Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability Edited by Paul Gepts, Thomas R

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76459-9 - Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability Edited by Paul Gepts, Thomas R. Famula, Robert L. Bettinger, Stephen B. Brush, Ardeshir B. Damania, Patrick E. Mcguire, and Calvin O. Qualset Index More information

Index

!Kung San, southern Africa, 22 principal dietary staple central California Indians, 195 abandonment, reason for role in diet for diabetes prevention, 217 consecutive droughts, 70 South China staple, 118 disease, 70 staple for hunter–gatherers, 11 environmental deterioration, 66 use of epidemic, 66 oldest in California, 194 group conflict, 66, 70 acorn nutshell overexploitation of immediate charred plant-food residue, 195 environment, 70 adaptation PPNB warfare, 70 wild-type soil erosion, 66 role in domestication, 128 soil salinization, 66 ADMIXTURE abscission dog genetic population structure, 283 scars, 112 adult lactase persistence (ALP), 299 suppression, 112 SNP marker in Europeans, 299 Abu Hureyra 1, Syria, 103 adze, stone rye cultivation, 113 North China, 75 Abu Hureyra, Syria, 62, 63, 92, 94, 96, 100, 101, adze, well-shaped 104, 105, 113 South China, 81 Late Pleistocene, 99, 117 Aesculus spp. morphological signs of cereal A. californica. See California buckeye domestication, 102 Afghan Hound. See dog breed Abydos, Middle Egypt Africa ass skeletons in graves, 246 agricultural intensification Aceria cajani millet grain size, 120 vector of PPSMV, 368 banana phytoliths, 142 Acinonyx. See cheetah cassava landraces, 347 acorn. See also oak East charred nutshell evidence, 37 pigeonpea, 363 eastern North America staple, 38 limits to animal husbandry, 302 edible oak species, 37 melon distribution, 125 European staple, 38 migratory bird routes, 66 harvest methods North East, 62 California Indian, 201 northern harvesting large-scale herd animal domestication, 34 Ohalo II, Israel, 28 wild harvested grass- and forb-species use, 29 in pits Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa mixed stands, 315 South China, 80 phytolith research, 142 intensive use in California, 38 San hunter–gatherers, 10 Native American staple, 37 San people, 22 Natufian use, 63 southern not relied on agroforestry fruit marketing, 488 China, 119 sub-Saharan, 16

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76459-9 - Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability Edited by Paul Gepts, Thomas R. Famula, Robert L. Bettinger, Stephen B. Brush, Ardeshir B. Damania, Patrick E. Mcguire, and Calvin O. Qualset Index More information

Index 563

animal domestication candidates, 15 economic value, 488 lack of domesticable wild mammals, 17 Agroforestry Tree Products (AFTPs), 479 large-seeded cereal distribution, 11 Agropyron spp., 33 melon domestication, 125 Aguadulce, Panama, 24 swidden agriculture and cropping systems, 344 Ain Ghazal, Jordan, 69, 71 tropical Ain Mallaha, southern Levant agricultural origins, 21 dog domestication evidence, 241 use of wild fruit trees, 65 Ainu, Japan and western Russia West bear cubs, 13 Cajanus taxa, 363 grizzly bear, 14 wild Nubian ass populations, 246 Akita. See dog breed yam domestication, 350 Alaskan Malamute. See dog breed agricultural spread Aleurites spp., 39 crops and livestock, 183 alfalfa demographically driven, 183–4 Calicanto irrigated landscape, 467 independent forager adoption unlikely alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata) explanation, 184 alfalfa seed production, 530 agriculture, early trials with production-distribution range, 530 South China, 80 Ali Kosh, Zagros Mountains, Iran, 36, 243 agrobiodiversity alkali bee (Nomia melanderi) absence of baseline to study change, 408 alfalfa forage production, 530 Calicanto irrigated landscape case study, alkaloid central Bolivia, 472 production by industrial fermentation, 522 dynamics in irrigated landscapes, 464 A˚llerød, 94, 101, 103 impact of salinization, 421 Allium. See wild onion importance of soil fertility, 468 almond, 11 irrigation risks, 468 blue orchard bee may replace honey bee as time-series shifts, 408 pollinator, 531 types of shifts in time, 408–9 Natufian use, 63 water interactions pollinator dependent, 526 impact of livelihood activities, 469 almond (Amygdalus communis), 39 agrobiodiversity–water interaction alpaca (Lama pacos), 34, 36 central Bolivia, 469 prey domestication pathway, 244 agroecosystem Alyssum agropastoralism, 66 ruderal food plant, 100 Hopi, Navajo, and Tewa, Colorado Amanita calyptrata, 200 Plateau, USA, 422 amaranth, 173 lowland oak, California USA, 190 Amazon health maintained by indigenous practices, 208 homeland of agriculture, 10 long-term productivity, 190 yam landraces, 355 pond-field cultivation, 41 Amazon Basin stew pond interior medieval Europe, 41 not major origin of crops, 138 agroforestry Amazonia balance between global and local, 495 deforestation and precipitation, 447 cocoa production studies prehistoric, 39 Brazil and Vietnam, 489 American Kennel Club (AKC) definition of, 489 registrar of dog breeds, 282 farmers’ rights, 492 Americas goal of land rehabilitation, 489 animal domestication candidates, 15 risk of monoculture, 491 Ammotragus. See Barbary sheep steps to addressing yield gap, 491 amphibian world extent, 479 aquatic agroforestry domestication strategy human food, 39 clonal, 483 AMS reading, 76 Convention on Biological Diversity, 484 charred seed, 65 agroforestry products South China, 78

564 Index

Amsinckia. See fiddleneck production by industrial fermentation, 522 Amygdalus. See almond Anti-Lebanon, 62 charcoal and fruit, 104 Antilope. See blackbuck amyloplast, 145 antisense retrotransposon (SINEC_Cf) anarchy, 67 marker for IGF-1 Anasazi peoples dog lineage, 291 southwest USA, 172 antler Anatolia South China, 77, 78, 81 on route of Indo-European language aparuma migration, 176 uncultivated Andean potato crop tools, 68 Calicanto irrigated landscape, central Anbangbang 1, Arnhem Land, Australia, 25 Bolivia, 470 ancient DNA, 59, 136 Apis. See also European honey bee auroch, 265 Apis spp. conditions for survival, 150–1 A. dorsata indicator of human migration, 163 pollinator of pigeonpea, 364 information from, 151 A. mellifera phytolith source, 152 pollinator of pigeonpea, 364 potential from plant macrofossils, 150–1 apple Andes, 34 clonally propagated, 381 Central domestication megacenter of agricultural biodiversity, 465 central Asia, 479 homeland of agriculture, 10 aquaculture, 248 microfossil data, 140 addressing negative environmental impacts, south-central 540 wild camelid herding, 36 definition of, 539 Zanã Valley, 148 environmental merits of, 540 Androsace maxima extensive, 540 ruderal near habitation, 99 few domesticated species, 538 animal modern, large-scale, 23 domestic phylogenetic diversity, 540 at farming sites, 102 proto-domestication phase, 542 animal behavior characteristics rapid increase since 1970s, 539 key targets of domestication, 230 aquaculture genetic resources animal depictions, 67 conserving natural aquatic biodiversity, 544 animal domestication scenario effective population sizes small compared to three categories, 239 rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, 545 animal pollinator-dependent crops impacted by variable reproductive success, 545 diversity, 526 invasive species challenge natural aquatic increasing future dependency, 526 biodiversity, 544 animal production system life-history characteristics conducive to genetic large scale and low genetic diversity, 551 vulnerability and extinction, 544 animal tillage aquatic biodiversity management practice, 120 challenge to conserve while using, 538 animal, domestication imperiled, 538 northern Levant, 82 aquatic genetic resources animal, herd risks to, 538 target of specialized management, 34–6 aquatic species antelope, 16 beneficial nutrients for humans, 539 African big mammal, 15 brought under recent human management, 248 Anthophora pilipes villuloa Arachis. See groundnut blueberry production, 531 archaeobotanical record, 103 anthropocene, 445 Africa, 112 anthropogenic biome. See also human– India, 112 environment system Near East, 112 extent of Earth coverage, 445 archaeobotany antibiotic starch grain research, 144–6

Index 565

trends of domestication syndrome, 110–12 Atlantic forest, Brazil archaeological dry sieving, 63 co-existence with swidden agriculture, 351 archaeological evidence swidden abandonment, 345 Indo-European-speaking migration Atlantic salmon Western Asia into Northern India, 177, 178, aquatic food species in transition to 180, 181 domestication, 538, 542 Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis, 169–70 improvement based on additive genetic Uto-Aztecan migration variation and individual and family Central America into southwest USA, 173–4 selection, 543 archaeological ﬂotation, 112 yield improvement, 542 archaeological wet-sieving, 112 atmospheric dust Archaic, 38 source of P ard Maya lowlands, 451 introduction in Late Neolithic, 123 attracting game ard tillage fruit tree density, 344 impact on seed burial, 120 auroch, 62 management practice, 122 ancient DNA, 265 Argentina human hunting target, 66 Criolla wine grape variety, 504 Austral bracken (Pteridium esculentum), 25 northestern Australia partially within megacenter of agricultural animal domestication candidates, 15 biodiversity, 465 Cajanus taxa, 363 pampas colonization by modern humans, 72 no independent domestication, 10 earliest grass and other seed use, 32 Aristida pungens, 29 ethnohistorical evidence, 23, 24 Armenia forager to food production rare, 160 on route of Indo-European language grass and forb seeds, 30 migration, 176 grass- and forb-seed harvesting, 32 arrowhead indigenous root and tuber food, 27 Khiamian, 96 intermediate subsistence systems, 42 PPNB, 68 large-seeded cereal distribution, 11 arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), 24 northern among crops ﬁrst domesticated in Americas, diversity of wild species of Cajanus, 363 336 wild harvested grass- and forb-species early crop in Neotropical lowlands, 139 use, 29 high genetic diversity, 345 Australian Aborigines, 25, 30, 38 starch, Peru, 145 Austronesian language and Neolithic food Artemisia, 73 production dispersal ascertainment bias Taiwan into central Oceania, 167–71 via SNP discovery in dogs, 280 Awlad Ali Bedouins Asia residents of Siwa oasis, Egypt, 416 banana phytoliths, 142 axe Cajanus taxa, 363 North China, 75 south polished phytolith research, 142 South China, 81 swidden agriculture and rice production, 344 yam domestication, 350 Baja California, Mexico Asikli Hu¨ yu¨ k, Anatolia, 68, 77 18th century agricultural oases data, 409 ass (Equus asinus), 15, 34 Bajja, Jordan, 69 directed domestication pathway, 246 bamboo rat wild Nubian ass (E. a. africanus) South China, 78 domestication, northern and northeastern banana (Musa spp.), 385 Africa, 246 clonally propagated, 381 Asteraceae, North American diversity of human uses, 397 semi-rapid seed size increase, 128 phytolith evidence in Africa, 142 Astragalus. See milk vetch premise of importance of spontaneous Athertonia spp., 39 mutation, 382

566 Index

banana (Musa spp.) (cont.) Basenji. See dog breed role of mixed clonal/sexual reproduction in Bashidang village domestication, 397 South China, 78, 79 role of polyploidization in domestication, 398 Basta, southern Jordan, 67, 71 starch grain research, 145 bean, 11, 38 See also Phaseolus, common bean Bangladesh nutrient content, 28 ecological differentiation of rice, 323 bean (Phaseolus spp.), 138, 139 rare ecotypes of Oryza sativa, 314 starch grain research, 145 banteng, 15 starch grain, N˜anchoc culture, 149 Bantu, sub-Saharan Africa, 16 bear Barbados, 363 disperser of geophytes, 205 Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) bee species directed domestication pathway, current, 248 diversity barley, 64, 105 comparisons, 527 became major world crop, 12 species counts, 527 calorie source today, 11 life histories and foraging behaviors, 527–8 chaff, 97 Beidha, Jordan, 69 diminished production, Western Pamirs, Beilschmiedia spp., 39 Tajikistan, 415 Beisamoun, Israel, 71 DNA domestication evidence, 93 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia domestication duration, 113 treatment with Prunus africana, 486 domestication in Neolithic Age, 479 Bertholletia. See Brazil nut founder crop, 65, 104 beta-carotene dioxygenase 2 enzyme (BCDO2), frequency of cross pollination, 113 267, 269 Ganges Basin from Middle East, 178 Big Man personalities, 66 grain size study, 100 biodiversity high grain-size heritability, 117 bee, 527 higher current cultivation elevation in Western climate change threat, 438 Pamirs, Tajikistan, 412 created and managed by humans, 426 increase at Jerf el Ahmar, 99, 102 crop ecology, 400 introduced to Jerf el Ahmar, 99 impact of directed domestications, 251 loss of natural seed dehiscence, 112 increase under swidden agriculture, 345 morphological signs of cereal domestication, legacy of California Indians, 190 102 loss, by deforestation, 489 morphometric grain database, 116 management native Hordeum spp., 33 ethnobiological documentation, 426 Near East, 113 of planet Ocean at risk, 544 Neolithic circum-Baltic/North Seas cultivation, planned, by farmers, 489 302 reduction, 47 nonshattering, 128 bird persistence of wild or weedy, 116 China, 81 pre-domestication cultivation, 28 migratory replaced rye South China, 81 early Holocene, 104 South China, 79 to China, 46 bird’s foot trefoil (Lotus spp.), 200 wild bison, 10, 11, 14, 15 charred remains, 96 Bison. See buffalo replacement by domesticated, 113 bitter root (Lewisia redidiva), 25 weed today, 103 bitter vetch, 12 barley, native (Hordeum spp.) Black Sea California, 199 preﬂooding freshwater Neolithic history, 181 cultivation, 214 blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) Orange County coast, California, 213 directed domestication pathway, current, 248 barm, 515 blue camas (Camassia quamash), 25 Barringtonia procera blue orchard bee (BOB) (Osmia lignaria under domestication propinqua) Solomon Islands, 487 tree fruit production, 531

Index 567

boar, wild B. lambicus human hunting target, 66 in Belgian beer, 516 hunted secondary yeasts used in some brewing South China, 78 processes, 515 hunting, North China, 75 British Columbia, Canada, 27 Natufian hunting, 64 broad bean North China, 75 Early and Middle PPNB, 68 South China, 79 brodiaea (Brodiaea spp., Dichelostemma spp., and Bolivia Triteleia spp.), 25, 197 within megacenter of agricultural Bronze Age, 100, 116 biodiversity, 465 broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), Bølling-A˚llerød, 62, 73, 75, 77 75, 76 Bølling-A˚llerød sub-period, 57 earliest Chinese noodles, 141 Bombus. See bumble bee Brosimum. See ramo´ n bone brown algae South China, 77, 78, 81 aquaculture, 540 bone and antler kit Brunei Bay North China, 75 colonized by Iban, 163 bone tool brush rabbit (Sylvilagus audubonii), 214 South China, 79 Bubalus. See water buffalo Bos spp. bucrania (cow skull), 96 B. frontalis. See mithan buffalo (Bison bison) B. grunniens. See yak directed domestication pathway, 248 B. indicus. See zebu, humped building B. javanicus. See cattle, Bali communal, 92, 96 B. taurus. See cattle circular, subterranean, 96 bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), 80 bulrush (Typha spp.), 25 chloroplast DNA study, 151 bumble bee (Bombus spp.) Bouqras, Syria, 67, 71 B. terrestris Bovine Genome Project, 556 most widely used managed bumble bee on bow and arrow global scale, 531 South China, 79 eastern (B. impatiens), 530 bowl, 62 greenhouse tomato industry, 530 Anatolian obsidian, 68 western (B. occidentalis), 530 chlorite, 68, 96 burials Natufian, 63 Natufian, 63 Brachiaria spp., 29 Burkina Faso bracken fern northern, 29 invasive in Maya lowlands, 450 Buteo buteo brain size directed domestication pathway, 248 reduction butternut (Juglans cinerea), 38 characteristic of domestication, 232 nut remains differential impact on components, 233 Scoville site, USA, 38 irreversibility of, 237–8 buttonwillow (Cephalanthus occidentalis) bramble berries use for arrow pollinator dependent, 526 Yokuts tribe, California, 205 Brazil cocoa, shade trees, companion crops, 489 C3 plant, 64 relationship between human migration and Cafer Ho¨ yu¨ k, southeastern Turkey, 98, 102 cassava distribution, 350 caiçaras swidden agriculture, 344–5 traditional farmers of yam landraces, Vale do traditional farmers Ribeira, Brazil, 351 cassava landrace diversity, 350 CA–INY–5276, California USA, 33, 38 Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), 39 Cairina. See muscovy duck Brettanomyces spp. Cajanus scarabaeoides B. bruxellensis wild pigeonpea relative with wide distribution, in Belgian beer, 516 363

568 Index

Cajanus spp. caltrop C. bicolor syn. for C. cajan. See pigeonpea collecting C. cajan. See pigeonpea South China, 80 C. cajanifolius Camassia. See blue camas ancestor of pigeonpea (C. cajan), 362 Cambodia Indian subcontinent, 362 ecological differentiation of rice, 323 C. flavus syn. for C. cajan. See pigeonpea camel, 34 C. indicus syn. for C. cajan. See pigeonpea Arabian, 15 C. luteus syn. for C. cajan. See pigeonpea Bactrian, 15 Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, 453 Old World Calandrinia. See red maids directed domestication pathway, 247 Calathea. See leren one-humped dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) Calicanto irrigated landscape Arabian peninsula, 247 case study site two-humped Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus) Cochabamba region, central Brazil, 466 Central Asia, 247 California camelids, 34, 42, 45 acorn staple food, 11 South American, 244 central, coastal Camelus spp. ecosystem services delivery, 446 C. bactrianus. See camel, Bactrian eastern C. dromedarius. See camel, dromedary receipt of Uto-Aztecan maize culture, 173 Cameroon ethnohistorical evidence, 32 banana phytoliths, 142 evolution of proto-agricultural practices, 212 participatory agroforestry domestication, 484 importance of seed gathering, 32 trade value of agroforestry products, 488 interior central Campeche, Mexico archaeobotanical record, 212 Maya lowlands, 447 modern agriculture region Canaan. See dog breed Central Coast, 193 Canarium indicum North Coast, 193 domesticate, 486 Sacramento Valley, 193 canary grass (Phalaris spp.), 33, 199 San Joaquin Valley, 193 cultivation, 214 South Coast, 193 Canavalia bean no independent domestication, 10 starch grain research, 145 possible seed-size evolution, 213 Candida spp. virtue of native plants, 219 in Belgian beer, 516 wine production, 502 cane berries California buckeye (Aesculus californica), 37 pollinator dependent, 526 California dairy production canid (Canis spp.), 276 costs and challenges, 550 Canis spp. intensification drivers, 551 C. aureus. See golden jackal scale and statistics, 549–50 C. dingo. See Dingo variety of products, 549 C. familiaris. See dog California farmers of European ancestry, 10 C. latrans. See coyote California Floristic Province C. lupus. See wolf five modern agricultural landscapes, 193 canoe, 72 California gold rush South China, 79, 81 demographics impacts, 505 Caoxieshan, China California Indians paddy cultivation, 118 at European contact, 191 Cape Buffalo harvest of underground plant foods, 25 African big mammal, 15 population density, 194 Capra. See goat California, central, east of San Francisco Bay, Capsicum. See chile pepper USA, 38 capture fisheries California, USA once limitless, 539 ethnohistorical record, 37 capturing, processing, and storing fish systematic grass- and forb-seed harvesting, 34 methods of nonagricultural peoples, 40 Calochortus. See mariposa lily carbohydrate

Index 569

as provided in evolving agroecosystems, 42 Castanea spp. cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) C. crenata. See chestnut, Japanese model to study meiotic gene nonfunctionality C. dentata. See chestnut, American compared to artichoke, 400 C. sativa. See chestnut, sweet carnivore Castanospermum spp., 39 North China, 75 cat (Felis catus) small earliest domestication South China, 78 Near East, 241 carp aquaculture feral feeding behavior sustainable in Europe, 540 Hungary, 238 carp, Asian cat, wild (Felis silvestris) multiple food species feeding behavior in transition to domestication, 542 Hungary, 238 carp, common Çatalho¨ yu¨ k, Anatolia, 68, 69, 77 domesticated aquatic food species, 538 cattle, 11, 13, 34, 42, 58 domesticated aquatic species, 542 acquired by San hunter–gatherers Europe, domesticated in 12th century, 542 Africa, 10 importance of nonadditive variance, 543 domesticated Carya. See hickory northern Levant, 82 cassava (Manihot esculenta), 24, 384 Eurasian, 16 “fraca” and “forte” varieties, 380 genetic diversity “sweet” and “bitter” varieties, 380 domestication bottleneck, 261 among crops first domesticated in Americas, herded, 68 336 hybridization with bison, 14 Brazilian landraces integral part of agropastoral system, 35 genetic relationship, 349 integrated with goat Central American migration pattern similar to African Sahel, 46 that of Lima bean, 336 Natufian hunting, 64 chemical defense, 381 pre-domestication wild-type management clonally propagated, 381 Middle PPNB, 36 dispersal from lowlands into northern Peru, cattle (Bos taurus) 140 prey domestication pathway, 242 divergence from wild relative, 386 cattle, Bali (Bos javanicus) early crop in Neotropical lowlands, 139 prey domestication pathway, 244 genetic characterization, Brazil, 346 cattle, humped genetically differentiated landraces, composed domestication of multiple clones, 386 South Asia, 178 high genetic diversity, 345 cattle, wild high genetic diversity in Brazil, 347 North China, 76 high turnover of cultivars in Yanesha South China, 79 agriculture, 432 Cavia spp. importance of founder effect, 339 C. aperea. See cavies, wild landraces, 354 C. porcellus. See guinea pig M. e. subsp. flabellifolia cavies (Cavia spp.) closest wild relative, 385 guinea pig (C. porcellus), 236 ecologically adaptive traits, 385 commensal domestication pathway, microfossil in Puerto Rico, 141 highland Andes, 241 Nãnchoc culture, 149 wild (C. aperea), 236 recurrent cycles of recombination and Çayo¨ nu¨ , Turkey, 69, 71, 92, 102 selection, 387 pig–human relationship, 242 resource-conserving crop, 380 cemetery, 75 staple crop for Yanesha, 432 Cenchrus biflorus, 29 starch grain research, 145 Central America starch, Peru, 145 geography and plant domestication, 136 wild/domesticated difference in germination, Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico, 139 389 Cephalanthus. See buttonwillow cassowary, 11 ceramic bull with churn, 246

570 Index

cereal, 11, 42, 64, 92 chicken, 34 cultivated, 106 commensal domestication pathway, 241 Natufian use, 63 domesticated risk of high consumption by humans, 302 China, 82 role of domesticated to wild ancestor crosses, Jerf el Ahmar, 96 265, 267 wild, 11, 12, 16, 28, 100 genetic diversity cultivation, 64, 99, 100 no domestication bottleneck, 261 cultivation versus gathering, 102 hunting, North China, 75 gathering and cultivation, 106 multiple domestications harvesting tradition, 116 southeast Asia, China, India, 241 stands, 106 polyphyletic origin, 269 wild, large-seeded sequence diversity, 262 distribution, 11 White Leghorn, 267 cereal cultivators, 83 wild cereal grain hunted in South China, 78 nutrient content, 28 chicken, domesticated (Gallus domesticus), 237 cereal processing, 97 chickpea (Cicer sp.), 12, 105 cereal, Near Eastern Early and Middle PPNB, 68 semi-rapid seed size increase, 128 introduced to Euphrates sites, 104 ceremony introduction of, 99 public, 69 no seed coat differences in Near East, 124 Cerro Juanaquenã, northern Chihuahua, Mexico chiefs, 9, 66 maize food production site, 173 Chilca, Peru Cervus spp. pre-Ceramic Lima bean evidence, 332 C. elephus. See red deer chile pepper (Capsicum spp.), 138, 140 C. nippon. See sika deer Andean, 465 C. unicolor. See sambar deer starch grain research, 145 Ceylon junglefowl Chile, central BCDO2 gene sequence, 269 partially within megacenter of agricultural chaff biodiversity, 465 in building earth, 97 China channel catfish agricultural language and agricultural aquatic food species in transition to homeland, 161 domestication, 542 ancient Chavin culture fish maintenance, 41 expansion correlated with Quechua language, area of transition to agriculture, 60 164 central and eastern cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), 13 melon distribution, 125 directed domestication pathway, 248 coastal central Cheik Hassan, Syria, 96, 102 source of maritime technology for chemical defense Austronesia, 171 plant eastern environments favoring, 381 ecological differentiation of rice, 323 chemical residue analysis, 59 Holocene Chengtoushan, South China, 81 domesticated pigs, dogs, and chicken, 82 Chenopodium spp., 33, 124 homeland of agriculture, 10 C. berlanderii North, 76, 82 seed coats cultivation of cereals, 71 Eastern Woodlands United States, 124 outward forager migrations, 78 domestication in South America, 124 wintering wetland birds, 78 goosefoot, 33 North and South cultivation, 214 incipient cultivation, 81 chestnut (Castanea spp.) original home of the noodle, 142 American (C. dentata), 38 palaeoclimatic data sources, 72 Japanese (C. crenata), 38 phytolith applications, 141 sweet (C. sativa), 39 pigeonpea production, 361

Index 571

pre-domestication cultivation and husbandry, clover, wild (Trifolium spp.), 200 160 club rush (Scirpus spp.), 25 South, 82 coalescence time, 262 cultivation of wild rice, 71 coat color rice spikelet bases, 118 pleiotropic link with behavior, 237 southern Cochabamba region, central Bolivia, 466 diversity of wild species of Cajanus, 363 cocoa location of Pre-Austronesian, 167 mixed species agroforestry studies, 489 Western cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum) hunter–gatherer population expansion, 75 diversity selection by Yanesha, Peru, 427 chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera), 11 maternal inheritance, 428 directed domestication pathway, 248 cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) chlorite object high genetic diversity, 345 exchange, 69 microfossil in Puerto Rico, 141 Chlorogalum. See soaproot Colocasia. See taro chopper, polished Colombia South China, 79 Lima bean cultivation, 333 Chow-chow. See dog breed colonization, agricultural, 82 Chukchi, northern Siberia, 35 Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) Chumash tribe single cause unlikely, 530 Santa Barbara region population density, 194 Columba. See pigeon, domesticated use of seed sowing, 204 combinations of staple foods Chuodun, China African Sahel, 42 melon domestication, 125 central Andean highlands, 42 paddy cultivation, 118 China, 42 Cicer. See chickpea eastern North America, 42 Cinderella species lowland northern South America, 42 trees overlooked by science and Green Mesoamerica, 42 Revolution, 479 New Guinea, 42 Cirsium. See thistle, California South Asia, 42 Cishan, North China, 75 Southwest Asia, 42 Cissus. See marble treebine West African forest zone, 42 Cistanche sp., 116 commensal domestication pathway Clarkia. See farewell-to-spring definition of, 240 Claytonia. See miner’s lettuce commensals cleptoparasites Natufian, 63 cuckoo bees, 528 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), 12 climate change, 103, 446 Andean, 465 abrupt, 59 Calicanto irrigated landscape, 466 agroforestry mitigation, 495 Central American migration pattern similar to crop ecology, 400 that of Lima bean, 336 farmer response, 400 common garden impact on Asian population, 438 strategy to fit crops to environment, 415 indigenous peoples, 437 common millet. See broomcorn millet southwest USA, 173 Concow, Mendocino County, California, Tibetan recognition, 439 200 climate cycle, ENSO conflict increased frequency aided settlers of Oceania, economic dichotomy between farmers–herders 171 and pastoral nomads, PPNB, 70 climatic amelioration impacts in Maya lowlands, 449 early Holocene, 93, 96 instigated by bad years, PPNB, 70 Holocene, 99 inter-group hostilities, PPNB, 70 clonal propagation poor PPNB evidence, 70 advantages, 383 Tikal–Calakmul war clonally propagated crops, 381 Classic Maya, 457 poorly studied evolutionary biology, 382 war before civilization, 70 sexual reproduction underestimated, 383 controlling crop spatial arrangement, 345

572 Index

coppicing aquatic Europe, 204 human food, 39 imitation of flooding, 204 Cuba core collection Lima bean cultivation, 333 pigeonpea Cucumis. See melon, Old World ICRISAT, 369 cucurbit (Cucurbita spp.) corn, 11, See also maize C. moschata fruit flesh calorie source today, 11 starch grain, Nãnchoc culture, 149 with wheat and rice provide half of protein Cucurbita, 124, See squash and cucurbit consumed by humans, 538 C. ecuadorensis corralling New World, 125 management practice, 58 C. moschata northern Levant, 82 northern South America, 139 Corylus spp. Cuddie Springs, Australia, 32 C. americana. See hazelnut cultic object, 69 C. avellana. See hazelnut cultigroups C. cornuta. See hazelnut Lima bean C. maxima. See hazelnut branching from Guatemala, 333 cotton (Gossypium spp.), 123 cultivation G. barbadense, 138 cereal G. hirsutum, 138 small-scale, 92 Nãnchoc culture, 149 complex system of shifting, 344 Courtland area, California USA definition of, 203 population density, 194 incipient cow, 11, 15, 471 Levant and China, 81 cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), 29 management practice, 167 West African South China, 80 lag between domestication and seed-size millet, North China, 76 increase, 121 part-time, 81 coyote (Canis latrans), 276 pre-domestication, 92, 93, 160 crab gradual reduction in gathering, 99 Australian shell middens, 40 Jerf el Ahmar, 99 craft, river Near East, 92 South China, 81 reliance on, 99 crafting and shaping, 68 rice cranberry, 11 pre-domestication, 118 crane rice, South China, 76 South China, 78 systematic annual Crete South China, 80 dominance of domesticated barley, 115 systemic Criolla definition of, 136 early wine grape variety, Argentina, 504 cultivation before domestication crop improvement method Asia, southwest and eastern, 138 used with pigeonpea, 368 New World, 138 crop pollination cultivation of cereals, systematic multiple pollinator species in combination, 534 South China, 81 crop pollination by animals cultivation, incipient, 83 direct value of crops, 526 cultivation, pre-domestication indirect value derived from uses of animal- evidence pollinated crops, 526 increase in grain size, 100 crop pollination services sites outside cereal habitat, 100 impact of land use changes, 527 cultural control of garbage scavenger pigs, 76 crop species, uncultivated cuphole Calicanto irrigated landscape, central Bolivia, in limestone slab, 62 470 Natufian, 63 crustacean South China, 78 aquaculture, 540 Curcurlio spp.

Index 573

C. aurvestis. See filbert weevil deergrass (Muhlenbergia rigens) C. occidentalis. See filbert weevil impacted by burning, 201 C. pardus. See filbert weevil demic-diffusion model Cydia. See filbert worm evidence from cemetery populations, 163 Cynara. See cardoon example of Iban, Sarawak, Malaysia, 164 Cyperaceae example of Yanomami, upper Orinoco, 164 reduced frequency at Jerf el Ahmar, 99 of agriculturalist dispersion, 163 Cyperus esculentus, 33 Demirko¨ y, southeast Turkey, 96, 102 Cyprus dermal depigmentation domesticated cereal chaff remains, 115 selective advantage in humans, 304 introduction of house mice, 98 Deschampsia. See hairgrass PPNB, 116 Descurainia spp., 33 remnant wild barley, 115 desert kite, 70 Cytisus cajan syn. for Cajanus cajan. Diaotonghuan cave, South China, 77, 78 See pigeonpea radiocarbon dates, 78 cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility (CMS) Dichelostemma spp., 25, See also brodiaea deployed in pigeonpea, 368 D. pulchellum, 33 digging stick weight Dacryodes edulis South China, 78 agroforestry domesticate, 486 Digitaria spp., 29 women Dingo. See dog breed role in marketing of fruits, 488 Dingo (Canis familiaris dingo), 238 Dactyloctenium spp., 29 Dioscorea spp., 24 Dadiwan, China, 75, 76 clonally propagated, 381 dairy cattle D. abyssinica. See guinea yam high-density SNP chip, 556 D. alata role in agrobiodiversity management Asian domestication, 350 Calicanto irrigation landscape, 469 South Pacific, Asia, Africa, Caribbean, 354 dairy cattle breeding Vale do Ribeira, Brazil, 354 goals, 553 D. bulbifera opportunities to improve sustainability, Asian domestication, 350 558 round yam, 25 predicting and use of breeding value, 554 Vale do Ribeira, Brazil, 354 predicting genetic gain, 555 D. cayenensis. See guinea yam progeny testing, 554 D. cayenensis/D. rotundata species complex. value of artificial insemination, 555 See guinea yam value of WGS, 557 D. esculenta dairy cattle gene pool Asian domestication, 350 composition, USA, 551 D. hastifolia, 25 dairy industry D. praehensilis. See guinea yam one breed dominance worldwide, 551 D. rotundata. See guinea yam dairying D. transversa, long yam, 25 relationship with adult lactase persistence D. trifida (ALP), 299 breeding system, 354 Dama. See fallow deer high landrace diversity, 354 date palm native Guyana regions, South America, 351 crop at Siwa oasis, Egypt, 416 South American domestication, 350 Dederiyeh cave, Syria, 62, 63 Vale do Ribeira, Brazil, 354 deer, 62 high genetic diversity, 345 benefited by fire, 202 starch grain research, 145 disperser of geophytes, 205 directed domestication pathway edge grazers definition, 246 Maya lowlands, 450 directed flooding hunting, North China, 75 management practice, 32 Natufian hunting, 64 discus North China, 75, 76 aquarium species in transition to South China, 78, 79, 80 domestication, 542

574 Index

dispersal Labrador Retriever, 290 correlated Indo-European language family and Mastiff, 290 food-production type Middle Eastern Western Asia into Northern India, 175–83 Afghan Hound, 282, 283 correlated language family and food- Basenji, 282, 283 production type Canaan, 283 Central Mexico into Southwest USA, 171–5 Saluki, 283 Taiwan into central Oceania, 167–71 Spitz Indo-European language family and Alaskan Malamute, 294 food-production type Siberian Husky, 294 Western Asia into Northern India, 175–83 domestic imprint disturbance animal behavior, 238 feature of California vegetation types, 204 brain size, 237 natural domesticating environments, 379 imitation by California Indians, 204–6 domestication ditch duration house encircling cereals, 113 South China, 79 from resource conservation to resource village encircling, 79 acquistion, 391 village encircling defense geographic scenario Inner Mongolia, 76 Central and South America, 139 Dja’de, northern Syria, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, life cycle of crop, 407 104 multiple, local areas of, 138 Djuwarr 1, Arnhem Land, Australia, 25 shaped by ecology, 377 DNA study, 68, 93 similarities with mutualism, 228 dog, 58 domestication bottleneck domesticated agroforestry, 487 China, 82 maize compared to rice, 313 North China, 76 Oryza sativa, 313 example of commensal domestication pathway, wheat compared to rice, 313 240 domestication characteristic, 12 hunting, North China, 75 animal neoteny and domestication, 236 low reactivity to external stimuli, 232 origin reduced wariness, 232 archaeological evidence, 275 reduction in degree of sexual dimorphism, mtDNA evidence, 275 244 raising reduction of emotional reactivity, 235 North China, 77 size and shape of horns in ungulates, 243 Siwa oasis, Egypt, 416 smaller body size, dogs, 279 South China, 80 systematic reduction in brain size compared dog (Canis familiaris) to progenitor, 232 feral tractable males, 243 dependence on human niche, 238 wider crania, dogs, 279 dog breed plant aboriginal abscission scar on spikelet base, 102 Dingo, 280 annuality, 124, 362 New Guinea Singing Dog, 280 enhanced size and yield of edible plant parts, ancient 311 Akita, 289 germination inhibition, 123–4 Basenji, 280 higher harvest index, 362 Canaan, 280 increase in fruit size, 124–6 East Asian increase in grain size, 65, 100, 116 Akita, 283 increased rate of self-pollination, 311 Chow-chow, 283 increased rate of vegetative propagation, 311 Dingo, 282, 283 indehiscent pods, 65 New Guinea Singing Dog, 282, 283 lack of seed dispersal at maturity, 311 Shar-pei, 283 large grain size, 100

Index 575

lightening of seed coat color, 124 Dongge, China, 73 loss of bitterness, 124 Donghulin, China, 75 loss of dispersal mechanism, 102, 103 donkey. See ass loss of dormancy, 65, 362 Dravidian loss of grain dispersal aids, 65 homeland loss of rugae (papillae), 124 northwestern South Asia, 178 more compact growth habit, 311 language naked kernels and soft glumes, maize, 143 pastoralists and farmers nonbitter flesh, Cucurbita, 149 southern India, 177 nondehiscent pods, 92 Dromaius. See emu nonshattering, 112, 118, 362 drought nonshattering ears, 92, 100, 103 North China loess plateau and river nonshattering, protracted fixation, 128 valleys, 82 reduced toxicity, 311 sudden, North China, 75 reduction in seed dormancy, 311 duck, 34 soft fruit rinds, squash, 143 hunted softer rinds (squash), 140 wild, South China, 78 softer, reduced glumes (maize), 139 Natufian hunting, 64 starch grain properties, 146 South China, 78 thinning of seed coat, 124 dugong (manatee), 40 tough rachis, 65 dwarfness gene d1 domestication paradox, 16 pigeonpea, 366 domestication process, agroforestry dwelling diversity of market demands, 486 earth platform diversity of targets, 486 South China, 79 importance of intraspecific variation, 484 Khiamian importance of vegetative propagation stone, large, 105 techniques, 487 large, communal buildings domestication syndrome, 59, 128, 311, 317, 330, PPNA, 105 379 Natufian, 105 archaeobotanical evidence, 110 oval semi-subterranean cassava, 389 South China, 79 cereal traits, 110 pile cereals, 65 South China, 79 clonally propagated crops, 398 pile, rectangular clues to ancestor, 330 South China, 80 defined by seed-propagated crops, 382 pit, rudimentary, 96 features for guinea yam, 393 pit-house for pigeonpea, 362 China, 72 legume, 65 Harifian, 64 manioc (cassava), 385 Natufian, 63, 64 melons, 124 North China, 75 missing for clonally propagated crops, 382 Peiligang, 76 rice, 316 rectangular, 96 trajectory varies across species, 126 South China, 79 domestication, agroforestry trees rectangular–square definition of, 482 Inner Mongolia, 76 initiative of World Agroforestry Centre, 483 round, 96 domestication, animal South China, 79 suitability for rounded-oval, 65 absence of panic response in captivity, 14 semi-subterranean rounded breed readily in captivity, 13 North China, 75 diet that humans can supply, 13 shallow pit, 105 hierarchical social structure, 14 square large size, 12 North China, 75 predictable docility, 13 square or rectangular, 72 rapid growth, 13 square or rectangular, flat-roofed, 67

576 Index

earliest Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), 116 role in study of evolutionary processes, 379 Early Agricultural Phase ecosystem management Cienega phase, 173 definition of, 208 San Pedro phase, 173 ecosystem services southern Arizona, 173 central coastal California, 446 Early and Middle Holocene, 81 crop ecology, 400 Early and Middle Neolithic ecosystem, natural North China, 77 becoming agricultural landscape Early Holocene, 28, 47, 73, 75, 81, 93, 99, 100, California USA, 191–4 104, 212 Ecuador adoption of agriculture, 160 Lima bean cultivation, 333 Chinese socio-economic processes, 72 within megacenter of agricultural biodiversity, dispersal of agriculture in American tropics, 465 141 eel, migrating high temperatures, 104 human management, Australia, 40 rain-forest foragers and root foods, 24 egalitarian society, 67 roots and tubers in diet Egypt Pacific Northwest USA, 27 Western Desert, 112 spread of maritime technology from coastal einkorn. See wheat, einkorn central China, 171 Elaeis. See oil palm stable climate, 104 Elaeocarpus spp., 39 Early Neolithic, 65, 103 eland, 10 Chinese deposits, 72 current ranching efforts, 251 South China, 78 eland (Taurotragus oryx) Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), 113 directed domestication pathway, current, 248 Early to Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) Elaphurus. See Pe` re David’s deer increase of grain breadth, 116 Eleocharis. See spike rush East Asia elephant, 10, 13 dog center of origin African (Loxodonta africana) mtDNA data, 275 use for hunting, warfare, public spectacles, East Shasta tribe 248 use of seed sowing, 204 African and Asian Eastern Basketmakers directed domestication pathway, 247 southern Colorado and Mogollon highlands, Asian (Elephas maximus) New Mexico, USA, 175 use for labor, hunting, warfare, transport, eastern North America, 38, 41 public spectacles, 247 eastern Taurus foothills, 64 Asian working, 13 Eastern Woodlands, North America, 121 Hannibal, 13 Echimys. See spiny rat Elephas. See elephant Echinochloa spp., 29, 33 Eleucine. See finger millet ecological combining ability Elevation promoting yam genetic diversity, Brazil, 351 elite Holstein sire, 551 ecological differentiation elk, 10 Oryza glaberrima, 315 disperser of geophytes, 205 Oryza rufipogon, 313 South China, 80 Southeast Asia to South Asia, 323 Elymus spp., 33, See also wild rye ecological distribution emmer. See wheat, emmer Lima bean emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) biased in archaeobotanical specimens, 331 directed domestication pathway, 248 ecological processes Endiandra spp., 39 role in management of cassava, Brazil, 346 ennoblement ecological service domestication phenomenon in guinea yam, 391 N fixation Ensete spp. legumes in California oak landscapes, 200 mixed clonal/sexual system, 399 ecological succession, 344 phytolith evidence in Africa, 142 ecology enterobacteria role in study of domestication, 378 in Belgian beer, 516

Index 577

environment agricultural package dispersal, 59 aquatic, 81 medieval stew ponds, 41 forest, 81 migratory bird routes, 66 environmental modiﬁcation, 40 native bison species, 14 Ep allele source of wine grape cultivars for California, black spotting, 263 505 epigeal germination sustainable carp aquaculture, 540 domesticated cassava, 389 western Epi-Palaeolithic, 60 no independent domestication, 10 Near East, 128 Western Syria, 92 earliest dogs by archaeological evidence, Equatorial Guinea 275 participatory agroforestry domestication, 484 European honey bee (Apis mellifera) equid extent of domestication, 528–9 Natuﬁan hunting, 64 most widely used managed insect pollinator, North China, 75 529 Equus spp. USA E. asinus. See ass primary crop pollinators, 526 E. asinus africanus. See ass Euryale ferox, 118 E. caballus. See horse evolutionary factors E. ferus. See horse, wild yam landraces, 354 Eragrostis spp., 29, 33 exotic crop pollinator bee ESD lines desired qualities, 532 pigeonpea, 365 exploitation of animal resources, 68 Euphrates River, 67 extinction left bank, 94 crop, global, 407 middle, 103 large mammals and human arrival, 15 northern Syria, 100, 102 extirpation, 125 cereals and pulses over time, 99 crop, local, 407 cultivation of cereals and pulses, 104 Eynan, Israel, 63, 67 Early Holocene vegetation differs from today, 100 faba bean (Vicia faba), 12, 105 founder crop cultivation, 105 introduced to Euphrates sites, 104 subsistence economy, 104 introduction of, 99 pre-domestication cultivation, 93 Falco. See falcon upper falcon, peregrine (Falco peregrinus) Syria, PPNB, 116 directed domestication pathway, 248 Euphrates River valley fallow deer (Dama dama) Kebaran culture, 60 current ranching efforts, 251 northern Syria directed domestication pathway, current, 248 morphological signs of cereal domestication, Far East 102 cereal DNA study, 93 Syria farewell-to-spring (Clarkia sp.), 197, 213 expansion of tree food species, 104 farmer Eurasia incipient big domestic mammals, 15 China, 81 central steppes Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), 66 domestication sites for horses, 246 farming large-scale herd animal domestication, 34 contrast to foraging, 191 low human population, 60 small-scale, 83 most domesticated large, wild mammals, 15 fat multiple reindeer domestication events, 245 as provided in evolving agroecosystems, 42 open habitat, 16 Felis. See cat and cat, wild Western Fennoscandia largest Mediterranean climate zone, 12 reindeer domestication, 245 Europe fenugreek, 12 acorn staple food, 11 feralization, 237

578 Index

fermentation processes carp, 41 human uses, 516 South China, 78 ferret (Mustela) catching by agriculturalists, 41 domesticated (M. furo) catfish brain size reduction, 232 South China, 78 polecat (M. putorius) fresh water ancestor, 233 South China, 79 ranch mink (M. vison) human food, 39 brain size reduction, 233 human hunting target, 66 Fertile Crescent, 10, 12, 14, 28, 36 importance in human diet, 39 homeland of agriculture, 10 measures of consumption, 539 site for evidence of episodic domestication, 41 Natufian catching, 64 fescue North China, 76 (Festuca spp.), 33 target of specialized management, 39–41 (Vulpia/Festuca spp.), 199 Yellow River, 76 Festuca. See fescue fishing, 80, 83 fiber crop, 123 South China, 81 fiddleneck (Amsinckia spp.), 197 fishing method technology field agriculture overexploitation of fisheries, 539 definition, 191 flax, 123 fig domesticated in Levant, 82 introduced to Euphrates sites, 104 domestication followed that of cereals, 58 PPNA, 65 grown for fiber, 68 figurine flint animal harvesting blade, 98 raptor, PPNB, 69 flor yeast (Torulaspora delbrueckii), 519 animal, PPNB, 69 Florida Calusa Indians, USA, 9 female, 67 Florida, USA female, PPNB, 69 Lima bean cultivation, 333 ithyphallic representation, PPNB, 69 flute male, 67 North China, 76 filbert weevils (Curculio occidentalis, C. pardus, food security and C. aurvestis) crop plant-agroecosystem, 400 California oak pest, 202 food system capacity to feed human populations filbert worm (Cydia latiferreana) and spread California oak pest, 202 Africa south of the Sahara, 42 Fimbristylis. See sedge central Andes, 45 finger millet (Eleucine coracana), 29 China, 42 Finland eastern North America, 45 wild reindeer, 245 Mesoamerica, 45 fire New Guinea, 45 biological control method, 202 northern lowland South America, 45 favors bracken fern in Maya lowlands, 450 South Asia, 42 management practice, 22, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, Southwest Asia, 42 201, 212 West African forest zone, 45 Australia compared to California, 213 forage seed crop California Indians, 25 pollinator dependent, 526 Maya lowlands, 451 forager prehistoric northern Santa Barbara County, affluent, 80 212 China, 81 South American Indians, 344 contemporary with PPNB villages, 70 uses by California Indians, 27 in transition, 81 fire followed by sowing upper Euphrates River valley management practice, 33 role in Neolithic revolution, 64 fish, 24, 40 foraging aquaculture, 540 contrast to farming, 191 Australian shell middens, 40 foraging-to-farming sequence

Index 579

South China, 81 role in evolution of yam and sweet potato, forbs, 42 354 founder crop, 34, 41, 57, 65, 104, 105 persistent between cultivated and wild increase at Jerf el Ahmar, 99 indica rice Four Corners, southwest USA China and South and Southeast Asia, 324 receipt of Uto-Aztecan maize production, 173 promotion by human factors, 357 fox. See also silver fox role in domestication, 128 Arctic, 14 role in evolutionary studies and clonally human hunting target, 66 propagated crops, 399 foxtail grass, 73 genetic admixture foxtail millet (Setaria italica), 75, 76 breed with multiple ancestral populations earliest Chinese noodles, 141 dog-wolf, 276 Fremont peoples genetic control southwest USA, 173 grain length, rice, 117 French Paradox grain number, 117 wine consumption factor, 510 grain size, 117 Fritillaria spp. grain weight, rice, 117 response to climate change, 439 grain width, rice, 117 fruit panicle number, 117 gathered by women and children, 67 plant height, 117 fruit size genetic diversity rapid to slow increase of, 126 Brazil indigenous agriculture Fulani, sub-Saharan Africa, 299 at risk, 345 Fusarium udum characterized in indigenous crops soil-borne fungus causing wilt in pigeonpea, Central and South America, 346 367 DNA level domestic animals, 260 Gabon genetic erosion participatory agroforestry domestication, 484 cause, process, and consequence, 407 Gallus spp. genetic evidence G. domesticus. See chicken Indo-European language migration G. gallus. See red junglefowl Western Asia into Northern India, 182 Gana San, southern Africa, 22 Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis, 170 Ganges plain, India, 120, 123 Uto-Aztecan migration Ganj Dareh, Zagros Mountains, Iran, 36, 70, Central America into southwest USA, 174 242 genetic locus gathering, 80, 83 selectively neutral, 262 China, 81 genetic modification South China, 81 brewing yeasts, 518 gaur, 15 genetic pollution Gazella spp. risk ameliorated by sterile farmed stocks, 545 G. gazella. See gazelle risk in marine aquaculture from enhancement G. subgutturosa. See gazelle programs, 545 gazelle, 62 risk of aquaculture, 538 human hunting target, 66 genetic selection hunting by PPNB hunters and farmers, 70 larger grains, 118 Natufian hunting, 64 Geometric Kebaran, 60, 61 gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa and G. gazella) geophyte prey domestication pathway edible parts, 203, 204 early steps in Fertile Crescent, 249 intensified use of gene flow California Indians, 206 between proto-japonica and proto-indica rice, Germany 323 Neolithic, 123 continuous between Oryza sativa and germplasm O. rufipogon in Asia, 316 conserved pigeonpea accessions episodic, during rice domestication, 322 little used by breeders, 369 human-induced improving use of conserved pigeonpea, 369–70

580 Index

germplasm (cont.) dehusking, 97 world pigeonpea collection transportation of, 101 ICRISAT, 370 grain incomplete ﬁlling 1 (GIF1) Ghana function in rice, 319 central, 30 rice, 316 Gila River, southwest USA, 172 grain shattering 1 (SH1) Gilgal, Israel, 66 function in rice, 317 giraffe, 11 rice, 316 GIS database grain shattering 4 (SH4) Calicanto irrigated landscape function in rice, 317 central Bolivia, 467 rice, 316 GISP2 ice core, 73 grain size global climate change genetic constraint on equilibrium, 117 Tibetan culture ill-adapted, 439 heritability, 117 global warming, 59, 412, 439 increase in glacier shrinking in Pamirs, Tajikistan, 415 compared to nonshattering, 116–18 mountain glaciers as thermometers, 437 trade-off with grain number, 120 role for native plants, 219 grain size 3 (GS3) glycemic index, 217 function, 319 Glycine. See soybean rice, 316 goat, 13, 15, 16, 34, 42, 58, 68, 237 grain-size increase domestic morphology suggests domestication, 116 Zagros Mountains, 36 with deeper seed burial, 117 domesticated with soil disturbance, 117 northern Levant, 82 gram, 12 Eurasian, 16 grape Ganges Basin from Middle East, 178 clonally propagated, 381 herded, 68 grass, 104 management of wild-type in forest-steppe vegetation, 104 Zagros Mountains, 36 wild modern, 68 use as food, 100 Siwa oasis, Egypt, 416 grass, panicoid to African Sahel, 46 reduced frequency at Jerf el Ahmar, 99 to China, 46 grass, small-seeded wild, 62 pre-domestication cultivation, 28 human hunting target, 66 processing Zagros North China, 75 management system model, 245 reduced frequency at Jerf el Ahmar, 99 goat (Capra hircus) grasspea (Lathyrus sativus), 12 prey domestication pathway, 242 chemical defense, 381 goat, bezoar Great Basin, Western USA, 32, 34 Turkey and Iran ethnohistorical evidence, 32 origin of domestic goat lineages, 243 receipt of Uto-Aztecan maize culture, 173 Go¨ bekli Tepe, southeast Turkey, 69, 96, 102, 106 systematic grass- and forb-seed golden jackal (Canis aureus), 276 harvesting, 34 goldﬁsh Great Plains China, domesticated in 12th century, 542 no independent domestication, 10 domesticated aquatic species, 542 Greece goose, 34 dominance of domesticated barley, 115 South China, 78 Neolithic, 123 goosefoot (Chenopodium spp.), 33 green algae cultivation, 214 aquaculture, 540 gopher green junglefowl disperser of geophytes, 205 BCDO2 gene sequence, 269 Gossypium. See cotton Grey grain horse, 271 consumed by mice, 98 gray junglefowl

Index 581

BCDO2 gene sequence, 269 African domestication, 350 source of yellow skin haplotype in chicken, 269 domestication, 391 Greying with age importance of phenotypic plasticity, 393 horse, 271 Guitarrero Cave, Peru Grindelia spp. pre-Ceramic Lima bean evidence, 332 G. camporum. See gumweed Gujarat, India G. robusta. See gumweed pearl millet populations, 120 grinding stone gumweed (Grindelia camporum) flat, 62 healing by, 217 China, 65 Gunt watershed Natufian, 65 Western Pamirs, Tajikistan, 411 North China, 73 guppy, aquarium fish flat to concave domesticated aquatic species, 542 North China, 73 Gwi San, southern Africa, 22 four-legged Cishan, North China, 75 habitat with starch, 24, 145 desert zone along the Pacific coast, 45 grizzly bear, 10, 11, 13, 14 dry savanna, 16 ground squirrel forest disperser of geophytes, 205 reindeer not pre-adapted for domestication, groundnut (Arachis spp.), 12, 29 245 dispersal from lowlands into northern Peru, Mediterranean forest, 62 140 Mediterranean semi-arid belt, 62 early crop in Neotropical lowlands, 139 Mediterranean steppe, 62 high genetic diversity, 345 Mediterranean woodland parkland, 62 modern peanut A. hypogaea oak–pistachio woodland belt, 62 distinguished by starch grain morphology, Queensland rainforest, 38 149 taiga–boreal coniferous forest, 35 Nãnchoc culture, 149 terebinth-almond woodland, 64 peanut nuts tropical rainforest, 432, 437 starch grain, Nãnchoc culture, 149 few large herd mammals, 16 starch grain research, 145 Yanesha management, 430 guanaco (Lama guanaco) tundra, 35 prey domestication pathway, 244 reindeer pre-adapted for domestication, Guatemala 245 proposed origin for Lima bean, 333 Habropoda laboriosa gueuze Belgian beer, 516 potential blueberry crop pollinator, 531 Guinea Bissau hairgrass (Deschampsia spp.), 33 site of Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa admixed Haiti accessions, 315 linguistic evidence for Lima bean, 331 Guinea Conakry Hakra Phase culture site of Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa admixed Indo-European (Indo-Aryan) speaking, 179 accessions, 315 Hakra Phase sites, Pakistan Guinea fowl, 34 Harappan symbols, 179 guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), 34 Hallan Çemi Tepesi, southeast Turkey, 64, 96, behavior and endocrine functions, 236 102, 241 guinea yam (Dioscorea cayenensis/D. rotundata Halula, northern Syria species complex) morphological signs of cereal domestication, Africa, 384 102 Benin, 352 Hamran, 60 D. abyssinica, wild relative, 392 hamster, 11 D. cayenensis pets of today African domestication, 350 deliberate, recent domestication, 241 Vale do Ribeira, Brazil, 354 hamster, golden (Mesocricetus auratus) D. praehensilis, wild relative, 392 commensal domestication pathway, 241 unusual growth strategy, 393 Hansenula spp. D. rotundata in Belgian beer, 516

582 Index

haplotype diversity sickle, 68 indicator of variation in populations, 280 threshing board or tribulum, 68 haplotype sharing harvesting knife assessed for dog breeds and wolf populations, China, 128 286 harvesting, processing, and storing tree Harappan culture nuts, 37, 39 Ganges Basin, 178 harvesting, selective Indus Valley, 176 California Indians, 25, 206 hard rind harvesting, wild squash in ‘life cycle’ of a domesticated plant species, phytolith pattern, 143 407 hare, 62 Haryana (upper Ganges/Yamuna basin) Natufian trapping, 64 presence of Indo-European speakers South China, 78 Rigveda evidence, 177 Harifian, 64 Hatoula, Israel, 66 Harlan, Jack Rodney Hawaiian Islands adaptive syndrome, 110 fish ponds, 41 animals not essential, 227, 539 Hayonim Cave, Israel, 63 broad view of managed ecosystems, 190 hazelnut (Corylus spp.) contribution to ex situ conservation of plant American (C. americana and C. cornuta), 38 genetic resources, 408 managed crop domestication definition, 330, 481 British Isles and California, 205 disruptive selection, 113 Mediterranean Europe (C. avellana and fire and vegetation management, 201 C. maxima), 38 gene pool concept in pigeonpea, 363 nut remains grasses harvested in Sahara and Sahel zones, 29 Scoville site, USA, 38 hunter–gatherers similar to agriculturalists, 191 hearth, 96 imitate natural ecosystems for sustainability in Helianthus spp., 33, See also sunflower managed ecosystems, 204 Helicoverpa armigera interdisciplinary model and study of animal insect pest of pigeonpea, 367 domestication, 252 Helvella lacunosa, 200 most important trait of domesticated seed Hemudu, South China, 80 crops, 112 herd scope of research interests, 227 large mammal South America and centers of crop Eurasia, 16 domestication, 138 herding unconsious selection for seed size, 128 management practice, 22 harpoon cattle, 68 South China, 78, 81 domesticated llamas, 36 harrow reindeer model, 244–5 management practice, 32 Zagros Mountains, 243 hartebeast, 62 wild camelids, 36 harvesting heron grass seed, 30 South China, 78 management practice, 29, 32 Heshang, China, 73 grass- and forb-seed, 34 hickory (Carya spp.), 34, 38 tree nuts, 37 nut remains red maids seed, 197 Scoville site, USA, 38 techniques, 27 high milk consumption wild sorghum, 29 selective advantage in humans, 302 wild species, 344 Hilazon Cave, Israel, 63 Yanesha management practice, 437 Hinchinbrook Island, Queensland, Australia, 40 harvesting and processing of cereals and legumes Hittites, 179 as food Hoita. See leatheroot management practice, 63 Holocene, 34, 47, 57, 60, 73, 75, 94, 104, 125, 139, harvesting equipment 148 seed stripping, 68 climate, 104

Index 583

emerging wide crop choice, 99 China, 81 food production in the Americas, 150 South China, 81 independent domestications of indica rice Huoli, North China, 75 Ganges Basin, India, 175 Hupa tribe Levant and China, 82 use of ﬁre, 202 maximum sea level, 170 husbandry pattern of language families and history of goat, 68 human population movement, 161 pre-domestication, 160 process of human dependence on fewer crops sheep, 68 and domestic animals, 21 hybridization, introgressive source of plant DNA, 150 between incipient rice domesticates and wild starch residue on stone tools, 145 populations, 322 Holstein dairy cattle breed Hydropotes. See water deer effective population size, 552 hyena, 11 Hopi crop erosion, 423 Hyonim B, Israel, 98 Hopi, Tewa, and Navajo mesas, Arizona Hyoscyamus site for genetic erosion study, 410 ruderal near habitation, 99 Hordeum spp., 45, See also barley hypogeal germination H. pusillum, 45 cassava wild relatives, 389 horse, 11, 15, 34, 271 Eurasian, 16 Iban horse (Equus caballus) factors behind expansion and migration, 163–4 directed domestication pathway, 246 swidden rice farmers horse chestnut (Aesculus turbinata), 38 Sarawak, Malaysia, 163 horse, white ibex, 62 oldest record, 271 Natuﬁan hunting, 64 horse, wild (Equus ferus), 246 ice-core data, 103, 104 Houli, South China, 76 ICRISAT genebank house sparrow (Passer domesticus) representation of pigeonpea germplasm, 369 commensal domestication pathway, 241 ideotypic selection hsien cassava ancient China mixed clonal/sexual system, 389 Oryza sativa indica, 314 Iliaura, Australia, 32 Huai River immunosuppressant southwestern South China production by industrial fermentation, 522 cobble-tool assemblages, 77 importation of precious materials, 92 Hulu cave, China, 72 improving herbivore access to food human representation management practice, 35 schematic, 67 inbreeding, dairy cattle human selection, 330 ameliorated by genomic technologies, 552 high yam landrace diversity crossbreeding, 553 Brazil, 354 traits impacted, 552 role in rice domestication, 324 incipient domestication, 379 human–chimpanzee India sequence diversity, 262 archaeobotanical record, 112 human–environment systems Central variety of, 445 melon distribution, 125 hunter–farmer mutual relationship major pigeonpea germplasm contributor, 369 game drive, 70 Neolithic, 123 hunter–gatherer northeastern California Indians, traditionally characterized, rare ecotypes of Oryza sativa, 314 191 pigeonpea production, 361 continuum with agriculture probably center of origin for pigeonpea, 363 California Indians, 191 South, 123 most successful human adaptation, 191 Indian subcontinent similarity to agriculturalists, 191 center of diversity for pigeonpea, 362 hunting, 80, 83 ecological differentiation of rice, 323

584 Index

indigenous homeland Jaccard similarity coefficient assets for agriculture measure of genetic diversity, 352 California, 193 tool for genetic diversity analysis, 346, 354, 355 indigenous knowledge jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), 214 traditional ecological knowledge, 190 Japan, 38, 73 value for modern agriculture, 217–19 acorn staple food, 11 Indo-Aryan-speaking pastoralists Bronze Age conquest of Dravidian-speaking Harappan rice spikelet bases, 118 culture, 176 no independent domestication, 10 Indo-European language Japanese horn-faced bee (Osmia cornifrons) colonization eastern USA apple production, 531 Pakistan and northern India, 175 Java hypothesis of Anatolian origin, 179 no independent domestication, 10 hypothesis of Neolithic Anatolia origin, 177 Jerf el Ahmar, northern Syria, 66, 67, 92, 96, 97, hypothesis of northern Kazakhstan homeland, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 177 cereal succession, 99 hypothesis of Pontic steppes, north of Black decline of gathering, 99 Sea origin, 179 Jericho, Israel, 66, 67, 69 hypothesis of South Asia origin, 177 Jersey dairy cattle breed hypothesis of Ukraine origin, 177 effective population size, 552 industrial fermentation processes Jiahu, North China, 76 diversity of products, 522 Jomon, 80 industry Jomon period, 38 ground-stone, 96 Jordan Valley, 64 Inga feuillea PPNB, 116 tree crop trapping birds, 66 starch grain, Nãnchoc culture, 149 Juglans spp. insulin growth factor-1 I) J. cinerea. See butternut resequenced in dogs, 291 J. nigra. See walnut, black insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), 266–7 J. regia. See walnut, Eurasian intellectual property J. sieboldiana. See walnut, Japanese farmers’, 484 jujube, 80 International Assessment of Agricultural k’ita papa Knowledge, Science and Technology for uncultivated Andean potato crop Development (IAASTD), 482 Calicanto irrigated landscape, central introducing preferred species Bolivia, 470 Yanesha management practice, 437 k’ita purutu Ipomoea. See sweet potato uncultivated Andean bean crop Iran Calicanto irrigated landscape, central on route of Indo-European language Bolivia, 470 migration, 176 Iron Age, 116 Kalahari Desert, 22 irrigation Kalimantan global development, 466 colonized by Iban, 163 management practice, 22, 30 Karuk tribe Paiute, 21 use of fire, 202 requisite for Uto-Aztecan maize production, 173 kasha grass complex. See kreb grass complex Tell Halula, 68 kava (Piper methysticum) Island Southeast Asia sexual fertility lost, 383 Austronesian language family and food Kebaran, 60, 62 production economy, 167 Kebaran culture, 60 isozyme Kefar HaHoresh, Israel, 69 genetic diversity characterization keng indigenous crops, Central and South ancient China America, 345 Oryza sativa japonica, 314 Iva annua Kenya seed-size increase, 121 pigeonpea production, 361

Index 585

Kerria. See lac insect land architecture Khabur River, 67 Classic Maya, 455 Khiamian, 94 deﬁnition of, 446 Khuf watershed impact on climate, 447 Western Pamirs, Tajikistan, 411 maintenance of biotic diversity, 446 killing pests pre-Maya components, 453 Yanesha management practice, 437 provision of ecosystem services, 446 Kintampo, Ghana, 30 landrace KIT cassava Dominant white and Patch alleles, in pig, 265–6 African and Neotropics, 347 kitchen pigeonpea archaeological evidence of, 105 ICRISAT genebank, 369 kiva-type, 67 role in early cultivation, 103 Kloeckera apiculata landscape diversity in Belgian beer, 516 importance to Tibetan livelihood, 432 knocking landscape, anthropogenic shaped management practice, 201 South China, 81 Kongkandji, Australia language population density, 194 family konzo disease correlation with food production homeland, in humans 164

cassava response to increased CO2, 401 scale of spread Korea, 81 small-scale societies versus empires, 161 Koster, Illinois USA, 38 spreads together with food production, 161 kreb grass complex, 29 language evidence Kuahuqiao, South China, 72, 79, 80, 81, 118 Austronesian orgins, 169 Kuk Swamp in Waghi Valley, Papua New distribution of yam in Brazil, 350–1 Guinea, 24 indicator of human migration and agricultural Kursakata, Nigeria, 29 homelands, 161 Indo-European-speaking migration La Emerenciana Western Asia into Northern India, 176–7, ceremonial site 178–82 southern Ecuador, 148 Uto-Aztecan migration Labrador Retriever. See dog breed Central America into southwest USA, 171 lac insect (Kerria lacca) Laoguantai, China, 75, 76 pigeonpea as host, 361 Laos lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH), 299 ecological differentiation of rice, 323 lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 520 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 62, 73 diversity of human uses in food and beverage cave occupation production, 520 South China, 78 heterofermentative, 520 China, 72 homofermentative, 520 North China, 73 production of lactic acid via carbohydrate Late Glacial Maximum, 57, 60 metabolism, 520 Late Neolithic, 114 use as prebiotics, 520 Late or Final Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) Lactobacillus spp. Levant in Belgian beer, 516 complex tribal societies, 71 Lagenaria. See bottle gourd Late Palaeolithic Lake Dongting South China, 78 Hunan, South China, 78 Late Pleistocene, 47, 100, 104 Lake Hula, Israel, 64 cultivation, 113 Lake Poyang, South China, 78 large mammal extinction, 15 Lama spp. rain forest foragers and root foods, 24 L. glama. See llama roots and tubers in diet L. guanaco. See guanaco Paciﬁc Northwest USA, 27 L. pacos. See alpaca sporadic small-scale cultivation, 105 lambic Belgian beer, 516 starch residue on stone tools, 145

586 Index

Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), 116 emergence of economy, 69 cereal domesticated-type dominance, 113 hunted taxa, 62 Late Upper Palaeolithic tools, 68 Chinese deposits, 72 pig management, 76 Lathyrus. See wild pea PPNA, 64 leatheroot (Hoita spp.), 200 pre-domestication cultivation and husbandry, Lebanon, 62 160 legume regional PPNB network, 69 annual, 12 southern, 63, 92, 98 domesticated in Levant, 82 cattle use for dairy and labor, 246 domestication cereal DNA study, 93 Saurashtra and southern Deccan, India, 175 hunted taxa, 62 South Asia, 178 tools, 68 domestication followed that of cereals, 58 Lewisia. See bitter root founder crop, 65 Liberia Natufian use, 63 site of Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa admixed seeds of accessions, 315 evidence of managed burning, 212 Libya seeds of herbaceous Southwest, 112 source of human food, 27 Lilioceris latipennis small herbivore on wild guinea yam, 395 ruderal food plant, 100 Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) use by California Indians, 199–200 among crops first domesticated in Americas, lentil, 12 336 cultivation before domestication, 138 Andean, 465 founder crop, 104 Central American migration pattern, 336 increase at Jerf el Ahmar, 99 cpDNA intergenic spacer and domestication, loss of germination inhibition is key to 334 cultivation, 124 domestication hypotheses, 333 Near East, 123 historical distribution in natural conditions, no seed coat differences in Near East, 124 331 slow seed size increase, 128 importance of founder effect, 339 wild, 28, 106 introduced in Africa and Asia, 331 Lepidium ITS/5.8S and domestication, 334 ruderal food plant, 100 seed storage protein and domestication, 333 Lepus. See jackrabbit synopsis of gene pool differentiation and leren (Calathea allouia), 24 distribution, 337–9 associated with maize, 147 tertiary gene pool early crop in Neotropical lowlands, 139 Mexico to SW USA, 335 phytoliths in underground organs, 153 two independent domestications, 336 Levant, 76, 82 two regions and distinct types in Americas, 332 archaeological sites showing abandonment wild progenitor exists, 330 after PPNB, 71 limbic system, 235 archaeology of Late Palaeolithic foragers, 60 components, 235 area of transition to agriculture, 60 relationship to behavior, 235 central and southern, 68, 69 linkage disequilibrium (LD) coastal definition of, 286 Kebaran culture, 60 lipid residue analysis, 245 collapse of PPNB societies, 70 lipid, equine milk cultivation of cereals, 71 evidence of earliest horse domestication dispersal of foragers, 61 northern Kazakhstan, 246 human population increase, 65 Listan Prieto incipient cultivation, 81 wine grape variety, Spain lipid residue and early dairying, 245 source of Mission and Criollo, 504 migratory bird routes, 66 Lithocarpus spp. Neolithic Revolution, 77 L densiflorus. See tan oak, Californian northern, 28, 65 L. edulis. See tan oak, Japanese

Index 587

Little Lake Pomo, Mendocino County, establishment in South America, 140 California, 200 higher current cultivation elevation in Western livelihood activities Pamirs, Tajikistan, 412 central to landscape evolution hypothesis of first use as fermented beverage Calicanto irrigated landscape, central microfossil test, Central Balsas, Mexico, 153 Bolivia, 469–70 importance of founder effect, 339 lizard microfossil evidence, 139 gathered by women and children, 67 microfossil in Puerto Rico, 141 llama (Lama glama), 13, 15, 34, 36 phytolith evidence, 141 prey domestication pathway, 244 presumed cradle of origin Loma Alta village, Ecuador Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico, 139 Valdivia culture, 148 starch grain differentiation from teosinte, 146 lomatium (Lomatium spp.), 25 starch grain research, 145 lop ear Valdivian diet, 148 pleiotropic link with behavior, 237 with rice and wheat, primary plant human Lotus. See bird’s foot trefoil energy source, 21 low level food production, 57, 58, 81 yield Loxodonta. See elephant, African positive impact of agroforestry on, 491 Lsi1 maize wars, 147 silicon transporter gene in rice, 143 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) lupine (Lupinus spp.), 199 dog–wolf backcrossing, 277 California natives (L. affinis and L. bicolor), 219 Makushi, Guyana Central American migration pattern similar to cassava cultivation practices, 387 that of Lima bean, 336 Malawi L. affinis, value as green-manure, 219 pigeonpea production, 361 Lupinus spp. Mali L. affinis. See lupine rice spikelet bases, 118 L. bicolor. See lupine mammal lychee aquatic, 24 domestication recent, 479 catching by agriculturalists, 41 Lyophyllum decastes, 200 human food, 39 importance in human diet, 39 M’lefaat, northern Iraq, 102 target of specialized management, 39–41 Macadamia spp., 11, 39 wild food resource, 41 pollinator dependent, 526 big domestic macaque Eurasia, 15 South China, 78 modern domesticates, 11 Madia spp.. See also tarweed wild, 16 M. sativa China, 81 oil properties, 217 hunted Maidu tribe South China, 80 use of fire management practice to increase legumes, 203 animal tillage, 120 maintaining and propagating specific plants ard tillage, 120, 122 management practice, 65 attracting game with fruit tree density, 344 maize, 38, 471 controlling crop spatial arrangement, 344 African coppicing, 204 yield gap, 489 Europe, 204 among crops first domesticated in Americas, corralling, 58 336 northern Levant, 82 Andean, 465 cultivation, 167 Calicanto irrigated landscape, 466 South China, 80 capacity to increase agricultural productivity cultural control of garbage scavenger pigs, 76 and enhance human nutrition, 45 directed flooding, 32 dispersal into Central America, 140 environmental modification, 40 early crop in Neotropical lowlands, 139 fire, 22, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 201, 212 entry to eastern North America, 45 Australia compared to California, 213

588 Index

management practice (cont.) seed scattering biological control method, 202 California Indians, 199, 203 California Indians, 25 selecting favors bracken fern in Maya lowlands, 450 Yanesha practice, 437 Maya lowlands, 451 slash and burn prehistoric northern Santa Barbara County, forests of central Panama, 150 212 sowing, 22, 30, 32, 33 swidden fields, 344 systematic annual cultivation uses by California Indians, 27, 201–3 South China, 80 fire followed by sowing, 33 taming, 22, 167 harrow, 32 tending, 22 harvesting, 27, 29, 32 herd animals, 58 grass- and forb-seed, 34 tillage, 22, 173 grass seed, 30 California Indians, 25, 203 red maids seed, 197 digging stick, 203 tree nuts, 37 foot plows, 45 wild rice (Zizania aquatica), 34 tillage, horse-drawn, 208 wild sorghum, 29 transplanting wild species, 344 wild species, 344 Yanesha practice, 437 trapping harvesting and processing of cereals and fish, 40 legumes as food, 63 vegetation clearance, 173 harvesting, processing, and storing tree nuts, watering, 33, 201 37, 39 California Indians, 25 harvesting, selective weeding, 22, 201 California Indians, 25, 206 Yanesha practice, 437 harvesting, wild management, of environment in “life cycle” of a domesticated plant California species, 407 questions for research, 215–17 herding, 22, 243 managing crop phenology domesticated llamas, 36 protection from herbivores and pathogens, 379 reindeer model, 244–5 manatee (dugong), 40 wild camelids, 36 mango herding cattle, 68 domestication recent, 479 improving herbivore access to food, 35 Manihot. See cassava introducing preferred species Manilkara. See zapote Yanesha practice, 437 manioc. See cassava irrigation, 22, 30 Maranta. See arrowroot Paiute, 21 marble treebine (Cissus gongylodes) Tell Halula, 68 high genetic diversity, 345 killing pests marine fish Yanesha practice, 437 dominant life history, 543 knocking, 201 marine invertebrates maintaining and propagating specific plants, 65 dominant life history, 543 managing crop phenology, 379 marine shell planting seed Natufian collecting, 64 Yanesha practice, 437 Red Sea, 68 protecting, 201 mariposa lily (Calochortus spp.), 197 protecting herbivores from carnivorous Maruca spp. predators, 35 moth pest of pigeonpea, 370 pruning, 201 Mastiff. See dog breed Europe, 204 maternal mortality replanting Neolithic human, 303 California Indians, 25 matsutake (Tricholoma magnivelare), 200 restocking, 41 Mauritania from wild to herd, 243 pearl millet impressions in ceramic, 119 salmon, 40 southern, 29

Index 589

Maya civilization, Classic Period North China, 73 geographic extent, 447 North China, 73, 75 Maya highlands microfossil, 136 geographic extent, 447 microfossil evidence Maya lowlands Africa and South Asia, 142 conflict, 449 China, 141–2 deforestation, 448–9 Nãnchoc culture, 148–50 geographic extent, 447 Neotropics, 139–41 physiognomy, 447 northeastern USA, 141 Mediterranean climate zone, 11, 12 Valdivia culture, 147–8 California, 12 microsatellite. See simple sequence repeat Chile, 12 Microseris. See yam daisy Eurasia, 11, 12 Middle Archaic, 33 three large-seeded cereal species, 12 earliest human landscape burning in South Africa, 12 California, 213 southwestern Australia, 12 Middle East melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), 263, 267 agricultural language and agricultural Meleagris. See turkey, domesticated homeland, 161 melon earliest dogs by archaeological evidence, 275 domestication, 124 Middle Neolithic Chuodun, South China, 125 South China, 80 Eastern China, 125 Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period, Near East (Egypt?), 125 36, 115 Puanqiao, South China, 125 Middle Woodland period, 38 Qianshanyang, China, 125 migration, human South Asia (Indus?), 125 cassava landrace distribution and diversity Tadi, China, 125 Brazil, 350 Tianluoshan, South China, 125 weakness of archaeological data for inference, pollinator dependent, 526 161 wild milk vetch (Astragalus spp.), 200 extirpation from Lower Yangzte, China, 125 millet, 75 melon, Old World (Cucumis melo) abandonment in Indonesia, 170 distribution of subspecies agrestis, 125 cultivation multiple domestications, 124–6 secondary centers, North China, 76 rapid fruit size increase, 126 time of origin, 76 rapid local domestication, China, 125 timing, 77 Mentzelia spp., 33 domestication Mesoamerica South Asia, 178 agricultural language and agricultural loss of natural seed dehiscence, 112 homeland, 161 oldest radiocarbon dates in Taiwan, 170 large-seeded cereal distribution, 11 small MesoAmerican Biological Corridor, 453 domestication Mesocricetus. See hamster, golden Saurashtra and southern Deccan, India, 175 Mesolithic Swiss lake-dwellers, 9 smaller-seeded Mesopotamia, ancient loss of natural seed dehiscence, 113 fish maintenance, 41 wild mesquite (Prosopis spp.) cultivation, North China, 82 starch, Peru, 145 miner’s lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata), 197 Mexico, 41 mini core collection homeland of agriculture, 10 pigeonpea Lima bean cultivation ICRISAT, 369 geographic range, 333 mink (Mustela vison), 233 Miaoyan, South China, 77 directed domestication pathway, 248 microbial biomass protein Minnesota, USA deployment market driven, 521 northwestern, 34 microblade Mission industry early wine grape variety, California, USA, 504

590 Index

Mississippian mound-builder, 11 Muntiacus. See muntjak mithan (Bos frontalis) muntjak (Muntiacus spp.), 78 managed by swidden farmers, 35 Mureybet 1, Syria, 62, 94, 101 prey domestication strategy, 244 Mureybet 2, Syria, 94 Miwok – Plains and Sierra tribes Mureybet 3, Syria, 96 use of fire, 202 Mureybet, Syria, 63, 66, 67, 71, 92, 97, 98, mixed clonal/sexual system 102, 105 success depends on crop ecology, 384 Mus. See mouse Modoc tribe Musa. See banana use of seed sowing, 203 muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) Mogollon peoples commensal domestication pathway southwest USA, 172 Amazonia, 241 Mohenjo-Daro massacres, Indus Valley, 176 Mushabian, 60, 62 mollusk mushroom aquaculture, 540 use by California Indians, 200 aquatic musk deer (Moschus spp.), 78 human food, 39 musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), 10 Australian shell middens, 40 directed domestication pathway, Mongolia current, 248 wintering wetland birds, 78 Mustela spp. mongongo nut (Ricinodendron rautanenii), 22 M. furo. See ferret Mono tribe M. putorius. See polecat use of fire, 202 M. vison. See mink to increase legumes, 203 mutualism, 228 monsoon system, 73 Myanmar moose, 10 diversity of wild species of Cajanus, 363 Morchella spp., 200 ecological differentiation of rice, 323 mortar, 97 pigeonpea production, 361 groundstone, 62 Myky tribe Natufian, 63, 65 Mato Grosso, Brazil mortuary practice yam diversity study, 355 skull removal of elite societal members, 69 myrmecochory Moschus. See musk deer wild manioc, 385 mouse, 11 consumption of stored grain, 98 Nabta Playa, Egypt, 29 domestic (Mus musculus domesticus), 98 Nahal Hemar cave, Israel, 69 house (Mus musculus) Nãnchoc culture commensal domestication pathway, 241 early agriculture Mt. Diablo site, California northern Peru, 148–50 ancient use of acorns, 195 Nanzhuangtou, China, 75 mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) sequence diversity Narhan, Northern India in dogs, 275 pearl millet seed size, 120 mtDNA lineage native (California) dock indicator of human migration, 162, 182 Rumex hymenosepalus, 217 Muhlenbergia. See deergrass Native Americans, USA, 34, 37 Multi-Purpose Laka Laka Project grass- and forb-seed use, 32 Calicanto irrigated landscape impact on landscape, 201 Cochabamba region, central Bolivia, 467 Natufian culture, 60, 62 Munda language cave sites, 63 centers today cereals in diet, 96 Orissa, Jharkand, Bihar, and Bengal, 178 collapse, 64 Ganges Basin, 177 continuity, 67 mungbean (Vigna radiata) dwellings, 66 lag between domestication and seed-size Early, 62 increase, 121 sites, 63 seed-size increase, 120 Final, 62, 94 Munhata, Israel, 71 foragers, 67

Index 591

hamlets, 62, 63, 66 receipt of Austronesian language and food human groups, 63 economy, 171 Late, 62, 63, 94 next-generation sequencing role in Neolithic revolution, 64 platforms, 271 targets of hunting and trapping, 66 Niah Cave, Sarawak, Malaysia, 24 Late or Final, 64 Nigeria Late, northern, 63 northeastern, 29 mobility, 66 Stone Age–Iron Age site, 29 public structure, Eynan, 67 participatory agroforestry domestication, 484 sites, 62, 63 pearl millet impressions in ceramic, 119 social organization, 67 Nilotic Egyptians spiritual aspects, 63 residents of Siwa oasis, Egypt, 416 waterfowl in diet, 64 Nisenan tribe natural selection, 110, 162, 229 use of seed sowing, 204 ecological diversification, 322 Nomia melanderi. See alkali bee in parallel with artificial, 263 nonmanaged pollinator populations involved in domestication, 263 set-aside lands for habitat, 533 navigation, knowledge nonshattering Southeast and East Asia, 72 evolution in rice (Oryza spp.), 118–19 Near East, 92, 116 evolution in wheat and barley melon distribution, 125 Near East, 112–16 Nebekian, 60 increase in need for voice in international fora, 440 compared to grain size, 116–18 needle Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs), 479 North China, 76 Nootka, northwestern North America, 40 Negev, 62, 63, 64 North America, 14, 25, 27, 33, 531 Nemrik, northern Iraq, 102 desert indigenous farming, 422 Neolithic, 29, 46 eastern colonization of Pakistan and northern India, agricultural origins, 21 175 ethnohistorical evidence, 23, 24, 32 economy, 69 food staples in addition to maize, 34 emergence of weeds of cultivation, 99 grass and forb seeds, 30 Near East, 123 indigenous root and tuber food, 27 Neolithic economy, 82 intermediate subsistence systems, 42 neon tetra, aquarium fish large-seeded cereal distribution, 11 domesticated aquatic species, 542 native bison species, 14 neoteny temperate eastern, 38 definition of, 236 wild harvested grass- and forb-species use, 29 pig skull during domestication, 242 Northern Maidu tribe neotropical agriculture use of seed sowing, 204 patterns, 139–41 Norway Nepal wild reindeer, 245 pigeonpea production, 361 Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) Netiv Hagdud, Israel, 66, 98 behavioral and endocrine responses to selection pre-domestication cultivation, 92 for reduced aggression, 236 Nevalı Çori, Turkey, 69, 102 NR4A3 New Guinea horse, 271 colonization by modern humans, 72 NRY (nonrecombining portion of New Guinea Highlands, 11, 41 Y chromosome) lineage agricultural language and agricultural indicator of human migration, 162, 182 homeland, 161 Nubia, Africa, 120 homeland of agriculture, 10 nucleotide tuber and fruit food production system production by industrial fermentation, 522 independent of Austronesian food Nymphaea. See water lily production, 167 New Guinea Singing Dog. See dog breed oak (Quercus spp.), 10, 11, 37, 38, 104, 197 New Zealand blue (Q. douglasii), 194

592 Index

oak (Quercus spp.) (cont.) Oryzopsis spp., 33 California black (Q. kelloggii), 194, 201 Osmia spp. canyon (Q. chrysolepis), 194 O. aglaia coast live (Q. agrifolia), 194 potential raspberry and blueberry crop Engelmann (Q. engelmannii), 194 pollinator, 531 in forest–steppe vegetation, 104 O. cornifrons interior live (Q. wislizenii), 194 Japanese horn-faced bee, 531 managed O. cornuta British Isles and California, 205 California almond production, 531 Oregon (Q. garryana), 194 O. lignaria propinqua valley (Q. lobata), 194 blue orchard bee, 531 oak landscape O. ribifloris biodiversity potential blueberry crop pollinator, 531 avaliable to California hunter–gatherers, ostrich (Struthio camelus) 194–200 directed domestication pathway, 248 fraction of native flora exploited, 197 Otomanguean speakers legumes, 199–200 central Mexico mushrooms, 200 contact with Uto-Aztecan speakers, 171 future agricultural landscape, 193 Ovibos. See musk ox productivity includes understory, 195 Ovis spp. oat O. aries. See sheep, domesticated diminished production, Western Pamirs, O. orientalis musimon. See sheep, mouflon Tajikistan, 415 Owens Valley, California, 38 obsidian exchange, 69 Pacific oca southwest upland crop component of Andean megacenter aquatic mammals, 40 of agricultural biodiversity, 465 Pacific Northwest Indians, 9 Oceania Pacific oyster Austronesian language family and food genetic issues for crossbreeding, 543 production economy, 167 maize-like heterosis, 543 banana phytoliths, 142 yield improvement, 542 Oct-1 Pacific salmon LCT transcription factor, 299 aquatic food species in transition to Ohalo II, Israel, 28, 62, 65, 100 domestication, 542 oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), 39 paddle, 72 oil seed crop paddy cultivation, 81 pollinator dependent, 526 artificial field systems in wetlands, 118 Old World paedomorphosis banana phytoliths, 142 definition of, 236 Older Dryas, 62 painting olive wall, geometric, 96 crop at Siwa oasis, Egypt, 416 Paiute Oman Owens Valley, California, 21, 32 evidence of dromedary domestication, 247 western USA, 33 onager, 14, 62 Pakistan human hunting target, 66 Harappan symbols, 179 hunting by PPNB hunters and farmers, 70 on route of Indo-European language Oncorhynchus. See rainbow trout migration, 176 orange palaeoclimatic evidence clonally propagated, 381 cave speleothem, 72 domestication Himalayan ice cores, 72 China, 479 loess sequences, 72 organic acid marine pollen cores, 72 production by industrial fermentation, 522 Palegawra Cave, Iraq Oryctolagus. See rabbit dog domestication evidence, 241 Oryza. See rice Palikur, French Guiana

Index 593

cassava cultivation practices, 387 South China, 78 p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) Pe` re David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus), 78 relationship to malaria, 300 directed domestication pathway, current, 248 Panama, central Perideridia. See yampah starch grain and early agriculture, 150 Peru Panicum spp., 29, 30 coastal P. australiense, 30 linguistic evidence for Lima bean, 331 P. capillare, witchgrass, 199 Lima bean cultivation, 333 P. laetum, 29 within megacenter of agricultural biodiversity, P. miliaceum. See broomcorn millet 465 P. turgidum, 29 pestle pantaneiros Natufian, 63 traditional farmers of cassava wooden, 97 Brazil, 350 Pete` n lakes, Guatemala parasitic mite (Varroa destructor) Maya lowlands, 447 impact on feral honey bee colonies, 526 Peziza sylvestris, 200 impact on hive health, 530 Phalaris spp., 45, See also canary grass parthenocarpy P. caroliniana, 45 role in banana seedlessness, 397 Phaseolus spp. participatory domestication process P. augusti, 337 agroforestry, 483 wild relative of Lima bean, 335 extent of participation, 484 P. lunatus, 337, See Lima bean partridge P. pachyrrhizoides, 337 Natufian trapping, 64 wild relative of Lima bean, 335 Paspalum scrobiculatum P. vulgaris. See common bean companion weed of domestic rice phenotype, variation West Africa, 29 genetic sources of, 262 Passer. See house sparrow phenotypic diversity pea (Pisum sativum), 12, 123, 331 high in dogs, 275 founder crop, 104 phenotypic plasticity, 117 increase at Jerf el Ahmar, 99 ennoblement, 392 nutrient content, 28 favored by selection, 392 seed coat differences in Near East, 124 phosphorus slow seed-size increase, 128 depleted peach Classic Maya, 456 Calicanto irrigated landscape, 467 phosphorus balance peanut. See groundnut role in Maya collapse, 451 pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), 29 Phragmites. See reed chaff impressions in ceramic, 119 Phylloxera. See root louse evolution of seed-size increase, Africa, 119–20 phytolith, 24, 77, 139, 141, 142 Gujarat, India populations, 120 absence of rice introgression with wild relatives, 380 South China during YD, 77 lag between domestication and seed-size biology increase, 118 formation and morphology, 143–4 semi-rapid seed-size increase, 128 cucurbit rind, 125 pecan nut, 11 data from lowland tropics of Central and Pediocococcus spp. South America, 136 P. cerevisiae fruit size increase in New World cucurbits, in Belgian beer, 516 125 P. damnosus rice in Belgian beer, 516 South China, 79 Peganum hamala source of ancient DNA and carbon, 148 ruderal near habitation, 99 South China, 77, 78, 80 Peiligang, North China, 75, 76 Valdivia culture, 147 Penãblanca Caves, Philippines, 170 phytolith, relevant genetic loci Pengtoushan culture, South China, 79 hard rind Pengtoushan village soft fruit rinds in squash, 143

594 Index

phytolith, relevant genetic loci (cont.) taxonomic relationships, 363–4 Lsi1 traits transferred from gene pools, 364 silicon transporter gene in rice, 143 transgenic sources of Helicoverpa armigera teosinte glume architecture1 resistance, 367 naked kernels and soft glumes in maize, 143 variation for height to improve harvest index, Phytophthora blight 366 increasing threat for pigeonpea, 370 variation for maturity, 365 Pichia spp. wild-type traits addressed by breeders, 365 in Belgian beer, 516 pigeonpea hybrid variety Pie Creek rockshelter, central Great Basin, USA, 33 targeted for diverse agro-ecological conditions, pig, 11, 15, 34, 42, 58 368 bred, 68 pigeonpea pod ﬂy commensal domestication scenario, 241 insect pest of pigeonpea, 370 consumption pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV), 368 North China, 76 pine (Pinus spp.) domesticated Colorado (P. edulis), 37 China, 82 gray (P. sabiniana), 37, 38 northern Levant, 82 single-leaf pinyon (P. monophylla), 37 South China, 80 sugar (P. lambertiana), 37 domesticated to wild ancestor crosses, 265 pine nut (Pinus spp.), 38 domestication Native American staple, 37 independent events in East Asia and Europe, Pinus spp. 244 P. edulis. See pine, Colorado feral P. lambertiana. See pine, sugar Galapagos, 238 P. monophylla. See pine, single-leaf pinyon genetic diversity P. sabiniana. See pine, gray no domestication bottleneck, 261 Piper. See kava pre-domestication bottleneck, 262 pistachio nut integral part of agropastoral system, 35 Natuﬁan use, 64 MC1R exon sequence analysis, 263–5 Pistacia atlantica, 104 Mediterranean islands charcoal and fruit, 104 feral crossbreeding with domestic, 35 in forest–steppe vegetation, 104 North China, 76 Pisum. See pea pre-domestication wild-type management pit Middle PPNB, 36 covered prey domestication pathway, 244 Kuahuqiao site, South China, 79 raising, North China, 77 with acorns South China, 80 South China, 80 to New Guinea, 46 Xiaohuangshan site, South China, 79 pigeon, domesticated (Columba livia), 234 Pit River (Achomawi) tribe pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) use of seed sowing, 204 ancestor, 362 Pithitis smaragdula breeding system, 364 California alfalfa production, 531 center of diversity, 362 Plains, western USA center of origin, 363 receipt of Uto-Aztecan maize culture, 173 chromosome number, 364 plant domestication common names, 363 bottle gourd, 151 constraint of photoperiod and temperature plant, wild sensitivity, 366 gathered by women and children, 67 current production and distribution, 361 planting seed cytoplasmic-nuclear male sterility, 368 Yanesha management practice, 437 genome size, 364 Plasmodia species, 300 ICRISAT lines with sterility mosaic disease plaster production resistance, 368 PPNB, 67 ICRISAT lines with wilt disease resistance, 367 platies pure-line varieties, 368 aquarium species in transition to synonyms, 362 domestication, 542

Index 595

Platymiscium increase of grain breadth, 116 Central American migration pattern similar to Levant, 64 that of Lima bean, 336 Natufian continuity to PPNB, 67 Pleistocene, 47, 60, 94 ritual beliefs, 67 PMEL17, 267 scale of farming sites, 102 polecat (Mustela putorius), 233 sites along left bank, Euphrates River, 94 pollen core, 103 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), 96, 123 pollen record, 103 early, 68 Polygonum spp., 28, 104 middle and late, 68 P. erectum, 45 Natufian continuity from PPNA, 67 reduced frequency at Jerf el Ahmar, 99 public granaries, 68 polyploidization social complexity, 69 role in banana domestication, 398 prey domestication pathway pome fruit definition of, 242 pollinator dependent, 526 demographic profile evidence, 242 Pomo tribe initial stages use of fire, 202 reindeer herding model, 244–5 to increase legumes, 203 principal components analysis (PCA) population density identifying events in dog domestication, 282 human, 9 prolamin binding factor population pressure, 75 maize kernel protein quality, 151 population structure, genetic Prosopis. See mesquite studied for dogs with ADMIXTURE, 283 prostrate growth 1 (PROG1) Portulaca. See purslane function in rice, 321 potato, 45, 139 rice, 316 Andean protecting Calicanto irrigated landscape, 466 management practice, 201 Andean complex, 465 protecting herbivores from carnivorous predators clonally propagated, 381 management practice, 35 importance of founder effect, 339 protein mixed clonal/sexual system, 399 as provided in evolving agroecosystems, 42 Solanum tuberosum, 24 proto-agriculture starch, Peru, 145 California upland crop component of Andean megacenter testing for, 215–17 of agricultural biodiversity, 465 definition, 190 pottery tracking, 210–15 early proto-dogs South China, 78 initially similar to wolves, 275 North China, 75, 76 Proto-Malayo-Polynesian South China, 77, 78, 79, 81 dialect that populated Austronesian-speaking pottery types region beyond Taiwan, 169 long-distance communication pruning China, 72 Europe, 204 poverty trap management practice, 201 small-scale producers and agricultural inputs, Prunus africana 489 agroforestry domesticate, 486 precipitation pseudo-cereals, 45 vegetation impact on Pteridium. See Austral bracken Maya lowlands, 450 Puanqiao, China Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), 96 melon domestication, 125 cereal wild-type dominance, 113 Public–Private partnership community structure, 67 supporting agroforestry, 495 cultivation established, 104 pulse, 42 early phase of Neolithic Revolution, 65 cultivated, 106 fruit trees, 65 cultivation, 102 importance of cereals, 96 herbaceous legume, 27 increase in wheat and barley grain size, 116 introduction of, 99

596 Index

pulse (cont.) Xiachuan, China, 73 lag between domestication and seed-size raft increase, 118 bamboo loss of germination inhibition is key to South China, 81 cultivation, 123 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rapid seed size increase, 126 aquatic food species in transition to wild, 12 domestication, 538, 542 cultivation, 99 brain size reduction, 232 purifying selection yield improvement, 542 eliminating mutations, 262 raja berani maintaining camouflage color in wild boars, elevated human male status, 164 263 Ramaria spp., 200 versus human artificial selection, 263 ramo´ n(Brosimum alicastrum) purslane (Portulaca spp.), 30 impacted by Classic Maya, 455 Puyallup, Washington USA Ramonian, 60, 62 population density, 194 Rangifer. See reindeer Rapid Climatic Changes (RCC), 60 Qafzeh cave, Israel, 62 rat Qermez Dere, northern Iraq, 102 South China, 79 Qianshanyang, China Rattus. See Norway rat melon domestication, 125 red algae Qingtian, China, 73 aquaculture, 540 Qinling Mountains red deer (Cervus elaphus) South China directed domestication pathway, current, 248 cobble-tool assemblages, 77 red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), 237, 265, 267 QTL primary germplasm donor to domestic chicken, behavioral traits in chickens, 267 269 body composition in chickens, 267 red maids (Calandrinia ciliata), 197 body weight in chickens, 267 persistence in modern agricultural fields egg size in chickens, 267 California, 208 fat deposition in pigs, 266 red pericarp (Rc) Quercus spp. function in rice, 318 Q. agrifolia. See oak, coast live rice, 316 Q. chrysolepis. See oak, canyon Red Queen challenges Q. douglasii. See oak, blue banana production, 398 Q. engelmannii. See oak, Engelmann reed (Phragmites australis), 25 Q. garryana. See oak, Oregon regulatory gene mutation Q. kelloggii. See oak, California black link with behavior, 237 Q. lobata. See oak, valley reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), 13, 15, 34, 35 Q. wislizenii. See oak, interior live genetic analysis quilombolas multiple domestication events, 245 traditional farmers of cassava prey domestication pathway, 244 Brazil, 350 reindeer pastoralism, 35 quinoa, 45, 139 Renfrew Hypothesis A, 175 upland crop component of Andean megacenter support for, 181 of agricultural biodiversity, 465 Renfrew Hypothesis B, 175 Quintana Roo, Mexico replanting Maya lowlands, 447 California Indians, 25 Quwayq River, Syria, 96 reptile, 24 aquatic rabbit, 11, 34 human food, 39 rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) China, 81 prey for feral and wild cats, 238 human hunting target, 66 rachilla to spikelet base attachment, 112 slow moving rachis attachment, 112 gathered by women and children, 67 radiocarbon dating, 59, 66 restocking Chinese sites, 72 management practice

Index 597

from wild to herd, 243 Asian domesticate, 312 salmon, 40 varietal differentiation, 314 wild fish, 41 O. sativa complex rhinoceros, 11, 16 AA genome group, 312 Rhododendron spp. O. sativa indica domestication response to climate change, 439 Ganges Basin, India, 175 rice (Oryza spp.), 11, 29, 41, 76, 79, 113 O. sativa japonica cultigen abandonment in Indonesia, 170 South China, 80 African (O. glaberrima), 29 O. sativa japonica domestication African swamplands O. barthii, 29 central China, 178 arrival in Yellow River basin, 81 oldest radiocarbon dates in Taiwan, 170 Asian persistence of nonshattering in Neolithic, 114 slow seed size increase, 128 rachillae, carbonized, 80 Australian wild (O. meridionalis), 30 sign of early cultivation calorie source today, 11 South China, 79 charred grains swidden farmers Bashidang, China, 79 Iban of Sarawak, Malaysia, 163 cultivation, 81 wetland agriculture South China, 80 lower Yangtze region, China, 142 cultivation before domestication, 138 wild, 71, 78 cultivation shift, wild to domesticated cultivation, South China, 78, 80, 82 South China, 80 loss of natural seed dehiscence, 113 domesticated South China, 79 South China, 79 wild type evolution of nonshattering, China, 118–19 South China, 80 exploitation, South China, 77 wild versus domestic distinction, 118 Ganges Basin from eastern Asia or local with corn and wheat provide half of protein domestication, 178 consumed by humans, 538 genome types of wild species, 312 with maize and wheat, primary plant human grain, carbonized, 80 energy source, 21 high grain-size heritability, 117 rice fallows loss of natural seed dehiscence, 112 Sri Lanka, India, Philippines nonshattering, 128 role for pigeonpea ESD lines, 366 O. barthii rice spikelet base African ancestor of O. glaberrima, 312 as signature of nonshattering, 118 annual, native to Africa, 313 rice–-wheat cropping system more closely related by intronic sequence Indo-Gangetic plains data to O. rufipogon, 313 role for pigeonpea ESD lines, 366 O. glaberrima Ricinodendron. See mongongo nut West African domesticate, 312 rickets O. glumaepatula environments conducive for, 302 South American annual–perennial, 312 Rigveda O. longistaminata Indo-European language migration, 176 most genetically diverse A-genome species, Rio Calicanto 313 Cochabamba region, central Bolivia, 467 perennial, native to Africa, 312 Rio Grande basin, southwest USA O. meridionalis receipt of Uto-Aztecan maize production, 173 Australian annual, 312 Rı´ o Usumacinta, Mexico–Guatemala, 447 O. nivara ritual Asian ancestor of O. sativa, 312 domestic, 67, 69 conspecific with O. rufipogon, 313 rodent O. rufipogon South China, 78 Asian ancestor of O. sativa, 312 role geographic and ecological differentiation, female 313 food processing, 67 outcrossing, 313 increasing workload, 67 O. sativa male

598 Index

role (cont.) bottom-fermenting yeast for lagers, 516 hunting away from camp, 67 in Belgian beer, 516 preparations for cultivation, 67 origin from S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus, 516 males and females, shifting, 67 Sacramento Valley, California, 27 women and children, 67 Salinan tribe Roof of the World use of fire, 202 Pamir highlands, 410 to increase legumes, 203 root salmon, 27, 40 target of specialized management, 23–7 salmon aquaculture root crop, 24, 42, 141 negative environmental impacts, 540 pond-field cultivation with fish, 41 Saluki. See dog breed root louse (Phylloxera vitifoliae) sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), 78 1870s impact in France, 506 Sami (Lapps), northern Scandinavia, 35 1880s impact in California, 506 Samoyed, northern Siberia, 35 Rorippa spp., 33 San Francisco Bay, California, 27 r-selected resources, 62 San, southern Africa, 10, 22 rubbing stone Sanbao, China, 73 North China, 73 sanicle (Sanicula tuberosa), 197 Rumex spp., 28, 104 Sanicula. See sanicle R. hymenosepalus Sarab, western Iran tannin properties, 217 sheep figurine, 246 reduced frequency at Jerf el Ahmar, 99 Sarawak, Malaysia Russia colonized by Iban, 163 central scalar stress, 66, 67, 83 earliest dogs by archaeological evidence, 275 Schizosaccharomyces pombe southeastern yeast added in wine making, 519 wild reindeer, 245 Scirpus. See club rush western and eastern Sclerocarya birrea reindeer domestication, 245 agroforestry domesticate, 486 rye, 64, 99, 100, 101, 104 Scovill, west-central Illinois, USA, 34 decline at Jerf al Ahmar, 102 tree nut use, 38 diminished production, Western Pamirs, sea lion, 40 Tajikistan, 415 sea shell during YD, 101 exchange, 69 plump grains sea urchin Late Pleistocene, Syria, 117 aquaculture, 540 replaced by barley sea-craft building, 68 early Holocene, 104 seal, 40 wild, 28, 101 sedentary cultivator, 66 charred remains, 96 sedentism, 75 cultivation, 102 all-year round South China, 81 Saccharomyces spp. Natufian, 63 primary yeasts used in human food and sedge (Fimbristylis oxystachya), 30 beverage production, 515 seed beater S. bayanus California Indians, 199 added in wine making, 519 seed burial in Belgian beer, 516 with ard tillage, 120 S. cerevisiae seed coat added in wine making, 519 not preserved in Indian Vigna spp., 124 in Belgian beer, 516 seed ecology, 117 top-fermenting yeast for ales, 516 seed grinder, 32 S. dairensis seed head in Belgian beer, 516 nonshattering, 103 S. globosus shattering, 103 in Belgian beer, 516 seed scattering S. pastorianus California Indians, 203

Index 599

management practice Shakhdara watershed California Indians, 199 Western Pamirs, Tajikistan, 411 seed size Shangshan, South China, 79 domesticated melon, 125 Shanidar cave, Iraq, 64 domestication in Cucurbita, 124 shark equilibrium, 123 Australian shell middens, 40 gradual change in lentil, 123 Shar-pei. See dog breed increase in Iva annua, 121 shattering versus nonshattering increase in sunflower, 121 rice spikelet bases, 118 no pattern in pulses, 123 sheep, 11, 13, 15, 16, 34, 42, 58 rapid to slow increase of, 126 acquired by San hunter–gatherers trend for pulses from Early Neolithic, 123 Africa, 10 seed width 5 (SW5) bighorn, 14 function in rice, 320 domesticated rice, 316 northern Levant, 82 seed width increase domesticated (Ovis aries) South Indian mungbean (Vigna radiata), 122 brain size reduction over ancestor, 232 seed, grass and forb prey domestication pathway, 242 target of specialized management, 27–34 East Asian seed-size increase prey domestication pathway, 244 evolution in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), Eurasian, 16 119–20 Ganges Basin from Middle East, 178 evolution in pulses, 121–3 herded, 68 evolution in sunflower and Iva annua, 121 mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon), 14, 237 mungbean (Vigna radiata), Ganges plain, India, Siwa oasis, Egypt, 416 123 to African Sahel, 46 selecting to China, 46 Yanesha management practice, 437 transhumance selection California USA, 200 balancing, 128 wild, 62 disruptive, 128 human hunting target, 66 disruptive, by humans, 113 wild (Ovis orientalis) sickle pressure, 128 ancestor to domesticated, 232 thresholds, 117 wild-domestic selection dynamics, 116 upper Tigris–Euphrates basin, 36 gene flow, 116 sheep figurine, 246 genetic drift, 116 shell selection under domestication perforated role with clonally propagated crops, 399 South China, 78 selection, conscious, 111 South China, 77, 78 by humans, 124 shell reaping knife selection, unconscious, 110 South China, 81 seed size in Mesoamerican Cucurbita, 124 shell tool selective sweep, 265 South China, 79 semi-sedentism shellfish Natufian, 63 gathering, North China, 75 Senegal Shillourokambos, Cyprus, 68, 115 site of Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa admixed Shizitan, China, 73 accessions, 315 Shoshoni, western USA, 33 sequence diversity Shoshoni-speaking tribes, Great Basin dogs, 277 USA, 32 relative to domestication, 262 shrimp aquaculture Setaria. See foxtail millet negative environmental impacts, 540 Shaar HaGolan, Israel, 71 shrine, 69 Shahri-Sokhta, far eastern Iran Siberia evidence of Bactrian camel domestication, wintering wetland birds, 78 247 Siberian Husky. See dog breed

600 Index

sickle complex tribal Natufian, 63 Late or Final PPNB Levant, 71 post-domestication, China, 128 socio-economic shift preceding domestication, Near East, 128 8200 BP cold event sickle blade, 98 North China, 77 Sierra Leone Chalcolithic transition, 123 site of Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa admixed China accessions, 315 role of rivers, 72 Sierra Nevada foothills, California USA, 38 Classic Maya collapse ancient use of acorns, 195 role of land architecture, 446 sika deer (Cervus nippon), 78 collapse, 70 silica gloss Industrial Revolution, 57 build-up on tools, 98 Neolithic Demographic Transition, 59, 82 silver fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) Neolithic Revolution, 57, 59, 64, 65, 77 behavioral and endocrine responses to first stage, 57 domestication, 236 nuclear family to larger social units, 68 brain size reduction, inferred, 233 onset of cultivation, 67 simple sequence repeat (SSR) South India, Neolithic to Iron Age, 122 genetic diversity characterization Solanum spp. indigenous crops, Central and South S. sessiliflorum. See cocona America, 345 S. tuberosum. See potato simulations Songjia, China, 73 role for understanding domestication, 41 sorghum (Sorghum spp.), 29 Sinai, 62, 63, 64 S. bicolor single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tannin-rich red varieties, 381 canine genotyping array, 276 S. bicolor introgression with wild relatives, canine-specific public database, 279 380 uses, 556 S. bicolor, wild stands, 29 value in dairy cattle breeding, 556 South America Siwa oasis, Egypt aquatic mammals, 40 site for genetic erosion study, 410 camelid domestication, 34 visit by R. Forbes, Vavilov colleague, 416 cassava main cultivated plant, 346 slash and burn geography and plant domestication, 136 forests of central Panama, 150 large-seeded cereal distribution, 11 Maya lowlands, 451 lowland, east of Andes slash and burn agriculture. See also swidden agricultural origins, 21 agriculture lowlands SLC45A2, 267 indigenous vegetatively propagated crops, snail, terrestrial (Viviparus sp.), 77 345 soaproot (Chlorogalum pomeridianum), 203 microfossil data, 140 social capital one domesticated large mammal, 15 low-input agriculture, 492 use of wild fruit trees, 65 social hierarchy western Inner Mongolia, 76 importance in global irrigation development, social order, 67 466 social organization yam domestication, 350 Natufian, 63 South Asia social–ecological resilience agricultural origins, 21 Calicanto irrigated landscape case study Southwest Asia, 41 central Bolivia, 471–2 Southwest Libya, 120 societal collapse sowing 8200 BP cold event, 71 management practice, 22, 30, 32, 33 climate crisis and PPNB societies soybean (Glycine max), 12 Levant, 70 lag between domestication and seed-size economic deterioration, 71 increase, 121 societal conflict, 446 spade society North China, 75

Index 601

Spanish clover (Lotus spp.), 200, See also bird’s South China, 79 foot trefoil baton polis, 96 spear head, barbed pounder, 96 North China, 76 quern, 96 speleothem, 64, 68, 82 saddle querns, 96 Chinese, 77 saddle querns, arrangement, 96 spike rush (Eleocharis dulcis), 25 South China, 78 spiny rat (Echimys chrysurus) specialized to harvest and process tree commensal domestication pathway, 241 nuts, 38 squash (Cucurbita spp.), 11, 38, 138 stone fruit among crops first domesticated in Americas, pollinator dependent, 526 336 storage facility Andean, 465 built-in, 68 C. argyroperma or C. pepo, 139 pit, 75 C. ecuadorensis, southwestern Ecuador, 139 room in house or courtyard, 68 C. ficifolia, 139 small cells in communal buildings, 98 C. moschata strawberry, 11 dispersal from lowlands into northern Peru, Struthio. See ostrich 140 STX17 Nãnchoc culture, 149 horse, 271 northern South America, 139 succession of crops domestication, 124 Yanesha swidden agriculture, 437 early crop in Neotropical lowlands, 139 sugarcane phytolith evidence, 141 clonally propagated, 381 pollinator dependent, 526 sugary 1 starch grain research, 145 maize starch quality, 151 stable carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen isotopes, 59, sumpweed, 11 64, 93, 104 sunflower (Helianthus annus) phytolith carbon, 152 seed-size increase, 121 PPNB, 68 surplus, 71 stable climate Sweepstakes Reproductive Success correlation with cultivation, 104 implications for conservation, 545 starch grain sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), 11, 24 analysis from dental remains, 150 clonally propagated, 381 cooking method impact on, 146 high genetic diversity, 345 data from lowland tropics of Central and landrace genetic diversity South America, 136 swidden agriculture, 348 from Valdivian ceramics landraces and geographic distance, 354 Loma Alta, Ecuador, 148 microfossil in Puerto Rico, 141 identification criteria, 145 mixed clonal/sexual system, 399 residue from human calculus, 146, 149 to New Guinea, 46 residue from stone tools, 139 swidden agriculture. See also slash and burn use to distinguish wild from domesticated taxa, agriculture 145–6 between-field divergence, 354 Valdivia culture, 147 Brazil, 344–5 value for study of domesticated root-crops, 153 cassava and sweet potato landrace diversity sterility Brazil, 348 role in banana seedlessness, 397 co-existence with Atlantic forest ecosystem, steroid Brazil, 351 production by industrial fermentation, 522 conducive to manioc reproduction, 387 Stipa spp., 33 swiddens reduced frequency at Jerf el Ahmar, 99 uses of abandoned fields, 344 stone swordtail adze, polished aquarium species in transition to South China, 79 domestication, 542 arrow shaft straightener, 96 Sylvilagus. See brush rabbit axe, polished symbolic representation, 92

602 Index

Syria pre-Columbian Amazonia, 379 northern, 62, 97, 103 textile production, 123 PPNA cultivation established, 104 Thailand Syro-Arabian desert, 62, 63, 68 ecological differentiation of rice, 323 thistle, California (Cirsium occidentale), 197 Tadi, China Tianluoshan, South China, 80, 118 melon domestication, 125 melon domestication, 125 tail character Tibetan plateau pleiotropic link with behavior, 237 impact on and driver of global climate change, Taiwan 438 location of Proto-Austronesian, 167 Tibetan, Mekong River, Tibet taming diversity of exploited habitat, 432 management practice, 22, 167 Tibetan, upper Mekong River, Tibet, 427 taming versus domestication, 13 Tigris–Euphrates basin tan oak (Lithocarpus spp.) upper Californian (L. densiflorus), 37 sheep assemblages, 36 considered true oak by California Indians, tilapia 194 aquatic food species in transition to Japanese (L. edulis), 38 domestication, 542 tannia. See cocoyam yield improvement, 542 Tanzania Tilemsi valley, Mali pigeonpea production, 361 pearl millet impressions in ceramic, 119 tapir tillage keystone animal species California Indians, 25, 203 Maya lowlands, 453 management practice, 22 target of specialized management digging stick, 203 fish and aquatic mammals, 39–41 foot plows, 45 herd animals, 34–6 southern Arizona, 173 roots and tubers, 23–7 tillage, horse-drawn, 208 seed of grasses and forbs, 27–34 time-series tree nuts, 37–9 genetic erosion taro (Colocasia esculenta), 24, 383 strategy for selecting, 409 mixed clonal/sexual system, 399 Timta, Tibet, 73 staple crop tobacco, native Hawaiian Islands, 41 tending by California Indians, 204 tarweed (Madia spp.), 197 Tolowa tribe Ta-Siwat-(Berber-) speakers use of fire, 202 residents of Siwa oasis, Egypt, 416 tool, cobble Taurotragus. See eland chopper Taurus foothills, 68 South China, 77, 78 Kebaran culture, 60 core Tell ‘Abr, Syria, 96, 97, 98, 102, 105 South China, 77 Tell Halula, Syria, 68 flake Tell Qaramel, Syria, 94, 96, 100, 105 South China, 77, 78 tending perforated herd animals, 58 South China, 77 management practice, 22 small cuphole teosinte branched 1 South China, 77 maize plant architecture, 151 South China, 78 teosinte glume architecture1 Toolondo, Victoria, Australia, 40 phytolith pattern, 143 tortoise Terminal Pleistocene, 57, 58, 81 gathered by women and children, 67 Chinese socio-economic processes, 72 Natufian trapping, 64 flat grinding slabs in China, 65 Torulaspora delbrueckii (flor yeast) tern added in wine making, 519 South China, 78 traditional knowledge terra preta soils participatory agroforestry domestication, 494

Index 603

transfer of crops and livestock, 46 Trifolium. See clover African Sahel, 46 Triglochin. See water ribbon Arabian peninsula, 46 triploidy bananas to Africa, 142 induced in bivalve mollusks and some fish bottle gourd from Asia to Americas, 151 safe culture in wild, 545 Central America, 46 Triteleia. See brodiaea Central Asia, 46 tuber China, 46 target of specialized management, 23–7 eastern North America, 45 tuber crops and grains Europe, 46 upland Fertile Crescent, 46 role in Andean megacenter of agricultural indicator of human migration, 161 biodiversity, 465 maize Tucson, Arizona USA microfossil evidence in Panama and evidence of maize farmers with irrigation, 171 Ecuador, 153 Tungus, northern Siberia, 35 Neolithic material culture from Taiwan into Tupi-Guarani, Brazil northern Philippines, 169 disseminators of cassava cultivation and New Guinea, 46 landraces, 350 northern Africa, 46 migration northwestern South Asia, 46 yam landrace distribution, 355 South America, 46 turkey, 34 South Asia, 46 commensal domestication pathway southern Mexico, 46 southwest USA, 241 Southwest Asian agropastoral system, 46 domesticated (Meleagris gallopavo) transition from brush rabbits to jackrabbits brain size reduction, 232 correlation with field clearing Turkey American Southwest, 214 lipid residue and early dairying, 245 transition from hunter–gatherer to agriculturalist southeast, 96 continuum proposal, 206–10 Turkmenistan Transjordanian plateau figurine evidence of Bactrian camel Kebaran culture, 60 domestication, 247 translocation turtle cat, 68 catching by agriculturalists, 41 cattle, 68 fresh water dog, 68 South China, 79 fallow deer, 68 turtle, soft-shell goat, 68 gathering, North China, 75 pig, 68 Typha. See bulrush sheep, 68 transplanting ulluco wild species, 344 upland crop component of Andean megacenter Trapa. See water chestnut of agricultural biodiversity, 465 trapping, 83 United States China, 81 eastern management practice homeland of agriculture, 10 fish, 40 Mexican domesticates, 11 tree crops, 42 UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with tree nut an Arithmetic Mean) nutrient composition, 37 technique for genetic diversity analysis, 347, target of specialized management, 37–9 352, 355 tree species Upper Palaeolithic, 62, 81 commensal domestication pathway, 480 riverine and coastal navigation, 72 rationale for domestication, 480 South China, 77 tree-felling, 68 urd bean (Vigna mungo) Tribulus terrestris lag between domestication and seed-size ruderal near habitation, 99 increase, 121 Tricholoma. See matsutake Urocyon. See silver fox

604 Index

USA Vigna spp. western V. mungo. See urd bean forager to food production rare, 160 V. radiata. See mungbean USDA Soil Conservation Service V. unguiculata. See cowpea survey of Hopi, Navajo, Tewa village agrobiodiversity, 422 architecture and social organization, 66 Uto-Aztecan language Neolithic earliest differentiation in Mesoamerica, 171 increase in size, 59 spread correlated with spread of maize culture, Yangtze Valley, South China, 81 172 size Uto-Aztecan language and maize food PPNA, 67 production dispersal PPNB, 67 Central Mexico into Southwest USA, 171–5 size in Neolithic versus Natufian, 66 Virginia, USA vaccine Lima bean cultivation, 333 production by industrial fermentation, 522 vitamin Valdivia culture production by industrial fermentation, 522 crop assemblage, 148 Vitis spp. early agriculture V. silvestris. See wine grape, wild ancestor southwest Ecuador, 147–8 V. vinifera. See wine grape Vale do Ribeira, Brazil Viviparus. See snail, terrestrial traditional farmers Vulpia. See fescue yam landrace diversity, 351 Valley Yokuts tribe Wadi Hammeh Jordan, 27, 63 use of fire, 202 Wadi Jilat Jordan, 13, 116 Varroa. See parasitic mite Wailaki tribe vegetable seed crop use of fire, 202 pollinator dependent, 526 Wailaki, Mendocino County, California, 200 vegetation change, human-induced walnut (Juglans spp.) continuum from management to black (J. nigra), 38 domestication, 207 Eurasian (J. regia), 39 vegetation clearance Japanese (J. sieboldiana), 38 management practice nut remains southern Arizona, 173 Scoville site, USA, 38 vegetation management walrus, 40 California Indians, 201–3 Wappo tribe definition of, 201 use of fire to increase legumes, 203 vegetation type use of seed sowing, 204 forest–steppe, 104 warfare, 68, 77 Venezuela water buffalo, 15, 34 partially within megacenter of agricultural South China, 80 biodiversity, 465 water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) vetch (Vicia spp.), 200 prey domestication pathway, 244 American (V. americana), 200 water chestnut (Trapa spp.), 76, 118 Vicia spp. collecting no seed coat differences in Near East, 124 South China, 80 V. americana, 200, See vetch, American water deer (Hydropotes sp.), 78 V. faba. See faba bean water development project vetch, 200 driver of agricultural landscape evolution, 470 Victoria, Australia water dropwort southwestern, 40 collecting Vicugna vicugna. See vicunã South China, 80 vicunã(Vicugna vicugna), 13 water lily (Nymphaea spp.), 25 prey domestication pathway, 244 N. violacea, 25 Vietnam water resource management cocoa, shade trees, companion crops, 489 avenue of landscape change involving ecological differentiation of rice, 323 agrobiodiversity, 466

Index 605

water ribbon (Triglochin procera), 25 cultivation, 102 water spinach einkorn, wild, 28 collecting emmer, 64, 105 South China, 80 became major world crop, 12 waterfowl DNA domestication evidence, 93 human hunting target, 66 founder crop, 65, 104 watering increase at Jerf el Ahmar, 99 California Indians, 25 introduced to Jerf el Ahmar, 99 management practice, 33, 201 morphological signs of cereal domestication, 102 watermelon pre-domestication cultivation, 28 nonmanaged native pollinators, 532 frequency of cross-pollination, 113 waxy (WX) Ganges Basin from Middle East, 178 function in rice, 321 higher current cultivation elevation in Western rice, 316 Pamirs, Tajikistan, 412 Waya˜pi, French Guiana increased elevational expansion, Western cassava cultivation practices, 387 Pamirs, Tajikistan, 415 weed loss of natural seed dehiscence, 112 in rice cultivation, 118 morphometric grain database, 116 of cultivation, 100 Near East, 113 weeding Neolithic circum-Baltic/North Seas cultivation, management practice, 22, 201 302 Yanesha management practice, 437 nonshattering, 128 Wei River basin not earliest noodles in China, 142 site of millet cultivation, 75 to China, 46 well wild, 28 PPNB and later with corn and rice provide half of protein Cyprus, 71 consumed by humans, 538 Mt. Carmel (Atlit-Yam), Israel, 71 with maize and rice, primary plant human Shaar HaGolan, Israel, 71 energy source, 21 West Africa wheat domestication agricultural language and agricultural paradox, 379 homeland, 161 wheat production grain-size metrics, pearl millet, 119 ﬁrst agricultural use of oak landscapes, prehistoric, 29, 39 California, 193 sub-Saharan, 120 whole genome selection (WGS) Western Pamiri Highlands, Tajikistan alternative for estimating breeding values, 557 site for genetic erosion study, 410 use in dairy breeding, 557 Vavilov visits, 410 wild onion (Allium spp.), 25 whale, 40 wild pea (Lathyrus spp.), 199 wheat, 11, 12 wild rice (Zizania aquatica) calorie source today, 11 harvesting, 34 einkorn, 64, 100, 101 wild rye (Elymus spp.), 33 became major world crop, 12 blue (E. glaucus), 199 cultivation before domestication, 138 wild soybean, 76 DNA domestication evidence, 93 Willamette Valley, Oregon, 27 domestication duration, 113 willow (Salix spp.) founder crop, 65 managed increase at Jerf el Ahmar, 99 British Isles and California, 205 single-grain wind pattern founder crop, 104 westerlies, North China, 75 wild, 100 wine consumption charred remains, 96 per capita, United States, 512 weed today, 103 wine grape (Vitis vinifera) wild, two-grained, 101 California production einkorn, single-grained assessment of growing regions and suitable introduced to Jerf el Ahmar, 99 varieties, 509 einkorn, two-grained, 99 impact of cultural shift of 1960s and 1970s, 509

606 Index

wine grape (Vitis vinifera)(cont.) Yarmuk River, 71 role of technology, 509 Yarmukian, 71 clonal propagation since Roman period, 502 Yellow River, 73, 76 colonization of California, 511 Yellow River basin endogenous skin-surface microflora, 519 site of millet cultivation, 75 human/plant partnership, 512 yellow skin and white skin alleles introduced to California, 502 chicken and red junglefowl, 269 periods of acreage expansion in California, 503 Yiftahel, Israel, 71 wild ancestor (V. silvestris), 502 Yokuts tribe wine production use of buttonwillow for arrows, 205 2007 Younger Dryas (YD), 60, 64, 73, 75, 77, 78, 94, California, USA, 502 101, 104 USA, 502 absence of rice earliest commercial, in California, 504 South China, 77 exogenous yeasts, 519 crisis of cold and dry, 57 witchgrass (Panicum capillare), 199 deep-sea core and speleothem data, 64 wolf (Canis lupus) distribution of einkorn, 64 ancestor of dogs, 275 evidence from lake-level changes, diatom hunting, North China, 75 analyses, and stable isotope analyses, 104 North China, 76 impact on foragers, 76 predator of reindeer, 35 period of abrupt climate change, 59 social structure, 239 termination women emergence of cereal cultivation in Levant as plant food collectors/cultivators, 67 and North China, 71 main retailers of NTFPs, 488 Jordan Valley climate improvement, 66 wood-working, 68 Yucatan, Mexico Wukchumni tribe Lima bean cultivation, 333 use of fire, 202 linguistic evidence for Lima bean, 331 to increase legumes, 203 Yuchanyan cave, South China, 77, 78 lower midden, 77 Xanthosoma. See cocoyam upper midden, 77 Xiachuan, China, 73 Yuezhuang, South China, 76 Xianrendong cave, South China, 77, 78 Yujiagou, China, 75 radiocarbon dates, 78 Yuki, Mendocino County, California, 200 Xiaohuangshan Yurok tribe South China, 79 use of fire, 202 Xinglonggou, Inner Mongolia, 76 Xinglongwa, Inner Mongolia, 75, 76, 77 Zagros foothills, 64 Zahrat adh-Dhra, Jordan, 92 yak, 15 zapote (Manilkara zapota) impacted by Classic Bos grunniens Maya, 455 prey domestication pathway, 244 keystone plant species Yakut, northern Siberia, 35 Maya lowlands, 450 yam. See Dioscorea spp. Zawi Chemi Shanidar, Iraq, 64 yam daisy (Microseris scapigera), 25 zebra, 10, 11, 16 yampah (Perideridia spp.), 25 African big mammal, 15 Yanesha, Peru, 427 nasty behavior, 16 agricultural diversity, 428 suitability for domestication, 13–14 agricultural interventions, 437 zebra fish Yangtze River, 73, 78, 81 aquarium species in transition to delta domestication, 542 Late Pleistocene, 77 zebu, humped (Bos indicus) Lower prey domestication pathway, 244 source of archaeobotanical information, 79 Zhuannian, China, 75 Yangtze River Valley Zizania. See wild rice China Zygosaccharomyces bailii site of earliest rice domestication evidence, 322 yeast added in wine making, 519