Indonesia National Report of Longtail Tuna and Kawakawa

Tegoeh Noegroho Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, Cibinong-Bogor, Marine Ministry Affair and Fisheries-Indonesia

Introductions In general, tuna resources have a high economic value and generate state income through exports as well as being a source of protein intake for domestic consumption needs. However, when the availability of oceanic tuna begins to decline, the neritic tuna group can be an alternative because it has economic value and almost found in all neritic waters. The neritic catch is increasing because it is to be main target catch. Kawakawa are Scombridae family, which has a special characteristic. There are black curved oblique lines above the rib line and black dots between the pectoral and abdominal fins. Kawa-kawa commonly found in one school with other fish such as yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), skipjack (katsuwonus pelamis), frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), and longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol). Distribution of kawa-kawa are spread throughout the Western Pacific from Japanese waters, the Philippines, the Indonesian Archipelago to Australia (Collette & Nauen 1983). Longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) are has economic value in Indonesian fisheries. The distribution of this species is quite unique compared to other species belonging to the genus Thunnus which are commonly found in the deep sea. Longtail tuna are only found in shallow waters near land or islands (Yesaki, 1991). According to Cheunpan (1984) these gray tuna include neritic tuna caught in waters about 15-30 nautical miles from land with a depth of 20- 45 m. This species exists in tropical and subtropical waters in the Indo Pacific region between 47 ° N to 33 ° S (Froese & Pauly, 2009). According to Collete & Nauen (1983) the spread of fish is found in Indo Pacific waters from southern Japan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea to Australia and westward from Indian waters, the Arabian Peninsula, the Red Sea to the Somalian coast. Special stock status of neritic tuna in Indonesia has not been calculated because the existing calculations still combine neritic tuna as a whole. Specific management of neritic

1 tuna does not yet exist and is still in the planning stages in the Indonesian Fisheries Management Plan for tuna, skipjack and neritic tuna.

Description of Fisheries Tuna fishing in the Pacific Ocean side and Indian Ocean side in Indonesia is divided into several Fisheries Management Areas (FMA). Indonesian water divided into 11 Indonesian Fisheries Management Area (IFMA). Neritic tuna fisheries in Indonesia have existed since the early 1960's and have been recorded at the national level since 1974 after having support from FAO. National Statistics marine capture Fisheries of Indonesia shows the cacth of neritic tuna and sheer fish reach 588,000 ton in 2012. The export is 19,130 tons in 2012 and the import reach is 209 tons. There are 9 species of neritic tuna and sheerfish in Indonesia waters. The seven species are Kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis), longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol), frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), bullet tuna (Auxis rochei), narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) and Indo-Pacific king mackerel (Scomberomorus guttatus) and Korean seerfish (Scomberomorus koreanus), Scomberomorus lineolatus, Scomberomorus multiradiatus and other possible species in Indonesian waters. Neritic tuna caught by catch by drift gill net, purse seine, troll line, pole and line and pelagic danish seine. In the South China Sea, Natuna Sea and adjacent water (IFMA 711) neritic tuna caught by gill net, purse seine and hand line. In this area the are several landing sites i.e Pemangkat, Bangka Belitung, Batam and Natuna. The Fishing Port of Port in West Kalimantan is one of the biggest landing sites for fishing vessels operated in IFMA 711. The capture of neritic tuna fishing is still dominated by traditional fishermen (smale scale fisheries) who operate gillnet oand small purse seine around FADs.

Data collection and statistics The data used in the research on neritic tuna was collected from several fish landing locations. National fisheries data collection system is collected in ‘one data’, one data covers all types data of fishery activities, such as fishing, aquaculture, processing, economic and others (Figure 1). While specifically to provide stock assessment, RIMF (Research Institute Marine Fisheries) also conduct collecting data. RIMF has recently developed an online data

2 collection system or called E-BRPL. E-BRPL includes fish landing data collection, operational fishing data, biological composition measurement data, and reproductive biology sampling data. E BRPL is still in the stage of development and refinement.

Historical Collecting Data System One Data Aplication

National Statistic of Data Moratorium Capture Fisheries (2016)

Information and Data Center

Figure 1. Historical data collecting system Other data was also collected by the Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF), including: landing data, operational capture data, size composition, and reproductive biology. RIMF has also recently developed applications for fisheries data collection in the BRPL or E- BRPL electronics. This e-BRPL can be filled by enumerators, operators and researchers, but this application is still in the development stage to arrive at results and data analysis. In addition to the 4 types of data collected by the enumerator, the researcher also supervised the data both online and directly to the research location. The flow of E-BRPL data collection is presented in Figure 2.

Enumerator

Form 1. Landing data Form 2. Capture operational data Form 3. Size composition and biological sampling

Form 4. Reproductive biology data Supervision

e-BRPL Researcher

Information Data validation & data OK

Processing & Analysis data Figure2. Fisheries data flow on E-BRPL

Catch, Cpue, and Size Catch The annual catch of longtail tuna from 2005-2016 shown fluctuation trend, both in Pacific Ocean (POS) and Indian Ocean (IOS). The catch from 2012-2014 decrease and then increase in 2015 and decrease in 2006 (Figure 3).

140000 Longtail Tuna

120000 POS IOS 100000

80000

60000

Production (tons) Production 40000

20000

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Year

Figure 3. Fluctuation of catch of longtail tuna in Indonesian waters

The catch of Kawakawa has fluctuated, with an upward trend in the last three years on the Pacific Ocean Side, and a downward trend on the Indian Ocean Side (Figure 4).

180000 Kawakawa 160000 140000 POS 120000 IOS 100000 80000

60000 Production (tons) Production 40000 20000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Year Figure 4. Fluctuation catch of kawakawa in Indonesian waters

Efforts The calculation efforts used in conducting fish stocks assessment in Indonesia still use the standard unit (number of ship/boat), and effort still not use per trips or day yet. Available data from 2005-2016 from two fishing gear: drift gillnet (GN) and purse seine (PS) are presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4. Table1. Efforts of gillnet in Indian Ocean side FMA FMA FMA Total in Indian Year 571 572 573 Ocean GN GN GN GN (units) (units) (units) (units) 2005 6797 6487 4098 17382 2006 10600 6166 4627 21393 2007 10572 5110 6775 22457 2008 10218 6424 4097 20739 2009 8154 6943 4859 19956 2010 9819 4876 4696 19391 2011 9445 6910 5425 21780 2012 10372 8911 6719 26002 2013 13025 8761 6224 28010 2014 12730 9336 7502 29568 2015 9886 10229 15118 35233 2016 8777 9905 9743 28425

Table 2. Efforts of purse seine in Indian Ocean side

FMA FMA FMA Total in Indian Year 571 572 573 Ocean PS PS PS PS (units) (units) (units) (units) 2005 1519 716 452 2687 2006 2031 811 215 3057 2007 1936 875 849 3660 2008 1995 944 1001 3940 2009 2314 744 989 4047 2010 1766 329 547 2642 2011 4193 624 684 5501 2012 8499 799 514 9812 2013 1763 916 536 3215 2014 1498 836 672 3006 2015 1324 855 1484 3663 2016 10042 702 39137 49881

Table 3. Efforts of gillnet in Pacific Ocean side

FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA Total in Pacific Year 711 712 713 714 715 Ocean GN GN GN GN GN GN (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) 2005 20581 20797 23568 3787 5002 73735 2006 21943 18839 21837 4573 5047 72239 2007 51936 22312 17808 4548 4916 101520 2008 21665 15952 18251 4326 5413 65607 2009 14361 14234 16553 5292 6865 57305 2010 1796 13554 16018 4909 6357 42634 2011 19401 14998 15403 4797 6609 61208 2012 25908 17206 13639 4191 6605 67549 2013 28113 17511 15211 2781 7527 71143 2014 18837 19207 15357 2885 5500 61786 2015 14830 12850 12128 2147 5248 47203 2016 11830 11786 12342 3061 5664 44683

Table 4. Efforts of purse seine in Pacific Ocean side

FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA Total in Pacific Year 711 712 713 714 715 Ocean PS PS PS PS PS PS (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) (units) 2005 256 5754 4632 634.05 828 13104 2006 2313 7072 3512 906 1184 14987 2007 4824 6756 3881 996 1055 17512 2008 3736 5982 3740 2228 1207 16893 2009 1567 4599 3735 2410 928 13239 2010 1557 4619 3258 2361 1050 12845 2011 1940 5644 3181 1895 1204 13864 2012 2696 7713 2550 914 1635 15508 2013 2639 5331 2569 1279 3611 15429 2014 4128 5029 3240 1933 2595 16925 2015 5651 2931 4295 1219 2005 16101 2016 606 36404 4903 1265 1927 45105

Size Structure The size structure for longtail tuna and kawakawa was obtained from RIMF, data collected by enumerators and researchers at FMA 711 (Natuna Sea). The size range can be seen in Table 4. Comparison of Lc and Lm of the two species shows that the fish caught have exceeded the size of the mature gonads. Parameters for stock assessments can be seen in Table 5

Table 4 Size structure and another parameter of neritic tuna Species Size range Mode Lc Lm Longtail tuna 33-81 45-48 50.9 42.98 Kawakawa 26-74 44-47 47.8 38.06

Table 5. Parameters for stock assessments

Species L∞ K t0 M F Z E Method Longtail tuna 85 0.59 -0.206 0.96 0.78 1.74 0.45 FiSAT Kawakawa 77.7 0.89 -0.013 1.29 1.24 2.53 0.49 FiSAT

Stock and Risk Assessments in The Past Stock and risk assessments conducted in the past are base on groups fish resources. Longtail and kawakawa include to the large non-tuna pelagic fish group, so the calculations are combined with other types of large pelagic fish such as, frigate tuna, bullet tuna, Spanish mackerel, king mackerel. The data used are catch data and efforts (number ship units), to calculate CPUE, MSY, potential numbers, TAC and utilization rate, using the surplus production model (Schaefer) method. The calculation results were officially released by the MMAF, through a MMAF ministerial decree. Calculations are performed for each species group in the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area (11 IFMA). Specific risk analysis for neritic tuna has not been done, but there may be several species or groups of species that have been analyzed by risk assessment.

Management measures There are no specific management steps related to neritic tuna. However, Indonesia has a Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) for tuna, skipjack and neritic tuna. But in the implementation phase it has not gone well. Nationally, fisheries management in Indonesia still uses the old model, which is to determine the potential number of MSY), TAC and the level of utilization, which has not been done per species. Beyond that a number of exercises in collaboration with NGOs and the government have been carried out training related to ASPIC, kobe plot, risk assessment, projections, LBSPR and harvest strategy (reference point & HCR).

Problems The problem in fisheries management in general in Indonesia is that fisheries in Indonesia consist of multi-species and multigear fisheries, many neritic tuna catch as by catch such as in purse seine. Specifically issues in fisheries management or specifically for neritic tuna fisheries include:  Efforts used in stock assessment calculations still use the number of ship units  The method used is still the old method (Surplus production model by Schaefer by determining the main parameters of MSY, TAC, the level of utilization of species groups, not per species.

 The use of the latest methods has not been agreed upon which will be used officially, and will issue values / numbers / indicators that will be obeyed by all stakeholders.  This method even old but still useful because resulted certain number MSY and effort that can use by manager to manage fisheries.

Reference Cheunpan, A. (1984). Sexual maturity, size at maturity and spawning season of longtail tuna (T. tonggol), eastern little tuna (E. affinis) and frigate mackerel (A. thazard) in the Gulf of Thailand. Fisheries Report of the Marine Fisheries Division of the Department of Fisheries, Bangkok. 43, 33 Collette, B. B., Nauen, C. E., 1983. FAO species catalogue: vol. 2 scombrids of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species to the date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, No. 125, Vol 2, 137 pp Froese, R. & Pauly, D.E. (2009). FishBase, version 02/2009. www.fishbase.org. diakses tanggal 11-1-2015. Herrera, M & Pierre. 2009. Status of IOTC databases for neritic tuna. IOTC-WPDCS-06 Yesaki, M. (1991). A review of the biology and fisheries for longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) in the Indo-Pacific Region. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. 370-380.