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Synopsis of Biological Data on Frigate Tuna, Auxis Thazard and Butllet

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Synopsis of Biological Data on Frigate Tuna, Auxis Thazard and Butllet 436 NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 436 Synopsis of Biological Data on Frigate Tuna, Auxis thazard, and Bullet Tuna, A. rochei January 1981 FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 124 NMFS/S 124 SAST - Auxis roche!: 1,75(01)023,03 Auxis thazard: 1,75(01)023,01 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries service, Circulars The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS( are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations.,sur'eillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs. and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. lt collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular series continues a series that has been in existence since 1941. The Circulare are technical publications of general interest intended to aid conservation and management. Publications that review in considerable detail and at a high technical level certain broad areas of research appear in this series. Technical papers originating in economics studies and from management in- vestigations appear in the Circular series. NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circulars are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. lndïvidual copies may he obtained (unless otherwise noted) &om D822, User Services Branch, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Rockvilie, MD 20852. Recent Cir- culars are: 396.Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North Atlantic. A ernment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; Stock No. 003-017- guide to their identification.By Stephen Leatherwood, David K. Cald- 0040.4. well, and Howard E. Winn.August 1976, iv + 176 p., 168 figs., 1 table, 14 app. figs.For sale b' the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov- 40G. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. ernment Printing Office, \Vashington, DC 20402; Stock No. 003-020- Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae and Sphyriidae.By Ju-Shey Ho.De- 00119-0. cember 1977,iii+ 14 p., 16 figs.For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC 20402; 397.Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern Unïted States. Stock No. 003-017-00412-1. Cnidaria: Scyphozoa.By Ronald J. Larson,August 1976, iii + 18 p., 28 figs.For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- Distribution of decapod Crustscea off northeastern United States ment PrintingOffice,Washington, DC 20402: No. 003-017 - based on specimens st the Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, 00387. Massachusetts.By Austin B. Williams and Roland L. Wigley.De- cember 1977, iii + 44 p,, 2 figs., 1 table, 57 charta. 398.ivlarine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Higher Collection of tuna baitfish papers.(20 papers.)By Richard S. fungi: Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes, and Basidiomycetes.By A. R. Shomura (editor).December 1977, iii + 167 p. Cavaliere.March 1977, iii + 49 p., 24 figs.For sale by the Super- íntendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, Marine flora and fauns of the northeastern United States. DC 20402; Stock No. 003-020-00126-2. Copepoda: Cyclopoids parasitic on fishes.By Ju-Shey Ho.February 1978, iii + 12 p., 17 figs. 399.Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. The 1976 Cerarium tripas bloom in the New York Bïght: Causes Copepoda: Harpactïcoida.By Bruce C. Coull.March 1977, iii + 48 p., and consequences.By Thomas C. Malone,May 1978, iv + 14 p., 17 100 figs.For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern. ment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; Stock No. 003-020-00125' figs.,i table. 4. Systematics and biology of the tilefishes (Perciformes: Branchio- 400.Fishery publication index, 1965-74.By Mary Ellen Engett and stegidae and Malacsnthidae), with descriptions of two new species. By Lee C. Thorson.March 1977, iii + 220 p.For sale by the Super- James K. Dooley.April 1978, y + 78 p., 44 figs., 26 tables, intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; Stock No. 003-020-00127-1. Synopsis of biological data on the red porgy, Pagrus pagru.s (Lin- naeus(.By Charles S. Manooch HI and William W. Hassler, May 401.Fisheries and fishery resources of New York Bight.By J. L. 1978. iii + 19 p., 12 figs., 7 tables.For sale by the Superintendent of McHugh. March 1977, V + 50 p., 43 figs., 49 tables.For sale by the Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC 20402: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- Stock No. 003-017-00418-0. ington, DC 20402; Stock No. 003-020-00129-7. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States, 402.Guide to the identification of scorpionfish larvae (Family Scor- Crustacea: Branchiura.By Roger F. Cressey.May 1978, iii + lop., 15 paenidae( in the eastern Pacific with comparative notes on species of figs.For sale by the Superintendent of Documenta, U.S. Government Sebastes and Helicoterius from other oceans.By H. Geoffrey Moser, Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; Stock No. 003-017-00419-8. Elbert H. Ahlstrom, and Elaine M. Sandknop.April 1977, y + 71 p., 40 figs., 38 tables.For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov- Synopsis of biological data for the winter flounder, Pseudopleuro- ernment Printing Office,, Washington, DC 20402; Stock No. 003-020- nectes americanos (Walbsum).By Grace Klein-MacPhee.November 00128-9. 1978, iii + 43 p., 21 figs., 28 tables, 403.Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Sipun. A basis for classifying western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: cula.By Edward B. Cutler.July 1977, iii + 7 p., 6 figs.For sale by Perciformes(.By Labbish Ning Chao,September 1978. y + 64 p., 41 the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, figs.,1 table. Washington. DC 20402; Stock No, 003.012-00404-0. Ocean varïability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources 404.Revision of the sea basses of the genus Diplectrurn (Pisces: Ser- 1975.(20 papers.)By Julien R. Goulet, Jr. and Elizabeth D. Haynes, ranidae(.By Stephen A. Bortone,September 1977, y + 49 p., 15 figs., Editors.December 1978, iii + 350 p. 9 tables, Guide to the identificationof genera of the fish Order 405.Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Echino- Ophidïiformes with a tentative classification of the order.By Daniel M. dermata: Holothuroidea.By David L. Pawson.September 1977, iii + Cohen and JØrgen G. Nielsen.December 1978, vii + 72 p., 103 fiti., 2 15 p,, 3 figs.For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Go.'- tables. NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 436 PTMos cl Synopsis of o " i Biological Data on Q i a o Frigate Tuna, Auxis thazard, io MENT O and Bullet Tuna, A. rochei Richard N. Uchida January 1981 FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 124 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Richard A. Frank, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Terry L. Leitzeil, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Introduction i 1 Identity 1 1.1 Nomenclature i *1.11 Valid 1.12 Synonymy 1 1.2 Taxonomy 1 1.21 Affinities i 1.22 Taxonomic status 4 1.23 Subspecies 4 1.24 Standard common names, vernacular names 4 1.3 Morphology 5 1.31 External morphology 5 * 1.32 Cytomorphology 1.33 Protein specificity 7 2 Distribution 12 2.1 Total area 12 2.2 Differential distribution 13 2.21 Spawn, larvae, and juveniles 13 2.22 Adults 14 2.3 Determinants of distribution changes 14 2.4 Hybridization 15 2.41 Hybrids; frequency of hybridization, species with which hybridization occurs; methods of hybridization 15 *2.42 Influence of natural hybridization in ecology and morphology 3 Bionomics and life history 15 3.1 Reproduction 15 3.11 Sexuality 15 3.12 Maturity 15 3.13 Mating 16 3.14 Fertilization 16 3.15 Gonads 16 3.16 Spawning 16 3.17 Spawn 22 3.2 Preadult phase 26 3.21 Embryonic phase 26 3.22 Larvae phase 26 3.23 Adolescent phase 27 3.3 Adult phase 31 *3.31 Longevity 3.32 Hardiness 31 3.33 Competitors 31 3.34 Predators 32 3.35 Parasites, diseases, injuries, and abnormalities 33 3.4 Nutrition and growth 34 3.41 Feeding 34 3.42 Food 34 3.43 Growth rate 36 3.44 Metabolism 37 3.5 Behavior 38 3.51 Migrations and local movements 38 3.52 Schooling 38 3.53 Responses to stimuli 39 4 Population 41
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