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International Workshop for CEE Countries “Tourism in Mountain Areas and the Convention on Biological Diversity" 1st – 5th October, 2002 Sucha Beskidzka, Babia Gora National Park, Poland Organized by Ecological Tourism in Europe, Bonn/Germany Academy of Sciences, Institute of Tourism, Krakow/Poland Supported by The Federal Agency for Nature Conservation and the German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. International Workshop for CEE Countries ''TOURISM IN MOUNTAIN AREAS'' 1st – 5th October, 2002 Sucha Beskidzka, Babia Gora National Park, Poland Case Study Results and prospects of development of ecological tourism in Crimea by the example of the Yalta mountain - wood natural reserve and other objects of natural-reserved fund of Ukraine Natalija Kornilova – Senior scientific employee of The Yalta Mountain - Forest Nature Reserve, vice-president NGO – The Yalta regional branch of the Crimean republican Association "Ecology and Peace" Yuri Rasin – Assistant to the general director of Open Company "The Crimean Institute of Ecology and Projecting" (Yalta). Ukraine, Autonomous republic Crimea, the city of Yalta Ph. +38(0654) 38-69-46, 38-71-86 Fax: +38(0654) 32-30-43 E-mail: [email protected] General Introduction Problems of ecotourism development in Ukraine got recently urgent, in particular in Crimea Region, which is a unique southern Black Sea region of Ukraine. These special problems are connected to the general processes of integration of our state in the world community, ratification of some basic international documents on biodiversity, and transboundary influences on environment. On the one hand, there are given all conditions for the development of ecotourism as most "sparing" form of this economic activity, on the other hand, the given development restrains a number of factors, including economic and natural. The fragile coastal and mountain ecosystem of Crimea requires a special approach on the management of ecotourism. 1 Nature Reserve Net of Ukraine as basis for ecotourism development The Nature-Reserve Net (NRN) of Ukraine links the natural richness of the Country and contents especially protected natural territories of different status (nation-wide and local). In 1999 NRN included 6.728 territories and objects with a total area of 2.354,2 hectares, that covers 3,9% of State territory. The Ukraine contributes following categories of protected areas: • 4 Biosphere reserves (226,7 hectares or 9,6 % share of the total area of the Ukraine), • 16 Natural reserves (113.7 hectares, 4.8 %), • 10 National Nature Parks (492,3 hectares, 20.9 %), • 2.384 Reserves (1.001,8 hectare, 42.6 %), • 2.963 Nature Sanctuaries, • 34 Dendrology Parks (1,42 hectares, 0.06 %), • 514 Parks - Monument of landscape art, • 22 Botanical gardens (2,02 hectare, 0.1 %), • 12 Zoological parks (0,4 hectares, 0.02 %), • 26 Regional Landscape Parks (404.8 hectare, 17.2 %), and • 746 Reserved Natural Boundaries (78,6 hectares, 3.3 %). In 1998 the ecological net of Ukraine has been extended by 108 objects or 145 thousand hectares. The perspective net of natural-reserved objects of Ukraine includes, for example, within the limits of the Autonomous Republic Crimea “Tarkchankut Natural Reserve” (round about 20 thousand hectare), the “Crimean National Park” (round about 25 thousand hectare, rough term reserved - 2015), National Park "Chatir-Dag" (5 thousand hectare, 2014), etc. (S.Popovich, M.Stetsenko's data, 1999). In 2001 Ukraine NRN contented already 6.939 territories and objects with the total area of 2.508.7 hectares that are 4,16 % of the total area of Ukraine. In the period since 1992 (for 9 years) the total area of the country PZS has increased almost twice to 1191.9 thousand hectares. This extension took place for the account concerning new categories of nature protection territories - Biosphere Reserves, National Parks and Regional Landscape Parks (from "the National report on a condition of the surrounding natural environment in Ukraine in 2000"). The system of NRN in the Ukraine forms the potential for ecological sound tourism. The development of ecotourism activities in National Parks and Park-Monuments of Landscape Art is based on the "Projects of the organization of territory" which contents the functional zoning in view of the development of various kinds of tourism, including ecological sound 3 International Workshop ''Tourism in Mountain Areas'' The tourism potentials and impacts in protected mountain areas – The case study of “Yalta Mountain Wood” Natural Reserve tourism. So, for example in the “Сarpathian National Park” tourism development started in the 70-80 of the 19th century; in this time nearly 50 ecological routes were developed and maintained (information by Gotsul L.F., 1990). “Shatsky National Park” is annually visited by 100.000 tourists. However, any National Park is an object of overlapping interests. In the second half of the 20th century the awareness of “dichotomy ideas” arose, in which the conflict is initially incorporated. Preservation of nature can hardly be combined with millions of visitors. In many parks recreational use began to influence the nature more strongly, than protection strategies can manage. National Park administrations now face the question how to influence the behaviour of tourists from the view of nature protection (Zabelin, 1987, with 3). Even more difficulties are caused by the tasks of wildlife management in the Biosphere Reserves and National Parks of Ukraine; the different economic activities, including ecotourism, are considerably limited. The situation of ecotourism development differs in the regions of the country. The highest concentration is in the western and southwest regions of Ukraine where various natural landscapes are preserved. Carpathian Mountains and Crimea are part of this area. However, it is necessary to note, what exactly similar vulnerable mountain territories are priority objects of ecological sound tourism. Hence, there is a dilemma connected to the basic question: how it is possible to develop tourism, not causing essential damage to vulnerable especially protected mountain territories, and keeping a biological diversity. The situation is aggravated also with that in Ukraine. At administrative level the concept of ecological sound tourism which would generate the basic tourism development framework now is still not accepted. The absence of a similar Official Concept has negative effects on the development of ecotourism which has significantly improved recreational resources. Territories of an improving recreational network of Ukraine with the total area of about 7.7 million hectare, that is 12.7 % of the state territory, are concentrated in Black Sea's, Crimean, Carpathian and other regions. From this resource potential only 2.3 - 2.5 million hectares today are used. The greatest recreational pressure is visible at the shore of the Àçîâî-Black Sea coast (from "The National report on a condition of the surrounding natural environment in Ukraine in 2000"). 2 Institutional and legislative framework Different Committees in the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine are dealt with the topic of tourism development and protection of the natural environment • The Committee of youth politics, physical training, sports and tourism; • The Committee of an ecological politics, wildlife management and liquidation of consequences of the Chernobyl accident; • The State tourist administration of Ukraine, • And others. The control over processes of ecological tourism, especially in borders of NRN, it is carried out by the Ministry of ecology and natural resources of Ukraine, and the Nature Protection Office of Public Prosecutor. In the Autonomous republic Crimea the Ministry of Resorts and Tourism, the Republican Committee on ecology and natural resources, Republican committee on Forestry and Hunting are engaged in similar questions. In Crimea "the Crimean Association of travel agencies" (CАТА) operates widely enough whose members have special licenses for tourist activities and are engaged including in the organization of 4 International Workshop ''Tourism in Mountain Areas'' The tourism potentials and impacts in protected mountain areas – The case study of “Yalta Mountain Wood” Natural Reserve ecological tourism. However, an special Committee on ecological tourism in Ukraine and in Crimea is absent. Now in Ukraine the Law "About tourism" in which it is necessary to provide a definition "ecological tourism" is developed. The name "ecological tourism" frequently is used by many travel companies for a more successful promotion of the goods in the service market as the word "ecotourism" sounds more attractively, than simply "tourism". However ecological tourism is not simply a beautiful word, it is a completely independent phenomenon: it means a way of visiting various regions with a careful attitude to environment, and also to traditions and customs of local residents which are the in the central interest of travellers and tourist operators. An official definition of the concept "ecological tourism should be based on the following principles: • Sustainable use of natural resources; • Maintenance and preservation of the natural, social and cultural variety; • Careful planning, on basis of a comprehensive approach, by integration of ecotourism in regional development plans; • Support of local economy; participation of local population in development of tourism and reception of financial and other advantages from tourism; • Increase of a level of ecological awareness
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