HUInan Ethology Bulletin

VOLUME 13, ISSUE 3 ISSN 0739-2036 SEPTEMBER 1998

© 1998 The International Society for Human Ethology SOCIETY NEWS reflects an extreme case of the discrepancy Report on ISHE between folk psychological and physical Convention intuition that exists for most males.

Also on 20 August was an intriguing talk By Shan Guisinger by Lisa Goos which won the ISHE Young 210 N. Higgins Ave., Ste. 310 Investigator Prize. Goos and her advisor, Irwin Missoula, MT 59802, USA Silverman, showed photos depicting various [email protected]:.edu emotions, including anger and sadness, to college males and females. Goos was interested The Fourteenth Biennial ISHE in how well the sexes can identify emotions Conference at , B. c., 19-23 August tachistoscopically presented and whether 1998 was hosted by . changes in testosterone levels affect males' Perched on a mountain top, with the competence. Goos' research affirmed what spectacular Fraser River valley and mountains many women know experientially: Men are not disappearing to the north, participants had a so good at correctly identifying a:nger in women, splendid setting in which to meet, renew old but they do easily recognize sadness and fear. acquaintances, share stores, debate, console, Goos also found that men do a better job of and update each other on research and ideas. It id.entifying emotions, in general, when their was a "human-sized" group of about 60, so testosterone levels are higher. participants had an opportunity to talk with almost everyone. Thursday was a full day culminating in a commemorative symposium on the The first day's keynote address was by contributions of Nobel Prize winning ethologists autism researcher Simon Bar-Cohen. Autism is Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, and Niko a disorder of social development. While most Tinbergen by people who had known them well people with autism also have other learning and had worked with them. Agnaldo Garcia difficulties, 25% are only impaired in what remembered von Frisch, William Baron-Cohen calls folk psychology, the ability Charlesworth talked about Tinbergen's legacy, to infer intentional states to others. Baron- and Eibl-Eibesfeld t described Lorenz's Cohen believes these "pure" cases of autism are contributions and added his thoughts about the also characterized by an intact or even superior present situation in the field. Finally, Karl folk physics. Although people with autism Grammer took us into the next generation. rarely marry and have children, their first degree relatives often show lesser variants of Friday commenced with a autistic traits. Testing of their parents should comprehensive review of work on sex show impaired folk psychology and superior differences in human cognition by a leading folk physics. In his research subjects in researcher, Doreen Kimura. In 90 minutes she Cambridge, England, Baron-Cohen found took us through her remarkable research support for this hypothesis. Among the fathers program. Kimura is interested in how abilities and grandfathers of his subjects, 12.5% were are influenced by prenatal and current exposure engineers, compared with· 5% for controls. to sex hormones. As we know from previous Baron-Cohen speculated that this aSJmmetry work, males are better at spatial abilities and 2 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998

math reasoning, while females e-xcel at verbal Buddhists' notions of egolessness. fluency, verbal memory, and fine motor skills, differences that are found across cultures. Jt was an extremely rich and full These sex differences are the result of exposure conference, and we participants had much to to androgens during prenatal developnlent, but think about on our trips home. also vary with seasonal and diurnal fluctuations of sex homlones. Interestingly, the optimal level of androgens for spatial ability appears to be in the lower half of the normal male range. High estrogen in women is Election of Officers associated with enhanced fine motor and articulatory efficiency, while low estrogen The ballot for election of the following (occurring at menstruation) is associated with two otficers appears below: Secretary and enhanced spatial ability. Membership Chair. Please complete it (or a photocopy) and send it to the ISHE President, Saturday'S invited talk was by Charles Crawford. Deadline is 15 December. Harvard geneticist David Haig. Entitled "The No nominations were received other than those Divided Self," this was arguably the most that appear on the ballot. However, members startling talk in a conference full of are free to write in the name of someone else. provocative, original, cutting-edge research Terms of office are three years, begirU1ing in and ideas. Haig suggeste.d that some of our 1999. subjective experience of conflict within ourselves may derive from genomic competition. Geneticists used to assume that a gene plays the same role in an offspring no matter which parent contributes it. But now Haigand others are finding that the sexes have ways to mark BALLOT FOR ISHE OFFICERS particular genes so that these genes get special treatment, biasing genetic inheritance. This is called genetic imprinting and represents a Membership Chair battle between the mother and father for control of the growth rate of the fetus. When it Astrid JUtte, Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for comes to the growth of the offspring, the Urban Ethology, Vienna, Austria parents have different interests. The male wants the female to invest as much as possible in his offspring, whereas she needs to spread investment among several young. In marnmals, Other (please include name and affiliation) females need to control fetal growth, because the fetus is a virtual parasite on the mother. Haig suggested tha t some of the in ternaJ conflict we experience may reflect real "disagreement over ultirnate ends between Secretary different agents that contribute to mental activity." Karl Grammer, Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Urban Ethology, Vienna, Austria On Saturday we were also treated to a soulful talk by Daniel Freedman 011 East-West differences in philosophy and art. Freedman extended E. O. Wilson's call for consilience Other (please include name and affiliation) betwelOn biology and social sciences to the humanities and asked if Western spiritual seekers could give up their highly prized individuaJism to experience the Hindu- Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 3 Young Investigator Award Outstanding Paper Award The outstanding young investigator at The award for the best paper at the the 1998 ISHE convention was judged to be Lisa 1998 ISHE convention goes to Farhad Dastur Goos, a student of Irwin Silverman, and Richard Brown, both of the Department of Department of Psychology, York University, Psychology, Dalhousie University, Nova Toronto, , M3J IP3, Canada. Lisa will Scota, B3H 4Jl, Canada. The award consists of receive a certificate, an ISHE membership a certificate, an ISHE T-shirt, and a copy of renewal, free registration at the next ISHE the ISHE book New Aspects of Human meeting, and a book. Ethology. Lisa and Irwin's paper was entitled "An Their presentation was entitled Evolutionarily Based Study of Facial "Olfactory Perception and Pregnancy Sickness: Expression Recognition." The abstract follows. A Test of the Pregnancy Sickness as Maternal Adaptation Theory." The abstract: A series of pbotos depicting anger, disgust, fear and sadness were tachistoscopically presented Increased first trimester olfactory sensitivity to male and female university students at two is a key prediction of Profet's theory that intervals during the day, when testosterone pregnancy sickness--food/odor aversions, levels were expected to be high and low. An nausea, retching, and/or vomiting--evolved as original questionnaire designed to measure a maternal adaptation to prevent the ingestion monogamous vs. polygamous mating strategies of embryotoxins commonly found in foods. This was also administered to male subjects, and prospective, controlled, and longitudinal study information about menstrual cycle phase was assessed 19 pregnant and 18 nonpregnant women taken from female subjects as an indicant of on the following variables: estrogen levels. Findings, in part were that anger and sadness were more frequently • olfactory perception correctly identified overall by female than • food aversions and cravings male subjects. However, both sexes were better • food intake at identifying anger posed by males rather • nausea, retching, and vomiting than females, and sadness and fear posed by females rather than males. Males tended to Increased first trimester olfactory sensitivity better recognize female emotions, in general, was found, thus lending suppart ta Profet's when they were in the high testosterone phase theory. The study'S other findings are also of the diurnal cycle. These and other analyses generally consistent with an adaptive view of are discussed from perspective of sex specific PS. adaptive mechanisms. 4 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998

decision will be JIlade at the meeting in Salamanca. The problem of the expense for Report on ISHE Business students to attend our conventions was Meeting discussed; the problem stems mainly from the cost of international travel. It was decided that the Society should pay special attention By Karl Grammer, Secretary to the needs of potential student members.

The ISHE officers met at the biennial ISHE members are asked to promote our convention in Burnaby, B.C., Canada in August Website, as by linking to us on your individual 1998. site. At the moment we have about 1500 hits per day. You can also send us links that you The report from the Treasurer and the think are suitable, bye-mail to Membership'Chair showed that rSHE is [email protected]. financially stable and growing. Nevertheless, it was decided that a promotional campaign It was noted that the Membership for the Society will be started. Directory needs updating.

The next meeting is in Salamanca, Glenn Weisfeld will retire as Bulletin Spain at one of the world's oldest tmiversities, editor in 1999. the third week in August 2000. Sites discussed for the 2002 meeting included Sao Paulo, Brazil Open positions fOT the next election are and the University of Maine, USA. The Secretary and Membership Chair. 1998 ESS Papers Socio-neliro-modulation in Culture-cult Co- evolution: Doul:>le Niche Transition-theory of The following papers were presented at the Homo. Annual Meeting of the European Sociobiological Society (ESS), Russian State University of the Marina BUTOVSKAYA (Institute of Cultural HUIhcmities, Moscow, 31 May - 3 June 1998. Anthropology, Russian State University for The full abstracts of the papers can be found on Humanities, Moscow, Russia). Gender Identity the ESS website: as a Basis for the Fundamental Social http://jurix.rechten.rug.nJ/rth/ess/ ess.htm. Opposition.

Robin ALLOTT (5 Fitzgerald Park, BN25 lAX, Valery CHALYAN (Institute of Medical East Sussex, u.K.). Group Identity and Nation RAMS, Sochi, Russia). Behaviour Identity. of Free-ranging Hamadryas Baboons on Meeting. Konstantin BANNIKOV (Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia). Ritual Johan M.e. van der DENNEN (Center for Peace and Social Structure of the 'Extreme Groups'. & Conflict Studies, University of Groningen, the Netherlands). Ritualized 'Primitive' Warfare Bergljot BORRESEN (Department of. SmaH and Rituals in War: Phenocopy, Homology, Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian or...? College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway). Rituals Could Influence a Hypothalamic 'Main Margarita DERIAGINA (Faculty of Biology, Switch' for Social Emotions. Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia). Social Behaviour and Communication of Michael BUJATTI-NARBESHUBER Neotropical Monkeys. (Department of Archeobiology and Anthropology, Natural History Museum, Harald A. EULER, Sabine HOlER & Elizabeth Vienna, Austria). Metil-meme Rituals POLITZ (Department of Psychology, Kassel TeleonornicalJy Change Meme-rituals and a University, Germany). Kin Investment of Aunts Gene-ritual: Syntactic Symbol Conditioned 5- and Uncles: Why Is the Matrilateral Bias HT/NA. Stronger in Women? Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 5

Vladimir FRIEDMANN (Biological Department, Novosibirsk State University, Russia). How Moscow State Uttiversity, Russia). :Ritualized Artts Identify Their Symbion ts and Demonstration Effectiveness as Supporting Competitors: Special Ways for Special Mates. Mechanism for Integrating Some Different Individual Social Life Strategies in Steady Social Zhanna REZNIKONVA & Noris RYAElKO Structure Framework: An Experimental Great (Institute of Animal , Nobvosibirsk; Spotted Woodpecker Study. Siberian Academy of Telecommunication and Computer Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia). A.A. GLISKOV & M.G. SADOVSKY Using Ideas of Informatic:m Theory to Reveal (Krasnoyarsk State Technical University). On Analogies of Ant and Human Languages. the Existence and Duration of Social Norms. M.G. SADOVSKY & A.A. GLISKOV (lnstitut2 Natalia HALD:EYEVA (Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia). The Role of Biophysics SD cjJ RAS, Krasnoyarsk State 01 Human Appearance and the Concept of Technical University, Russia). Towards the Anthropological Autoidentification. Biology of Law.

Sabine HalER (Department of Psychology, Osamu SAKURA (Institue of Human Kassel University, Germany). Accelerated Behavioural Science, Faculty of Business Menarche of Women from Non-regular Family Administration, Yokahama National Environments: How to Find an Explanation. University, Japan). The Recpetion of in Japan, with a Preliminary Alexander.A. KAZANKOV (Moscow, Russia). Comparison to Germany and Korea. Factors of the Inter-community Conflicts among the Hunter-gatherers of the Arid Zones Stephen K. SANDERSON (Dept. of Sociology, William KITCHIN (Loyola College, Baltimore, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA). Maryland, USA). Law as Anti-ritual. Extending Sociobiology's Explanatory Power: SynUletic Materialism--An Integrated Theory Alexander: KOZlNTSEV (Museum of of Human Society. Anthropology and Ethnography, S1. Petersburg, Russia). On the Adaptive Value of Laughter: Valdimir N. SHINKARYOV (Institute of Tickling and the Origins of Humour. Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia). The Khasi Procreation Ideas: Aristotl.e Or Natela MEISHVILI (Institute of Medical Galen? Primatology RAMS, Sochi, Russia). Intergroup Differences of Parental Behaviour in Macaques. Marina VANCHATOVA, Leonid FIRSOV & Nina SAVI1'\JA (Primate Research Grollp Peter MEYER (Department of Sociology, Augsburg UniverSity, Germany). Peculiarities VUFB a.s., K6rtarovice, Czech Republic; of Human Rituals: A Borderline for Primate Research Center, S1. Petersburg, Homologies? Russia; Leningrad Zoo, S1. Petersburg, Russia). !ntrodu.ction of the Group of Hamadryas Balaji MUNDKUR (University of Connecticut, Baboons from. the Leningrad Zoo to the Island: USA). The Migration of Rituals and Sexual Individual Changes of Behaviour. Symbols in Folk Religion. Tatu VANHANEN (University of Helsinki, A.V. OLESKIN, LV. BOTVINKO, T.A. Finland). Roots of Group in Ethnic Nepotism? KIROVSKAYA & E.R. KARTASHOVA (Sector for Biosocial Studies, Cen Physiology Oleg V. YEGORUNIN (Moscow, Russia). and Immunology Dept., Biology Faculty, Ethnonyms of Tai-speaking Peoples and the Moscow State University, Russia). Primitive Problem of Their Self-identification. Human Social Structures and Modern Society: An Ethological Perspective. ZHANG Boshu (Institute of Philosophy, Zhanna REZNIKOVA, Tatyana Peking, China). Biological and Social NOVGORODQVA & Elena DOROSHEVA Perspectives of Human Group Identity: A Case (Institute of Animal Ecology, Novosibirsk; of Chinese Culture. 6 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998

ISHE Web Page: ARTICLES http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at

including the humanities, that a "consilience" Why Academic of knowledge would emerge. In this brief essay Humanists Resist I will discuss the obstacles to such a consilience. They are formidable. Because the intellectual Contemporary tendencies in the humanities, especially the literary humanities, are not widely varied, my Darwinism generalizations are valid.

Tom McBride The obstacles which prevent Department of English humanistic acceptance of the New Darwinism Beloit College are principally three. Each one builds, 700 College St. logically if not always chronologically, on the Beloit, WI 53511-5595 USA previous one.

At least twice in twenty years E. O. (1) While evolutionary psychologists W-ilsQfl (1978, 1998) has predicted that emphasize behavior, humanists in literary and evolutionary explanations for human behavior philosophical fields emphasize language would so influence other fields of inquiry, almost exclusively. The focus on language is Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 7 related to what Terry Eagleton (1983) calls are more aggressive than human females, and "the rise of English": that English literature the former account for the overwhelming as a field of study originated in order to majority of homicidal violence in all human domesticate English laborers through exposure groups... Only men commit rape... " (pp. 274£). to the King's English-which in its complexity Konner of course suggests that this cross- of meaning and nuances of feeling would make cultural phenomenon indicates the rough-hewn classes more "gentle." In this is at work. Today's humanist would, on the sense poetry, as Matthew Arnold hoped, contrary, be sure that the intricate linguistic became a substitute for religion. Since the late codes of a culture, and these alone, determine 19th century the humanistic emphasis on male violence by subtle "male privileging." language has taken other, well-known forms: the intense attention to grammar and style, the (3) The emphasis on language. and on method of "close reading" in order to discover linguistic determinism, is linked with thematic profundity; and the most recent off- humanists' implicit devotion to a moral agenda shoot of close reading, deconstruction, with its of acculturation. The historical roots of this premise that language is a system of opposing agenda run deep-at least back to Plato's social constructs which ultimately undoes preoccupation with the links between the Good itself. Earlier humanists such as Elder Olson and the True and Beautiful, and with the well- (1952) once argued that even in poetry "diction" established historical connections between the was less important than other elements, such as humanities and Judeo-Christian religious "choice," "thought," and "character," that traditions. The nature of the moral good has language was simply a medium by which poets long and constructively been debated in the argued something,' examined choices and humanities, but today's academic humanists in portrayed character. Olson's viewpoint is now the United States have reached a consensus subdued, and has been replaced by the current that goodness equals radical equality, consensus that language controls meaning in all diversity and tolerance. The approaches to its forms. As a result of all these trends, morality often found in today's Darwinian literary humanists view behavioral decisions thought, however, are quite different. made by a character in a novel to be less Morality, rooted deeply in kinship and important than the style of the author. A quick reciprocity, is often viewed as another fitness- and dirty way to put the matter: to humanists beneficial trait, and not exclusive to human today, literature and philosophy are about animals alone. Despite humanists' beliefs that language, not life. they are modern, and even radical, thinkers, they would find deeply alien the idea that (2) The emphasis on language is also morality might be an adaptive feature, rath!::r expressed in a strong affinity impiicitiy anti- like upright walking or peripheral vision. Darwinian-between today's humanists and This is another way of saying that modern the premises of cultural and linguistic humanists take evolved tendencies seriously anthropologists. It is not merely that these when it comes to physical traits, but not when humanists largely ignore behavior. To the it comes to behavioral ones-an idea greatly extent that they are interested in behavior, encouraged by their favorite (and only) they also believe that language determines it. Darwinian, Stephen Jay Gould. Because they Some humanists have taken this premise so far believe that their owh ethical/linguistic as to believe that the individual "author" is agenda can change language and culture and dead-in the sense that "authors" are merely a thus change morality, they are cultural and tangle of the various social and linguistic codes linguistic determinists, but not biological they have inherited. The possibility that determinists. For them, that morality might be some human behavior might be rooted in even partly "in our genes" is an inconvenient fitness-beneficial tendencies-which might idea. have arisen even before the capacity for language did-is either beyond these Once we understand these .three humanists or distasteful to them. For instance, tendencies in contemporary humanistic Melvin Konner (1982) has stated that to practice-an emphasis on language, a premise varying degrees "Human males in every society of linguistic determinism, and a moral agenda 8 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998

rooted in changing language-we will have References placed in context other well-known features of humanistic thought: Dennett, D. (1995). Darwin's Dangerous Idea. New York: Simon and Schuster. • their affinity for what anthropologist Clifford Geertz approvingly calls "thick Eagleton, T. (1983). Literary Theory. description"-a discourse in which cultures are Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. characterized as a series of signs and symbols: complex, multi-layered, ambivalent and Konner, M. (1982). The Tangled Wing. New overlapping; York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

• their preference for a sometimes Olson, E. (1952). An outline of poetic theory," incomprehensible complexity over the more in R. S. Crane (Ed.), Critics and Criticism. elegant and simple explanations of the sciences Chicago: University of Chicago Press. and some of the social sciences-explanations which humanists sometimes dismiss as Orians, G. H. & Heerwagen, J. H. (1992). "reductionist." Evolved responses to landscapes. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby (Eds.),The Adapted • their attraction to scholarship in the service Mind. New York: Oxford University Press. of a politics which champions egalitarianism in race, class and gender. Pinker, Steven (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: Norton. None of the above is to suggest that human beings do not make meaning through Wilson, E. O. (1998). Consilience: The unih) of language, or that language does not sometimes knowledge. New York: Knopf. influence human perception and social construction, or that egalitarianism is not a --- (1978). . Cambridge, good idea. It is to suggest, however, that Mass.: Harvard University Press. humanists, who claim to be contemporary and well-educated persons, are missing what (1995) has called "the best idea anyone has ever had." They will miss developing and well-tested theories of human nature. They "viII miss the possibility that Plurispeciation and Its language as a cause of behavior may sometimes Influence on Human be overrated. They will miss an encounter with the possibility that, for all their emphasis on Behavior thick complexity, they too are reductionist. They will miss exciting possibilities of synthesis: For instance, 's How By Eliezer G. Hammerstein the Mind Works (1997) contains fascinating Kurfurstenstrasse 97 implications for the humanistic study of 12 105 Berlin, Germany rhetoric and persuasion; and the work done by Gordon Orians and Judith Heerwagen (1992) on "Homo sapiens sapiens is one single evolved responses to landscapes offers fertile zoological species." In terms of behavioral implications for explaining human aesthetic ecology, this is even more than just a commonly preferences. accepted truth: In the "global village" of our times it simply is no longer possible for any For now, however, forget "consilience." human population to live in almost complete It would be an amazing advancement if isolation for any' length of time, certainly not Darwinians and humanists could just achieve long enough to evolve physical adaptations to dialogue. an extreme environment, as Pygmies, Eskimos, Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 9

et al. once did. Panmixis has cut short the achieved by indoctrination. process of the biological speciation of humans, suspended it until further notice. Proliferation of Group Identities

The members of this peculiar species Simultaneously, and increasingly so qre, above all, mental beings, endowed with since the onset of urqanization, people became free will and with capabilities no other living specialized in the occupations by which they creature eVer possessed. But this beautiful soul make their living (Anderson, 1973), Tribal dwells in an arUmal body and this body still is territories and, later, states became ecosystems equipped with innate dispositions for with niches--trades and professions--.in which behaviors and reactions that were useful in the different people earn their livelihood in relatively simple environment of life in the different ways. But, again, these adaptations wild but now are apt to counteract reason and also characterize animals belonging to humaneness (Hassenstein, 1986). different species. And this too had peculiar consequences. Furthermore, not just racial differences- -the visible remnants of former biological Each profession or trade now has not speciation processes--are in evidence almost just one socioeconomic or sociocultural function, everywhere; the societies of modern Man are as postulated by functionalist sociology, but also the outcome of two parallel processes of another, more elementary one: It serves as the . Each of these is, in certain source of livelihood for all those engaged in it. respects, analogous to speciation. Both Were In any conflict of interest between these two described decades ago, but have always been functions, the biologically conditioned drive for discussed separately. securing a livelihood--including the convenience and profitability of one's Job--will Hostility between Groups supersede any other consideration, such as professional ethics. Parliamentarians voting Since the dawn oj history, originally for cuts in social services and simultaneously territorial groups of humans tended to raising their own salaries serVe as an differentiate themselves from one .another, not illustration; Parkinson's law is another. only by their skin color but also by their integuments (i.e., clQthing), traditional hahits, People also tend to band together and communication signais (i.e., languages). outside the natural spheres of subsistence and Alas, these are the same characteristics by territoriality. They fonn clubs, societies, and which animals belQnging to different species associations for every conceivable purpose, even set themselves apflrt, Accordingly, Erikson the weirdest ones. Furthermore, people create (1966) termed this process "cultural institutionalized congregations because they pseudospeciation." hold and share ideological, political, religious, and other magical beliefs. On the However, it had one fatal consequence. other end of the scale are urban gangs, formed If people look as if they belong to another by young males out of joblessness, boredom Or species, they may be perceived, at least in she"er frustration. situations of conflict, as being nonhumans. This, in tum, may trigger reactions that are typical However, this whole multi-layered for interspecies confrontations--which are and multi-faceted result of what I propose to usually more vicious than of intraspecies term "human polyspeciation" is only the basic strife (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1975). Indeed, structure, inside which each of the groupings xenophobic cruelties are easiest to evoke among mentioned above reacts opportunistically, groups of people who look different. Since most according to biologically conditioned rules of Jews do not look unlike other Europeans, the primate behavior, especially in one blatant Nazis, at their time, marked them with a pattern: If someone or something is perceived yellow star. But it is well known that marking as endangering the group, then fear, ahybody or any group as nonhuman can also be discrimination against outsiders, and the urge 10 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998

for solidarity combine into an unholy, example of a purely culturally conditioned synergistic trinity. This in turn always triggers behavior coming to correspond with some rule of the same reaction: closing ranks, standing nature. In any case, the current worldwide shoulder to shoulder, focusing attention on the networking of knowledge and production, leader (the alpha animal) and then "follow together with convergence of styles of him, forward, onto them." architecture and clothing, are conducive to this trend. This holds true not just for baboons. For humans there is not even a need for real threats Still, the current peaceful coexistence of to be evident; it suffices that anyone who can states was achieved only after 3 or 4 millennia, focus attention on himself and proclaims that during which the size and control of states was danger is present evokes the same reaction. The determined almost exclusively by warfare. most horrid example was the reactions of the And it would be foolish to presume that all the Germans in the 1930's to the enticements of other ecologicat demographic and social Hitler, Goebbels & Co. But similar reactions problems of the world will also solve could be observed a mere 20 years earlier in all themselves by . In fact, the capitals of Europe on the outbreak of World the colossal acceleration of sociocultural War I (Hassenstein, 1986). And they are evolution itself is so affecting the biosphere evident everywhere today, from the congeries that the global ecosystem no longer ha!'; time to of Islamic fW1damentalists to many a football avoid capsizing. stadium. Intensified Global Competition For the sake of accuracy it should be emphasized that professional soldiers are not Furthermore, as the world economy an W1natural phenomenon--consider the soldier becomes increasingly polyspecific, the more it castes of social insects. However, neither ants is regulated by a single factor: maximization of nor baboons have mercenaries, general staffs, profits. The resulting concentration of and weapons industries that enable their financiat and therefore political, power in the employees to make their living from making hands of multinational corporations enables war. them to thwart legislation to protect the environment. This consumer economy is Suspension of International War depleting nonrenewable resources, while at the same time the population explosion in A recent development regarding all developing countries is creating environmental these dire circumstances is remarkable: Lately pressures and people who carmot be expected to there have been almost no wars between solidly be sensitive to these abstract problems. established national states. All recent bloody conflicts have been civil wars, SOme among Global regulatory mechanisms are factions competing for power, most between sorely needed, but how can they be developed ethnic groups that have not yet sorted in our polyspecific world? Behold the USA, themselves out spatially into separate nation largest producer of greenhouse gases, whose states. founding fathers based their constitution on a system of checks and balances but who refuse to By contrast, the United Nations has join an international convention to reduce these adopted the principle of peaceful coexistence emissions. "within secure and recognized borders." This has long been the formula for eventual solution Need for Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Arab-Israeli conflict, and the Gulf War was waged in its name. It may well be that In addressing these dilemmas, the pluralistic national states that dwell in peace traditional academic disciplines remain beside each other are the solution for humans' encapsulated. They lack breadth for pluralistic ecological status, which results from considering all relevant levels of analysis. For our polyspeciation. If so, this will be an example, the eminent sociologist Dahrendorf Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 11 (1998) addresses the social consequences of globalization but fails to come to grips with the problem of reconciling unlimited growth and waste with limited resources. Report on APLS

Behavioral biologists are "adapted" to Meeting bridge such gaps. The sciences of Man should pay more attention to the basic fact that humans behave as though they belong to By John Strate innumerable different species and now live in Dept. of Political Science ever more deregulated and virtual Wayne State University environments. Although it is usually the other Detroit, MI 48202, USA side that has difficulties with [email protected] miltidisciplinary thinking, ethologists should spare no effort to initiate and to join The Association for Politics and the cooperative ventures that attempt to produce Life Sciences (APLS) held its 18th annual practical proposals. Ecology and behavioral meeting 3-6 September 1998 in Boston. The biology have already offered many sound meeting was the first held independently of suggestions; it is time to advise political bodies the American Political Science Association. and the media on how to restore regulatory There were about 200 participants fraIl} control over the system. If the present trend universities, institutes. the health care sector, continues unchecked, the biological speciation and government who represented a wide array of Homo s. sapiens will soon be reactivated. of disciplines and interests. The meeting in my Natural selection will leave only those who judgment was a great success. This was due in are physiologically able to survive in the large part to the work of Gary Johnson, changed biosphere. Whether or not our Executive Director of the Association, and his polyspecific groups will behave in a more assistants. reasonable, spiritual, and humane fashion remains to be seen. The keynote address was by Edward O. Wilson. Using examples from his recent book References Consilience, Wilson argued that social scientists should direct their attention to the Anderson, J. (1973). Ecological anthropology. discovery and study of epigenetic rules. In Honigman (Ed.), handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology. Skokie, lL: Rand Other lectures i..rlcluded George Arulas McNally. (cloning), Lynton Caldwell (environmental degradation), Richard Butler (arms control), Dahrendorf, R. (1998). An der Schwelle zum Patricia Gowaty (evolutionary feminism), autorihiren Jahrhundert. In U. Beck (Ed.), Patricia King (race and class), James Q. Wilson Perspektiven der Weltgesselschaft. U. (evolutionary explanations of human Suhrkamp. behavior), and Richard Wrangham (violence in the shaping of human society). The panels Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1975). War and Peace. included presentations on biological weapons, Piper. genetics and public policy, bioethics, biomedical policy and health, environment Erikson, E. (1966). Ontogeny of ritualization. and population, and political behavior and In Philosophical Transactions. Bulletin of the theory. Royal Society of London. The 1999 meeting will be held in Hassenstein, B. (1986). Widersacher der Atlanta in early September. ISHE members Vernunft und der Humanitat in der who want to learn more about the APLS, its menschlichen Natur. In fahrbuch, journal Politics and the Life Sciences, and the Heidelberger Akademie d. Wissenschaften. next meeting should access the APLS web page: http://www.lssu.edu/apls. Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 12

Officers of the Society BOOK REVIEWS

President Charles B. Crawford Deparbnent of Psychology Coalitions and Alliances in Simon Fraser University Humans and Other Animals Burnaby, B.c. V5A 1S6, Canada tel. 1-604-291-3660 Edited by Alexander H. Harcourt and Frans B. fax 1-604-291-3427 M. de Waal. Oxford University Press, 2001 e-mail: [email protected] Evans Road, Cary, NC 27513, USA, 1992, $89.00 (hdbk.). Vice-President! President-Elect Linda Mealey Reviewed by Penny Anthon Green, Box 814, St. Deparbnent of Psychology Edward's University, 3001 South Congress Queensland University Avenue, Austin, TX 78704, USA. Brisbane,4072, Qld., Australia Coalitions and Alliances aims toward fax 61-7-3365-4466 integrating different approaches to the study of e-mail: [email protected] the cooperative strategies fOT which it is named. It does this by bringing together data and Vice-President for Information theoretical insights provided by scientists in Glenn Weisfeld disciplines ranging from zoology to the social (see Editorial Staff box) sciences. The book comprises eighteen papers, divided into three substantive parts, plus an Secretary introductory and concluding chapter. Karl Grammer Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for The introductory chapter (de Waal and Urban Ethology/Human Biology Harcourt) provides an historical overview of ethological research on coalitions and alliances, Althanstrasse 14 and defines key terms. A "coalition" is defined A-1090 Vienna, Austria as cooperation within a competitive context, in which the interests of the cooperating parties are Treasurer advanced at the expense of a third party. The Barbara F. Fuller term "alliance" is reserved for enduring School of Nursing cooperative relationships. University of Colorado 4200 E. Ninth Ave. Part One of the book, entitled Denver, CO 80220 USA "Coalitions, Alliances, and the Structure of tel. 1-303-315-8929 Society," elucidates the reciprocal relationship fax 1-303-315-5666 between individuals and their society. More e-mail: [email protected] precisely, the papers in this section attempt to show (a) how individuals' efforts to form coalitions and alliances influence the structure of Membership Chair their society, and (b) how structural Nancy L. Segal arrangements affect the formation of coalitions Deparbnent of Psychology and alliances. Chapter titles include 'The role of California State University alliances in social inheritance of rank among Fullerton, CA 92634 USA female primates" (B. Chapais), "Effects of tel. 1-714-773-2142 availability of allies on female dominance fax 1-714-449-7134 structure" (5. B. Datta), "Conflict intervention e-mail: [email protected] behaviour by adult male macaques" (c. L. Ehardt and 1. S. Bernstein), "Coalition formation Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 13 in a colony of prepubertal spotted hyaenas" (C first concerns the economics of cooperation as a J. Zabel, S. E. Glickman, L. G. Frank, K. B. competitive strategy. The authors note that Woodmansee and G. Keppel), "Segmentary certain patterns of cooperation are found in 'warfare' and the management of conflict: many species, including humans. Examples comparison of East African chimpanzees and include the tendency for group members to patrilineal-patrilocal humans" (C Boehm), and cooperate under conditions of intergroup 'The effects of intragroup cooperation and conflict, the observation that kin and similarly intergroup competition on in-group cohesion positioned individuals are often one other's and out-group hostility" a. M. Rabbie). most common coalition partners, and the fact that levels of intergroup competition frequently Part Two of the book, entitled correlate with the steepness of the dominance "Cooperative Strategies in the 'Political' Arena," orders within the competing groups. The examines some of the more immediate causes of authors argue that at the functional level (i.e., coalitions and alliances. Although the the level of payoffs of consequences of action), contributors consider various levels of explanations provided by diverse scholars who proximate causation, most focus in one way or study these phenomena are often very similar. another on the payoffs that derive from Each emphasizes that individuals cooperate for pursuing cooperative strategies in competitive the mutual advantages that cooperation can situations. These payoffs include defeating or bring. Since functional explanations can be stalemating political rivals, gaining access to applied to both human and non-human desirable resources (including mates), and behavior, the potential is present for integrating securing advantages for one's offspring. insights from different disciplines. Chapter titles include "Patterns of intervention in agonistic contests among male bonhet A second recurring issue concerns the macaques" (J. B. Silk), "Coalitions as part of question of how cooperating individuals reap reciprocal relations in the Amhem chimpanzee the benefits of their cooperation. Do these colony" (de Waal), 'lntervention in conflicts benefits arise more or less immediately from the among children" (K. Grammer), "Alliance advantages gained through successful formation among male baboons" (R. Noe), and cooperation or do they arise later because of "Cooperation in conflict: alliances in reciprocation? In other words, under what international politics" (V. S. E. Falger). conditions are coalitions examples of mutualism rather than reciprocation? Part Three of the book, entitled "Coalitions and Alliances: Evolutionary A third recurring question involves the Considerations," focuses on more distant or complexity of the cognitive processes required evolutionary causation. Some of the influences for multi-level coalitions. Stated differently, examined include evolutionary consequences of how much relevant information do animals, inter and intragroup competition, the- differing including humans, need to process before nature of the resources typically pursued by forming coalitions and alliances? The authors males and females, the evolutionary advantages suggest that primatologists may have too accruing to primates able to compete quickly posited the existence of very complex successfully as immatures, and the relationship cognitive processes, when considerably less between polyadic interactions and the evolution complex mechanisms might achieve the same of information processing capabilities. Chapter result. To illustrate their point, the authors note titles include "Cooperation in competition: the that ants, chimpanzees, and humans all stage ecology of primate bonds" (J. A. R .A. M. van cooperative "raids" into neighboring territory. Hooff and C .P. van Schaik), "Sex differences in No one is suggesting that ants process alliances, and the acquisition and maintenance information in the same manner as do either of dominance status among immature primates" chimpanzees or humans, but the behavioral (P. C Lee and J. A. Johnson), "Dolphin alliances similarity questions the necessity of complex and coalitions" (R. C Connor, R. A. Smolker, information processing mechanisms. and A. F. Richards), "Coalitions and alliances: are primates more complex than non-primates?" I found Coalitions and Alliances to be (Harcourt), and 'The evolution of reciprocity very informative. Although most of the when conditions vary" (R. Boyd). chapters focus on non-human primates, other species, including humans, are also considered. The concluding chapter (Harcourt and And while there is some disagreement between de Waal) addresses some important theoretical the contributors on important theoretical issues, questions that recur throughout the book. The these questions are addressed in a thoughtful, 14 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 well-reasoned manner, with an eye toward A lot of Goody's chapter is taken up finding common ground. Perhaps most with the interrelationship between language important is Harcourt and de Waal's effort to and intelligence. She sees language as stimulate a dialogue between scholars who facilitating AlP in several ways, making it study non-human behavior and their colleagues in the social sciences. Interdisciplinary volumes more powerful. The mental representations such as this are essential if intellectual cross- which language allowed permitted an fertilization is to occur. This book is essential awareness of intentionality and a reading for any academic interested in representation of AlP as internal dialogue; AlP understanding the evolutionary foundations of structures of thought became a model for cooperative behavior. reciprocity in social relations, and subsequently the emergence of social rules and roles.

Social Intelligence and Interaction The next chapter, by Byrne, summarizes the recent knowledge on ape intelligence which Edited by Esther N. Goody. Cambridge was given a much more detailed treatment in University Press, 40 W. 20th St., New York, NY his book The Thinking Ape (1995). There 10011 USA, 1995, $$59.95 (hdbk.), $19.95 follows a chapter by Hutchins and Hazlehurst (ppI.). on a computer simulation of how a shared lexicon may develop--promising, but at some Reviewed by Peter K. Smith, Department of distance yet from the complexity of real-life Psychology, Goldsmiths' College, New Cross, social interactions. An example of shared use of London S£14 6NW, U.K. lexical terms comes with kinship terminology, explored by Bird-David from hunter-gatherer This is an ambitious book, bringing studies, with the issue being the extent to together some unlikely bedfellows. It which such terms actually influence behavior. juxtaposes Richard Byrne, writing about 'the ape legacy' and the continuities to be drawn There then follow a number of chapters from primate to human intelligence with which are mainly on the detailed analysis of sociologists, anthropologists, and conversations and social encounters, in the .style enthnomethodologists who quote approvingly of ethnomethodologists and psycholinguists. the Berger and Luckmann text The Social They examine such aspects as the use of Construction of Reality (1966), which denies preparatory components in interactions any biologically based human nature. The book (Streeck); sequential patterns and strategies actually includes a chapter by Thomas (Drew); anticipation and tactics (Good); Luckmann (and it would appear he has politeness and irony in conversations (Brown); somewhat modified his views over the last 30 and communicative genres (Luckmann). These years). are all interesting contributions in their own right, especially for ethnomethodologists and What draws different contributions psycholinguists. All also pay at least some lip together is the idea of 'Anticipatory service to the theme of AlP. In a sense, one can Interactive Planning', or AlP, proposed by see these detailed observations of verbal (and Esther Goody in her very interesting initial sometimes nonverbal) behavior in social chapter. Goody takes the argument (espoused interactions as exemplars of AlP in action; they by Byrne and others) that social intelligence is lay bare the workings of AlP in contemporary a vita1 adaptation in the primates. She humans. However, there are unanswered unpacks this as being the need to anticipate the questions about the level of conscious awareness actions of others, calculate short- and long-term at which these strategies emerge, and in costs and gains, and pay close attention to themselves they tell us little if anything about signals about the consequences of one's own the possible co-evolution of language and behavior. Modeling this at the cognitive level intelligence and the role of AlP. Rather, we constitutes AlP. AlP was an evolutionary are looking at the endpoint of the process. response to social living among primates, and in turn set challenges which progressively The final section of the book is quite increased intelligence in the hominids. varied. Two chapters (Zeitlyn, and Goody) consider divination, and prayer, as dialogue Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 15 processe_s. Dialogue is taken as a constant feature of individual social cognition (given the role of AlP in modeling, as described Editorial Staff above); the cross-cultural dialogic nature of divination, and prayer, are taken as exemplars Editor consistent with this view. Glenn Weisfeld Department of Psychology A particularly interesting chapter is by Wayne State University Levinson, on interactional biases in human Detroit MI 48202 USA thinking. He discusses the kinds of 'irrational' tel. 1-313-577-2835 behavior in humans described by Tversky and fax 1-313-577-7636 Kahneman, and by Dorner, and makes a e-mail: [email protected] reasonably convincing case that they can be interpreted in terms of the nature of an Current Literature Editor intelligence forged by social interaction and Johan van der Dennen AlP. This chapter is thought-provoking and Center for Peace and Conflict Studies innovative, and does address some of Goody's University of Groningen fundamental assumptions. Surprisingly, Oude Kijk in 't Jatstraat 5/9 Levinson does not cite Cosmides' work on the 9712 EA Groningen, The Netherlands Wason selection task, surely the best-known tel. 31-50-3635649 example, to evolutionary psychologists, of fax 31-50-3635635; email: social biases in cognition. [email protected]

Finally, Carrithers discusses the social Outgoing Book Review Editor interactive nature of stories and narratives as Linda Mealey told in traditional societies. The relevance to Department of Psychology AlP is less evident here. Indeed, altogether Queensland University the attempt to give a unitary framework to the Brisbane 4072, Australia collection, which Goody tries to do valiantly in fax 61-7-3365-4466 her opening chapter (with a review of each e-mail: [email protected] contribution in this context), is only partially (returning to Minnesota in January) successful. The chapters cover contributions from a variety of disciplines and include much New Chid Book Review Editor anthropological detail, minutiae of interaction Peter LaFreniere sequences, and discourses on social rules and Little Hall processes (as well as some evolution and some Department of Psychology cognitive science). It is a fascinating collection Univesity of Maine to dip into, and some chapters, notably the Orono, ME 04469 USA opening one by Goody and that by Levinson, tel. 1-207-581-2044 advance the argument in an excellent, fax 1-207-581-6128 thoughtful way. Much of the remaining e-mail: [email protected] collection provides raw material on social intelligence in action in modern humans, but German Book Review Editor does rather little to relate this to the Karl Grammer ftmdamental questions of language, cognition Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for and social intelligence which will be of interest Urban Ethology/Hurnan Biology to a readership adopting an evolutionary Althanstrasse 14 perspective. A-1090 Vienna, Austria

Reference Spanish and Portuguese Book Review Editor Eduardo Gudynas Byrne, R. (1995). The Thinking Ape. Oxford: c/o ASMER Regional Office Oxford University Press. Casilla Correo 13125 16 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 Basis of Sexual Orientation and Sex-Typical Behavior held at Minot, North Dakota, USA Sexual Orientation: Toward in 1995. The symposium was organized by Lee Ellis, a professor at Minot State University, Biological Understanding and his former student, Linda Ebertz. The papers deal primarily with sexual orientation. Edited by Lee Ellis and Linda Ebertz. A second book based on the conference and Greenwood Publishing, P. O. Box 5007, focusing on sex-typical behavior is scheduled Westport, CT 06881, USA, $65 (hdbk.). for publication this year by Praeger under the title Males, Females, and Behavior. A third Reviewed by Vern 1. Bullough, 17434 Mayall set of papers was published in the Journal of St., Northridge, CA 91325, USA. Sex Research, 34(2), 1997. The conference seems to have been a path-breaking one. This book includes a number of papers given at the First International Behavioral The authors of this volume identify Development Symposium on the Biological themselves as biopsychologists, research physicians, physiologists, neuropsychologists, animal scientists, neurobiologists, or brain researchers--in short, they have a strong Bulletin Submissions and Duplication biological bent. The social and cultural, however, are nbt entirely ignored since Ellis Anything that might be of interest to ISHE himself is a sociologist and criminologist, members is welcome: Society Matters; articles; albeit a biologically oriented one. He wrote a replies to articles; suggestions; announcements general chapter summarizing research on of meetings, journals or professional societies; perinatal influences on behavior and health. etc. These sorts of submission should be sent Also writing a general chapter were Diane F. to the editor. Book review inquiries should go Halpern and Marciana Crothers, "Sex, Sexual to the appropriate book review editor. Orientation and Cognition," based on their own Submission should be in English, on paper and others' research. All the other contributors and, if possible, also on diskette (MS Word 5.0 were more narrowly focused within their own preferred). Shorter reviews are desirable (less specialty, but they were encouraged to write for than 1000 words). Please include complete the general reader, and for the most part do so. references for all publications cited. For book reviews, please include publisher's The book is divided into two sections: mailing address and the price or hardback "Genetic and Perinatal Influences on Sexual and paperback editions. Orientation," and "Neurological and Submissions are usually reviewed only b Physiological Aspects of Sexual Orientation." the editorial staff. However, some Included are nearly 50 pages of references, and a submissions are rejected. Political censorship comprehensive index. is avoided, so as to foster free and creative exchange of (even outrageous) ideas among The contributors include Martin S. scholars. The fact that material appears in the Grobert ("Neuroendocrine Foundations of newsletter never implies the truth of those Diverse Sexual Phenotypes in Fish"), Craig ideas, ISHE's endorsement of them, or support Howard Kinsley, Kelly Gurley Lambert & for any policy implications that might be Hendree Evelyn Jones ("Experimental inferred from them. Alterations of Prenatal Determinants of Sexual Bulletin conteDt may be reproduced withou Orientation and Sex-Typed Behavior in limit for scholarly (but not commercial) Nonhuman Mammals"), Heino F. 1. Meyer- purposes. That is, no one may be charged for Bahlburg ("Sexual Behavior and Sexual receJving the content, unless permission is Orientation in Females with Congenital obtained from the Editor or the lSHE Adrenal Hyperplasia"), John Bakker & A. President. Sample copies of the Bulletin are Koos Slob ("Sexual Differentiation of the Brain available from the Editor. Send number of and Partner Preference in the Male Rat"), Dick copies desired and date required. F. Swabb, Jiang-Niang Zhou, Mariann Fodor & Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 17

Michael A. Hofman ("Sexual Differentiation but only up to a point. Then doubt creeps in for of the Human Hypothalamus: Differences reasons noted below. According to Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Transsexuality"), David W. Holtzen ("Sexual Diamond's interdisciplinary scope Orientation and Handedness"), and Anna covers not only New Guinea but also the Herman-Jeglinska, Stanislaw Dulka & Anna majority of the world's have-not cultures, Maria Grabowska ("Transsexuality and cultures that exemplify gross inequalities in Adextrality"). people's material well-being. His have-nots include Aboriginal Australians, Africans, and One of the more fascinating chapters Native Americans, as well as historically which in my mind raises questions for the more earlier groups such as the Aztecs and Mayans. rigid social constructivists is Ann Perkins and Such breadth of scope makes a detailed and James A. Fitzgerald's study on 2100 rams, many comprehensive review difficult. So I will limit of which clearly prefer to mount a partner of the present review to three points. the same sex. The authors found that 25% of the rams were not sexually active, .and that (1) Diamond does an excellent job in some of the sexually active rams preferred covering such topics as how geography molded males to females, even during the rutting Polynesian societies (including Australia and season. A minority of rams seemed to have New Guinea, Inca and Mayan culture); farmer nearly unlimited capacity for mounting estrous power as the generator of guns, germs and females, while others had more limited steel,;the unconscious development of ancient capabilities. Interestingly, many of the males crops; plant and animal domestication; and the thaJ were mounted by other males preferred to evolution of writing, technology, government, mount estrous females themselves. The findings and religion. He even answers the questions of . have the potential of challenging basic ideas "How China became Chinese" and "How about animal sexuality. Perhaps Ferdinand Africa became black." the mythical bull who preferred flowers to bull fighting might also have had other interests In all of this Diamond maintains a than mounting females as well. steady course. Environmental factors and chance events, both ultimate and proximate, are dealt with systematically and artfully in great detail. What is especially pleasing is Guns, Germs, and Steel: The that he draws on very extensive field experience, and couples it with an enormous Fates ofHuman Societies grasp of literature (29 pages of references close the volume). By . W. W. Norton & Co., 500 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10110, USA, 1997, (2) Diamond concludes that geography $27.50 (hdbk.). and chance, not people themselves, are destiny; environmental differences and accidents of any Reviewed by William R. Charlesworth, variety are ultimately responsible for Stockholm, WI 54769, USA. determining the fates of peoples.

This is a geographical, This conclusion is backed by an anthropological, archaeological, botanical, impressive identification and integration of zoological, epidemiological, historical tour de many factors derived from archaeological, force that attempts to answer the question linguistic, (some) genetic, climatic, and asked by Yali, a New Guinea friend of the geographical evidence. Diamond argues that author: "Why is it that you white people (a) certain environments support extensive developed so much cargo and brought it to New farming and plant and animal domestication, Guinea, but we black people had [sic] little (b) farming produces more food than foraging, cargo of our own?" (p. 14). Diamond's answer is (c) more food results in larger populations than scholarly, voluminous, nuanced, and convincing, that of hunter/gatherers, (d) increased 18 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998

Diamond's assertion of the non- population size requires and ultimately leads importance of genetic differences would be more to greater division among and organization of convincing if he paid attention to two members, which in turn puts pressure on evolutionary phenomena--the founder effect producing a common language and standardized and . As evolutionary scientists means of communication, (e) farmers attract well know (voir Mayr, 1970), founders of new and, because of their larger number, easily animal colonies "contain only a small fraction repel food-seeking competitors, (f) farming also of the total genetic variation of the parental releases males for military purposes which population (or species)" (p. 417). This means include attacking, destroying, and subjugating that it is possible that colonies may differ non-farmers, (g) the increased population size genetically by chance--on more traits than just of farmers also releases individuals for blood groups. technological and organizational jobs that make centralized government necessary as well The extent to which genetic variation as possible, (h) increased population size also is responsible fOT variation in certain traits increases the number of human and animal such as aggressivity may account in part for the hosts to disease-producing bacteria, (i) violent destruction of the Moriori by the Maori, immunity to diseases develops among farm a depressing example that Diamond vividly populations faster than among non-farmers, and discusses. The overwhelmingly uninhibited (j) non-farmers are therefore gradually and sustained lust for destruction manifested by exterminated by the combined effects of the the Moriori may have been due exclusively to farmers' superiQr numbers, technology (weapons cultural values and early soCialization and metals), organizational/communicative practices. But then maybe not; genetic expertise, and disease. differences may also have played a role. More likely, genes and culture interacted. In short, environmental factors and consequent food production are the bottom-line Diamond's dismissal of a genetic effect causes of differences in survival. What would be more convincing if he would present environment a particular population inhabits is evidence that both the Maori and the Moriori determined by chance. YaH has his answer. were equivalently nonaggressive or aggressive, The white man's superiority in having so much and that they split off from one another. He of cargo "was due to accidents of geography and course does not have such evidence; no one does. biogeography in particular, to continents' Instead, he resorts to an argument based on the different areas, axes, and suites of wild plfu"'1t concept of natural experiInent, a concept he ends and animal species" (pp. 400f). his last chapter defending.

(3) Perhaps, but two major aspects of Diamond's defense is that since the story have been left out--population historians cannot conduct experiments, they are genetics and human cognition. Diamond directs compelled to "take advantage of natural much of his effort to eliminating genetics, experiments, by comparing systems in the especially genetics of intelligence. In his absence or presence (or in the strong or weak argument he includes his own experiences with effect) of some putative causal factor" (p. 424). those tribal peoples he knows well. In this Fair enough: the comparative method is respect, I go along with him. I, too, have met important. But it is never decisive in throwing very bright "tribal" people (like Yali) whose the balance heavily toward one causal only misfortune (if one's misfortune is not hypothesis or its rival. having lots of cargo) is having been born in the wrong place at the wrong time. Their cognitive As I understand it, the term "natural skills appear to me to be focused on specific experiment" is an oxymoron. Experiments are environmental demands but are clearly consciously planned, contrived, and controlled adequate, in my estimation, to succeed in manipulations of conditions aimed expressly at , EUTOp.ean settings. But, unlike Diamond's, my isolating variables that are usually confounded sample of such persons is small and most likely in nature. Nature does not experiment; only unrepresentative. conscious scientists do. I I Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 19 interested in to realize that As biology amply shows, nature is the mind is an important factor in natural permeated with individual variation, some of selection. Today, a whole subdiscipline, which contributes to such phenomena as , is emerging to polymorphism and speciation. Humans are no address the problem of the evolution of the different. It is plausible that tough, warlike human mind (voir Pinker, 1997). This individuals choose to follow a tough, warlike subdiscipline faces a very difficult task but is leader to colonize Island X, and gentle clear about what its task is--to study the individuals colonize Island Y. Deep-seated evolution of cognitive operations and functions temperamental traits are very frequently the that allowed humans to solve particular basis for decision making, especially when one adaptational problems. This task is just as must select a group to spend one's life with. For important as enumerating sequences of this reason a possible founder effect should not behavioral events and env-jronmental be discarded. contingencies that characterize human history. Nevertheless, it is difficult to contest Diamond's construal of his evidence Diamond's argument that the results form a bypasses human decision making and problem wide array of comparative studies weaken solving as major forces in history. He claims of genetic differences between concentrates on outside forces that drive populations. His reliance on Cavalli-Sfora's humans to do what they do... as if they were et al. (1994) monumental compendium of human puppets sans mind, sans stable individual gene frequencies worldwide gives strength to differences. His final equation of environment his conclusion. and chance determining behavior lacks two essential factors--genes and mind. He has a Independent of the latter, however, his good case for a necessary cause (in the creation conclusion that chance environmental of haves and have nots), but he is a long way conditions dominate human behavior neglects a from providing a sufficient cause. That cause major variable--the human mind. A dominant will implicate genes and minds as well as feature of human behavior is that it is heavily environments. influenced by cognitive processes--in fact, so much so that it is impossible to write a As for Yali's question which propelled satisfactory description or history of any group this book into existence, it would be interesting of humans without concentrating on their to hear his own answer to it. He must be aware beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, reason--all of the nature of white peoplE?, so obtaining his cognitions. views on black-white relations is certainly not irrelevant to our arrival at a better answer. In searching for reasons to support his answer to Yali, Diamond becomes a historian. References However, as professional historians (voir Collingwood, 1956) well know, "Unlike the Cavalli-Sfora, L. , Menozzi, P., & Piazza, A. natural scientist, the historian is not concerned (1994). The History and Geography of Human with [natural events] as such at all. He is only Genes. Princeton, N]: Princeton University concerned with those events which are the Press. outward expression of thoughts, and is only concerned with these [events] as they express Collingwood, R. G. (1956). The idea of History. thoughts" (p. 217). Collingwood may be New York: Oxford University Press. exaggerating: events are critical in writing history, but so are the reasons behind them. Mayr, E. (1970). Populations, Species, and Historians must attempt to infer the cognitions Evolution: An abridgment of Animal Species of past individuals and the shared thoughts of and Evolution. Cambridge: Harvard their communities. Otherwise, they will end University Press. up writing histories of complex machines. Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New It has taken some time for scientists York: W. W. Norton. 20 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 greater than person variance" (1979a, p. 259). Traits do exist but only within a specified Membership Renewals for 1999 context. He also challenged the idea of the childhood origins of personality. Shweder It is time to renew your membership for 1999 (1979a) reported, for example, that if you have not already done so. Membership correlations between childhood and infancy is by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by tend to be poor. the first of the year. If the date on your mailing label is earlier than the current year, Zuckerman takes issue with these it is time to renew your membership. For "radical situationists." Without mentioning financial reasons, renewal notices are not by name any Freudians or Jungians, Zuckerman usually sent. Please report any errors, change distances himself from this imposing segment of address, etc. to the Treasurer. Current dues of modern psychology. "Psychologists," he and directions for payment are given on the observed, "tend to make conceptual last page. Allow four weeks for recording generalizations about the behaviors they study changes of address or payment of dues. without empirical justification" (p. 1). And later, he declares, "Without a foundation in biological science, psychology is doomed to an Psychobiology ofPersonality endless exchange of one set of faddish hypothetical constructs for another" (p. 427). By Marvin Zuckerman. Cambridge University Press, 40 W. 20th St., New York, NY 10011 Zuckerman's book presents a wealth of USA, 1991, $39.95 (ppr.). data supporting the idea of consistency of traits over the lifetime of an individual. For Reviewed by George Kocan, 27 W. 179 Galusha instance, in Sweden hyperactivity, aggression Rd., Warrenville, IL 60555 USA. and impulsivity manifested consistency between ages 13 and 27; the r's ranged from .33 Consistency of Personality to .37. Extraversion, anxiety, and sociability show even greater consistency among observers Early in this book, in the second and over similar intervals in the life span of chapter, Zuckerman tackles a tricky problem the subject. for psychobiology. Without having a positive answer to this question, psychobiology as a Models of Personality serious research endeavor has no future. The question is, do personality traits really exist? Zuckerman crItically reviews the major There is a school of thought among models germane to the subject of psychobiology: psychologists, of the anthropological or the "top down approach of Eysenck and the sociological persuasion, which maintains that bottom up approach of Gray" (p. xi). Gray's traits depend more on context than on work addresses the neuropsychology of constitutional features of the human organism. anxiety, impulsivity, and aggressivity, all deemed Mischel (1968), for example, major personality traits associated with challenged the theory that personality is fundamental biological systems. Eysenck's consistent over different situations. He found three-factor model features E, the that "trait relevant" behaviors showed a introversion-extraversion dimension; N, correlation of .30 or less across situations. neuroticism or emotional stability; and P, Accordingly, personality is an "illusion psychoticism involving "tough-minded, fostered by the similar appearances of persons antisocial tendencies" at one end and and beliefs of observers" (p. 45). He argued "socialized humanness" at the other. that all personalities are idiosyncratic, since all persons have unique life experiences. Much of Zuckerman's experimental research focuses upon the personality trait of Shweder (1979a, 1979b) continued this sensation seeking. The research itself involves argument, concluding that "method variance is mostly pencil and paper tests of personality 20 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 greater than person variance" (1979a, p. 259). Membership Renewals for 1999 Traits do exist but only within a specified context. He also challenged the idea of the childhood origins of personality. Shweder It is time to renew your membership for 1999 (1979a) reported, for example, that ifyou have not already done so. Membership correlations between childhood and infancy is by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by tend to be poor. the first of the year. If the date on your mailing label is earlier than the current year, Zuckerman takes issue with these it is time to renew your membership. For "radical situationists." Without mentioning financial reasons, renewal notices are not by name any Freudians or Jungians, Zuckerman usually sent. Please report any errors, change distances himself from this imposing segment of address, etc. to the Treasurer. Current dues of modern psychology. "Psychologists," he and directions for payment are given on the observed, "tend to make conceptual last page. Allow four weeks for recording generalizations about the behaviors they study changes of address or payment of dues. without empirical justification" (p. 1). And later, he declares, "Without a foundation in Psychobiology ofPersonality biological science, psychology is doomed to an endless exchange of one set of faddish hypothetical constructs for another" (p. 427). By Marvin Zuckerman. Cambridge University Press, 40 W. 20th St., New York, NY 10011 Zuckerman's book presents a wealth of USA, 1991, $39.95 (ppr.). data supporting the idea of consistency of traits over the lifetime of an individual. For Reviewed by George Kocan, 27 W. 179 Galusha instance, in Sweden hyperactivity, aggression Rd., Warrenville, IL 60555 USA and impulsivity manifested consistency between ages 13 and 27; the r's ranged from .33 Consistency of Personality to .37. Extraversion, anxiety, and sociability show even greater consistency among observers Early in this book, in the second and over similar intervals in the life span of chapter, Zuckerman tackles a tricky problem the subject. for psychobiology. Without having a positive answer to this question, psychobiology as a Models of Personality serious research endeavor has no future. The question is, do personality traits really exist? Zuckerman critically revie"vs major There is a school of thought among models germane to the subject of psychobiology: psychologists, of the anthropological or the "top down approach of Eysenck and the sociological persuasion, which maintains that bottom up approach of Gray" (p. xi). Gray's traits depend more on context than on work addresses the neuropsychology of constitutional features of the human organism. anxiety, impulsivity, and aggressivity, all deemed Mischel (1968), for example, major personality traits associated with challenged the theory that personality is fundamental biological systems. Eysenck's consistent over different situations. He found three-factor model features E, the that "trait relevant" behaviors showed a introversion-extraversion dimension; N, conelation of .30 or less across situations. neuroticism or emotional stability; and P, Accordingly, personality is an "illusion psychoticism involving "tough-minded, fostered by the similar appearances of persons antisocial tendencies" at one end and and beliefs of observers" (p. 45). He argued "socialized humanness" at the other. that all personalities are idiosyncratic, since all IJ€rsons have unique life experiences. Much of Zuckerman's experimental research focuses upon the perSOnality trait of Shweder (1979a, 1979b) continued this sensation seeking. The research itself involves concluding that "method variance is mostly pencil and paper tests of personality Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 21 such as Eysenck's Personality Inventory (BPI), criminal behayiorat the other. Attention Cattel's 16 Personality Factors, the. Minnesota Deficit Disorder (ADD) is diagnosed mostly in Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), boys. Zuckerman cites research indicating that and Zuckerman's own Sensation Seeking Scale a third of the persons who (555). hyperactivity and impulsivity while young became criminals as adults. In a.nother study, SensatioD seeking is associated with hyperactive adolescents were arrested more extraversion. The trait is alsQ related to often than controls: 50% vs. 10%. Eysenck's P dimension of psychoticism, which is marked by an insufficiency of behavioral Anti-Social Personality Disorder (APD) inhibition (disinhibition). Sensation seeking has four components: Thrill and Adventure Antisocial Personality Disorder (APi)) Seeking, Experience Seeking, Disinhibition, has been called "mania without delusion" and and Boredom Susceptibility, all measured by "moral insanity," according to Zuckerman. APD subtests of Zuckerman's 555. is associated strongly with alcoholism and drug abuse. Sensation seeking tends. to be very What makes Zuckerman's scale high in APD's. APD criminals are more particularly interesting is the Disinhibition dangerous and unpredictable than other component, which appears to track the levels prisoners. They make more escape attempts, ot plasma testosterone and to be related to experience more punishments and get into more aggression. Kreuz and Rose (1912) and fights. APD's tend to be low on anxiety and Ehrenkranz et al. (1974), as well as follow-up depression. studies, show a positive relationship between aggression and testosterone in criminals. Boys APD's often regard the school who had committed violent crimes exhibited environment as a "jail." They frequently have higher testosterone levels than boys who had trouble in school and are segregated into committed nonviolent crimes. Testosterone special education and behavioral disorders correlated positively with verbal and general classes (Block, 1976). aggression. Female prisoners who initiated violent attacks showed significantly higher Zuckerman addresses the question of levels of testosterone than those confined for tbe etiology of ADD and APD. Are they born defensive violent crimes or theft. different? Is there something wrong with their biochemistry? Were they brought up However, Zuckerman asserts that differe.ntly? testosterone is related more to sensation seeking, sociability and sexual interest than to aggression and impulsivity. He cites reports Perhaps the research question should that incarcerated delinquents with high scores be turned around. That is to say, why don't on the General Sensation·Seeking Scale had "normal" persons act out on their impulses? more fights, escape attempts and punishments Don't normal people have a desire to take that those with low scores. He notes, risks, attack those who frustrate them, ignore furthermore, that psychopaths store high on social conventions and the punishments for sensation seeking scales, and devotes an enUre breaking them? Maybe it is the physiology or chapter to "antisocial personaJity and other biochemistry of the "normal" person which is disinhibitory disorders." Men tend to SCOrE? really impaired. Or perhaps the psychopath more highly thqn women on tests of sensation or the APD is really misclassified a.sabno.rmal. seeking. An analogy may clarify this argument. Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) The American Psychiatric Association has removed homosexuality from its list of Testosterone, therefore, is implicated disorders. Yet homosexuality is not adaptive, in a set of behaviors that Zuckerman terms either biologically or psychologically. The anti-social. These include hyperactivity and homosexual is not likely to pass on his genes to attention problems at one end and violent the next generation; furthermore, homosexuals 22 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998

themselves complain that their sexuality Readability makes them targets for social criticism, rejection and perseCl,Hion. Their lifestyle This is an important book for the exposes them to and renders them vectOrs of student of human behavior. It constitutes an numerous deadly diseases. Homosexuals are heroic effort at integrating the diverse areas of prone to suicide and early death. On the other information and theorizing. The undertaking hand, APD's tend to be low on anxiety and succeeds to the extent that the research allows. depre.ssion. Compared to an APD, it could be argued, it is homosexuality which excessively The breadth and depth of knowledge deviates from normality. presented are responsible for both the strong and weak points of the book. Its strength lies in What is being proposed here, as an its thoroughness. The weakness rests in the alternative to Zuckerman's analysis, is the difficulty the reader will encounter in keeping theoretical existence of an optimally all these facts and mind and following the functioning human organism--the ADD/ APD. arguments. Such an organism remains physiologically stable in the face of environmental chqllenges, Certainly the weakest section of the for instance in lacking wild fluctuation in book is the index. It is most stingy, being only 8 epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to pages long. It simply does not allow the req.der stress, and showing normal EEG's. While to access effkiently the diverse amount of awaiting trial, nOnpsychopathic prisoners information contained in the book. s.howed normal rise.s in epinephrine and norepinephrine, but "psychos" revealed little References change. The ADD/APD appears to focus on goals without regard for personal risk. He Block, J. H. (19760. Issues, problems, and seems to possess "a 'strong' nervous system that. pitfalls in assessing sex differences: a critical can function well in overstimulating stressful review of The Psychology of Sex Differences. conditions such as battle" (p. 408). As Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 22: 283-308. Zuckerman puts it, "in a situation in which psychopaths expect a reward, based on prior Ehrenkranz, J., Bliss, E., & Sheard, M .. H. ( experience, they become oblivious to cues for 1974.). Plasma testosterone: correlation with punishment or a change in contingencies" (p. aggressive behavior and social dominance in 395). man. Psychosomatic Medicine, 36: 469-475.

In this context, then, Zuckerman's Kreuz, L. E., & Rose, R. M:. (1972). Assessment generalization makes sense: "Psychopaths of aggressive behavior and plasma testosterone show either an inability or unwillmgness to in a young criminal population. Psychosomatic restrain their behavior within the rules of Medicine, 34: 321-332. society or accepted norms of social behavior"; (p. 376). Of course! The real question is, what Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and makes people conform to social norms? This is Assessment. London: Wiley. an answer which Zuckerman did not answer directly. The answer is, it seems, an unstable Shweder, R. A. (1979a). Rethinking culture physiology which is likely to fail in providing and personality theory. Part I: a critical endocrinological support to the pursuit of goals. examination of two classical postulates. Ethos, 7:255-278. The above excursion into personality disorders should give the reader a sampling of --- (1979b). Rethinking c.ulture and personality the many interesting lines of research which theory. Part II: a critical examination of two Zuckerman discusses and analyzes. Omitted more classical postulates. Ethos, 7:279-311. from this book review were Zuckerman's discussions of neurophysiology, behavioral Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation Seeking: genetics, psychopharmacology and learning Beyond the optimal level of arousal. theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 23

are the International Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA) and the Department of Sociology at the University of ANNOUNCEMENTS South Carolina. One of the session topics will be "Biological Networks." Abstracts of no more than 200 words should be submitted bye-mail Job Opening in Personality or in an ASCII file on diskette for DOS Platforms and a hard copy to John Skvoretz, Psychology Dept. of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA, skvoretz- The Department of Psychology, Haverford [email protected], tel. 1-803-777-4968, or Katherine College invites applications for a tenure-track, Faust, same add-ress, [email protected], assistant professor position, beginning in the tel. 1-803-777-6848. For further information, 1999-2000 academic year, in personality contact the INSNA web site: psychology, with emphasis on integrating http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/project/INSNA. biological perspectives into the study of (submitted by Devon Brewer) personality and temperament. Possible research interests include but are not restricted Conference on Animal Behaviour to: individual differences in personality, temperament, or abilities; human emotion and motivation; and psychopathology. the five The Winter Conference of the Association for course per year teaching load will include the Study of Animal Behaviour will take courses selected from among the following: a place 3-4 December 1998 at the Zoological half semester personality/temperament unit in Society of London, U.K. Major theme is genetic an introductory course; a half semester unity on analysis of behaviour. For information contact personality research methods in an Dr. M. G. Ritchie, fax 44-1334-463600, e-mail intermediate research course, intermediate or [email protected], Website advanced courses on topics rela ted to the http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/asab/conferen.ht candidate's interests, and an introduction to m. psychological statistics. The successful candidate will be expected to conduct Conference on Ethnicity and significant research engaging advanced Altnlism undergraduates, for which teaching credit will be granted. Applications should include a curriculum vitae, explicit statements about A conference on "Welfare, Ethl1icity, and research plans and tea-ching interests, and Altruism: Bringing in Evolutionary Theory" is three letters of recommendation. For full scheduled for 10-13 February 1999 in Bad consideration, send applications by November Homburg (near Frankfurt a. M.), Germany. For 20 to: Pro£. Joseph Russo, Chairman, information contact Dr. Frank Salter at Psychology Search Committee, Haverford [email protected]. College, Haverford, PA 19041, USA. Haverford College is an equal European Society for opportunity/ affirmative action employer. Evolutionary Biology (submitted by Sid Perloe)

The seventh congress of the European Society Social Networks Conference for Evolutionary Biology will be held at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain 24- The 19th International Sunbelt Social Network 28 August 1999. Proposals for symposia should Conference will take place in Charleston, be sent to Dr. LIuis Serra, Departament de South Carolina, USA 18-21 February 1999. Genetica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de This is a major forum for social scientists, Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08071, Barcelona, mathematicians, computer scientists, and Spain, fax 34-3-4110969, e-mail others interested in social networks. Sponsors [email protected]. 24 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 Huber, Bern (Forschungsgruppe Verhaltensbiologie des Menschen (FVM), Obere Dorfstr. 7, D-79400 Kandern-Wollbach, Germany) CURRENT LITERATURE Bensel, I&Haug-Schnabel, G. (1997). Wendepunkt September 1998 Geburt - Unvereinbarkeit von Frau- und Muttersein als Gesundheitsrisiko in westlichen IndustrieHmdern. Compiled by Johan van der Dennen pp. 293-302. In: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Ethnomedizin (Hrgb.) Frauen und Gesundheit - Ethnomedizische Perspektiven. Berlin: Verlag fUr Wissenschaft und H you are interested in reviewing one of the books Bildung (vide supra). listed in this section or some other suitable title, please contact the General Book Review Editor, Best, O. F. & Schleidt, W. M. (1998). Der Kuss - Peter LaFreniere (see Editorial Staff box). Book Eine Biographie. Frankfurt: S. Fischer Verlag, authors: be sure to scnd us a review copy. Journal Hedderichstrasse 114, D-605% Frankfurt, Gennany article authors: please send us citations of current articles that have not been listed in this space. Binmore, K. G. (1998). The evolution of fairness norms.RationalityandSociety, 10,3,275-301 (Univ. Coll. London, London WClE 6BT, England)

Aguinis,H., Simonsen, M.M. & Pierce, C.A (1998). Bodenmann, G., Kaiser, A, Hahlweg, K. & Fehm- Effects of nonverbal behavior on perceptions of Wolfsdorf, G. (1998). Communication patterns power bases. Journal ofSocial Psychology, 138, 4, during marital conflict: A cross-cultural replication. 455-469 (Univ. Colorado, Coll. Business and Adm., Personal Relationships, 5, 3, 343-356 (Univ. Dept. PsychoJ., CampUs Box 165, POB 173364, Fribourg, Inst. Family Res. and Counseling, Ave Denver, CO 80217, USA) Gare 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland)

Ambrose, S.H. (1998) Late Pleistocene human Boero, D.L., Volpe, C., Marcello, A, Bianchi, C. population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and Lenti, C. (1998). Newborns crying in different differentiation of modern humans. Journal ofHuman contexts: Discrete or graded signals? Perceptual and Evolution, 34, 6, 623-651 (Univ. illinois, Dept. Motor Skills, 86, 3, Part 2, 1123-1140 (Univ. Urbino, AnthropoJ., 109 Davenport Hall, 607 S Mathews Inst. Psicol., Fac. Sci. Fonnaz., 1-61029 Urbino, Ave, Urbana, II., 61801, USA) Italy)

Ashton, M.c., Paunonen, S.v., Helmes, E. & Borgerhoff-Mulder, M (1998). Brothers and sisters: JacY.son, D.N. (1998). Kin altruism, reciprocal How sibling interactions affect optimal parental altruism, and the big five personality factors. allocations. Human Nature: An Interdisciplinary Evolution and Human Behavior, 19, 4, 243-255 Biosocial Perspective, 9, 2, 119-161 (Univ. Calif. (Univ. Western Ontario, Dept. PsychoJ., London, ON Davis, Dept. Anthropo!., Davis, CA 95616, USA) N6A 5C2, Canada) Borad, IC. et al. (1998). Right hemisphere Aureli, F. & Sl11ucny, D. (1998). New directions in emotional perception: Evidence across multiple conflict resolution research. Evolutionary channels. Neuropsychology, 12, 3, 446-458 (Cuny Anthropology, 6, 4, 115-119 (Emory Univ., Yerkes Queens ColI., Dept. Psycho!., 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Reg. Primate Res. Ctr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA) Flushing, NY: 11367, USA)

Barrett, L.F., Robin, L., Pietromonaco, P.R. & Boyatzis, C.I, BalofI, P. & Durieux, C. (1998). Eyssell, K.M. (1998.) Are women the 'more Effects of perceived attractiveness and academic emotional' sex? Evidence from emotional experiences success on early adolescent peer popularity. Journal in social conte>..i. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 4, 555- of Genetic Psychology, 159, 3, 337-344 (Bucknell 578 (Boston Col!., Dept. Psychol., 427 Mcguinn Hall, Univ., Dept. Psychol., Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA) Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, USA) Brainerd, E.G., Berry, C. & Moore, D. (1998). Bensel, I&Haug-Schnabel, G. (1997). Primar Variations in frequency of hand gestures. Perceptual exzessives Schreien in den ersten drei and Motor Skills, 86, 2, 498-498 (Clemson Univ., Lebensmonaten. pp. 719-750. In: Keller H. (Hrsg.) Dept. Psycho!., Brackett Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, Handbuch der Kleinkindforschung, 2. rev. Aufl. Hans USA) Human Ethology Ikll. 1:::3::.:(3:.:)::...,.:.19:..:9:...:8=---- 25

Brook, 1.S., Tseng, L.J, Whiteman, M. & Cohen, P. Freud's Oedipus Complex. Mankind Quarterly, 38, 4, (1998). A three-generation study: Intergenerational 381-411 (Mackey, W.C: Townshire Manor, Apt. #6, continuities and discontinuities and their imIDct on 401 Lake Street, Bryan, TX 77801, USA) the toddler's anger. Genetic. Social and General Psychology Monographs, 124, 3, 335·351 (Cuny Mt Coney, N.S. & Mackey, W.C On Sinai Sch. Med., Dept. Community Med., Box 10443, watch? The silent separation of Amencan children 1 Gustave L Levy PI., New York, NY 10029, USA) from their fathers. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 25, 3, 145-180 (vide supra). Brown, RD. & Bjorklund, D.F. (1998). The biologizing of cognition. development, and Crucian, G.P. & Berenbaum, SA (1998. Sex education: Approach with cautious· enthusiasm. differences in right hemisphere tasks. Brain and Educational Psychology Review, 10, 3, 355-373 Cognition, 36, 3, 377-389 (BerenbauDl, S.a.: SO (Florida Atlantic Univ., Dept. PsychoI., 777 Glades Illinois Univ., Sch. Mea 6517, Carbondale, lL Rd, Boca Raton. FL 33431, USA) 62901, USA)

Calkins, S.D. & Johnson, M.C (i998). Toddler Deater-Deckard, K., Pickering, K., DUllll, JF. & regulation of distress to frustrating events: Golding; 1. (1998). Farnily structure and depressive Temperamental and maternal correlates. Infant symptoms in men preceding and following the_birth Behavior and Development, 21, 3, 379-395 (Univ. N of a child. American Journal ofPsychiatry, 1:>5, 6, Carolina, Dept. PsychoI., POB 26164, Greensboro, (Inst. PsychiaL, Social Genet. and Dev. NC 27402, USA) Psychiat. Res. Ctr., III Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF; England) Camras, L.A. et al. (1998). Production of emotional facial expressions jn European American. lapanese, DeBaryshe, B.D. & Fryxell, D. (1998). A and Chinese infants. Developmental Psychology, 34, developmental perspective on anger: Family and peer 4, 616-628 (De Paul Univ., Dept. Psycho!., 2219 N contexts. Psychology in the Schools, 35, 3, 205-216 Kenmore Ave, Chicago, lL 60614, USA) (Univ. Hawaii, Ctr. Family, 2515 Campus Rd, 103 Miller Hall, Honolulu, m 96822, USA) Carpenter, M., Akhtar, N. & Tomasello, M. (1998). Fourteen through 18-month-old infants differentially De Munck, V. C (Ed) (1998), Romantic Love and imitate intentional and accidental actions. Infant Sexual Behavior. Praeger, 88 Post Rd. West, Behavior and Development, 21, 2, 315-330 (Univ. Westport, CT 06881 USA, $65 (hdbk.). Liverpool, Dept. BioI. Sci., Nicholson Bldg, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England) Dessureau, RK., Kurowski, Co. & Thompson. N.S. (1998). A reassessment of the role of pitch and Cashchm.., E. (1998). Are men more competitive than duration in aduits' responses to infant crying. Infant women? British Journal of , 37, Behavior and Development, 21, 2, 367-371 (Clark Part 2, 213-229 (Univ. Utah, 102 Stewart HalL Salt Dniv., Frances L Hiatt Sch, PsychoI., 950 Main St, Lake City, UT 84112, USA) Worcester, MA 01610, USA)

Chia, RC, Allred, L.J, Grossnickle, W.F. & Lee, Dimberg, 0., Hansson? G. & Thunberg, M. G. W. (1998). Effects ofattractiveness and gender on Fear of snakes and facial reactions: A case of rapId the perception of achievement-related variables. emotional responding. Scandinavian Journal of Journal of Social Psychology, 138, 4, 471-477 (E Psychology, 39, 2, 75-80 (Uppsala Univ., Dept. Carolina Univ., Dept. PsychoI., Greenville, NC PsychoI., Uppsala, Sweden) 27858, USA) Donovan, W.L., Leavitt, L.A. & Walsh, R.O. (1998). Chorpija, B.F. & Barlow, D.H. (1998). The Conflict and depression predict maternal sensitivity development of anxiety: The role of control in the to infant cries. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 1, 3- 3, 505-517 (Univ. Wisconsin. Waisman Ctr, ]500 21 (Univ. Hawaii Manoa, Dept. Psychol., 2430 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA) Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA) Doran, D.M. & McNeilage, A. (1998). Gorilla Coney, N.S. & Mackey, W.C (1998). Social ecology and behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, fatherhood as a prophylactic against violent behavior: 4, 120-131 (SUNY Stony ;arook, Dept. AnthropoI., An empirical analysis of the kinder, gentler side of Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA) 26 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998

Dowdy, B.B. & Kliewer, W. (1998. ) Dating, parent- Furlong, M.l & Smith, D.C. (1998). Raging Rick to adolescent contlict, and behavioral autonomy. Tranquil Tom: An empirically based Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 27, 4, 473-492 multidimensional anger typology for adolescent (Dickinson Coli., Dept. Psychol., Carlisle, PA 17013, males. Psychology in the Schools, 35, 3, 229-245 USA) (Dniv. Calif. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA)

Gadagkar, R (1998). Survival Strategies: Cooperation and conflict in animal societies. Dunbar, RI.M. (1998). The social brain hypothesis. Harvard Univ. Press, 79 Garden St., Cambridge, MA Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 5, 178-190 (Dniv. 02138 USA, $22 (hdbk.). Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England) Glosser, G., Wiley, M.l & Barnoski, E.l (1998). Gestural communication in Alzheimer's disease. D'Zurilla, T.l, Maydeu-olivares, A & Kant, G.L. Journal of Clinical and Experimental (1998). Age and gender differences in social Neuropsychology, 20, 1, 1-13 (Dniv Penn., Med. Ctr., problem-solving ability. Personality and Individual Dept. Neurol. Gates 3 W, Sch. Med., 3400 Spruce Differences, 25, 2, 241-252 (SUNY Stony Brook, St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA) Dept. Psychol., Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA) Goetze, D. (1998). Evolution, mobility, and ethnic Einstein, D. & Lanning, K. (1998). Shame, guilt, group formation. Politics and the lift Sciences, 17, 1, ego development, and the Five-Factor Model of 59-71 (Dtah State Univ., Logan, UT 84322, USA) personality. journal of Personality, 66, 4, 555-582 (Lanning, K: Oregon State Univ., Dept. Psychol., Golun, c.L., Oishi, S., Darlington, 1 & Diener, E. Moreland Hall 102, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA) (1998). Culture, parental conflict, parental marital status, and the subjective well-being of young adults. Feeley, T.H. & deTurck, M.A (1998). The Journal ofMarriage & the Family. 60, 2, 319-334 behavioral correlates of sanctioned and unsailctioned (Dniv. illinois, ColI. Liberal Arts and Sci., Dept. deceptive communication. Journal of Nonverbal Psychol., 603 E Daniel St, Champaign, IL 61820, Behavior, 22, 3, 189-204 (Suny Coli. Geneseo, Dept. USA) Commun., Geneseo, NY 14454, USA) Grolnick, W.S., Kurowski, C.O., McMenamy, lM., Felmlee, D.H. (1998). "Be careful what you wish Rivkin, I. & Bridges, L.l (1998).. Mothers' for...": A quantitative and qualitative investigation of strategies for regulating their toddlers' distress. Infant "fatal attractions". Personal Relationships, 5, 3; 235.- Behavior and Development, 21, 3, 437-450 (Clark 253 (Dniv. Calif. Davis, Dept. Sociol., Davis, CA Univ., Frances L Hiatt Sch. Psychol., 950 Main St., 95616, USA) Worcester, 01610, USA)

Fitch, RH., Cowell, P.E. & Denenberg, VH. (1998). The female phenotype: Nature's default? Grossman, R. & Verobyev, L. (1998). The Developmental Neuropsychology, 14, 2-3, 213-231 neurobiology of stereotypic behaviors and stereotypic (Dniv. Connecticut, Biobehav. Sci. Grad Degree movement disorders. Psychiatric Annals, 28, 6, 317- Program, Box U-154, Horsebarn Hill Rd, Storrs, CT 323 (Mt. Sinai Sch. Med, Dept. Psychiat., 1 Gustave 06269, USA) L Levy PI., New York, NY 10029, USA)

Foley, R (1998). Genes, evolution, and diversity: Guerrero, L.K. (1998). Attachment-style differences Yet another look at the problem of modern human in the experience and expression of romantic origins. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 6, 191-193 jealousy. Personal Relationships, 5, 3, 273-291 (Dniv. Cambridge, Dept. BioI. Anthropol., Downing (Arizona State Univ., Dept. Commun, Tempe, AZ St, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, England) 85287, USA)

Foster, L.G. (1998). Nervous habits and stereotyped Haggard, P. (1998): A low-eost system for behaviors in preschool children. Journal Of the measuring and analyzing human movement in three American Academy of Child and Adolescent dimensions. Behavior Research Methods Instruments Psychiatry, 37, 7, 711-717 (Dniv. Maryland, Div. & Computers, 30, 3, 399-405 (Dniv. London Univ. Child and Adolescent Psychiat., 701 W Pratt St, ColI., Dept. Psychol., Gower St, London WClE 6BT, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA) England) Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(3), 1998 27 Hart, S., Field, T., Letourneau, M. & DelValle, e. --- (1997). The triumph of wishful thinking over (1998). Jealousy protests in infants of depressed genetic irrelevance. Cahiers de Psychologie mothers. Infant Behavior & Development, 21, 1, 137- Cognitive/Current Psychology oifCognition, 16, 711- 148 (Texas Tech. Univ., Dept. Human Dev. & 720 (see supra) Family Studies, Box 41162, Lubbock, TX 79410, USA) Immerman, R.S. & Mackey, W.C. (1997). A biocultural analysis of circumcision. Social Biology, Hart, S., Field, T., delValle, e. & Pelaez-Nogueras, 44, 3-4, 265-275 (Mackey, w.e.: Townshire Manor, M. (1998. Depressed mothers' interactions with Apt. #6, 401 Lake Street, Bryan, Texas 77801, USA.) theirone-year-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, 3, 519-525 (vide supra) Immennan, R.S. & W.e. Mackey (1998). A proposed relationship between circumcision and Hecht, D.B., Inderbitzen, H.M. & Bukowski, neijIal reorganization. Journal of Genetic A.L.(1998). The relationship between peer status and Psychologv, 159, 3, 367-378 (Mackey, w.e.: vide depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. supra) Journal ofAbnormal Child Psychology, 26, 2, 153- 160 (Univ. Nebraska, Dept. PsychoL, Lincoln, NE Irons, W. (1998). Adaptively relevant enviromnents 68588, USA) versus the environmeI1t of evolutionary adaptedness. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 6, 194-204 Hendrix, W.H., R.ueb, J.D. & Steel, RP. (1998). (Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL 60208, USA) Sex-ual harassment and gender differences. Joumal of Social Behavior and Personality. 13, 2, 235-252 Jackson, e. & Foshee, VA (1998). Violence- (Clemson lJniv., Dept. Management, Clemson, SC related behaviPfs of adolescents: Relations with 29634; USA) responsive and demanding parenting. Journal of Adolescent Research, 13, 3, (Univ. N Henrich, J. & Boyd, R (1998). The eVQlution of Carolina, Sch. Pub!. Hlth., Dept. Hlth. Behav. and conformist transmission and the emergence of Hlth. Educ., .Rosenau Hall, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, between-group differences. Evolution and Human NC 27599, USA) Behavior, 19,4, 215-241 (Boyd, R: Univ. Calif. Los Angeles, Dept. Anthropol., Los Angeles, CA 90024, Janowsky, J.S., Chavez, B., Zamboni, B.D. & USA) Orwoll, E. (1998). The cognitive neuropsychology of sex hormones in men and women. Developmental Hepper, P.G., McCartney, G.R & Shannon, E.A. Neuropsychology, 14, 2-3, 421-440 (Oregon Hlth. (1998). Lateralised behaviour in fIrst trimester Sci. Univ., Dept. Neurol., Ct131 3181 SW Sam human foetuses. Neuropsychologia, 36, 6, 531-534 Jackson Pk Rd., Portland, OR 97201, USA) (Queens Univ. Belfast; Sch. Psychol., Fetal Behav. Res. Ctr., Belfast BT7 INN, A'1trinl., North Ireland)

Jones, M (1998). Sociosexuality and motivations Hess, u., Philippot, P. & Blairy., S. (1998). Facial for romantic involvement Journal of Research in reactions to emotional facial expressions: Affect or Personality, 32, 2, 173-182 (Univ. Pittsburgh, Dept. cognition? Cognition and Emotion. 12, 4, 509-531 Psycho!., Bradford, PA 16701, USA) (Univ. Quebec, Dept. Psycho!., POB 8888, Stu A., , PQ H3C 3P8, Canada) Kamachi., M. & Gyoba., 1. (1998). Delays in recognizing facial expressions reSUlting from HeY!ller, A (1995). Die Pygmaeen- prolonged viewing of adaptation face stimuli. Menschenforschung im afrikanischen Regenwald. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 69, 2, 97-104 Munich: PaUl List Verlag, Goethestrafie 43, D-80336 (Kyushu Univ.., Fac. Letters, Dept. Psycho!., Higashi Munchen, Germany. Ku, Fukuoka 81281, Japan)

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