, 224, 267–8 MEI (Menominee Enterprises Mansfield, Mike, 140 Incorporated), 155 Manuelito, Brenda Kay, 193 Menominee Restoration Act Margold, Nathan, 86 (1973), 156 Maricopa, 211, 274, 277 Menominees, 9, 132, 136, 146, Marshall, John (Chief Justice), 277 15–16 off-reservation casino site Martin, Phillip, 158, 213 considered by, 209 reservation lands containing Martin-Lufking, Bernardine, 214 valuable economic Martinez, Julia & Myles, 184 resources, 133 Martinez, Julian, 72, 73,91 trust status terminated, 140, Martinez, Maria, 72, 73 156 (Cultural Resources withdrawal of federal Center in Suitland), 204 protection, 134, 154–5 Masayesva, Victor, 200 see also Apesanahkwat; CAAMP; Mashantucket Pequot Museum Daly; Deer (Ada); DRUMS; and Research Center, 204 Gignon; Harte; MEI; Moses; Mashpee Tribe v. New Seabury Corp. Neconish-Gardner; Wilbur (1979), 6 (Sylvia) Massachusetts, 9, 171, 176 Meriam, Lewis, 79–80 Mashpees/Wampanoags of, 66, Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe 67, 215, 265, 277, 285 (Supreme Court 1982), 216 see also Dawes Act Mesa School, 224 Massey, Dallas, 242 Mescalero Apaches, 9, 58, 61–2, Mathews, John Joseph, 92 270, 272, 276, 277 Matthiessen, Peter, 167 Inn of the Mountain Gods, 181, McCarthy, James, 23–4 211 McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax right to regulate non-Indian Commission (Supreme Court hunting and fishing, 216 1973), 184 Mesquakies, 277, 281 McCloud, Janet, 159–60, 161–2 see also Young Bear McGovern, George, 152 Messerschmidt, Jim, 167 McKenna, Joseph (Justice), 44 Metacom (King Philip), 67

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Métis (mixed-bloods), 38, 39, 104, Millsboro, 278 124, 141, 193, 197, 200 Minneapolis-St Paul, 52, 74–5, fictional, 92, 93, 198 192, 244 see also Cardinal; Neakok; Anishinabeg in, 161; see also Trahant Banks; Bellecourt; Mitchell Mexico, 30 (George) see also Guadalupe Hidalgo Twin Cities Chippewa Council, Treaty; peyote 75 Miami (Oklahoma), 98 Minnesota, 30, 68, 94 Peoria community members in, Dakotas in, 273 280 Mille Lacs people, 211–12, 270, Miami (Oklahoma/Indian 278 Territory tribe), 9, 33, 106, Morris Indian School 277 curriculum for female see also Indiana (Miami Nation) students, 22 Miccosukee, 278 Red Lake, 136 Michigan, 9, 138, 208 see also Clapp; Minneapolis; Anishinabe reservations in, 270, Nelson Act; Steenerson; 275, 276 White Earth Ann Arbor Dance for Mother Mirabal, James, 152 Earth Contest Powwow, Mississippi River, 14, 21, 98, 108 195 Mississippi state, 9, 37–8, 158, Grand Traverse Band, 9, 214, 213, 260, 272 248, 270, 279 Grand Village of Natchez Honoring Our Veterans Indians, 195 Powwow, Bay Mills Missouri River Big Bend Dam, 142 Community College, Fort Randall Dam, 142 Brimley, 195 Garrison Dam, 125 Keweenaw Bay on Upper Oahe Dam, 142 Peninsula, 103, 275 Pick-Sloan plan (1992), 142 Lac Vieux Desert Band, 215, Missouri state, 9 276 Eastern in Seneca, Little River Band of Ottawa, 211 195, 283 Little Traverse Band of Odawa, Sioux tribes of, 134 211 Mitchell, George, 161 Potawatomi of, 281 Mitchell, Ted, 183 see also Engler Miwoks, 198, 278 Mickelson, George T. (judge), 149 mixed-bloods see Métis Micmacs, 9, 215, 270, 278 Modocs, 9, 163, 278 see also Aquash see also Dorris Miles, Gen. Nelson, 12–13 Mohawks, 85, 254, 275 Mills, Billy, 201 New York, 75–6, 242, 264, 270, Mills, Sid, 161 278

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Mohawks (cont.) Muscogees, 9, 33, 58, 278, 287 see also David; Medicine (Anne); see also Barnett; Bruner; Oakes; Oaks; White Roots Childers; Deer; Harjo; Holm of Peace (Tom); Lomawaima; Momaday, Al, 186 Perryman; Posey; Momaday, N. Scott, 186 Tsinhnahjinnie (Andrew); Montana, 30, 66, 182, 186 Tsinhnahjinnie (Hulleah) Cheyenne Homecoming Museum on the National Mall Powwow in Lame Deer, see NMAI 195 musicians, 186, 201 Chippewa-Cree community on Myer, Dillon, 134, 143–4 Rocky Boy Reservation, 270, 273, 281 NAC (Native American Church), Fort Belknap Reservation, 9, 43, 7, 27, 32, 50, 193, 196 274 expansion of, 49 Fort Peck Reservation, 286 legislation to limit harassment Fort Shaw Indian School, 24 of, 184; tradition of seeking Indian Education for All Act visions and finding power, (1999), 249–50 31 Little Shell Tribe, 267, 270 NAGPRA (Native American Salish-Kootenais, 140, 251 Graves Protection and schools/education, 178, Repatriation Act 1990), 205, 249–50, 251, 253 206 see also Blackfeet; Browning; Nakai, R. Carlos, 201 Crows; Flathead; Gros Nampeyo (Hopi-Tewa potter), 72 Ventres; Mansfield; , 66–7, 196, 278 Northern Cheyenne; see also Clark (Kenneth & Wheeler William) Montezuma, Carlos, 50, 51, 57–8, Naranjo-Morse, Nora, 199 74, 84 NARF (Native American Rights Montoya v. (Supreme Fund), 157, 171, 210, 214, Court 1901), 5 220, 228, 241 Mooney, James, 31 class-action lawsuit against Moore, Anna, 26 Department of the Interior Mopope, Stephen, 90 (1996), 232 Morgan, Jacob, 101, 107 see also Echohawk Morgan, Thomas Jefferson, 17, NASA (National Aeronautics and 191 Space Administration), Morgan, William, 88 250–1 Mormons, 28, 88, 144, 185 National Conference of State Morongo Indians, 9, 242, 271, 282 Legislatures, 238 Moses, Beth, 224 National Council of American Moves Camp, Ellen, 166 Indians, 53

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National Endowment for the Cameron Trading Post hotel, Humanities, 252 236 National Guard, 54, 166 Diné College, 6, 176 National Indian Gaming Fire Rock Casino near Gallup, Association see Stevens New Mexico, 260 (Ernest L.) KTNN (radio station), 225 National Museum of the Rough Rock Demonstration American Indian Act (1989), School, 175 205 see also Mitchell (Ted) see also NMAI Navajo Nation Today, The, 191 National Park Service, 218 Navajo Times , 191 National Register of Historic Navajo Tribal Council, 89, 182 Places, 196 see also Tome; Wauneka National Science Foundation, Navajos, 17, 45, 70, 85, 88, 100, 222–3, 251, 252 144, 149–50, 254, 272 Native American and Indigenous Alamo, 9 Studies Association, 240 Codetalkers formed by marines, see also American Indian Studies 116–19; see also Brown programs (Cozy); Tsosie Native American Bank, 255 Diné language version of Star Native American Languages Acts Wars, 253 (1990/1992), 252 Franciscans at St Michael’s, 28 Native American Public IRA defeated by, 101 Telecommunications, 225 Keams Canyon school and Native American Rights Fund, hospital, 104 210 Ramah 9; Navajo High School, Native American Theater 175 Ensemble, 200 San Francisco Bay Area and Native Hawaiians, 200, 254 Denver migrants, 148 protections for, 240 see also Becenti; Begay; natural resources, 14, 15, 66, 105, Dennison (Debbie); Jim; 125, 157, 169, 180–1, 182, Joe; Johnson (Willie); 220, 255, 266 Kerr-McGee Corp; Navajo Community College, 176, MacDonald; Manuelito; 178 Martin-Lufking; Martinez Navajo-Hopi Rehabilitation Act (Julia & Myles); Morgan (1950), 138 (William); Nakai; Nez; Navajo Nation, 5, 138, 176, Price; Reid; Roessel; 183–4, 193, 222, 247–8, Tapahonso; Tauglechee; 256 Todacheene; Tracy; Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah Trahant; Tsinhnahjinnie reservations, 279 (Andrew); Tsinhnahjinnie Blessingway ceremony, 95, 175 (Hulleah)

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NCAI (National Congress of New, Lloyd Kiva, 187 American Indians), 93, 141, New Deal programs, 7, 63, 80, 84, 188 93, 105, 106, 110–11, 126, Embassy of Tribal Nations 148 see also CCC opening (Washington, DC, New Dealers, 104 2009), 237 New England, 11, 20, 33 founded (1944), 124 see also Connecticut; Maine; fourth annual convention Massachusetts; New (Santa Fe 1947), 133 Hampshire; Rhode Island; see also Bronson; Curry; Vermont DeLaCruz; Keel; Madrano New England Conservatory of NCLB (No Child Left Behind Act Music, 52 2001), 249 New Hampshire, 269 Neah Bay, 47 New Mexico, 9, 30, 68, 89, 125, Neakok, Sadie Brower, 76–7 153 Nebraska, 30, 148, 225 Anglo and Hispanic land claims Dakotas in, 273 and occupations, 71 Genoa Indian School, 77 Collier’s activities in, 62, 64 Ho-Chunk Nation annual Crownpoint, 119 powwow, 195 Gallup, 147, 260, 287; see also Iowa Tribe of, 275 Emmons Knox County, 281 Indian veterans in, 69 NAC convention in Macy Jicarilla Apaches of, 102, 270, (1953), 148 275 Northern Poncas of, 140, 281 Lipan Apaches in, 276 Potawotamies of, 140 Mescalero Apaches of, 58, 61, Sac and Foxes of, 9 62, 181, 216, 270, 276, 277 Santee Sioux in, 9, 239, 282 Navajo Nation situated in, 279 Winnebago of, 136, 260, 274; Pueblo Indians of, 60, 63, 65, Roe Cloud (Henry) 207–8, 272, 275, 276, 278, see also Butler (Hugh); Omaha 279, 280, 281, 282, 284, (City/Tribe); Wheeler 287; see also under Pueblo Nebraska State Historical Society, communities 205 Red Rock see Tome Neconish-Gardner, Karen, 224 Rehoboth see Pousma Nelson, Gaylord, 155–6 Rio Grande area, 272, 275, 278, Nelson Act (Minnesota, 1889) 38 279, 280, 281, 282, 284, Nelson Island, 170 287 Nevada, 9, 12, 68, 108, 236, 280 Santo Domingo, 9, 65, 98, 275, see also Northern Paiutes; 282 Western Shoshones Shiprock see Morgan (Jacob); Nevada v. Hicks (Supreme Court Todacheene 2001), 236 Zuni governor of, 158

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see also Albuquerque; Anderson; Nez, Robert, 117 Blue Lake; Bursum; Nez Perces, 9, 258, 279 Chavez; Johnson (Gary E.); see also Joseph; Phinney; Lewis (Robert); Rush; Sundown Santa Fe Nicholas, Hilton, 115 New York, 9, 46, 65, 75–6, 93, Nichols, John R., 134 140, 204, 219–20, 229, 261, Ninham, Sandra, 208 279 Ninth Circuit Court, 42 Akwesasne, 75, 100, 153, Nixon, Richard M., 152, 156, 180 162–3, 242, 270, 278 NIYC (National Indian Youth Allegany 100, 270, 282; Cold Council), 147, 158 Spring Longhouse, 143 NMAI (National Museum of the American Indians resident in, American Indian), 204, 205, 192 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231 Cattaraugus Reservation, 52, Nocona, Peta, 48 83, 100, 220, 271, 282 Nordwall, Adam, 163 George Gustav Heye Center, North Carolina, 9, 25, 67, 108, 204 109, 274 Grand Central Galleries, 90 Bladen and Columbus counties, Jimerson Town, 143 285 Kinzua Dam, 147, 162 Cherokee Memorial Day Lake Mohonk, 17–18, 21, 51 Powwow, 195 Long Island, 283, 285 Coharie tribal members in Mohawks in, 75–6, 242, 264, Sampson and Hartnet 270, 278 counties, 272 Museum of Modern Art, 90 Eastern Cherokee, 28, 47, 70, People’s Institute, 63 271 Seneca-Iroquois museum, 204 Lumbees in, 110, 215, 277 Senecas of, 33, 83; Kinzua Dam, Pembroke State College for 143 Indians (Pembroke State Shinnecocks in, 265, 283 University), 110 Silver Creek, 83 North Dakota, 68, 138, 283 St Regis, 264, 278 Indian people of mixed State Museum, 204 ancestry, 197 Steamburg, 143 New Town, 203 Twin Towers, 242 see also Fort Berthold; Langer; see also Cuomo; Iroquois; Pataki Spirit Lake; Standing Rock; New Zealand, 241, 250, 254 Turtle Mountain Newberry Library (Chicago), 189 Northern Arapahos, 77, 98, 286 Center for American Indian see also Coolidge; Scott; Sun History, 188, 191 Rhodes D’Arcy McNickle Center, 191 Northern Cheyenne, 9, 149, 200, News From Indian Country 271, 279 (newspaper), 209 Chief Dull Knife College, 248

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Northern Cheyenne (cont.) Anadarko, 286 coal and coalbed methane Binger, 271 resources, 256 Broken Arrow, 116 pioneering contract schools, 175 Carnegie, 276 see also Campbell; Littlebear Cheyenne-Arapahos, 106 Northern Paiutes, 286 Chilocco Indian School, 21, Burns, 9, 280 94–5, 172 Duck Valley, 273 Citizen Band Potawatomi of, Fallon, 76, 280 281 Northwest, 148–9, 160, 198 Copan, 195, 273 Bonneville Dam on Columbia Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909), River, 142 39 fight over fishing rights in, 161 Delawares in, 195, 273 legal fight against five tribes, Eastern , 106 206 El Reno, 32 see also Lyng v. Northwest; Pacific Green Corn Rebellion (1917), Northwest 55 Northwest Indian Fisheries Henryetta, 55 Commission, 258 Iowas in, 106, 275 see also Frank Kickapoo Tribe of, 10, 106, Northwest Plateau, 44 275–6 Numkena, Dennis, 203–4 Kiowa tribal members, 276 Lawton, 272 Oakes, Richard, 163 Modoc Tribe of, 278 Oaks, Peter, 115 Muscogees, 106 Obama, Barack, 235, 236, 241 Native artists, 91 Odawa/Ottawa, 211, 279 Native peoples excluded from see also Grand Traverse Band IRA, 106 OEO (Office of Economic non-Indian goals, 36 Opportunity), 156, 175 oilwealth,60 OFA (BIA Office of Federal Otoe-Missouria tribal members Acknowledgment), 265 in, 279 Office of Indian Affairs see BIA Ottawas in, 140, 280 Oglala Lakota College, 176, 178 Pawnees, 106; see also Gover Ohio, 208 Peorias, 106 Ohiyesa see Eastman Poncas of, 106, 281 Ojibwe, 270 Potawatomis, 106, 281 Great Lakes bands, 257 Quapaw tribal members in, 281 Okeechobee, Lake, 108 Redbird Smith movement, 39 Oklahoma, 37, 44, 59, 68, 99, Sac and Fox Nation in, 106, 281 145, 148, 279, 282, 284, 287 Seneca-Cayuga community, Absentee Shawnees, 106 271, 282

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Senecas, 106 Omaha City, 9 Shawnee divided into three Joslyn Museum, 90 groups in, 283 Omaha Tribe/Reservation, 9, 31, Stroud, 281 91, 136, 148, 279 Tonkawa community members see also La Flesche; Sloan in, 106, 284 Oneidas, 9, 85, 100–1, 146–7, Tulsa, 192 275, 279 United Keetowah Band, 106 casino gaming industry 208–9; Walters, 195 Turning Stone Resort, White Eagle, 281 264 Wichita tribal members in, 286 declaration of war on Germany, Wyandot Tribe in, 106, 140, 286 55 Yuchi community members in, Indian School, 23 287 traditional territory lost to see also Apaches; Arapahos; non-Indians, 237 Cherokees; Chickasaws; see also Cornelius; Doxtator; Choctaws; Comanches; Greene; Halbritter; Creeks; Miami Hensley; Hill; Shenandoah; (Oklahoma); Muscogees; Ninham; Webster Osages; Pawnees; Peorias Onondagas, 9, 85, 100, 275, 279 Oklahoma City, 124 declaration of war on Germany, American Indians resident in, 55 192 see also Lyons; Tremblay Historical Society building, 90 OPEC nations, 181 Red Earth Powwow in, 195 Oqwa Pi, 90 Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act Oregon, 9, 136, 160, 197, 244, (1936), 106 278 Oklahoma National Guard, 54 Chemawa, 21, 82, 98 Oklahombi, Joseph, 54, 56 Coos Bay area, 272 Old Dealers, 104 Coquille Restoration Powwow Old People’s Herd, 103 in Brandon, 195 Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe Grand Ronde tribes, 274 (1978), 184 Siletz tribes, 9, 29, 283 Olympic Peninsula (Washington see also Black; Cow Creek Band state), 29, 46, 274 of Umpqua; Klamath(s); Quileute tribal members in, 9, Scalia; Siuslaw; Smith 281 (Alfred); Umatilla; Warm Quinault tribal members in, 9, Springs 222, 281 Oroville, 17 Olympics (1964), 201 Orthodox churches, 123 Omaha Beach (German-occupied Ortiz, Alfonso, 147, 189 France), 117 Ortiz, Simon, 186

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Osages, 9, 33, 58, 133, 279 Penobscot Nation, 170–1, 258, oil wealth, 59–60 280 targeted for withdrawal of Pentecostal denominations, 28 federal protection, 134 Peorias, 9, 33, 106, 140, 280 see also Mathews; Tinker; see also Daganett Warrior (Robert) Pequots Osawa, Sandy Johnson, 200 Mashantucket, 9, 17, 195, 277, Osborn, Sidney, 115 280; see also Eastern Pequot Owen, Robert, 37 Tribal Nation; Ellal; Oxendine, Linda, 110 Hayward; Mashantucket Pequot Museum; Plouffe Pacific Northwest fishing rights, Paucatuck, 9, 280 153, 159 Perryman, Ellen, 55–6 multicultural group in, 109 Pershing, Gen. John, 54, 79 see also Haidas; Tlingits Pétain, Marshal Henri, 54 Paiutes, 107, 140, 165, 236 Peters, Kurt M., 75 Pyramid Lake, 134 Peterson, Helen, 125 Walker River see Thom peyote, 18, 29–32, 50, 78, 201 Wovoka (prophet), 12 legislation to prohibit interstate see also Northern Paiutes; transportation of, 88 Southern Paiutes state entitled to prohibit, 197 Papagos, 85, 253 Phillips, Percy, 42 see also Tohono O’odham Phinney, Archie, 124 Parker, Arthur C., 50, 51–2, 55, Phoenix, 58, 98, 139, 176, 191, 74, 79, 90 192, 243 Parker, Cynthia Ann, 48 Ak-Chin community, 270 Parker, Quanah, 48–9 Canyon Records of, 200–1 Pascua Yaqui, 9, 286 Guadalupe community, 286 federal recognition to, 215 Heard Museum, 204 Patterson, Dudley, 196 Yavapai reservation, 273 Paul, William, 66, 133 see also Arizona Republic; Bimson; Pawnees, 9, 106, 239, 280 Lewis (Orme) repatriation of remains of Phoenix Indian School, 21, 24, 26, relatives, 205 172–3 see also Echo-Hawk (Roger); Youth Committee and Indian Echohawk; Gover; Riding Education Committee, In 173 Pearl Harbor, 117 Phoenix Mercury (basketball Pease-Pretty on Top, Janine, team), 201 224–5 PHS (Public Health Service), 137, Peltier, Leonard, 161, 167 167–8 Pendleton Roundup, 46 Pierce, Uly, 115 Pennsylvania see Carlisle Indian Piestewa, Lori (Army Pte), Industrial School 242–3

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Pimas, 57, 121, 270 Proxmire, William, 155–6 Pimas Gila River, 118, 274, 280 Prudhoe Bay (oil discovery, 1968) Pimas Salt River, 158, 280 169 see also Antone (Alfretta); Hayes; Public Laws, 136, 137–8, 171, Moore; Poocha; Shaw 174, 176, 177, 213, 239 Pine Ridge, 9, 104, 125, 149, 167, Pueblo communities, 17, 58, 60, 176–7, 276, 280 85, 88, 259 Calico Hall, near, 166 Acoma, 75, 269; see also Chino; Ghost Dancers on, 12 Lewis (Lucy); Ortiz Lakota deaths, 1, 13 (Simon) Red Shirt Table Development Cochiti, 272 Association, 106 Collier and, 62–6 unemployment on, 208–9 Isleta, 275; see also Johnson wartime demands on, 122 (Willie) see also Hunter; Rapid City; Jemez, 25, 275; see also Sando Wounded Knee Kewa, 275 , 11, 31, 44–5, 48, Laguna, 75, 276; see also Silko 55, 91, 98, 142, 148, 227, Nambe, 278 255 Picuris, 280 see also Hogan (Alma); Horse Pojoaque, 207–8, 281 Plouffe, Elizabeth George, 209–10 San Felipe, 282 Poncas San Ildefonso, 9, 65, 282; Northern (Nebraska), 140, 281 see also Awa Tsireh; Oklahoma, 106, 281; see also Martinez (Julian & Maria); Warrior (Clyde) Oqwa Pi Pongonyuma, James, 115 Poocha, Frank, 201 SanJuan(OhkayOwingeh), Posey, Alexander, 40 279; see also Ortiz (Alfonso) Potawotami, 9, 106, 140 Sandia, 282 Citizen Band, 281 Santa Ana, 282 Forest County, 281 Santa Clara, 184, 282; see also Hannahville, 281 Hardin; Martinez (Julia & Huron, 281 Myles); Naranjo-Morse; Pokagon, 211, 281 Velarde Prairie, 242, 281 Santo Domingo, 65 see also Coulter Southwest, 192 Pousma, Richard H., 95 Taos, 63–4, 65, 71, 169, 218, - see Forbes 284; see also Bernal; Dodge; Pratt, Capt. Richard Henry, 20–1, Luhan; Romero 22, 27, 52, 54 Tesuque (Te Tsu Geh), 65, 284 Preloznik, Joseph, 155 Ysleta del Sur, 215, 287 Pribilof Islands, 123, 285 Zia, 287 Price, Pete, 95 Zuni, 65, 217–18, 287 Protestant churches, 28 see also Guadalupe Hidalgo

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Puget Sound area (Washington Rexford, Herman, 170 state) Rhoads, Charles J., 82 Duwamish community in, Rhode Island, 67 273 Narragansett tribe of, 214–15, Muckleshoot Reservation, 279 278 Rice, Lucien (“Luke”) G. (First Skokomish Reservation, 283 Sgt), 242 Snohomish tribal members on Riding In, James, 205 Tulalip Reservation, 283 rights, 11, 15, 16, 59, 66, 68, 69, Squaxin Reservation, 284; see 74, 109, 120, 125, 128, 132, also Slocum 133, 134, 136, 137, 147, 149, Puyallup tribal members, 9, 281 154, 157, 158, 163, 169, see also Satiacum 183–4, 185, 194, 216–20, 237, 240, 241, 264, 265 Qoyawayma, Polingaysai, 22 see also civil rights; DRUMS; Quaker missionaries, 52 fishing rights; human rights; Indian Rights Quick-to-See-Smith, Jaune, 187 Association; NARF; tribal Quinault people, 9, 222, 281 rights; UNDRIP; water see also DeLaCruz rights Robideau, Bob & Jim, 161 racism, 91–2, 146, 155, 199 Rockwell, William, 115 Ramah Navajo High School, 175 rodeo, 46, 47, 201–2, 202–3 Raphael, Paul, 248 Roe Cloud, Elizabeth, 125 Rapid City Roe Cloud, Henry, 26, 49–50, 79, Indian School, 25, 81 80 Plains Indians, 98 Roessel, Monty, 200 Reagan, Ronald, 180, 207 Rogers, Clem, 46 Reclamation Act (1902), 43, 76 Rogers, Will, 46 Red Cloud, 11, 13 Romero, Juan de Jesus, 151, 152, Red Earth Performing Arts 153, 154 Company, 200 Romero, Querino, 152 Red River War (1874–5), 20 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 62, 84, Reid, Betty, 175–6, 196 99 Reiss, Winold, 71 Rosebud, 35, 47, 176, 257, 276, religion, 18, 28–30, 31–2, 86, 281 152, 197, 217 Rosenthal, Joe, 118 see also NAC Roubideaux, Antoine, 98 resources, 7, 11, 34, 35, 38, 59, Rowlodge, Jesse, 78 62, 77, 105, 121, 123, 126, Royer, Daniel, 12–13 129, 133, 181, 182, 198, 204, Ruby Valley Treaty (1863), 128 214, 217, 220–1, 231, 253, Runs After, Olney, 19 255, 256, 257, 259, 262, 279 Rush, Olive, 90–1 see also CERT; natural resources Ryan, W. Carson, 80–2, 88, 93

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Sac and Foxes, 9, 33, 106, 277, Scalia, Antonin (Justice), 197 281 Schemitzun, 210 see also Thorpe Schindler, Michael, 209 SAI (Society of American Indians), Scholder, Fritz, 187 7, 50, 52, 53, 58, 124 schools see education American Indian Magazine, 51, 54 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 264 Sainte-Marie, Buffy, 186 Scott, Nell, 104–5 Sakakawea, Lake, 142 Sealaska, 219 Salazar, Ken, 234 Secretaries of the Interior, 99, Salish-Kootenai, 93, 132, 133, 102, 261 140, 239, 251, 273, 275 see also Chapman; Fall; Gover; see also Quick-to-See-Smith Hitchcock; Ickes; Salazar; San Francisco, 224, 278 Watt; Wilbur (Ray); Work Bay Area, 148, 162, 163 segregation, 32, 37, 110, 130, Golden Gate International 168 Exposition (1939), 90 Selective Service Act (1940), Indian Center burned down 114 (1969), 163 self-determination, 7, 16, 112–50, 153, 156, 159, 172, 174, 204, Panama-Pacific International 228–9, 237, 241 Exposition (1915), 17 see also Indian Tribal Energy and sanitation, 80, 121 Development and Santa Clara v. Martinez (1978), 184, Self-Determination Act; 193 sovereignty Santa Fe, 200 self-identity, 16, 265 Indian Market, 72 Sells, Cato, 31, 35 Institute of American Indian Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida Arts, 178 (Supreme Court 1996), 212 Mide-Wi-Win or Indian Club, Seminoles, 33, 87, 179, 210, 223, 94 261–2 Museum of New Mexico (Hall Big Cypress, 9, 107, 271, 282 of Indian Arts), 90 Brighton, 9, 108, 271, 282 NCAI 4th annual convention Cultural Education Department (1947), 133 see Tongkeamha Saint Francis auditorium, 147 Hollywood, 107, 271, 282 School of American Research, Tampa, 282 72 see also Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki; see also Dunn Tsinhnahjinnie (Hulleah) Santa Fe Indian School, 23, 25, Senate Committees 90, 147 Civil Service, 132 Santa Fe Railway, 71, 72, 75 Indian Affairs, 233, 245 Santee see Sioux Senate Special Subcommittee on Sarris, Greg, 198 Indian Education, 174 Satiacum, Bob, 159 Seneca-Cayuga Tribe, 271, 282

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Senecas, 52, 84, 90, 143, 204, Teton, 11, 276, 284 220, 275 Yankton, 283, 286; see also exempted from Dawes Act, 33 Bonnin; Deloria (E.) reservations in New York, 83, see also Blackbird; Great Sioux 270, 271, 282 Reservation; Lakotas see also Jemison; Longfish; Sitka, 66 Parker (Arthur) Sitting Bull, 13, 223 sense of identity, 173, 217, 248 Siuslaw Indians, 272, 277, 283, Sequoyah, 37 285 Serafin, DeJesus Campos, 103 federal recognition to, 215 Shaffer, Susan Crispen, 224 Six Nations see Iroquois Shaker communities, 29 Skokomish Reservation, 222, 283 Shaw, Ross, 26 Sloan, Thomas, 50, 79, 107 Shawnees, 9, 281 Slocum, John, 29 Absentee, 106, 283 Smiley, Albert & Alfred, 17 Eastern, 106, 195, 283 Smith, Alfred, 197 Loyal or Cherokee, 283 Smith, Ernest, 90 Shenandoah, Joanne, 201 Smith, Jaune see Shoshone-Bannock members, Quick-to-See-Smith 190, 283 Smith, John, 198 Shoshones, 190, 236 Smith, Linda Tuhiwai, 240 Death Valley Timbi-Sha, 214, Smith, Paul Chaat, 161, 166, 284 229 Eastern, 77, 271, 283, 286 Smith, Redbird Little Pig, 39 Northwestern, 9 Smith River Rancheria, 284 Wind River Reservation almost Smoky Mountains, 25 entirely occupied by, 105 Snake, Reuben, 165 see also Collins; Snell, Alma Hogan, 116 Quick-to-See-Smith; Sniffen, Matthew K., 61 Western Shoshones Sockabesin, Louise, 171 Silko, Leslie Marmon, 186 South Carolina, 9, 67, 108 Silver Star Casino, 213 Catawbas in, 28, 140, 271 Sioux, 17, 85, 88, 91, 127–8, 134, Colleton and Dorchester 283 counties, 273 Cheyenne River, 41–2, 125, Lumbees in, 110 142, 259 , 11, 14, 19, 30, 61, Lower/Upper, 9 138, 166–7, 273 Missouri, 134 Crazy Horse monument, Black Rosebud, 257 Hills, 223 Santee or Eastern, 9, 11, 239, Crow Creek Reservation, 286 273, 282, 286 Sinte Gleska University, 176, Standing Rock, 12, 253; see also 178, 251 Defender; Deloria (P. Sam unjust taking of Sioux lands, & Vine); Keepseagle 127–8

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see also Berry; Cheyenne River; Stevens, Ernest L., 264–5 Flandreau; Pine Ridge; Stevens, Isaac, 159 Rapid City; Rosebud; Stevens, John, 171 Yankton Stockbridge-Munsee band, 9, 284 Southern Arapahos, 270 see also Davids see also Rowlodge Studi, West, 200 Southern Cheyenne, 194, 227, Sullivan, Martin, 204–5 242, 271 Sun Dance ceremony, 29, 78, 88 Southern Paiutes, 280 prohibited by federal officials, Chemehuevi, 271 28 San Juan, 215, 252–3, 280 Sun Rhodes, Dennis, 203 Southwest, 44, 90, 91, 182, 183, Sundown, Jackson, 46 255 Superior, Lake, 215, 257 KTNN radio station, 225 Suquamish Tribe, 184, 284 Pueblo communities of, 58, Survival of American Indians 152, 192 Association, 159–60 Southwest Association on Indian see also Adams (Hank); Affairs (Southwest Regional McCloud Youth Council), 147 Swan, Ed, 42 sovereignty, 7, 16, 40, 68, 84, 134, Swinomish Tribe, 9, 284 136, 151–89, 172, 210, 216, Symington, Fife, 211 217, 219, 229, 240 see also tribal sovereignty Tapahonso, Luci, 198–9 Spiderwoman Theater Company, Tatanka Iyotanka see Sitting Bull 200 Tate, Michael, 54 Spirit Lake (Devils Lake), 9, 283, Tauglechee, Daisy, 148 286 Tax, Sol, 147, 172 sports, 201–2 Tennessee, 25 see also basketball; hockey; Tepee Order (fraternal society), 75 rodeo terrorist attacks (9/11), 241–2 Spotted Eagle, Chris, 200 Tevope, 190 Spotted Wolf, Clarence, 113–14 Tewanima, Lewis, 23 Standing Bear, Henry, 50 Texas, 9, 30, 49, 54, 144 Standing Bear, Luther, 25 Alabama-Coushatta in, 140, Standing Rock, 6, 9, 13, 142, 276, 270 284 Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of, see also Sioux (Standing Rock) 215, 276 Standing Rock Community Lipan Apaches headquartered College (Sitting Bull College), in McAllen, 276 178 Matador Land and Cattle Stecker, Ernest, 62 Company, 44 Steenerson, Halvor, 38 Rio Grande valley, 30 stereotypes, 117, 173, 200, 223, Ysleta del Sur Pueblo in, 215, 263 287

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Texas Rangers, 48 tribal sovereignty, 15, 184, 236, Thom, Mel, 158 238, 239, 240, 257, 262, 263, Thorpe, Jim, 22 266 Three Affiliated Tribes, 203, 273 Tribally Controlled Community Garrison Dam construction, 142 College Assistance Act see also Arikaras; Hidatsas; (1978), 177, 178 Mandans Trudell, John, 161 Tiller, Veronica Velarde, 102–3 Truman, Harry S, 125, 126–7, 131 Tinker, Clarence W., 116 Trust Land Consolidation Fund, Tlingits, 125, 133, 284 233 Tongass, 66 Tsaile, 176 see also McNeil; Paul Tsatoke, Monroe, 89–90 Todacheene, Glojean, 224 Tsinhnahjinnie, Andrew, 91, 92 Tohono O’odham, 45, 121, 149, Tsinhnahjinnie, Hulleah J., 91–2, 253, 270, 284 199–200 traditions to fight social and Tsosie, William, 117 physical illnesses, 247 Tuba City Boarding School, 175–6 see also Escalante; Machita; Tulalip tribal members, 283, 285 McCarthy; Zepeda see also McCloud Tolowa tribe, 218, 284 Tureen, Tom, 171 see also Butler (Darrelle) Turner, Frederick Jackson, 14 Tome, Harry, 182 Turtle Mountain, 9 Tongass Act (1947), 133 Anishinabeg of, 133, 140, 214, Tongass National Forest, 133 270, 285; see also Erdrich Tongkeamha, Madeline, 261 Turtle Mountain Community tourism and the arts, 69–74, College, 178 89–92, 96, 107, 148, 181, Tuscaroras, 9, 85, 100, 275, 285 186–7, 199–201, 223 see also Hewitt; Longfish Tracy, Descheeny Nez, 96–7 Tuskegee Institute see Alabama Trafzer, Clifford E., 45 Tyler, Henry Lee, 77–8 Trahant, Mark, 190–1 Trail of Broken Treaties, 153, 165 Umatilla, 9, 29, 285 Tremblay, Gail, 267 Confederated Tribes of, 206 tribal identity, 14, 27, 29, 46, 55, UNA (United Native Americans), 74, 132, 146 162 Tribal Infrastructure Information Unangan (Aleuts), 9, 123, 270, Highway Project, 225 285 tribal languages, 37, 121, 193, Underhill, Ruth, 89 244, 249, 251, 252, 254 UNDRIP (UN Declaration on the Tribal Law and Order Act (2010), Rights of Indigenous 246–7 Peoples), 240–1 tribal rights, 156, 219 United Keetowah Band, 106, 271

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University of New Mexico Rappahonnock (state- Gathering of Nations, 195 recognized tribe), 281 University of North Dakota Vision Maker Video Collection, Fighting Sioux (hockey 225 team), 179 Vizenor, Gerald, 186, 197–8 University of Washington (Burke Vosburg, Kate, 64 Museum), 206 urban migration, 74, 143–7, Walking Bear, Michelle, 202 172 Wampanoags, 9, 67, 215, 265, Uri, Connie, 168 277, 285 US Cavalry, 12, 13, 20, 40 see also Metacom US Court of Appeals for the War Relocation Authority, 134 Second Circuit, 115 Warm Springs, 9, 29, 136, 204, US Court of Claims, 126, 127–8 280, 286 US Forest Service, 133, 153, 218 Kah-nee-ta, 181 USDA (US Department of Po-Ume-Sha Powwow & Treaty Agriculture), 87, 250–1, Days, 195 258–9 WARN (Women of All Red Utah, 9, 30, 68, 144, 191 Nations), 162 Goshute in, 274 Warner, Glenn (“Pop”), 23 Navajo Nation situated in, 279 Warrior, Clyde, 158 Northern Ute in, 285 Warrior, Robert, 161, 166, 240 Ouray in, 140, 181, 285 Washington, George, 171 Skull Valley Reservation, 274 Washington state, 9, 68, 94, 159, Uintah, 35, 140, 181, 285 191, 206, 208, 249, 281, see also Paiutes; Thom; Watkins 283 Utes, 201, 256, 285 BIA and, 138, 157 Chehalis Reservation, 271 Valentine, Robert, 35 Colville Confederated Tribes, Velarde, Pablita, 91, 92, 187 141, 272, 279 Vermont, 17, 216, 269 Cowlitz people in, 265, 272 Vicenti, Laell, 103 Evergreen State College, 222 Vietnam war, 55, 242 Hoh Reservation, 274 Vigil, Grover & Lindo, 103 Jamestown Klallam Tribe, 214, Villa, Pancho, 54 275, 276 Violence Against Women Act Kalispel Reservation, 275 (1994/2005), 238, 246 Lummis of, 105, 277 Virginia, 9, 67, 108, 271, 277–8, Makahs of, 46, 159, 277 280 Nisqually in 258, 279; Frank’s Hampton Institute, 20, 26 Landing, 160 Pamunkey Indian Museum and Nooksack Reservation, 279 Cultural Center, 204 Northwest Indian College, 251

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Washington state (cont.) Weller, LaVonne, 165 Port Madison Reservation on Welsh, Herbert, 18, 60–1 Kitsap peninsula, 284 West, W. Richard, 194, 227 Samish Indian Nation residing Westerman, Floyd, 186 in, 282 Western Shoshones Battle Sauk-Suiattle members near Mountain, 107, 271, 283 Darrington, 282 Duck Valley, 107, 273, 283 Seattle-area Duwamish Tribe, Duckwater, 273, 283 266 Elko, 107, 273, 283 Shoalwater Reservation south Fallon, 76, 283 of Aberdeen, 283 Goshute, 274 Snoqualmie tribe in, 110, 215, Ruby Valley, 283 283 South Fork, 283 Spokane Reservation, 284 Yomba, 283, 286 Steilacoom in, 110 see also Dann Stillaguamish tribal members, Wheeler, Burton K., 97 284 see also IRA (Wheeler-Howard Swinomish Reservation near Act) LaConner, 284 White Earth Anishinabeg, 9, Tulalip Reservation, 283, 285 22–3, 37, 38, 270, 286 Upper Skagi tribal members in see also Bender; Boutang; Skagit Valley, 285 Broker; Guyon; Roe Cloud see also Boldt; Covington; Frank; (Elizabeth) Gorton; Ike; Jackson White House Tribal Nations (Henry); Olympic Conferences (2009/2010), Peninsula; Puget Sound; 235, 241 Stevens (Isaac); University White Mountain Apaches, 9, 259, of Washington; Yakamas 270, 286 Wassaja (newsletter), 51, 58 Cibecue community, 196 Wassaja (newspaper), 188 Sunrise Ski Resort, 181 water rights, 7, 43–4, 64, 121, Whiteriver Middle School, 242 134, 157, 182, 194, 217, 239 see also Altaha; Massey Waterman, Thomas, 17 White Path, 39 Watkins, Arthur, 127, 133, White Roots of Peace, 162 139–40, 154 Whitman, Carl, 142–3 Watt, James, 207 Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 82 Wauneka, Annie, 183 Wilbur, Sylvia, 155 Webster, Alma, 208 Wild West shows, 48 Weicker, Lowell, 210 Wilkins, David, 215 Weil, Peter, 188 Wilkinson, Charles F., 15, 16, Welch, James, 186 247

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Wilkinson, Cragun, & Barker (law Worcester v. Georgia (Supreme firm), 128, 129 Court 1832), 15, 16 Williams, John, 201 Work, Hubert, 79 Williams, Ronald, 167 World Indigenous Nations Higher Williams, Susan M., 201 Education Consortium, Williams v. Lee (Supreme Court 250 1959), 149 World War I, 21, 51–2, 53–6, Wilson, Richard, 165–6, 167 68–9, 92, 242 Wind River Reservation, 35, 105, Indians stereotyped as “natural” 253, 270, 283, 286 scouts, 117 Drum Ceremony, 77 World War II, 7, 69, 74, 95, 106, Winters doctrine, 7, 43–4, 182 112, 133 Winton, Charles F., 37 American Indians killed in Wintu community, 286; see also La armed forces, 113 Pena and its consequences, Wirt trading post, 102–3 114–24 Wisconsin, 68, 98, 138, 155, 195, experiences of individuals, 208, 261, 271, 274 143 College of Menominee Nation, Iwo Jima, 116, 118 251 Normandy invasion (1944), Forest County Potawatomi of, 116 281 Pacific campaign, 117 Legend Lake, 155 see also Pearl Harbor Mohican band reservation Wounded Knee, 1, 7, 11, 13–14, community, 284 153, 165, 166–7, 191 see also Anishinabeg; Wunder, John R., 136 Menominees; Nelson Wyoming, 9, 30 (Gaylord); Lac Courtes Devil’s Tower, 218 Oreilles; Oneidas; Proxmire Indian High School boys’ Wisconsin Dells, 148 basketball team, 201 Greyhound Park, 211 see also Wind River Wolf Chief, 46 women, 1, 4, 10, 13, 22, 24, 38, Yahi people, 286 42, 45, 46, 52, 53, 67, 76, last survivor of, 17 104, 108, 112, 114, 116, Yakamas, 29, 159, 208, 286 119–20, 125, 157–8, 161, women’s role in tribal economy, 168, 187, 201, 224, 242, 246 45 see also General Federation of see also Mills (Sid) Women’s Clubs; IWN; Yankton, 9, 11, 12, 91, 114, 142, Violence Against Women 273, 283, 286 Act; WARN see also Bonnin

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Yanktonai, 11, 12, 273, 283, 286 Young, Robert, 88 see also Howe Young Bear, Ray, 198 Yavapai tribe, 9 Fort McDowell Reservation, Zepeda, Ofelia, 193 57–8, 273, 286 Zimmerman, William, 86, 132, see also Montezuma 134 Yellow, George, 98 Ziolkowski, Korzcak, 223 Yellowtail, Robert, 101 Ziontz, Alvin, 160 Yosemite, 71 Zitkala-Sa see Bonnin

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