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The Routledge Handbook of Lexicography

Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera

Dictionaries and access

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 Rufus H. Gouws Published online on: 02 Oct 2017

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The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 group. In order to achieve the function(s) foreseen for a given dictionary the appropriate data tionary. These functions are determined by the role the dictionary dic- has to play within its the user of function(s) envisaged the of aware keenly be also should they dictionary their of thatdictionaryasapractical instrument. unambiguously from thedata on offer inthe dictionary should indicate the degree of success their consultation procedures and the ease of retrieving the required information rapidly and The response of the intended target users to the way in which the dictionary assisted them in those people utilising it as members of its intended target group in a typical usage situation. primarily in the assessment given by lexicographers or metalexicographers but rather by process of dictionary use can be activated). The success of any dictionary is not to be found activity that leads to the production of dictionaries so that a further activity (i.e. the cultural practice. cographic Wiegandscientific a is lexicography that indicated already (1989d:251) be interpre table in terms of the practice and be directed at enhancing the quality of the lexi should theory.It of sake the for theory of activity an as performed be never should theory in the planning and eventual compilation of dictionaries. The development of lexicographic practice and canassistpractical lexicographers withtheoretically based modelstobeused theories that can helptoprevent a haphazard and arbitrary approach in thelexicographic tions, contentsandstructuresofthesedictionaries. func- the on influence determining a have should this and dictionaries, envisaged their of lexicographers should therefore meticulously negotiate the typical user andusage situations dictionaries their of compilation and planning the In everyone. to everything be nor group user unidentified and general a of needs lexicographic the all satisfy either can dictionary single dictionary. No each for group user target intended identified clearly a of skills ence In order toachieve this, cognizance has tobe taken of thereal lexicographic needs andrefer users. target intended their of needs lexicographic the of satisfaction the to that contribute data provide to have dictionaries 1986), McArthur (see knowledge of containers As 3.1 Rufus H.Gouws Because lexicographers should have a clear identification of the intended target users of target users intended the of identification clear a have should lexicographers Because toformulate strive scholars research and dictionary metalexicography of field the In

Introduction Dictionaries andaccess Dictionaries andaccess Rufus H.Gouws 3 43 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 these publicationswillbereferredtointhischapterbutabriefandfarlessdetailedway rent discussion does not attempt to go into the same detail. Some seminal issues discussed in the access structure can be found in Wiegand (2008) and Wiegand and Beer (2013). The cur of access in both printed and online dictionaries. Comprehensive and detailed discussions of but will also gobeyondtheaccess structurebylookingatthemorecomprehensive process early andnecessarysteptoensureeventualsuccessfuldictionaryconsultationprocedures. and the information retrievable by the intended target users. Access to the data on offer is an need tobeselectedandthenecessarystructuresemployed to make the dataaccessible Rufus H.Gouws 44 these at directed not is answered be to question The counterparts. printed their to similar structure access an have do dictionaries) printed of versions digital are only actually that CD on dictionaries (e.g. e-dictionaries Some system? single of a to arrangement belong aninterrelated that components of evidence sufficient still there Is dictionaries. online to search directionmaythenbe upwards insteadofthedefaultdownwarddirection. search zone beyond the zone that contains the required item. On the vertical search route the Even on the inner search route a user can move from the lemma sign asguiding element to a pass the desired article stretch or the relevant search words and then has to page backwards. ture stretch, is not necessarily monodirectional because on the outer search route a user can struc- access partial given a also structure. therefore access and the ordering, in The stretch and anytwoormoresubsequentcomponentsoftheaccess structurerepresentapartial structure, article partial a by determined is part route. That search complete the of part a of between the full structure or a partial structure. The search route of a given user may consist consultation proceeds in a specific ordering or partial ordering. A steps followedoromitted, there is alinear ordering inthetotal number ofsteps,andatypical the desired article stretch that contains the article with the required item. Irrespective of the least a part of a rapid access structure or the search words onthe top of each page to reach at need will user experienced most the even But occurs. data required the presenting item steps onthe external search route before reaching the lemma sign ofthe article in which the process, whereassomeonenotfamiliar with thesamedictionary needs togothroughallthe be retrieved. lowed toreach the destination which isthe item from whichthe required information can in dictionaries with or general, either the full search route or onemore sections of the search route could be fol- dictionary specific the with user specific the of familiarity the on dictionary.Depending a to turn user the lets which realised is need lexicographic a where tures determine the search route a user can follow from an extra-lexicographical situation struc- access inner and outer the combination In article. dictionary the in item specific a to dictionary a of order,identified. linear spine the a on is entries There the from example, for access the at structure in printed dictionaries the arrangement and organisation of elements can Looking be clearly 2013:115). Beer and (Wiegand structures access of feature a also is ordering but and structures, 2013:78) ordering are Gouws that 2013:159) and Smit and (Wiegand(Wiegand microstructure macrostructure the e.g. feature, a as ordering sises empha- Wiegand structures dictionary of definition his In system. single a of components as interrelated are that elements of arrangement the is structure a of feature significant A 3.2 This chapter will focus on one of the structures of dictionaries (i.e. the A valid question that arises, then, is whether the notion of an access structure also applies access external the in phases some skip may dictionary specific a with familiar user A

On thenotionofstructur e

distinction has access structure), to be made . - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 concept ofaccessinonlinedictionaries). (see Part new access possibilities emerge. I ever, beregardedasacompulsoryphaseinaccessingdictionary, andinonlinedictionaries related arrangement as a structure. The use of this arrangement of components cannot, how- inter the constitute available are still and there are still they that fact The markers. access users relyonall or several components, whereas other users mayutilise a minimum of these dictionary.given a accesses Some user a when used necessarily not are route search the on stones stepping these entry.all However,required the reach to follows user a route access ple online dictionaries also have an arrangement of components that could determine the princi In format. online in accessible and available e-dictionaries those at but dictionaries duced by Hausmann and Wiegand (1989: 329). According to them the “access structure of structure “access the them 329). to Wiegandand (1989: According Hausmann by duced that wordinagivendictionary. This willnotbedoneinthischapter. ing and the implications it had for users when looking for a specific word and data regarding together, or one would have had to look at the transition to the system of alphabetical order that refertothingsbelongingthesame themewerebrought ies bymeansofwhichwords would havehadtolookamongothersattheuseofathematic ordering intheearlydictionar the required data. A finding quickly in users assist to dictionaries their planned lexicographers early which in way the on or type structure this of identification formal the to prior routes access of ment perspective on some of thetheoretical discussions ofaccessstructuresthanonthedevelop future utilisationofthesestructurestoimprovethequality ofdictionaries. different componentsandstructuresofdictionaries and adiscussionthathelpedenhancethe procedures. A consultation their in neglected or ies, includingthecontentsandpresentation of dataandthewaysinwhichusersareassisted presented a mirrorthat enabled practical lexicographers to take a critical look atdictionar the important contributions of the emergence of theoretical lexicography was the fact that it of One discussions. theoretical in analysed been or such as named been not had but before structures these of introduction the as regarded be not should tures struc- dictionary of analysis and identification its and theory lexicographic of emergence structures or the establishment of search routes to guide the user to the required entries. The target users. However, the focus in these dictionaries had been on the contents and not on the and thedatainthesedictionaries hadbeenpresentedinwaysthatcouldbeaccessed bytheir sion of a variety of structures were continued in publications like Wiegand (1989a; 1989b). and discussed by Rey-Debove (1971:21), and this identification and comprehensive discus- introduced were microstructures and Macrostructures 2005). (Gouws structures dictionary development of lexicographic theory shifted the focus to an identificationA and discussion of 1971). Zgusta (see typology dictionary of analysis an on and dictionaries prevailing of contents, linguistic the especially contents, the of reflection a on focused primarily theory lexicographic developments early its During 2005). Gouws (see ory orthan attempts to formulate theoretical models to improve the quality of dictionaries It is a well-known fact that the lexicographic practice is much older than lexicographic the- 3.3 The concept of the access structure as one of the core dictionary structures was intro- was structures dictionary core the of one as structure access the of concept The A historical perspective on dictionary access as given in this chapter is rather a historical instruments, practical as functioned dictionaries existence their of ages the Throughout

Access structures VI of this Handbook as well as Chapters

real perspective

– abriefhistoricalperspective

will look on access prior to the identification of access structures at some of these new possibilities in Section

further advantage further

27 and 28 for gaining more insight on the

subsequent phase subsequent was an identification of identification an was

– they – Dictionaries andaccess had been there been had in the in

3.5 45 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 instead ofusingtheterm Lemnitzer and Engelberg chapter); (2009); and this Svensén (2009). Bergenholtz in and Gouws (2010) discussed also focus on be access to data not but will which of (all structures access of types of variety a of discussion comprehensive a gives which (2013), Beer and the access structure are expressed by Wiegand in, among others, Wiegand (2008); Wiegand article with therequireditemasfinaldestination. dictionary the within route search the determines structure access inner The sign. determines the searchroutefromentries on the spine ofadictionary up tothe lemma follows, but rather the structure that determines this search route. The outer access structure access structure andsearchbetween route/path distinction clear a for need the stresses (2008:213) Wiegand paths. search inner Unfortunately they fail to define the accessstructures”. structure asaccess such but ratherouter explain thecalled outer and are list, central the of structure access the all above tures, struc- access other “(A)ll whereas structure”, access inner the called is microstructure the Rufus H.Gouws 46 whilst done be will structures other of aspects these of discussion The process. access the of thenatureandrolethese structures,butitonlylooksatsomeoftheissuesrelevant to discussed. It has to be mentioned that this is not briefly a are comprehensive dictionaries or in even balanced data reflection the accessing for relevant are that structures selected about information selected sections following the In negotiated. be to needs structure article the data distribution structure, theframestructure, the macrostructure, the microstructure and user’s dictionary access to envisaged the data the on in offer in role the significant dictionary. a In plays this regard that the role structure of only structures like the the not is structure access structure participates will also come to the fore. It is important to note that the access lemma signasaddress. sion fordata allocated to subsectionsinsearchzoneswithamicrostructural item and notthe completed by non-lemmatic addressing, the data distribution structure has to make provi- ary.addressing lemmatic e.g. addressing, of system complex a for opts lexicographer the If relation also existsbetween thedatadistribution and theaddressingstructuresofadiction the items are accommodated to ensure a successful microstructural ordering. An interactive which in zones search the of identification the in role important an play but microstructure the of components not are indicators structural These indicators. structural and items into divided be can that segments text contains structure article The structure. article the with ture asastructure that presents anordering ofitems within thedictionary article interacts microstruc the that fact the to refer could one interaction this of structures. example an As presentation of data, and the different structures often have an interactive relation with other each structure is co-determined by the function(s) of the dictionary and the distribution and of nature The isolation. in functions structure single no that realise to important is it 1989) Wiegandand Hausmann 2003; 1996, 1989c, 1989b, (1989a, Wiegande.g. Wiegand, Ernst Herbert metalexicographer German prolific the by especially literature, metalexicographic in individually discussed and identified been have structures of variety a Although tures. Metalexicographic research ofthelastthreedecadesoftenfocussedondictionary struc- and theroleofaccessstructure 3.4 Since the early work by Hausmann and Wiegand (1989), advances in the discussion of discussion the in advances (1989), Wiegandand Hausmann by work early the Since With thischapter’s focusonaccess,someaspectsofinteractive relations in whichthe

Core issues and topics: dictionary structures Core issuesandtopics:dictionary access structure, theyrefertothe . The access structure is not the search route a user a route search the not is structure access The . access process. - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 been on access to data in the central list search routetothesevenuesthatcouldensureanoptimalretrievalofinformation. users needadditional assistance tomakethemawareoftheselocationsand determine a entries. Where access is needed to data allocated to venues other than the dictionary articles, are, themorecomplicated the accessproceduresthatneedtoguideusersdifferent data presentation. The more diverse the data venues determined by the data distribution structure features inonlinedictionaries, to accommodate additional data thatsupplementthedefault outer or texts, outer using of possibility the negotiate also should lexicographers articles), synopsis and articles cross-reference articles, single default (e.g. articles of types different the in zones search various the to distributed be to types data the on deciding Besides 63). 2013: Gouws and (Wiegand,Beer exist zones search different article each within and area resents a search field that contains article stretches in which each article constitutes a search list of the dictionary (i.e. the traditional alphabetical component of printed dictionaries) rep- feature compound structure in online dictionaries (Klosa and Gouws 2015:149). The central the textual book structure in printed dictionaries (Hausmann and Wiegandis, 1989: that 330) or the structure, overall the on decide to need lexicographers The data. the by populated data in adictionary, there has tobeclarity on the differentof venues that are available to be distribution the to Prior 1998:224). Wiegand and (Kammerer types text of carrier a as venues ofall data tobeincluded inadictionary as atext compound orbigtext bution structure (Bergenholtz, Tarp and Wiegand 1999:1778). This structure determines the One of the first structures to be employed in the compilation of a dictionary is the data distri- 3.4.1 distribution structure)needstobedealtwithbeforefurtherattentionaccess. data the accessibility.(i.e. and structure However,one access of aspects various at looking alphabet andthearticlestructure. structure and itsimplications for the access structure, the rapidaccessstructure, the access macro of type the discussed: be will topics four only regard this In structures. dictionary other some of also but structures access of features including access, of features significant dictionaries. in access of objective core the constitutes This consultation. dictionary the prompted that question the to answer unambiguous an provides information this that confidence the ing by accessing the dictionary successfully, retrieving the necessary information and hav- user groupofanydictionary can perform a successfuldictionary consultation procedure sibility tosuchanextentthateventhemostinexperienced member oftheenvisagedtarget and both practical and theoretical lexicographers should strive to elevate the levels of acces- and ways means employed toenhance access tothedataonoffer inadictionary shouldbeapplauded, All accessibility. its by co-determined is practice lexicographic the in product Whether they havean underlying theoretical approach ornot, the eventual success ofany 3.4.2 be madeforsystematicaccesstodatapresentedinothervenuesofagivendictionary also should provision important, remain articles dictionary the in items to access Although In themajority of discussionsaccessstructuresinprinted dictionaries the focushas In ordertoensuresuchanincreased accessibility, it is important to be familiar with some

Significant featuresinaccessstructure The datadistributionstructure

– employing the outer and the inner access structure. Dictionaries andaccess , alsoknown . 47 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 Nasionale woordeboek the horizontally ordered lemmata maintain the strict alphabetical ordering asinFigure ing is complemented by horizontal ordering. This leads to procedures of niching, i.e. where ate from a straight-alphabetical order in favour of sinuous lemma files where vertical order a in presented vertical orderandthetypicalaccesswillproceeddownwardsstartingattopofapage. are lemmata the all macrostructure, straight-alphabetical a In possibilities. access different to lead ordering of types Different way. specific a in articles dictionary of identical (seeHausmannand Wiegand 1989:328). tionary has onlyonewordlistthemacrostructure and thealphabetical access structure are dic- a Where macrostructure. its in list word one than more or one have can dictionary A 3.4.2.1 Rufus H.Gouws 48 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.1 cal ordering on morpho-semantic grounds, asin where the horizontally ordered lemma cluster shows deviation fromthe strict alphabeti partial articlestretchfromthe cal-li-per cal-li-o-pe (Am.mus.)stoomorrel Due toespecially space-saving efforts macrostructuresinprinteddictionaries often devi- The macrostructure is an ordering structure that displays the lemmata as guiding elements blaas I(blase)s.nw. 1.dunvliesgevulmetlugofgas call-ing ( outside callipers inside callipers calliper splint calliper gauge calliper compasses calliper brake rule callipers Cal-li-o-pe (Gr. mit)Kalliope,Kalliopë calling-off afgelasting calling card 2); blaasbrand, blaaskruid, agtig; blaas≈ ‘blasie, van – 3. voorwerpsoos’nblaasofdaarvangemaak Galblaas. Lug-, seepblaas. breuk, pair of

The macrostructure

geroep;roepstem;beroep;roeping;beroeping( Example ofnesting Example ofniching ’n (Am.)caliper

– geswel, – ) calliperskrom-,meetpasser, loopyster voetbal. Verfblaas.Virvoetbal. (Am.)visitekaartjie kaliberstok (med.)loopyster passerrem speermaat holpasser

diktepasser 2. – r (De Villiers et

– koliek, – rekbare spiersakindiemenslikeofdierlike liggaamgevul met vog. krom-,meetpasser oes (by3). (dikw. mv., med.)loopyster PharosWoordeboek Dictionary (Du Plessis 2005), or nesting,

– kramp, –

al. 1987): ’n

– met –

vrug, – – kwaal, – ertjies op loop sit, loop op ertjies Figure

. Die

wier – – ontsteking, – .

3.2, a 3.2, deur gemeente) b 1); (by partial article stretch from stretch article partial

– steen, – gou bangword, skrik. blaasaandoening,

– stoornis –

3.1, a (by

– - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 Afrikaans dictionary example, following the In 2005:89). Prinsloo and Gouws (see article can onlybereached viathelemma signthat functionsasguidingelement of apreceding ing these macrostructural elements to the level of sublemmata, that is, a lemma sign that downgrad- symbol, place-keeping a by substituted been have lemmata the of stem first the on seen be macrostructural level wherespace-savingproceduresoftenlead tolemma clusters where also can This becomes. process access the cumbersome more the article, ary of different procedures of textual condensation. The more condensed the items in a diction will offer thebestaccesspossibilities. alphabetical ordering of macrostructural elements will be the preferred arrangement and information retrieval. For younger and less experienced users of printed dictionaries, a strict skills oftheintended user andtheimplications in termsofrapidaccessandsuccessful deviates from thealphabetical ordering, the lexicographer needs toconsiderthereference accessibility.impede easily could this Consequently, that macrostructure a choosing before nesting, increases the degree of textual condensation in the central list of adictionary, and especially and Niching, implications. access has also choice microstructural This attempts. tural orderingshouldnotbedoneinarandomwayormerely on thegroundsofspace-saving ing access structure). The lexicographer’s decision to opt for a niched or nested macrostruc types of macrostructures lead to different types of access structures (i.e. a niching or a nest- is with anestedordering( access of difficulty ordering, straight-alphabetical (Figure ordering niched a with dictionary a in increased a with dictionary a to Compared Figure 3.3 . The sublemma The the form dak:. is, that 1983), (WolskiWiegand1989:365; position entrance niche lemma-external in part lemma a by preceded lemmata, partial niched of cluster a contains niche the and (‘roof’), lemma main the of article the to attached niche, a in occurs lemma This ‘~’. symbol place-keeping the by substituted stem first its with is presented in thecondensed form ~lig clusters successfully. lexicographers need to determine whether their users are qualified to access the data in such and access, of form complicated a is This position. entrance niche lemma-external in part cannot beaccessed directly but onlyvia the lemma sign dakandthesubsequentlemma The language in dictionary articles often displays a deviation from natural syntax because Because dak s.nw. [~ke,~kie] ~materiaal dak: ~balk,~bedekking, dig, ditopenbaarmaak. die werksmense trakteer sodra die eerste kap opgestel is. voorsien. huisvesting van dak bring, Uitdr: 3 2 die raamwerkrus: 1 Bedekkingwataandiedakvan Huis,woning:Ondereendakwoon,indieselfdehuis. van raamwerk dekkende Boonste,

Example ofplace-keepingsymbols forspacesaving h acs srcue onie wt te an arsrcue tee different these macrostructure, main the with coincides structure access the

Onder dakbly, in die huis. , ~raam~rand~strooi, ~timmerasie HAT5 (Odendal and Gouws 2005), the lemma Figure Af-, gewel-,saaldak.’n Asfalt, pan-,plankies-,rietdak Onder dakwees,beskermteenwindenweer.

3.2). daklig, asisthe case with all the sublemmata in this niche, ~dekker ’n huis,laatdink: ’n Dak bo jou kop hê, , ~geraamte, ’n gebou; ook wel, die laag dekmateriaal wat op Dak natmaak(natgooi),bydiebouvan’nhuis, ~geut,

3.1) and 3.1) , ~venster. Die dakvan’nbus,trem. ~gewel, Iets vandie dakke of verkon- ’n woning hê. even more in a dictionary a in more even daklig (‘light in a roof’) Dictionaries andaccess ~helling, Figure

Iemand onder 3.3, from 3.3, . ~kap, ~lig, dak the 49 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 cal ordering prevails. ordering cal A learners in the first three school years as target users. In the central list an alphabeti- or viaanentryintheindex. when a dictionary has an index, and a given word can either be found via the macrostructure example, for realized, is Poly-accessibility article. dictionary the within route access inner default the dictionary outer access route will be the only way of reaching a lemma sign and continuing on the mono-accessible a In dictionaries. poly-accessible and accessible mono- between made be can distinction a regard this In followed. be to routes the increase to possibilities access additional employ can Lexicographers list. central the in sign lemma specific a reach eventually to route one than more follow can user a dictionaries some In Rufus H.Gouws 50 by means of coloured pages (see the or eventextsinsertedasmiddle matterwithinthealphabetical components aredistinguished alphabetical component of the dictionary commences. In a similar way the back matter texts dictionary this colourpagedividesthedictionary, andausercaneasilyseewherethesecond language, are often separated by means of a coloured page. Looking at the front edge of the ponents withinwhicheachofthetwotreated languages respectively functions assource two mainsectionsofabidirectional bilingual dictionary, thatis,thetwoalphabetical com- the structure access outer the Withinlevel structure. access internal the the and external on the both of done is This procedures. consultation faster ensure to and dictionaries of their accessibility the enhance to methods and ways different employ Lexicographers ture. struc- access rapid a of notion the introduced already (1989:338) Wiegandand Hausmann 3.4.2.2 lemma sign. to thecentralwordlistandfollowdefaultouteraccessroutereachagiven dictionary. eration andyetanotherwayofaccessingthedataismade availableinthispoly-accessible limited dictionary-usingskillsofthetarget usersofthisdictionaryaretakenintoconsid- The element. guiding combined a of component a as sign, lemma relevant the with along alphabetical section relevant smallerpictureandfromthewordgiventheretolemmasignin when theyarenotyetfullyfamiliarwithreadingcanmovefromthemainpictureto the picture. Users consulting this dictionary during an early phase of their first school year next to the main picture with the Afrikaans and English words for the thing represented by class roomarepresentedbymeansofpicturesandwords. matter of thisdictionary contains athematic section in whichdifferent themes treated in the one lemma signviathereferencefoundinbackmattertext. the relevant wordscanbefoundinthecentrallist,andauserproceedto required from thecentral listenteredheretheselistscontain entries givingthepagenumberswhere equivalent or lemma each For lists. separate two in presented are sign an lemma Afrikaans word included as lemma in the dictionary and each word given as English equivalent for The Afrikaans dictionary The Afrikaans Users could also go to the back matter texts Listof words Each smallerpicturepresentedinthemainisalsogivenseparatelycolumns numbers differentpage two to reference a has typically word each list word the In to the central word list, and the other to a text in the front matter section. The front The section. matter front the in text a to other the and list, word central the to

The rapidaccessstructure

– where

user already user the same small picture precedes the lemma sign and functions, (Gouws, R. et R. Grondslagfasewoordeboek(Gouws, Macmillan English Dictionary (Rundell 2002)) with its familiar with the alphabet may immediately goimmediately may alphabet the with familiar

.

.

.

L ys van woorde where each

al. 2010) al.

– the – has Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 Danish alphabet contains among others the letters The diaeresis. or circumflex a example, for with, purposes orthographic for marked letters (e.g. alphabets other cle, .38 gun, words starting with or containing these letters should be ordered. A be should letters these containing or with starting words where and how taken be to need Decisions a frequentoccurrencebesides thenormals. the articlefromwhichinformationneedstoberetrieved. looking at the lemma signs on the specific page to find the one that is the guiding element of article stretch identified by the search words, the user can continue with the outer access by partial the within fall does sign lemma required the If page. specific the on occurs for ing do itoneverypage. of thischapter). words, article stretches or even lemma signs as guiding elements of articles (see Section default approach inonline dictionaries where the search does nothave to proceed via search rapid access is acomplementary access component of printed dictionaries, it can be regarded as a Whereas dictionary. a of structure access rapid the of part as aids these by assisted block to indicate the start of a new stretch. The knowledgeable dictionary user is especially marked for specific alphabet stretches, whereas some other dictionaries merely have a small explicitly are indexes these dictionaries some In stretches. article specific to users guide to pages withcolourededges. inner texts inserted into the alphabetical section and identified for rapid access by means of lemmatised? words: following the contains Afrikaans of lexicon The words. relevant the to access successful and quick ensure to needed is tem (e.g. elements numerical and alphabetical both contain candidates lemma Many always only be cannot ordered, and therefore also accessed, by means of an alphabetical approach. candidates lemma However, dictionary. the of accessibility the enhancing in role structure, and the alphabetical ordering of lemmata in the macrostructure plays an important such one is macrostructure The structures.” access outer creating by achieved “is tionaries dic- printed in accessibility data external the that indicate (2013:111) Beer and Wiegand 3.4.2.3 page that single respectively of corner right top left and top the in single page a on in thetoprightcornerofright-handpagethatdictionary tionary in thetopleft corner ofthat page andthelastlemma treated on theright-hand page a dic- of page left-hand specific the on treated lemma first the represents that word search a include to is way one access. The rapid of type this ensuring of differentways have aries Diction- page. specific the of stretch article partial the of presentation the above page, each user canspeedupthesearchforalemma by lookingatthesearchwordsgiven at thetopof guessing ofwhereagivenlemma isalphabetically positioned in adictionary, adictionary ing reached a specific article stretch, either by means of a thumb index marker or by a mere Hav- route. search external the on access rapid of form another constitute 2013:132), Beer These search words assist the user to determine whether the lemma sign he or she is look- words, Search Also on the front edge of a dictionary lexicographers often employ thumb index markers A more helpful way is to give a search word representing the first and last lemma treated

The accessalphabet 18-wheeler), lemmas including alphabetical elements as well as elements from also referred to as alphabetised lemmatic running titles (see titles running lemmatic alphabetised Wiegandas to referred also and α-particle ad vn te otorpi eeet lk hpes and hyphens like elements orthographic other even and ) . In which order should they be they should order leer,which In lêerandleër. å æand ø, andin Sepedi the letter .

clearly explained clearly Dictionaries andaccess 4×4-vehi-

– and – š has sys-

3.5 51 to

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 outer searchroute. knowledge willenhance the speedofaccesstolemma sign thatisthedestination of their Dictionary users need to becomefamiliar with these ordering principles because such a 2 4 1 are asfollows: dictionary.a of macrostructure alphabets Typical the access in of ordered applications are signs lemma which to according elements of set the is alphabet dictionary.access the An that makesprovisionforaconsistentandsystematicorderingoftheseitemsasentriesin marked letterscompellexicographerstodeviseanaccessalphabetfortheirdictionaries with items or items alphanumeric Such language. specific the of form alphabetical pure provision for the ordering of andconsequentaccessto lemma signsthat deviate from the In additiontothealphabetprevailinginagivenlanguage,lexicographersneedmake Bergenholtz,(see Tarpalphabet access an of and Wiegandformulation the 1999:1813).to Rufus H.Gouws 52 the of components are items Whereas article. dictionary the within user a for ance be retrieved. can information which from items contains zones search these of one Each 2013:63). Gouws and Beer (Wiegand, area search a as article dictionary the within zones search ent differ in presented are data of types different giving WiegandItems (see 1989b:427–428). data. lexicographic of accessibility mation. the in role significant a plays structure article The data thataremadeaccessiblesothedictionaryuser can unlocklexicographicinfor external accesstextelement,isaconstituentofwordlist andconsistsoflexicographic indicate thatadictionaryarticleisanaccessible unitthatshowsatleastone to secure the best possible inner search route. Wiegand, Feinauer and Gouws (2013:317) The access structure interacts with the article structure in a variety of ways but primarily 3.4.2.4 3

Decisions thatneedtobetakenensureaproperorderingofsuchlemmacandidatesled h inr ces tutr dtrie te ne sac rue ht rvds guid- provides that route search inner the determines structure access inner The Articles contain text segments which can be divided into two types: items and indicators precedes honeybeer Therefore letters). (e.g. signs the to according ‘A’ (alphaparticle ‘F’letters the ( of stretches article the in positions applicable been entered,whereas4×4-vehicle andα-particle cle stretch for the letter ‘T’ and in the position where the words α-particle (‘sandal’) precedes (e.g. elements alphabetical Blanks often Blanks A is sign vowel first the one second unmarked. the in and unmarked are signs vowel both word Unmarked precedesmarked,resultingintheordering elements, Numerical word without hyphen precedes a word with a hyphen, e.g. the Afrikaans word

The articlestructure ), are treated according to their ‘word’arti- their the to in according entered treated be are will ), 24/7 value. do not play a role in the ordering of lemmata of ordering the in role a play not do ) respectively. sand-aal (‘sandeel’). . both in numerical lemmata (e.g. lemmata numerical in both 4×4-vehicle , s el s ybl i lma in (e.g. signs lemma in symbols as well as ), honey bearprecedeshoneybee wouldbetreated inthealphabetically leer,leër, lêer, because in the first ) and in combination with combination in and 24/7)

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bos s.nw. [~se,~sie]  b ~varing met swartbessies. het. die geheelniekansienasgevolgvanteveelkleinighede. | Uitdr: beet/wortels/spinasie/kruie •’nbossleutels 3 2 geeldoringbome. 1  ( | (. gesê van | voorste bos

deur diebomebosniesien

as antwoor deur diehelebosloopomkr 3.5, from groep/bondel voorwerpe bymekaar/aanmekaar gebind: bymekaar/aanmekaar voorwerpe groep/bondel ( grootklompbome; woud: ’nnatuurlike/inheemse/aangeplante bos • ’nbosmet 3.4, displays

.

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.) bos: ~beampte osagtig Example ofstructuralindicatorsdisplayingclearlymarkedsearch zones ‘n meisie wat baie vryers gehad het, maar met die treurigste van hulle getrou HA d opdievraag:Hoegaandit? T5, whereanarrowpointisused asstructuralindicator to markthedif- clearly marked search zones. This article layout allows rapid access , ~bewaarder, omste lattesny ’n struikagtigebos•Diebitterbessieisbossie ~brand, ) baiegoed. •’ndik/welige/wildeboshare. ~navorsing, (Luther et (Luther HAT6 ’n bosblomme•bossie ~opsigter, Dictionaries andaccess ~pad, haat (hate),

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 Figure 3.6 haat Rufus H.Gouws 54 subcomments onsemantics. search zones,forexample, for orthographyandetymologyanoverviewofthe different shot ofthearticle ofthelemma sign Pferd (‘horse’). In the first screen shot the user can find multi- a of layered article use structure (Gouws 2014:164). the by enhanced is zones search specific to access dictionaries, online In Figure 3.5  Wandel seit1945: W Worttrennung: (automatisch ermittelt) Etymologische Angaben:  Herkunftund Wandel Normgerechte Schreibung:  Orthographie Pferd Mit Pfer Lesart ‘Tierkreiszeichen’ weiter ein freiesFeldbewegtwerdenkann. Mit weiter Lesart ‘Schachfigur’ Griffen anderOberseite. Mit Lesart ‘Turngerät’ weiter bevorzugt alsReittierundgelegentlichauchZug-Lasttier genutztwird. Mit Pfer weiter Lesart ‘Reittier’  ww. [gehaat] andel 1700bis1945: Wortbildungsprodukte Pferd Pferd vir goedenhaatliefde (Ps. 109.5 NV). hê. iemand jeens Haat toedra. haat Iemand altyd. gevaarliker as openlike haat. Hy haat dit met ’n wrewelige haat. Haat en nyd skaad (Joh. 15:23NV).).≠liefhê. wat sulkedunwei-wateris soos haardiepliefdewasnie Heerden). van (Emst nog die haat teen iemand of iets koester. goed is. Gve vn eie fer sek ynie gesindheid: vyandige sterk afkeer, hewige van Gevoel s.nw.

d bezeichnetmaneinesderzwölf Tierkreiszeichen des chinesischenHoroskops. d bezeichnetmaneingroßesSäugetiermitlangenBeinen,dasvom Menschen bezeichnet man ein Turngerät mit vier langen Beinen, einem ledernen Aufbau und zwei bezeichnet man die Schachfigur, die als einzige über die anderen die über einzige als die Schachfigur, die man bezeichnet Search categories inonlinedictionaries Example ofarrowbeingusedasstructuralindicatortomarkdifferentzones ’n Gehate mededinger, diktator, tiran.

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. Haat Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 ment on semantics (cf. subcom- that accesses user the sense, polysemous a giving item an of zone the clicking By compiled in suchawaythat the structures, including the access structure, may be utilised Access isalsoenhancedbymeans ofavarietylinkingprocedures. operators. Boolean using by simultaneously strings several searching also but searching) fuzzy and incremental wildcard, (e.g. dictionaries online in searching of differenttypes for provision makes (2009:442) Svensén sequential. be not often will dictionary online an in Searching dictionaries. printed to compared differently functions it although dictionaries, immediate target ofaspecificconsultation. the be could article. they dictionary identified a clearly within are item zones search Where an as expression fixed that to taken be immediately can user the expression, fixed a from dictionary article. By entering a search string that contains, for example, two or more words planned onlinedictionary makes itpossibletohaverapidaccessindividual items withina tionaries. However, access does not only have to proceed via the lemma sign because a well- lemma sign andthen move intothearticle in awaycomparable to theaccessinprinteddic- between differences significant most printed and online dictionaries is the ease and speed of access. A the of One science. information and lexicography like fields in including fore, the to possibilities new numerous brought has era digital The 3.5 Figure 3.7 successful to contributes dictionary consultationprocedures. and access rapid enhances shot screen this in presentation The grammar. and constructions collocations, for example, for zones, search relevant other to What is of paramount importance is that online dictionaries need to be planned and Svensén (2009:441) regards the access structure as the predominating structure in online bevorzugt alsReittierundgelegentlichauchZug-Lasttiergenutztwird. Mit  Erläuterungder Bedeutung/Funktion Konstruk- Kollo- erläuterung Bedeutungs-  zurÜbersichtsseite  Wortklasse:Individuativum

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Accessing semanticsubcommentsinonlinedictionaries ainntoe ötrbesonderheiten Wörter tionen kationen Figure

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user can Dictionaries andaccess start with a given anzeigen  55 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 Gouws, Ronél, L. Potgieter and S. Burgess (eds.) (2010) (eds.) Burgess S. and Potgieter L. Ronél, Gouws, elexico 3.6 basis toensureanoptimallexicographicpractice. effectively when accessing data. This yet again emphasises the need for a strong theoretical Rufus H.Gouws 56 (2005) (ed.) M. Plessis, Du (1987) (eds.) Gouws R.H. and Eksteen L.C. Smuts, J. Villiers,M., De Dictionaries References others, WiegandBeer among and in, found be can structures access and access on guidance Further Further reading Accounting Dictionaries. Lexicography and information science; electronic dictionaries; dictionary portals; the Related topics liability whatsoeverinthisregard. no accepts NRF the that and author, the of that are research supported NRF the by erated gen- publication any in expressed recommendations or conclusions and findings opinions, Africa South of Foundation (grant specific unique reference number (UID) 85434). The Grantholder acknowledges that Research National the by part in supported is research This Acknowledgement the fieldofmetalexicographyinordertoenhancequalitylexicographicpractice. tive research to ensuresuccessfulaccess in newtypesofdictionaries should beapriority in Innova- dictionaries. online and printed both for structures access possible best the devise if they can access the data. As part of the responsibility to their users lexicographers need to that their target users can achieve a successful retrieval of information. This is only possible Dictionaries are practical instruments and needtobeplanned and compiled in suchaway Luther, J., F. Pheiffer and R.H. Gouws (eds.) (2015) Cape Town: Pharos. Town: Nasou. environment. cusses someofthenewwaysinwhichlexicographicalstructures expressthemselvesinthedigital of concept e-lexicography,access. Tarpwhole with the deals examines (2015) terms for (2010) Gouws and to beusedwhenreferringtheaccessprocessandadiscussion ofcasestudiesindictionary Bergenholtz and access regarding topics of variety a of cussion dis- a for (2009) Lemnitzer and Engelberg dictionaries, online and printed Svensén in access printeddictionaries, for (2009) in access of discussion theoretical a general specifically (2013), Cape Town: Pearson. lish. Cape Town: MaskewMillerLongman.

Conclusion : www.owid.de/wb/elexiko/start.html PharosWoordeboek/Dictionary Afrikaans-Engels/English-Afrikaans HAT6: Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal. Grondslagfasewoordeboek Afrikaans/Eng Nasionale woordeboek structure anddis- . Cape . - . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 00:29 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315104942, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315104942.ch3 ign, . . 18a “set dr arsrku i aleenn isrcie Wörterbuch: einsprachigen allgemeinen im Makrostruktur der “Aspekte (1989a) E. H. Wiegand, (ed.), Wiegand E. H. in Lemma?”, ein eigentlich ist “Was (1983) E. H. Wiegand, Database programmer: and lexicographer between communication the in “Structures Tarp,(2015) S. Svensén, B.(2009)A HandbookofLexicography (1971) J. Rey-Debove, McArthur, T. (1986)Worlds ofReference . Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress. Wiegand, H. E. (1989b) “Der Begriff der Mikrostruktur: Geschichte, Probleme, Perspektiven”, in F. J. W W W Klosa, A. andR.H.Gouws(2015)“Outerfeaturesine-dictionaries”. (2002) (ed.) M. Rundell, Bergenholtz, H. and R.H. Gouws. (2010) “A New Perspective on the Access Process”, Access the on Perspective New “A (2010) Gouws. R.H. and H. Bergenholtz, Other literature Odendal, F. F. and R. H. Gouws (2005) Gouws, R. H., U. Heid, W. Schweickard and H.E. Wiegand. (eds.) (2013) (eds.) Wiegand.H.E. W.and Heid, Schweickard U. H., R. Gouws, Kammerer, M. and H.E. Wiegand. (1998) “Über die textuelle Rahmenstruktur von Wörterbüchern. von Rahmenstruktur textuelle die “Über (1998) Wiegand. H.E. and M. Kammerer, Gouws, R. H. and D. J. Prinsloo. (2005) und Makro- “Datendistributionsstrukturen, (1999) Wiegand. E. H. and Tarp S. H., Bergenholtz, Hausmann, historischen Wegdem auf Metalexikographie”. “Meilensteine der (2005) R.H. Gouws, (2009) Lemnitzer L. and S. Engelberg, Hausmann, F. J. and H. E. Wiegand. (1989) “Component Parts and Structures of General Monolingual iegand, H. E. (1996) “Das Konzept der semiintegrierten Mikrostrukturen: Ein Beitrag zur Theorie zur Beitrag Ein Mikrostrukturen: semiintegrierten der Konzept “Das (1996) E. H. iegand, iegand, H. E. (1989d) “Der gegenwärtige Status der Lexikographie”, in F. J. Hausmann et in Wörterbuch”, einsprachigen allgemeinen im Mikrostrukturen von “Arten (1989c) E. H. iegand, alphabetische Anordnungsformen und ihre Probleme”, in F. J. Hausmann et pp. 401–474. Olms, George Hildesheim: 1–4/82). Linguistik (Germanistische hochdeutschen LexikographieIII and interface”. The Hague/Paris:Mouton. Tübingen: MaxNiemeyer Verlag, pp.1–82. (ed.), Wiegand E. H. in Printwörterbücher”, zweisprachiger F. J.Hausmannet Hausmann et pp. 371–409. pp. 246–280. Education. Pearson. lenbosch: SunMedia. Präzisierungen undweiterführendeÜberlegungen”. de Gruyter. Dictionaries. Dictionnaires. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography (1989–1991): pp. ica 21:158–178. E. H. (eds.) Wiegand and Kalverkämper H. Hoffmann, L. in Fachwörterbüchern”, neueren in Mikrostrukturen 103–127. Stauffenburg. Special-Language andTerminology Research. Berlin:deGruyter, pp.1762–1832. Electronic andComputationalLexicography tional Encyclopedia of Lexicography. SupplementaryVolume: Recent Developments withFocuson Dictionaries: A F. J., O. Reichmann, H. E. Wiegand and E. Zgusta (eds.) (1989–1991) (eds.) Zgusta E. and Wiegand E. H. Reichmann, O. J., F.

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