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Indigenous Cultural Landscapes Study for the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail

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Indigenous Cultural Landscapes Study for the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail Indigenous Cultural Landscapes Study for the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail December 2013 Kristin M. Sullivan, M.A.A. - Co-Principal Investigator Erve Chambers, Ph.D. - Principal Investigator Ennis Barbery, M.A.A. - Research Assistant Prepared under cooperative agreement with The University of Maryland College Park, MD and The National Park Service Chesapeake Bay Annapolis, MD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Indigenous Cultural Landscapes Study for the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail is in fulfillment of the Chesapeake Watershed Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit Cooperative Agreement between the National Park Service and the University of Maryland, College Park. We began work on this study in September 2012 and throughout the process enjoyed the active cooperation and participation of the indigenous cultural landscapes team at the National Park Service Chesapeake Bay. This report summarizes what we have learned about the history of the concept of indigenous cultural landscapes, as well as methodology and criteria for identifying and representing indigenous cultural landscapes for the purposes of conservation and interpretation. Herein we rely on the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail’s Comprehensive Management Plan Draft definition of “indigenous cultural landscapes” as areas that reflect “the contexts of the American Indian peoples in the Chesapeake Bay and their interaction with the landscape” (National Park Service 2010: 4.22). The identification of indigenous cultural landscapes “includes both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife therein associated with historic lifestyle and settlement patterns and exhibiting the cultural or esthetic values of American Indian peoples,” which fall under the purview of the National Park Service and its partner organizations for the purposes of conservation and development of recreation and interpretation (National Park Service 2010: 4.22). We provide a 15-step process for identifying indigenous cultural landscapes along the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail, and provide insight into potential limitations and challenges of the indigenous cultural landscape identification and representation process. 1 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are most grateful for the guidance, support, and assistance of the indigenous cultural landscapes team at the National Park Service Chesapeake Bay: Superintendent Chuck Hunt, Assistant Superintendent Jonathan Doherty, American Indian Program Manager Deanna Beacham, and Public Affairs Specialist Cindy Chance. Additionally, this project would not have begun without the support of former Superintendent John Maounis, who oversaw its development in initial stages. We would also like to thank University of Maryland graduate assistant Gavin Mičulká for his work on the annotated bibliography found in the appendices. Many topical and regional experts contributed a great deal to the Nanticoke River watershed indigenous cultural landscapes study, on which this report is largely based. We would like to especially thank Tim Brower (Maryland Department of Natural Resources), Virginia Busby (Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail Advisory Council), Jennifer Chadwick-Moore (Maryland Historical Trust), Christine Conn (Maryland Department of Natural Resources), Daniel Griffith (Archaeology Consultant), Charlie Hall (Maryland Historical Trust), Doug Herman (National Museum of the American Indian), Elizabeth Hughes (Maryland Historical Trust), Julie King (St. Mary’s College of Maryland), Richard Hughes (Maryland Historical Trust), and John Seidel (Washington College) for sharing their time and expertise. Jackie Kramer and Brenda Barrett, who head the Lower Susquehanna ICL Study, were also tremendously helpful in leading the way for us. Further, we have benefited greatly from the confidence of members of the Nanticoke Indian Tribe and Association, the Nause-Waiwash Band of Indians, and the Lenape Indians of Delaware, especially Chief William Daisey, Chief Sewell Fitzhugh, and Chief Dennis Coker, respectively. We are most grateful for their collaboration and guidance. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................. 1 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 3 INDIGENOUS CULTURAL LANDSCAPES STUDY FOR THE CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH CHESAPEAKE NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL ......................................................................... 4 Introduction to the Cultural Landscape and Indigenous Cultural Landscape Concepts ............. 4 A Brief History of Indigenous Cultural Landscapes ............................................................... 7 Representing Indigenous Cultural Landscapes ....................................................................... 8 Indigenous Cultural Landscapes and the Captain John Smith National Historic Trail ............ 11 Criteria and Methodology for Identifying Captain John Smith Chesapeake National ............. 13 Historic Trail Indigenous Cultural Landscapes ........................................................................ 13 Criteria .................................................................................................................................. 13 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 16 Representing Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail Indigenous Cultural Landscapes ................................................................................................................................ 24 Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................................................................... 28 Recommendations: ................................................................................................................ 28 WORKS CITED ........................................................................................................................... 31 APPENDIX A: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CONCEPT .................................................................................................................................... 35 APPENDIX B: THE INDIGENOUS AND ABORIGINAL CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CONCEPT .................................................................................................................................... 50 APPENDIX C: METHODOLOGY FOR IDENTIFYING AND WORKING IN CULTURAL LANDSCAPES ............................................................................................................................. 63 APPENDIX D: CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT, POLICY, AND LEGISLATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX E: ONLINE RESOURCES ........................................................................................ 9 3 INDIGENOUS CULTURAL LANDSCAPES STUDY FOR THE CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH CHESAPEAKE NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL Introduction to the Cultural Landscape and Indigenous Cultural Landscape Concepts This report is the result of a cooperative agreement between the National Park Service Chesapeake Bay and the University of Maryland, College Park addressing indigenous cultural landscapes (ICLs) within the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail (Captain John Smith NHT). The aims of the cooperative agreement are to: 1. Provide a review of existing literature relevant to the identification, mapping, criteria, and methodology for ICLs (see Appendices) 2. Identify Chesapeake ICLs based on existing research. 3. Conduct pilot ICL identification and mapping. It was determined during the course of this research that a comprehensive study of Chesapeake Bay watershed ICLs was unrealistic for us, and that it would be preferable to focus on one well defined region. The Nanticoke River watershed was selected and our research efforts were then limited to this area. A narrative report detailing our identification and mapping of the Nanticoke River watershed high-probability ICL area is on file with the NPS Chesapeake Bay. Herein we provide a brief history of ICL research relevant to the Captain John Smith NHT (see below, “Indigenous Cultural Landscapes and the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail”), criteria and methodology for identifying ICLs (see below, “Criteria and Methodology for Identifying Indigenous Cultural Landscapes in the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail”), methodology for and challenges related to representing ICLs (see below, “Representing Indigenous Cultural Landscapes for the Captain John Smith 4 Chesapeake National Historic Trail”), and recommendations for continuing and future ICL studies (see below “Conclusions and Recommendations”). In order to situate this project within the larger body of scholarship regarding ICLs and provide context for the report, we first present a summary of literature reviewed pertaining to the cultural landscape and ICL concepts, and representation of cultural landscapes. A Brief History of Cultural Landscapes Cultural landscapes as a concept first appeared in the early 20th century. Carl Sauer (1963: 342) is credited
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