From Text to Lexicon: Bridging the Gap Between Word Embeddings and Lexical Resources
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Robust Ontology Acquisition from Machine-Readable Dictionaries
Robust Ontology Acquisition from Machine-Readable Dictionaries Eric Nichols Francis Bond Daniel Flickinger Nara Inst. of Science and Technology NTT Communication Science Labs CSLI Nara, Japan Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Co. Stanford University [email protected] Keihanna, Japan California, U.S.A. [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Our basic approach is to parse dictionary definition sen- tences with multiple shallow and deep processors, generating In this paper, we outline the development of a semantic representations of varying specificity. The seman- system that automatically constructs ontologies by tic representation used is robust minimal recursion semantics extracting knowledge from dictionary definition (RMRS: Section 2.2). We then extract ontological relations sentences using Robust Minimal Recursion Se- using the most informative semantic representation for each mantics (RMRS), a semantic formalism that per- definition sentence. mits underspecification. We show that by com- In this paper we discuss the construction of an ontology for bining deep and shallow parsing resources through Japanese using the the Japanese Semantic Database Lexeed the common formalism of RMRS, we can extract [Kasahara et al., 2004]. The deep parser uses the Japanese ontological relations in greater quality and quan- Grammar JACY [Siegel and Bender, 2002] and the shallow tity. Our approach also has the advantages of re- parser is based on the morphological analyzer ChaSen. quiring a very small amount of rules and being We carried out two evaluations. The first gives an automat- easily adaptable to any language with RMRS re- ically obtainable measure by comparing the extracted onto- sources. logical relations by verifying the existence of the relations in exisiting WordNet [Fellbaum, 1998]and GoiTaikei [Ikehara 1 Introduction et al., 1997] ontologies. -
Lemma Selection in Domain Specific Computational Lexica – Some Specific Problems
Lemma selection in domain specific computational lexica – some specific problems Sussi Olsen Center for Sprogteknologi Njalsgade 80, DK-2300, Denmark Phone: +45 35 32 90 90 Fax: +45 35 32 90 89 e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.cst.dk Abstract This paper describes the lemma selection process of a Danish computational lexicon, the STO project, for domain specific language and focuses on some specific problems encountered during the lemma selection process. After a short introduction to the STO project and an explanation of why the lemmas are selected from a corpus and not chosen from existing dictionaries, the lemma selection process for domain specific language is described in detail. The purpose is to make the lemma selection process as automatic as possible but a manual examination of the final candidate lemma lists is inevitable. The lemmas found in the corpora are compared to a list of lemmas of general language, sorting out lemmas already encoded in the database. Words that have already been encoded as general language words but that are also found with another meaning and perhaps another syntactic behaviour in a specific domain should be kept on a list and the paper describes how this is done. The recognition of borrowed words the spelling of which have not been established constitutes a big problem to the automatic lemma selection process. The paper gives some examples of this problem and describes how the STO project tries to solve it. The selection of the specific domains is based on the 1. Introduction potential future applications and at present the following The Danish STO project, SprogTeknologisk Ordbase, domains have been selected, while – at least – one is still (i.e. -
Etytree: a Graphical and Interactive Etymology Dictionary Based on Wiktionary
Etytree: A Graphical and Interactive Etymology Dictionary Based on Wiktionary Ester Pantaleo Vito Walter Anelli Wikimedia Foundation grantee Politecnico di Bari Italy Italy [email protected] [email protected] Tommaso Di Noia Gilles Sérasset Politecnico di Bari Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS Italy Grenoble INP, LIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT a new method1 that parses Etymology, Derived terms, De- We present etytree (from etymology + family tree): a scendants sections, the namespace for Reconstructed Terms, new on-line multilingual tool to extract and visualize et- and the etymtree template in Wiktionary. ymological relationships between words from the English With etytree, a RDF (Resource Description Framework) Wiktionary. A first version of etytree is available at http: lexical database of etymological relationships collecting all //tools.wmflabs.org/etytree/. the extracted relationships and lexical data attached to lex- With etytree users can search a word and interactively emes has also been released. The database consists of triples explore etymologically related words (ancestors, descendants, or data entities composed of subject-predicate-object where cognates) in many languages using a graphical interface. a possible statement can be (for example) a triple with a lex- The data is synchronised with the English Wiktionary dump eme as subject, a lexeme as object, and\derivesFrom"or\et- at every new release, and can be queried via SPARQL from a ymologicallyEquivalentTo" as predicate. The RDF database Virtuoso endpoint. has been exposed via a SPARQL endpoint and can be queried Etytree is the first graphical etymology dictionary, which at http://etytree-virtuoso.wmflabs.org/sparql. -
Illustrative Examples in a Bilingual Decoding Dictionary: an (Un)Necessary Component
http://lexikos.journals.ac.za Illustrative Examples in a Bilingual Decoding Dictionary: An (Un)necessary Component?* Alenka Vrbinc ([email protected]), Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia and Marjeta Vrbinc ([email protected]), Faculty of Arts, Department of English, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Abstract: The article discusses the principles underlying the inclusion of illustrative examples in a decoding English–Slovene dictionary. The inclusion of examples in decoding bilingual diction- aries can be justified by taking into account the semantic and grammatical differences between the source and the target languages. Among the differences between the dictionary equivalent, which represents the most frequent translation of the lemma in a particular sense, and the translation of the lemma in the illustrative example, the following should be highlighted: the differences in the part of speech; context-dependent translation of the lemma in the example; the one-word equiva- lent of the example; zero equivalence; and idiomatic translation of the example. All these differ- ences are addressed and discussed in detail, together with the sample entries taken from a bilingual English–Slovene dictionary. The aim is to develop criteria for the selection of illustrative examples whose purpose is to supplement dictionary equivalent(s) in the grammatical, lexical, semantic and contextual senses. Apart from that, arguments for translating examples in the target language are put forward. The most important finding is that examples included in a bilingual decoding diction- ary should be chosen carefully and should be translated into the target language, since lexical as well as grammatical changes in the translation of examples demand not only a high level of knowl- edge of both languages, but also translation abilities. -
And User-Related Definitions in Online Dictionaries
S. Nielsen Centre for Lexicography, Aarhus University, Denmark FUNCTION- AND USER-RELATED DEFINITIONS IN ONLINE DICTIONARIES 1. Introduction Definitions play an important part in the use and making of dictionaries. A study of the existing literature reveals that the contributions primarily concern printed dictionaries and show that definitions are static in that only one definition should be provided for each sense of a lemma or entry word (see e.g. Jackson, 2002, 86-100; Landau, 2001, 153-189). However, online dictionaries provide lexicographers with the option of taking a more flexible and dynamic approach to lexicographic definitions in an attempt to give the best possible help to users. Online dictionaries vary in size and shape. Some contain many data, some contain few data, some are intended to be used by adults, and some are intended to be used by children. These dictionaries contain data that reflect the differences between these groups of users, not only between general competences of children and adults but also between various competences among adults. The main distinction is between general and specialised dictionaries because their intended users belong to different types of users based on user competences and user needs. Even though lexicographers are aware of this distinction, “surprisingly little has been written about the relationship between the definition and the needs and skills of those who will use it” (Atkins/Rundell, 2008, 407). Most relevant contributions addressing definitions and user competences concern specialised dictionaries, but there are no reasons why the principles discussed should not be adopted by lexicographers at large (Bergenholtz/Kauffman, 1997; Bergenholtz/Nielsen, 2002). -
An Arabic Wordnet with Ontologically Clean Content
Applied Ontology (2021) IOS Press The Arabic Ontology – An Arabic Wordnet with Ontologically Clean Content Mustafa Jarrar Birzeit University, Palestine [email protected] Abstract. We present a formal Arabic wordnet built on the basis of a carefully designed ontology hereby referred to as the Arabic Ontology. The ontology provides a formal representation of the concepts that the Arabic terms convey, and its content was built with ontological analysis in mind, and benchmarked to scientific advances and rigorous knowledge sources as much as this is possible, rather than to only speakers’ beliefs as lexicons typically are. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted thereby demonstrating that the current version of the top-levels of the ontology can top the majority of the Arabic meanings. The ontology consists currently of about 1,300 well-investigated concepts in addition to 11,000 concepts that are partially validated. The ontology is accessible and searchable through a lexicographic search engine (http://ontology.birzeit.edu) that also includes about 150 Arabic-multilingual lexicons, and which are being mapped and enriched using the ontology. The ontology is fully mapped with Princeton WordNet, Wikidata, and other resources. Keywords. Linguistic Ontology, WordNet, Arabic Wordnet, Lexicon, Lexical Semantics, Arabic Natural Language Processing Accepted by: 1. Introduction The importance of linguistic ontologies and wordnets is increasing in many application areas, such as multilingual big data (Oana et al., 2012; Ceravolo, 2018), information retrieval (Abderrahim et al., 2013), question-answering and NLP-based applications (Shinde et al., 2012), data integration (Castanier et al., 2012; Jarrar et al., 2011), multilingual web (McCrae et al., 2011; Jarrar, 2006), among others. -
Verbnet Based Citation Sentiment Class Assignment Using Machine Learning
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 11, No. 9, 2020 VerbNet based Citation Sentiment Class Assignment using Machine Learning Zainab Amjad1, Imran Ihsan2 Department of Creative Technologies Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract—Citations are used to establish a link between time-consuming and complicated. To resolve this issue there articles. This intent has changed over the years, and citations are exists many researchers [7]–[9] who deal with the sentiment now being used as a criterion for evaluating the research work or analysis of citation sentences to improve bibliometric the author and has become one of the most important criteria for measures. Such applications can help scholars in the period of granting rewards or incentives. As a result, many unethical research to identify the problems with the present approaches, activities related to the use of citations have emerged. That is why unaddressed issues, and the present research gaps [10]. content-based citation sentiment analysis techniques are developed on the hypothesis that all citations are not equal. There are two existing approaches for Citation Sentiment There are several pieces of research to find the sentiment of a Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative [7]. Quantitative citation, however, only a handful of techniques that have used approaches consider that all citations are equally important citation sentences for this purpose. In this research, we have while qualitative approaches believe that all citations are not proposed a verb-oriented citation sentiment classification for equally important [9]. The quantitative approach uses citation researchers by semantically analyzing verbs within a citation text count to rank a research paper [8] while the qualitative using VerbNet Ontology, natural language processing & four approach analyzes the nature of citation [10]. -
From Monolingual to Bilingual Dictionary: the Case of Semi-Automated Lexicography on the Example of Estonian–Finnish Dictionary
From Monolingual to Bilingual Dictionary: The Case of Semi-automated Lexicography on the Example of Estonian–Finnish Dictionary Margit Langemets1, Indrek Hein1, Tarja Heinonen2, Kristina Koppel1, Ülle Viks1 1 Institute of the Estonian Language, Roosikrantsi 6, 10119 Tallinn, Estonia 2 Institute for the Languages of Finland, Hakaniemenranta 6, 00530 Helsinki, Finland E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract We describe the semi-automated compilation of the bilingual Estonian–Finnish online dictionary. The compilation process involves different stages: (a) reusing and combining data from two different databases: the monolingual general dictionary of Estonian and the opposite bilingual dictionary (Finnish–Estonian); (b) adjusting the compilation of the entries against time; (c) bilingualizing the monolingual dictionary; (d) deciding about the directionality of the dictionary; (e) searching ways for presenting typical/good L2 usage examples for both languages; (f) achieving the understanding about the necessity of linking of different lexical resources. The lexicographers’ tasks are to edit the translation equivalent candidates (selecting and reordering) and to decide whether or not to translate the existing usage examples, i.e. is the translation justified for being too difficult for the user. The project started in 2016 and will last for 18 months due to the unpostponable date: the dictionary is meant to celebrate the 100th anniversary of both states (Finland in December 2017, Estonia in February 2018). Keywords: bilingual lexicography; corpus linguistics; usage examples; GDEX; Estonian; Finnish 1. Background The idea of compiling the new Estonian–Finnish dictionary is about 15 years old: it first arose in 2003, after the successful publication of the voluminous Finnish–Estonian dictionary, a project which benefitted from necessary and sufficient financing, adequate time (5 years) and staff (7 lexicographers), and effective management. -
A Framework for Understanding the Role of Morphology in Universal Dependency Parsing
A Framework for Understanding the Role of Morphology in Universal Dependency Parsing Mathieu Dehouck Pascal Denis Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9189 - CRIStAL Magnet Team, Inria Lille Magnet Team, Inria Lille 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France [email protected] [email protected] Abstract as dependency parsing. Furthermore, morpholog- ically rich languages for which we hope to see a This paper presents a simple framework for real impact from those morphologically aware rep- characterizing morphological complexity and resentations, might not all rely to the same extent how it encodes syntactic information. In par- on morphology for syntax encoding. Some might ticular, we propose a new measure of morpho- syntactic complexity in terms of governor- benefit mostly from reducing data sparsity while dependent preferential attachment that ex- others, for which paradigm richness correlate with plains parsing performance. Through ex- freer word order (Comrie, 1981), will also benefit periments on dependency parsing with data from morphological information encoding. from Universal Dependencies (UD), we show that representations derived from morpholog- ical attributes deliver important parsing per- This paper aims at characterizing the role of formance improvements over standard word form embeddings when trained on the same morphology as a syntax encoding device for vari- datasets. We also show that the new morpho- ous languages. Using simple word representations, syntactic complexity measure is predictive of we measure the impact of morphological informa- the gains provided by using morphological at- tion on dependency parsing and relate it to two tributes over plain forms on parsing scores, measures of language morphological complexity: making it a tool to distinguish languages using the basic form per lemma ratio and a new measure morphology as a syntactic marker from others. -
Towards a Cross-Linguistic Verbnet-Style Lexicon for Brazilian Portuguese
Towards a cross-linguistic VerbNet-style lexicon for Brazilian Portuguese Carolina Scarton, Sandra Alu´ısio Center of Computational Linguistics (NILC), University of Sao˜ Paulo Av. Trabalhador Sao-Carlense,˜ 400. 13560-970 Sao˜ Carlos/SP, Brazil [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This paper presents preliminary results of the Brazilian Portuguese Verbnet (VerbNet.Br). This resource is being built by using other existing Computational Lexical Resources via a semi-automatic method. We identified, automatically, 5688 verbs as candidate members of VerbNet.Br, which are distributed in 257 classes inherited from VerbNet. These preliminary results give us some directions of future work and, since the results were automatically generated, a manual revision of the complete resource is highly desirable. 1. Introduction the verb to load. To fulfill this gap, VerbNet has mappings The task of building Computational Lexical Resources to WordNet, which has deeper semantic relations. (CLRs) and making them publicly available is one of Brazilian Portuguese language lacks CLRs. There are some the most important tasks of Natural Language Processing initiatives like WordNet.Br (Dias da Silva et al., 2008), that (NLP) area. CLRs are used in many other applications is based on and aligned to WordNet. This resource is the in NLP, such as automatic summarization, machine trans- most complete for Brazilian Portuguese language. How- lation and opinion mining. Specially, CLRs that treat the ever, only the verb database is in an advanced stage (it syntactic and semantic behaviour of verbs are very impor- is finished, but without manual validation), currently con- tant to the tasks of information retrieval (Croch and King, sisting of 5,860 verbs in 3,713 synsets. -
New Insights in the Design and Compilation of Digital Bilingual Lexicographical Products: the Case of the Diccionarios Valladolid-Uva Pedro A
http://lexikos.journals.ac.za; https://doi.org/10.5788/28-1-1460 New Insights in the Design and Compilation of Digital Bilingual Lexicographical Products: The Case of the Diccionarios Valladolid-UVa Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera, International Centre for Lexicography, University of Valladolid, Spain; and Department of Afrikaans and Dutch, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa ([email protected]) Sven Tarp, International Centre for Lexicography, University of Valladolid, Spain; Department of Afrikaans and Dutch, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; and Centre for Lexicography, University of Aarhus, Denmark ([email protected]) and Peter Sepstrup, Ordbogen A/S, Odense, Denmark ([email protected]) Abstract: This contribution deals with a new digital English–Spanish–English lexicographical project that started as an assignment from the Danish high-tech company Ordbogen A/S which signed a contract with the University of Valladolid (Spain) for designing and compiling a digital lexi- cographical product that is economically and commercially feasible and can be used for various purposes in connection with its expansion into new markets and the launching of new tools and services which make use of lexicographical data. The article presents the philosophy underpinning the project, highlights some of the innovations introduced, e.g. the use of logfiles for compiling the initial lemma list and the order of compilation, and illustrates a compilation methodology which starts by assuming the relevance of new concepts, i.e. object and auxiliary languages instead of target and source languages. The contribution also defends the premise that the future of e-lexicog- raphy basically rests on a close cooperation between research centers and high-tech companies which assures the adequate use of disruptive technologies and innovations. -
Lexical Access and the Phonology of Morphologically Complex Words
Lexical access and the phonology of morphologically complex words Class 2 (Jan. 5): Models of lexical access in speech production 1 Administrative matters • 251A is 4 units and letter grade; 251B is 2 units and S/U grade. 2 Levelt’s model (1) The model • “inspired by speech error evidence”, but “empirically largely based on reaction time data” (Levelt 2001, p. 13464) concept ( HORSE ) ≠ lemma ( horse ) ≠ lexeme (<horse>) form encoding doesn’t begin till single lemma chosen no activation of <animal> two lemmas could get chosen if very close synonyms horse and hoarse share lexeme 1 lemma horse “when marked for plural” points to <horse> and < ɪz> phonological codes are unprosodified Speed of getting from lemma to segment strings, w/ prosodic template 2 phonological code depends on after prosodification, choose from set of frequency/age of acquisition stored, syllable-sized articulatory programs As Levelt points out, comparing reaction times at end of process doesn’t tell us (Levelt 2001, p. 13465) which stage contains difference. called “lexemes” elsewhere by Levelt Example (Levelt 2001, p. 13465): 12 1 Jescheniak & Willem J.M. Levelt 1994 2 Willem J. M. Levelt 1999 Zuraw, Winter 2011 1 Lexical access and the phonology of morphologically complex words (2) Model’s interpretation of tip-of-the-tongue states (TOT) • Lemma is accessed, but then its phonological code is accessed partly or not at all. o Should we expect, in this model, to sometimes get activation of just one morpheme—e.g., <ment> but not <assort>? o Can we tell the difference between the TOT state that would result and what we’d get from partial access of a whole-word code <assortment>? (3) Model’s interpretation of semantic interference Discussion and data from Schriefers, Meyer, & Levelt 1990, with retrospective interpretation from or following Levelt 2001 • Lemmas compete for selection: At each timestep, prob.