Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76459-9 - Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability Edited by Paul Gepts, Thomas R. Famula, Robert L. Bettinger, Stephen B. Brush, Ardeshir B. Damania, Patrick E. Mcguire, and Calvin O. Qualset Index More information Index !Kung San, southern Africa, 22 principal dietary staple central California Indians, 195 abandonment, reason for role in diet for diabetes prevention, 217 consecutive droughts, 70 South China staple, 118 disease, 70 staple for hunter–gatherers, 11 environmental deterioration, 66 use of epidemic, 66 oldest in California, 194 group conflict, 66, 70 acorn nutshell overexploitation of immediate charred plant-food residue, 195 environment, 70 adaptation PPNB warfare, 70 wild-type soil erosion, 66 role in domestication, 128 soil salinization, 66 ADMIXTURE abscission dog genetic population structure, 283 scars, 112 adult lactase persistence (ALP), 299 suppression, 112 SNP marker in Europeans, 299 Abu Hureyra 1, Syria, 103 adze, stone rye cultivation, 113 North China, 75 Abu Hureyra, Syria, 62, 63, 92, 94, 96, 100, 101, adze, well-shaped 104, 105, 113 South China, 81 Late Pleistocene, 99, 117 Aesculus spp. morphological signs of cereal A. californica. See California buckeye domestication, 102 Afghan Hound. See dog breed Abydos, Middle Egypt Africa ass skeletons in graves, 246 agricultural intensification Aceria cajani millet grain size, 120 vector of PPSMV, 368 banana phytoliths, 142 Acinonyx. See cheetah cassava landraces, 347 acorn. See also oak East charred nutshell evidence, 37 pigeonpea, 363 eastern North America staple, 38 limits to animal husbandry, 302 edible oak species, 37 melon distribution, 125 European staple, 38 migratory bird routes, 66 harvest methods North East, 62 California Indian, 201 northern harvesting large-scale herd animal domestication, 34 Ohalo II, Israel, 28 wild harvested grass- and forb-species use, 29 in pits Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa mixed stands, 315 South China, 80 phytolith research, 142 intensive use in California, 38 San hunter–gatherers, 10 Native American staple, 37 San people, 22 Natufian use, 63 southern not relied on agroforestry fruit marketing, 488 China, 119 sub-Saharan, 16 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76459-9 - Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability Edited by Paul Gepts, Thomas R. Famula, Robert L. Bettinger, Stephen B. Brush, Ardeshir B. Damania, Patrick E. Mcguire, and Calvin O. Qualset Index More information Index 563 animal domestication candidates, 15 economic value, 488 lack of domesticable wild mammals, 17 Agroforestry Tree Products (AFTPs), 479 large-seeded cereal distribution, 11 Agropyron spp., 33 melon domestication, 125 Aguadulce, Panama, 24 swidden agriculture and cropping systems, 344 Ain Ghazal, Jordan, 69, 71 tropical Ain Mallaha, southern Levant agricultural origins, 21 dog domestication evidence, 241 use of wild fruit trees, 65 Ainu, Japan and western Russia West bear cubs, 13 Cajanus taxa, 363 grizzly bear, 14 wild Nubian ass populations, 246 Akita. See dog breed yam domestication, 350 Alaskan Malamute. See dog breed agricultural spread Aleurites spp., 39 crops and livestock, 183 alfalfa demographically driven, 183–4 Calicanto irrigated landscape, 467 independent forager adoption unlikely alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata) explanation, 184 alfalfa seed production, 530 agriculture, early trials with production-distribution range, 530 South China, 80 Ali Kosh, Zagros Mountains, Iran, 36, 243 agrobiodiversity alkali bee (Nomia melanderi) absence of baseline to study change, 408 alfalfa forage production, 530 Calicanto irrigated landscape case study, alkaloid central Bolivia, 472 production by industrial fermentation, 522 dynamics in irrigated landscapes, 464 A˚llerød, 94, 101, 103 impact of salinization, 421 Allium. See wild onion importance of soil fertility, 468 almond, 11 irrigation risks, 468 blue orchard bee may replace honey bee as time-series shifts, 408 pollinator, 531 types of shifts in time, 408–9 Natufian use, 63 water interactions pollinator dependent, 526 impact of livelihood activities, 469 almond (Amygdalus communis), 39 agrobiodiversity–water interaction alpaca (Lama pacos), 34, 36 central Bolivia, 469 prey domestication pathway, 244 agroecosystem Alyssum agropastoralism, 66 ruderal food plant, 100 Hopi, Navajo, and Tewa, Colorado Amanita calyptrata, 200 Plateau, USA, 422 amaranth, 173 lowland oak, California USA, 190 Amazon health maintained by indigenous practices, 208 homeland of agriculture, 10 long-term productivity, 190 yam landraces, 355 pond-field cultivation, 41 Amazon Basin stew pond interior medieval Europe, 41 not major origin of crops, 138 agroforestry Amazonia balance between global and local, 495 deforestation and precipitation, 447 cocoa production studies prehistoric, 39 Brazil and Vietnam, 489 American Kennel Club (AKC) definition of, 489 registrar of dog breeds, 282 farmers’ rights, 492 Americas goal of land rehabilitation, 489 animal domestication candidates, 15 risk of monoculture, 491 Ammotragus. See Barbary sheep steps to addressing yield gap, 491 amphibian world extent, 479 aquatic agroforestry domestication strategy human food, 39 clonal, 483 AMS reading, 76 Convention on Biological Diversity, 484 charred seed, 65 agroforestry products South China, 78 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76459-9 - Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability Edited by Paul Gepts, Thomas R. Famula, Robert L. Bettinger, Stephen B. Brush, Ardeshir B. Damania, Patrick E. Mcguire, and Calvin O. Qualset Index More information 564 Index Amsinckia. See fiddleneck production by industrial fermentation, 522 Amygdalus. See almond Anti-Lebanon, 62 charcoal and fruit, 104 Antilope. See blackbuck amyloplast, 145 antisense retrotransposon (SINEC_Cf) anarchy, 67 marker for IGF-1 Anasazi peoples dog lineage, 291 southwest USA, 172 antler Anatolia South China, 77, 78, 81 on route of Indo-European language aparuma migration, 176 uncultivated Andean potato crop tools, 68 Calicanto irrigated landscape, central Anbangbang 1, Arnhem Land, Australia, 25 Bolivia, 470 ancient DNA, 59, 136 Apis. See also European honey bee auroch, 265 Apis spp. conditions for survival, 150–1 A. dorsata indicator of human migration, 163 pollinator of pigeonpea, 364 information from, 151 A. mellifera phytolith source, 152 pollinator of pigeonpea, 364 potential from plant macrofossils, 150–1 apple Andes, 34 clonally propagated, 381 Central domestication megacenter of agricultural biodiversity, 465 central Asia, 479 homeland of agriculture, 10 aquaculture, 248 microfossil data, 140 addressing negative environmental impacts, south-central 540 wild camelid herding, 36 definition of, 539 Zan˜a Valley, 148 environmental merits of, 540 Androsace maxima extensive, 540 ruderal near habitation, 99 few domesticated species, 538 animal modern, large-scale, 23 domestic phylogenetic diversity, 540 at farming sites, 102 proto-domestication phase, 542 animal behavior characteristics rapid increase since 1970s, 539 key targets of domestication, 230 aquaculture genetic resources animal depictions, 67 conserving natural aquatic biodiversity, 544 animal domestication scenario effective population sizes small compared to three categories, 239 rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, 545 animal pollinator-dependent crops impacted by variable reproductive success, 545 diversity, 526 invasive species challenge natural aquatic increasing future dependency, 526 biodiversity, 544 animal production system life-history characteristics conducive to genetic large scale and low genetic diversity, 551 vulnerability and extinction, 544 animal tillage aquatic biodiversity management practice, 120 challenge to conserve while using, 538 animal, domestication imperiled, 538 northern Levant, 82 aquatic genetic resources animal, herd risks to, 538 target of specialized management, 34–6 aquatic species antelope, 16 beneficial nutrients for humans, 539 African big mammal, 15 brought under recent human management, 248 Anthophora pilipes villuloa Arachis. See groundnut blueberry production, 531 archaeobotanical record, 103 anthropocene, 445 Africa, 112 anthropogenic biome. See also human– India, 112 environment system Near East, 112 extent of Earth coverage, 445 archaeobotany antibiotic starch grain research, 144–6 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76459-9 - Biodiversity in Agriculture: Domestication, Evolution, and Sustainability Edited by Paul Gepts, Thomas R. Famula, Robert L. Bettinger, Stephen B. Brush, Ardeshir B. Damania, Patrick E. Mcguire, and Calvin O. Qualset Index More information Index 565 trends of domestication syndrome, 110–12 Atlantic forest, Brazil archaeological dry sieving, 63 co-existence with swidden agriculture, 351 archaeological evidence swidden abandonment, 345 Indo-European-speaking migration Atlantic salmon Western Asia into Northern India, 177, 178, aquatic food species in transition to 180, 181 domestication, 538, 542 Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis, 169–70 improvement based on additive genetic Uto-Aztecan migration variation and individual and family Central America into southwest USA, 173–4 selection, 543 archaeological flotation, 112 yield improvement, 542 archaeological wet-sieving, 112 atmospheric dust Archaic, 38 source of P ard Maya lowlands,