Index

NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS Articles under the Lamplight, 187 the 17-year literature, 42 Ar Ying, 99 assimilation, 12 avant-garde, vii A aesthetics of naturalness and gracefulness, ix B Afterword, 160 Babbitt, Irving, 134 Again, Zhang Shizhao Rebels, 56 baihua literary movement, ix, 2 Ai Qing, 113 Bao Tianxiao, 121 All Men Are Brothers, 29 Barkhudarov, 91 analytical philosophy, 11 Style Novels, 113 An Autobiography benevolence, 85 As Told by , 75 The Book of Changes, 83, 143 Andreev, 169 The Book of Filial Piety, 142 Anhui Vernacular News, 76 The Book of History, 143 Anhui Vernacular Newspaper, 58 The Book of Rites, 143 Anthology of 20th-century The Book of Songs, 142 Chinese Fiction Theory Boxer Rebellion, 22 (Xia Xiaohong), 122 A Brief History of Chinese Fiction, 161 Anthology of Famous European and A Brief History of New Chinese American Short Stories, 106 Literature Movement, 53 Anthology of New , 53 A Brief Outline of Chinese Geology, 173 Aristotle, 136 A Brief Outline of Chinese Literary Art for Art’s Sake, 113 History, 173

© The Author(s) 2018 195 Y. Gao, The Birth of Twentieth-Century Chinese Literature, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-55936-4 196 INDEX burning books and burying Confucian Creation Society, 113 scholars alive, 44 The Creative Transformation of Chinese Byron, 106 Tradition, 28 The Critical Review, 133 The Critique of Pure Reason C (Kant), 118 , 27, 62 Croce, Benedetto, 13 cannibalism, 187 Cultural Construction, 147–53 Cao Xueqin, 57, 75 cultural gaps, viii Chen Bohai, 5 , 36 Chen Diexian, 106 , 3 Chen Fukang, 92 D Chen Jinghan, 121 Dao An, 92 Chen Pingyuan, 111 de Saussure, Ferdinand, 11 Chen Shoujuan, 106 dead literature, 144 Chen Wangdao, 64 deconstruction, 11 Chen Xiaoming, 42 Democracy (Mr), 26 Cheng Hao, 96 Derrida, Jacques, 11 Cheng Yi, 96 Di Zhou, 53 Chia-ying Yeh, 17 Diary of a Madman, ix, 24 China’s Future Language, 54 The Doctrine of the Mean, 143 Chinese-centered, 9 Doyle, Conan Arthur, 38 , xi dualism, 136 Chinese Literature of the Recent du Boisgobey, Fortuné, 106 Fifty Years, 5 Du Fu, 114 literature, vii Dumas, Alexandre, 121 Classical Chinese, viii Collection of Experimental , 52 Collections of Vernacular Literature, 62 E Collingwood, R. G., 14 early modern literature, 7 A Commentary on Waterways, 150 Eastward Dissemination of Western common language, 21 Learning, 22 complete Westernization, 100 Eileen Chang, 113 Concept of Language, 141–7 equivalent effect, 12 conceptual words, 24 Essay Forty-eight, 159 Concerning Imbalanced Cultural Essay Forty-seven, 158 Development, 173 Essay on Man (Pope), 184 Confucian ethical code, 159 Essay on the Principles of Translation , 29 (Tytler, Alexander Fraser), 91 conservatism, 133 Essays Written Abroad, 93 Country Literature, 113 ethics, 61, 85 Cowper, William, 108 European-centered, 9 INDEX 197

Europeanized words, 19 historicism, 10 Evolution and Ethics, 33 History of Ancient Chinese Evolution of Humans, 173 Philosophy, 84 History of Chinese Literature of the Recent Three Decades, 5 F History of Contemporary Chinese Fa Yun, 92 Literature, 5 Fan Zhongyun, 64 History of Literary Movements of the feminism, 10 Recent Four Centuries, 5 Feng Guifen, 32 History of Modern Chinese Literature Fifteen Little Heroes, 112 ( Jibo, Ren Fangqiu), 5 Forced to Join the Liangshan Rebels, 74 History of Sciences, 173 Foreword to Little Johannes, 116 History of the Literary and Artistic formalism, 10 Trends in the Recent 20 Years Foucault, Michel, 11 (Li Helin), 5 The Foundation of Reform, 35 History of the New Chinese Literature Fu Sinian, 53 Movement (Wang Zhefu), 5 The Future of New China, 106 Hong Feng, 42 How to Create Baihua Literature, 51 Hu Feng, 68 G Hu Huaichen, 108 Gao Like, 140 Hu Shi, xi, 151 Ge Fei, 42 Hu Xianshu, 139 genesis of modern Chinese literature, 4 Hu Yuzhi, 64 genetic epistemology, 6 Huang Manjun, 1 Ghost of Sparta, 173 Huang Ziping, 5 Goethe, 108 Huang Zizhan, 5 The Golden Mean, 94 Huang Zunxian, 23 Gorky, Maxim, 18 Hui Yuan, 92 The Grand Learning, 142 Human Literature, 77 The Grave, 158 Humboldt, 34 Gu Hongming, 55 Hundred Days’ Reform, 60 Gui Youguang, 75 Husserl, Edmund, 11 Guo Moruo, 13 Vernacular Newspaper, 58

H I Habermas, Jürgen, 11 The Ideal National Language, 51 hand, 34 The Idea of History (Coollingwood, A Heavy Snow, 163 R. G.), 14 He Lin, 102 Ideological Revolution, 73–89 Heidegger, Martin, 11 ideology, 27 hermeneutics, 10 The Isles of Greece (Byron), 106 198 INDEX

J Li Bai, 114 Jameson, Fredric, 11 Li Dazhao, 83 Jesus, 136 Li Helin, 5 Jia Gongyan, 92 , 121 Jiang Baili, 116 Li Yi, 138 Jiaying School, 49 Li Zehou, 150 Jingye Baihua Newspaper, 58 , 12 Jingye Ten-day Periodical, 58 liberalism, 133 John Gilpin’s Ride (Cowper, , 12 William), 108 linguistic approach, 3 linguistic disruptions, viii literary revolution, xii K Literary Turn, 38–45 Kajin no Kigu, 112 the literature of the wounded, vii Kang His’s Dictionary, 190 , 51 Kant, 118 Liu Boming, 139 kexue, 19 Liu Weimin, 27 Kong Yingda, 92 Liu Xiaofeng, 40 Ku Hung-ming, 94 Liu Yizheng, 135 living literature, 144 living words, 163 L lixing, 19 Lacan, Jacques, 11 loan words, 88 The Lady of the Camellias (Dumas, Longfellow, 120 Alexandre), 121 Lu Jingruo, 121 Language and Translation Lu Xiangshan, 93 (Barkhudarov), 91 Lu Xin, 42 language as an instrument, 81 , v, 152 language nationalization, 21 Lu Xun’s Wenyan Writing, 172–8 language thought, 76 luoji, 20 language transformation, xii late Premodern literature, 7 late Qing baihua movement, 63 M Leaving the Pass, 173 Ma Jianzhong, 95 the left-wing culture and literature, 43 , 108 Leo Ou-fan Lee, 19 Ma Yuan, 42 Lermontov, 176 Magyar, 176 A Letter to Lu Xun , 18 On Translation, 117 , 67, 192 Letter about Translation, 116 Mara poets, 176 Letter in Reply to Mr. Cao Juren, 165 Margot la Balafrée (In the Serpent’s Letter to Qian Xuantong, 160 Coils), 106 Letter to Xu Shouchang, 159 Marxism, 36 INDEX 199

Marxism of the Soviet Union, 40 a new linguistic system, ix mass education movement, 74 New Literature Movement, xi, 3 May Fourth Cultural Revolution, 37 New Marshal Arts School, vi May Fourth Era, 23 New Moon School, 113 , v New Period Literature, 41 medium of representation, 24 New Year’s Sacrifice, 189 Mei Guangdi, 134, 152 The , 8 Mencius, 137, 142 The New Youth Magazine, 26 Mignon (Goethe), 108 Nida, Eugene, 12, 91 Mill, John Stuart, 177 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 28 minzhu, 19 Novel Revolution, 57 Miscellaneous Yuan Plays, 114 Mo Yan, 42 mode of thinking, 18 O modern baihua, vii Of the Way of Humanity, 184 Modern Chinese drama, 121 On 20th-century Chinese Literature, 5 modern , vii On Building up a Literary Modern Chinese Literature from 1917 Revolution, 83 to 1949, 5 On Human Literature, 84 modern Chinese poetry, 121, 182 On Introducing New Words, 94 modern Western literature, 34 On Literary Revolution, 31 monism, 44 On New Poetry, 182 More Study of Problems, Less Talk On Radium, 173 of Isms, 83 On Sending My Translation to Chen mouth, 34 Duxiu, 111 Mr Science and the May Fourth On Short Stories, 128 Movement, 27 On the Dream of the Red My Views on Literary Reform, 84 Chamber, 176 On the Historical Concept of Literature, 128 N On the , 134 narrative studies, 10 On the Power of Mara Poetry, 173 National Baihua Newspaper, 58 On the Refutation of the Malevolent national language, 24 Voices, 173 National News, 112 On the Relationship between Novels nature of wenyan, 50 and the Control of the Public, 37 Neo-Confucian School, vi On the Waxing and Waning of New Culture, 1 Classical Chinese and New Culture Movement, 2, 5 Vernacular, 56 New Culture School, 141, 152 On Translating Plays New Folk Song Movement, 21 A Reply to T. F. C., 111 New Humanism, 137 On Translation, 158 200 INDEX

The Opium Wars, 22 Qijiyinqiao, 25 An Outline of New Chinese Literature Qiu Renliang, 58 (Zhu Ziqing), 5, 28 Qiu Tingliang, 32 Over the Roof, 24 Qu Qiubai, 21

P R Pan Zinian, 117 radicalism, 133, 139 pen war, 50 reception theory, 10 Petőfi, 176 recreational literature, 40 phenomenal aesthetics, 10 Reform Movement of 1898, vi, 22 philosophy of history, 14 Regret for the Past, 189 philosophy of language, 2 Ren Fangqiu, 5 Piaget, Jean, 6 Ren Hongjun, 26 pingdeng, 20 Ren Shuyong, 53 Plato, 136 Reply to Hu Shizhi, 40 Poetic Revolution, 23 A Reply to Qian Xuantong, 57 Political Fiction, 112 Report on an Investigation of the Pope, 184 Peasant Movement in Populace Literature, 77 (Mao Zedong), 192 postcolonial theories, 10 Review of the Literary Revolution, 52 postmodernism, 10 Revolutionary Literature, vi postmodernist writing, vii revolutionary realism, vii post-structuralism, 11 the Revolution of 1911, vi The Power of Māra Poetry, viii Ricœur, Paul, 11 the Pre-liberation School, vi Roots-seeking Literature, vii A Preliminary Proposal for Literary Russell, Bertrand, 11 Reform, 24, 51 pre-modern Chinese literature, 8 The Principles of Genetic Epistemology S (Piaget, Jean), 6 Sai (Mr), 25 propriety, 85 Said, Edward, 11 A Psalm of Life (Longfellow), 120 Sakyamuni, 136 psychoanalysis, 10 Sanskrit Buddhist sutra, 92 Pushkin, 176 Scar Literature, vii Scholar-Tyrants, 58 School of Mandarin Ducks and Q Butterflies, vi Qian Jibo, 5 School of Modern Urban Romance, vi Qian Liqun, 5, 185 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 28 Qian Xuantong, 52 self-recognition Qian Zhongshu, 34 Xueheng School, 152 INDEX 201 semantics, archetypical criticism, 10 tenets of propriety, 187 semiotics, 10 Theory of Natural Selection, 101 Seng Rui, 92 Thirty Years of Modern Chinese A Shallow River, 182 Literature, 185 Shao Zuping, 137 This Life or Afterlife, 165 Shaoming, Zou, 19 three cardinal guides and five constant Shelley, 176 virtues, 131 Shen Suru, 97 three principles, 31 Shi Nai’an, 57, 75 Today’s New Literature, 164 Shi Zhecun, 161 Toward a Constructive Theory of Silent China, 158 Literary Revolution, 52 Sino-Japanese War, 22 Transcendence Through Retrospection Slaughterers of Modernity, 158 Reflections and Analysis on the The Small Learning, 142 ‘Cultural Spirit’ During the Social Critical Fiction, 113 May Fourth Movement, 1 socialist realism, vii transformation, 38 social system, 22 transformation of China, xi Some Suggestions for the Reform transitional period, 8 of National Language, 78 The True Story of Ah Q, 177 The Sources of New Chinese twentieth-century Chinese literature, v Literature, 117 Two Years of Vacation (Verne, Jules), 108 Speech at Yan’an Forum on Literature Tytler, Alexander Fraser, 91 and Art, 67 Spring and Autumn Period, 38 Stories from Other Countries, 104 U structuralism, 10 Unable to Close Up, ix, 121 A Study of the Development of the unification of revolutionary realism, vii Logical Method in Ancient unification of revolutionary China, 83 romanticism, vii Stylistics Revolution, 23–4 upholding the Chinese essence for sublation (Aufhebung), vi introducing Western technology Sun Ganlu, 42 of utility, 22 Sun Shangyang, 138

V T Verne, Jules, 108 the Taiping Rebellion, 22 Victory of the Humble People, 84 Tang Xuanzang, 92 The Vision of Literature in the New Tang Yongtong, 134 Period, 42 Taoism, 29 vital energy, 131 Teasdale, Sara, 24 von Humboldt, Wilhelm, 11, 69 202 INDEX

W Xu Xiaotian, 121 , 12, 20 Xu Zhuodai, 121 Wang Kefei, 98 Xueheng scholars, 23, 151 Wang Li, 19 Xueheng School, 35, 152 Wang Qingsheng, 5 Wang Shuo, 42 Wang Tao, 93 Y Wang Zhao, 61 Yan Fu, 33 Wang Zhefu, 5 Yao Nai, 75 Wang Zuoliang, 97 yi, 92 A War outside the Gate the Yihetuan Movement, 22 of Hell, 21 Yu Hua, 42 Warring States Period, 38 Yu Sheng, 137 , 26 Yu-sheng Lin, 28 wenhua, 19 wenyan, viii Western culture, 39 Z Westernization Movement, 22 zeitgeist, vii Westernized transformation of Zeng Xiaogu, 121 Chinese culture, 39 , 27 Westernizing Chinese syntax, 12 Zhang Dingheng, 188 Western learning, 25 Zhang Jiong, 42 Western literature, vii Zhang Junmai, 102 Western Marxism, 40 Zhang Taiyan, 160 Western technology, 22 Zhang Zhongxing, 20 What Is the New Literature, 84 Zhao Shuli, 113 Why Do We Need to Promote Zheng Zhenduo, 111, 139 Baihua, 21 zhiguaixiaoshuo, 114 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 11 Zhongxing, Zhang, 17 A Word about Literature, 113 Zhou Guisheng, 107 , 134 Zhou Shujuan, 121 Wu Yanren, 57 Zhou Yang, 117 Wu Zhihui, 160 Zhou Zuoren, 28 , 160 Zhu Jingnong, 51 X Zhu Wonong, 65 Xiang Lin (Mrs.), 189 Zhu Xizu, 52 xiangxu, 92 Zhu Ziqing, 5 Xia Xiaohong, 122 ziyou, 20 Xia Zengyou, 112 Zong Baihua, 109